Project Gutenberg's Selections from Viri Romae, by Charles Franois L'HomondThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.netTitle: Selections from Viri RomaeAuthor: Charles Franois L'HomondEditor: Robert Arrowsmith Charles KnappRelease Date: August 1, 2010 [EBook #33311]Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: UTF-8*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE ***Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net[This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) fileencoding, mainly vowels with macron (long mark): (long y is rare)If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, ifthe diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if theapostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage,make sure your text reader's character set or file encoding is setto Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As alast resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead.There is no Greek in this book.Boldface text is shown with #marks#, sans-serif type (only in theAdvertising) with =marks=, and italics with _lines_.The text as printed includes several hundred cross-references tofootnotes, numbered from 1 on each page, and to lines of text, numberedcontinuously within each selection. Each selection is therefore giventwice, in stripped and as printed forms.In the complete form, all page numbers and line breaks have beenretained. Words split across line or page breaks may appear on eitherthe first or second line, depending on space. Footnote anchors are shownin [brackets], page numbers in [[double brackets]] on separate lines,and line numbers in {braces} at the end of the line. The printed linenumbers use multiples of five; in the e-text, some numbers have beenmoved up or down when required by line length.The stripped form gives the bare text, without macrons. Note thatselections XXVIII-XXX were edited; see first footnote to XXVIII.The two large maps can be found in the images directory associatedwith the HTML version of this text, under the names frontis_large.jpgand foldout_large.jpg. Map thumbnails and the other illustrations--mainly line drawings-- are in the same place.] [Illustration {map of Italian peninsula}] SELECTIONS from VIRI ROMAE Edited By ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D. Late Professor Of Greek And Latin, Teachers College and CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D. Instructor In Latin, Barnard College [Decoration] New York : Cincinnati : Chicago AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1896, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. VIRI ROMAE. W. P. 18PREFACE[Decoration]Upon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teaching hasfollowed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, withall their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics.Since for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spiritwhich regarded the language merely as a _corpus vile_ for grammaticaldissection, and ignored the rich literature lying beyond the classicaltrinity of authors, it is not surprising that it fell into disfavor asunsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which thestudy has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact thatmental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, andthat, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not abarren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securingthat broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark ofthe educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to thecharacter are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lostafter a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give theprincipal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of_cum_-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greaterworth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudiceand Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher formsof enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of agreat people as revealed in its literature and art.This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it somemodifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts inuse fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, andparticularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means bywhich to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into thefields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as todestroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths,however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the _Viri Romae_offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and,from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of theliterature.The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognitionof the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. Itwas compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles FranoisLhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputationas a successful teacher, especially of younger pupils. His experiencetaught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of storywith simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his workis the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers ofLatin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chieflyLivy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabulary andconstruction wherever necessary to fit it to the requirements ofbeginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories ofRome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is thereforeeminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading.The present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficultiesmost likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study.One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the inability todiscover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encounteredin the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in thefootnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For asimilar reason grammatical constructions are, on their first occurrence,explained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, inorder that the student may more intelligently consult the grammaticalreferences which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means ofhelping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation,subsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to thetables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi.Although the compiler of the _Viri Romae_ greatly simplified thelanguage of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of thebook many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. Itis strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the moredifficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a laterperiod. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered uponmatters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most commonusages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts toone another, the significance of terminations, and the modes ofexpressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause,means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply aspossible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experienceof many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain aconstruction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently createsa difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would haveexperienced none.The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally fullwith the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing thepupil, under the teacher's guidance, to discover for himself furtherdetails. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modernauthors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be toostrongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:-- Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of thisedition is, in the main, that of C.Holzer (tenth edition, Stuttgart,1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In thevocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid tothe fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed andtheir meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have beenmade simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place assubordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more importantreading power.The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the BrooklynPolytechnic Institute, for his hearty coperation in the work, andparticularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises. ROBERT ARROWSMITH. CHARLES KNAPP.August, 1895.CONTENTS[Decoration] PAGE Suggestions to the Student ix Plan of Rome xxviii I. Rmn Imperi Exrdium 1 II. Rmulus 4 III. Numa Pompilius 8 IV. Tullus Hostlius 10 V. Ancus Mrcius 15 VI. Lcius Tarquinius Prscus 17 VII. Servius Tullius 19 VIII. Tarquinius Superbus 22 IX. Inius Brtus 25 X. Mcius Scaevola 26 XI. Fabi Trecent Sex 27 XII. Lcius Virgnius 29 XIII. Titus Mnlius Torqutus 30 XIV. Pblius Decius 35 XV. Mnius Curius 36 XVI. Gius Dulius 38 XVII. Mrcus Atlius Rgulus 39 XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher 42 XIX. Quntus Fabius Mximus 43 XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr 48 XXI. Pblius Cornlius Scpio fricnus 52 XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gius Gracchus 63 XXIII. Gius Marius 68 XXIV. Lcius Cornlius Sulla 74 XXV. Lcius Lcullus 77 XXVI. Gnaeus Pompius Mgnus 80 XXVII. Gius Ilius Caesar 86 XXVIII. Mrcus Tullius Cicer 96 XXIX. Mrcus Brtus 102 XXX. Octvinus Caesar Augustus 103 Exercises for Translation 112 Vocabulary 131SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT[Decoration]To read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the readingproperly, we must possess (1)avocabulary, _i.e._ a collection of Latinwords with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we arethoroughly familiar; (2)aknowledge of the inflectional system of thelanguage, _i.e._ its declensions and conjugations; (3)aknowledge ofits syntax; and (4)aknowledge of the plan upon which the Latinsentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcomethe difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words andclauses that form a Latin sentence.#Vocabulary.