Violence Cabrera

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Suggested Reading

Basualdo, Calos, d. Tropiclia: A Revolution in Brazilian Culture. So Paulo: Cosac Naify,2005.

Calado, Calos. Tropiclia: A histria de um revoluo musical. So Paulo: Edioa 34, 1997.Campos, Auguso d, al. Balano da bossa e outras bossas. 2nd d. So Paulo: Pspc-

iva, 1974.Colho, Fdico, and Sgio Cohn, ds. Tropiclia. Rio d Janio: Bco d Azougu,

2008.Dunn, Chisoph. Brutality Garden: Tropiclia and the Emergence of a Brazilian Coun-

terculture. Chapl Hill: Univsiy of Noh Caolina Pss, 2001.Favao, Clso. Tropiclia: Alegoria, Alegria. So Paulo, Edioa Ali, 1996.Schwaz, Roo. Culu and Poliics in Bazil, 19641969. In Misplaced Ideas, 12659.Vloso, Caano. Tropical Truth: A Story of Music and Revolution in Brazil. Tanslad y

Isal d Sna. Nw Yok: Knopf, 2002.

Violence

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Violnc, fom h Lain violentia (vhmnc, impuousnss), appasa h nd of h Middl Ags o dsci h xcis of physical focagains a pson. ough i is gnally undsood wih som sns ofcainy, violnc is a nooiously dicul m o dn wih a univ-sally applical dniion. concp, in fac, has only xpandd fomis mdival connoaion in spons o hoical nds. Paul Hlas, foxampl, maks a compaaiv analysis of noions of violnc in vaious

sociis fom a adically conxualis sanc. Fom a mpoal pspc-iv, John Kan ssss h hisoiciy of h m, as wll as is ln-lssly xpanding usags. Cainly, nih Hlass conxualism no K-ans hisoicizaion xhauss h possiiliis of signicaion of h m,u oh hlp o dlina h conous of a vision of violnc ha smsfom culu. Givn his culual chaac, Kan suggss ha h m ad as an ideal-type, as a slcion of som aspcs of aliy ha anv found in hi pu fom.

Fom a gnalogical sandpoin, violnc appas as a concp in classi-cal philosophy, sagd in is symolic foms in Gk agdy and associ-ad wih h iaional, appaing a h nd of h ighnh cnuy inh wok of Hgl, and hn hoizd y Gogs Sol and la y Max

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and Engls. In h wiings of hs las, violnc appas as a ncssay l-mn in aaining poliical goals modid in social and hisoical chang.Sol would ak violnc yond h lvl of h insumnal o mak i

a ky faco in h ansfomaion of voluionay consciousnss (a poinha Slavoj ik aks up mo cnly in Revolution). Sols inunc onoh hoiss such as Wal Bnjamin and Gog Lukcs is vidn; fooh, h laionship wn h violnc quid o ovhow ou-gois insiuions and lgaliy was polmaic. Fo Hannah And in OnViolence, similaly, voluion was possil wihou violnc.

Wih h advn of dcolonizaion and h minoiy movmns of h1960s, nw pspcivs hoizing violnc appad. In his conx,

Fanz Fanon would adap h Maxis ak on violnc wih gad o hlaionship wn Fis and id Wold in Black Skin, White Masks(1952) and e Wretched of the Earth (1961). In hs pojcs h colonialclasss assum h ol of h ougoisi, and h pasans of h colonisha of h polaia. ol of violnc h is o hlp h colonizdachiv voluionay consciousnss hough confonaion wih hioppssos.

In modniy, violnc is incasingly linkd o aionalizaion and in-

sumnaliy (Hokhim and Adono; Foucaul; Dluz), mdiad yinsiuions and xd y uaucaic acos (who ll ou foms, pssuons, kp saisics); i is a h oo of h indusializd massacs ofh las cnuy. cass analyzd y Michl Foucaul in Discipline andPunish, in which sujcs odis a dlialy connd agains hi willin h nam of h impovmn of disciplin, wh violnc is pivaizd(movd fom h pulic domain) and saniizd and hiddn hind hwalls of a pison o a hospial o a nusing hom, also fall ino his cagoy.

Fo Raymond Williams, violnc cs conmpoay idas and valusincluding aggssiv havio, vhmn conduc, violaions agains pop-y o digniy, and h us o ha of physical foc, as wll as h da-maic pfomanc of any of hs lmns (Keywords). David Richs, onh oh hand, agus ha violnc is a social soucoh acion andimagy culually siuad, i can pacical o symolic, visil o invis-il (in h cas of wichca, fo xampl), physical o moional, and cancom fom an individual o sociy. Fo Pi Boudiu h ang of social

vns ha qualify as violnc is so oad ha i migh includ any acsuling in disss (Outline), o h poin of aching, fo xampl, JohanGalungs dniion, which includs all ha can avoidd and ha im-pds h psonal fulllmn of a human ing (Violnc). is symbolic

