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N AGDïF;A9 = ;JAE= ;dZY TYdmYj :% : >DB?5E^h? 2? D6=2 Me d]algj ^YeadaYjarY\g [ge Y dal]jYlmjY afl]jfY[agfYd Y j]kû h]alg \g l]eY dg_g h]j[]Z] im] Y \ak[mkkzg Y[]j[Y \] ê[jaeafYdaû \Y\] ] nagd~f[aYë& fg :jYkad& lgegm me jmeg emalg eYj[Y\g h]dY j][]fl] `aklÇjaY hgdÄla[Y \g hYÄk ] g hYh]d im] f]dY lan]jYe gk afl]d][lmYak im] ljYZYd`YnYe fYk mfan]jka\Y\]k ] gj_YfarY{Ö]k fzg'_gn]eYe]flYak( LgjfY'k] aehgjlYfl]& hgak& d]nYj ]e [gflY Y j]dY{zg ]flj] g [Yehg afl]d][lmYd ] g [Yehg hgdÄla[g hYjY ]fl]fû \]jegk gk \]ZYl]k ] Y^ajeY{Ö]k j]al]jY\Yk im] g[mhYjYe g h]fû kYe]flg \gk im] k] \]\a[YjYe Yg Ykkmflg( Gk Üdlaegk ,/ Yfgk [gZj]e me h]jÄg\g \Y `aklÇjaY \g hYÄk eYj[Y\g hgj hjg^mf\Yk em\Yf{Yk hgdÄla[Yk& kg[aYak ] ][gfÑea[Yk& \Yk imYak gk [a]flaklYk kg[aYak hYjla[ahYjYe [geg h]kimakY\gj]k ] [geg [a\Y\zgk( =d]k nanaYe lYak em\Yf{Yk ] kgZj] ]dYk h]fkYnYe \gk dm_Yj]k im] g[mhYnYe ]e kmYk afklalma{Ö]k mfan]jkalwjaYk& hYjla\gk hgdÄla[gk ] egnae]flgk kg[aYak& gk imYak kg^j]jYe nwjaYk af^d]pÖ]k( EYak j]û []fl]e]fl]& ljYfk^gjeY{Ö]k fY Yjla[mdY{zg ]flj] gk \gak [Yehgk

Violência e crime (Alba Zaluar)

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  • N AGDF;A9 = ;JAE=

    ;dZY TYdmYj

    :% :> D B ? 5 E ^ h ? 2 ? D 6 = 2

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  • + . 9D:9 R9DM9J

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  • + 0 9 DAK9 R9DM9J

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ; J AE = + 1

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  • + 2 9 A(:9 R 9 A'M9J

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  • - , 9 D:9 R 9 A(M 9C

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ;J AE = - -

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  • - . 9 D:9 R 9DM9J

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ;J AE = - /

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  • - 0 9 D:9 R 9DM9J

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ;J AE = - 1

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  • - 2 9D:9 R9A(M9J

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ;J AE = - 3

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  • . * 9 D:9 R9DM9J

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ;J AE = . +

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  • . , 9 A (M9 R9 A(M9J

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ;J AE = . -

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  • . . 9 A(M9 R9DM9J

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  • N AG DF ; A9 = ;J AE = . /

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  • . 0 9 A (M9 R 9 D M 9 J

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