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violence, conaind in h hgmonic pacics of vyday lif, is ky, inh opinion of fminis and sualnis ciiqu, in aiculaing laionsof dominaion and suodinaion.

concp of symolic violnc has similaiis wih Galungs struc-tural violence, wh h a no acos u ah social sucus hadiscimina and xploi. concp ofcultural violence, also Galungs,hn fs o h lgiimizaion of such sucus hough hi symolicmchanisms nsld in ligion and idology, languag and a, mpiicalscinc and fomal scinc (logic, mahmaics) (Culual Violnc 291).is paicula dimnsion of lgiimizaion of a paicula fom of violncwih oh pismic and maial consquncs las as wll o h no-

ion ofepistemic violence dvlopd y Gayai Spivak in h ssay Can hSualn Spak? In his x Spivak agus ha pismic violnc sulsfom h silncing of h sualn in poscolonial discous y oh co-lonial and paiachal pow. Building on his discussion, as wll as on hwok of Baiz Gonzlz Sphan, Saniago Caso Gmz suggss haLain Amica was wll acquaind wih hs pocsss. , h socialscincs, poliics, and such insiuions as schools, hospials, h law, andh consiuions joinly uil dvics o ca idal modls of sujciv-

iy as wll as is Ohs. is sysm, h modn/colonial wold-sysm,has a gopoliical dimnsion and nds also o conmplad fom hpspciv oflongue dure (Baudl; Wallsin) and posiiond laglyon h noion of colonialiy of pow (Quijano).

Conmpoay foms of violnc aising fom h conx of advancdgloalizaion and osion of sa pow o a ld of analysis fom aculual pspciv. ough maco-appoachs w pivilgd duing hCold Wa a h xpns of innal dynamicssn as m cions

of h confonaion wn suppowsoh cagois of violncalong wih oh foms of analysis hav mgd mo cnly.

Fo xampl, noions lik h clash of civilizaions (Huningon) andh nw was (Kaldo)chaacizd y h akdown of oundaiswn voluionay suggl, oganizd cim, and human ighs viola-ionshav appad as famwoks fo analysis, and oh lins of conichav n idnid, such as ligious, hnic, and naionalis nsions and,mo cnly, oism. is nlagd pspciv of h phnomnon im-

plis fing o supimposd foms of violnc ah han o a singlviolnc.

In his conx, xplanaions of poliical violnc hav yildd o ohfoms of analysis ha focus on symolic o xpssiv manifsaions such

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as pain o culy, which link h snss o psnaions of violnc.us h ld of analysis of violnc has n congud as a sul ofh mgnc of nw movmns and plays wih nw pcpions and

possiiliis fo invnion, along wih h nd fo indisciplinay p-spcivsgivn h limiaions of h disciplins of h social scincs oaccoun fo such a mulifacd phnomnon.

Fo Coonil and Skuski, h ody coms h inscion wn in-dividualiy and collciviy. Assions of pow aimd a communiis ainscid and occu hough h ody, h plac wh hisoy ulimalyaks plac (290). is pspciv has n poduciv in h analysis ofsom conmpoay cass wh h ody (and is dsucion) is cnal

(Axaga; Fldman). In h cas of Colomia, fo xampl, Maia VicoiaUis and Elsa Blais wok on h phnomnon of massacs xposshm as a mis-n-scn imud wih maning, wh i is no nough okill h oh, u coms ssnial o val hi suing and hi naldsucion hough h muilaion and susqun manipulaion of hiody pas. Fom his poin of viw, violnc can sn as a fom of com-municaion, as a social x (Casilljo) ha comins wo fundamnalfacos: on h on hand, h visiiliy and snsualiy of h violn ac, and

on h oh, is inlligiiliy acoss mulipl culual conxs (Richs).Sa violnc, y conas, poducd ovious consquncs ha a

oh physical (dahs, disappaancs, ou) and psychological (fa,anxiy). Alhough h oud, maimd ody is no displayd, symolic

violnc is addd o physical violnc pcisly hough h invisiiliza-ion of h ody and y h lack of pulic knowldg gading is nalfa. In his (phanom) pulic sph wh h a no odis, only oand asnc, mouning mus ansfd o h piva sph, dpiv-

ing individuals and h communiy of fundamnal iuals. Baiz Salodscis how h poliics of h Agnin dicaoship (Polica 104)pivaizd h pulic sph and dpoliicizd social lif, which is why hspons of aiss and inllcuals, hough makd y fa, sill id opsn his conx as wll as o aicula a ciiqu of h psn(34)a m associad wih Raymond Williamss sucus of fling. Inh cas of Chil, h so-calld Escna d Avanzada aiculad a sis ofinfomal xpimnal aisic and liay pacics idnid wih oppo-

siion o dicaoship and soaion of dmocacy. In h wods of NllyRichad, and in a mann simila o ha xpssd y Salo: Und suchcondiions of suvillanc and cnsoship, aisic-culual poducion -coms h susiu lddisplacd and compnsaoyha allows wha

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is foiddn y ocial discous o loca in indic guaions (LaEscna 104, anslaion ous).

In Lain Amica, howv, oganizd violnc and mico-violnc

(Salaza) coxis wih foms of sa violnc o violnc divd fomsiuaions of amd conic. is sis o h dioaion of h so-cial pac du o a muliud of ansnaional acospaamiliais, gangs,guilla goups, dug ackswho insall gims of paalgaliy inh insics l y h nolial Lain Amican sa (Rguillo, Laconsuccin). uan nvionmn in Lain Amica has com hmain foum fo xpincing violnc, and i nds o narratedhais, mdiad y sois and h mass mdia (Gaca Canclini, Consumers).

s sois lagly aicula a widspad sns of inscuiy, of fa asindividually xpincd, socially consucd, and culually shad(Rguillo, La consuccin 189, anslaion ous). Fa sponds o p-cpions of unavoidal violnc, of dang, ha, alhough linkd o hindividual, a socially poducd hough noions of isk and ha hagna a sandadizd spons; hy a hus vyday xpincs hapoin o h uan fling of widspad hlplssnss and h isk of pa-alysis o h pusui of pssiv mchanisms capal of conolling h

disod (Rok 1617, anslaion ous). A conncd issu aiss, haof h visiiliy of violnc, in which h mass mdia plays a doul ol:i xposs social conics ha val undsial facs of h sa, and ipoducs an infomaiv agnda asd on cim, hus sigmaizing cainsujcs o scos whil favoing policis of scuiy. Fa coms a cn-al fau of h mdiaic naaion of violnc hough h poducion ofan unmanagal, iaional nvionmn (Man Bao, La ciudad).

is analyical pspciv is asd on h sudis on moal panic y

Sua Hall and h Glasgow Univsiy Mdia Goup (Hall al., Policing),accoding o which h mdia poduc dominan insiuional laions,infocing and moilizing social focs agains individuals o goups haallgdly han salishd valus a a paicula momn. us h massmdia poduc ciminal sujcson maginal sujcshoughpocsss of infomaion slcion and discusiv sagis ha opaas social conol mchanisms. Fo Rguillo, h ovxposu of cun

violnc uns paalll o h invisiilizaion of sucual violnc as a sul

of h lack of hisoical pspciv and/o poliical conx, poducing apcivd nd o disciplin a sociy ducd o h cagoy of passiv

vicim (La consuccin).

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In violn conxs h a consquncs no only of his fom of m-diaion u of h pnaion of fa in daily lif: Fisly, h aiculaionof collciv naional sois is hindd and placd y disconinuous

and fagmnd naaions. Scondly, h caion of pulic spacs fo dia-logu and da is salld, as a commmoaions as placs fo collcivmouning and poliical pdagogy.

Suggested Reading

Blai, Elsa. Mucha sang y poco snido: La masac: Po un anlisis anopolgico d laviolncia. Boletn de Antropologa 18, no. 35 (2004): 16484.

Caso Gmz, Saniago. Cincias socials, violncia pismico y l polma d la in-vncin dl oo. In Land, La colonialidad del saber, 14561.

Coonil, Fnando, and Juli Skuski. Dismming and Rmming h Naion: Smanics of Poliical Violnc in Vnzula. Comparative Studies in Society and His-tory 33 (1991): 288337.

Gaca Canclini, Nso. Consumers and Citizens: Globalization and Multicultural Con-icts. Tanslad y Gog Ydic. Minnapolis: Univsiy of Minnsoa Pss, 2001.

Man Bao, Jss. La ciudad: En mdios y midos. In Rok, Ciudadanas delmiedo, 2935.

Quijano, Anal. Colonialidad dl pod, culua y conocimino n Amica Lain. InPensar (en) los intersticios: Teora y prctica de la crtica poscolonial, did y Saniago

Caso-Gmz, Osca Guadiola-Riva, and Camn Milln d Bnavids, 99109.Bogo: CEJA, 1999.

Rguillo, Rossana. La consuccin social dl mido: Naaivas y pcicas uanas. InRok, Ciudadanas del miedo, 185202.

Richad, Nlly. La Escna d Avanzada y su conxo hisico-social. In Copiar el Edn:Artereciente en Chile = Copying Eden: Recent Art in Chile, did y Gado Mos-qua.Saniago: Puo Chil, 2006: 10319.

Rok, Susana. Ciudadanas del miedo. Caacas: Nuva Socidad, 2000.Salo, Baiz. Polica, idologa y guacin liaia. In Ficcin y poltica: La narrativa

argentina durante el proceso militar, did y Danil Baldson al., 3059. BunosAis: Alianza, 1987.Ui, Maa Vicoia. Matar, rematar y contramatar: Las masacres de la violencia en el

Tolima, 19481964. Bogo: Cinp, 1996.

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Violence Cabrera