#--Words are the material out of which sentences areconstructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. Thebest way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constantreading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as theyoccur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequentlyused, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do witheveryday life, such as _dc_, _e_, _faci_, _habe_, _veni_, _sum_,and their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset.It is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compoundverbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the forceof the simple verb is mastered, alittle practice will enable thestudent to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds withoutreference to any dictionary.It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from thesame stem, _e.g._ _can_, _cantus_; _cert_, _certmen_; _dc_, _dux_;_reg_, _rx_, _rgius_; _caed_, _caeds_. Aspecially interestingstudy consists in noting the English words which go back to Latinoriginals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary isborrowed from Latin. Cf. _donate_ with _dn_ and _dnum_, _lucid_ with_lx_, _regent_ with _rx_ and _reg_.Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud,for thus the _ear_ will help the _eye_ and words will have meaning when_heard_ as well as when _seen_. Indeed, we ought to use our ears farmore than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabulary, in order that Latinwords, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictureswhich they suggested to the minds of Roman boys.#Inflections and Syntax.#--It is not enough, however, to be familiarwith the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed inmastering. We must possess a knowledge also of _inflections_, _i.e._ ofthe declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words maybe altered in form in order to express different relations to otherwords, and of _syntax_, which tells us how words are combined togetherinto sentences. Aknowledge of inflections and an understanding ofsyntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as awhole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, soone who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make hismastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumedthat students of this book have already had some drill in the commonerinflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occurin actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, arediscussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to thegrammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvito xxvi. Avery practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmlyin mind is by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should beremembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such studyenables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.#The Order of Words.#--The greatest difficulty that confronts thestudent of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in aLatin sentence is widely different from that which he ordinarily findsin an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes.(1)Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, in which the meaningis developed stroke by stroke, _the separate parts being introduced inthe order of their importance_. (2)It is a principle of Latin to keepthe meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last wordcompletes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Boththese principles may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I,page 1. _Proca_ naturally stands first, partly because the whole work isa story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he isespecially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choosehis own successor. The phrase _rx Albnrum_ very properly follows, asdefining the scene of the action. _Numitor_ and _Amlius_ are nextmentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of persons. Thesense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word,_habuit_. In the next sentence _Numitr_ is first, because now Numitoris more important, as being Proca's successor. The relative clause _qu... erat_ not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Procabequeathed his kingdom (_rgnum relquit_) to Numitor. So in the words_ut ... fcit_, the _ut_-clause tells why Amulius performed the actindicated by the words _Rham Silviam ... fcit_, so that by the timewe know _what_ the act was we know also exactly _why_ it was performed.The Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, forthe motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that,however strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is alwaysgood reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be ourpleasure, to determine just what this reasonis.Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possibleby the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system,whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latindeclensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussedabove Proca was actor (_i.e._ subject), and Numitor and Amulius actedupon (_i.e._ object). So in the sentence _ut ... fcit_ it is clearthat Amulius is the actor and that Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus theinflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the verydifficulty which it creates.#How to Read.#--By far the best way for the beginner to make himselffamiliar with the Latin order and its meaning is to _make a practicefrom the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to endbefore attempting to translate at all_. If the meaning is not clear atonce, arepetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear,provided the student knows the force of the individual words andconstructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary orthe notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly andcarefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notesuntil he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at firstwill necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in themanner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with moreand more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Besides, inthis way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads English, word afterword, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further theadvantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do itsfair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to followas closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that theresulting English order, even if not very common, is none the lessintelligible. So the sentence _ut ... fcit_ discussed above may betranslated almost exactly in the Latin order.LATIN COMPOSITION#Its Value.#--An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and whichmay also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin ofEnglish sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which hasalready been carefully studied. This exercise is helpful, because itcalls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquiredin reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately themeasure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes fromthe feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study.#Essentials.#--To write Latin well one needs precisely the things whichwe found necessary in reading (pageix). The words and constructionsrequired in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 areillustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupilshould always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, orconstruction for himself before referring to his text or to his grammar.In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather thanof mere mechanical copying from a printed model.#The Object.#--We read the Latin text in order to understand thethoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin ourchief object is to clothe the _thoughts_ which such sentences convey inproper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin _words_ for English_words_. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which arecalled _idioms_. Such expressions can never be literally translated fromone language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an Englishsentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought whichit expresses, and then consider how the Romans gave expression to thatthought.#Choice of Expression.#--In Latin, just as in English, it often happensthat the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differgreatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. InEnglish it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of oneform of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is madeconsciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slightshade of difference in meaning,--so slight that we can perhaps feel it,but cannot put it into words; sometimes unconsciously, because every onefalls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech withno deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers.Their various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and wefind them laid down in the grammars as _rules_. Some of theseexpressions are found to be used by the best writers more frequentlythan others, and these are considered the best models. But the studentmust avoid the error of confining himself absolutely to one iron-boundform because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he findsother modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searchingout the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, bytrying to discover the differences in meaning between them, and byplacing yourself as far as possible in the writer's place, you will gaina far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learning asingle rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case.One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be torender the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authorityfrom the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from yourgrammar.Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several ofthe most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given andtry to trace out the reasons for the different forms. In many cases youwill not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modesof expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of thegrammar will give the reason for your choice.#Caution.#--The pupil should note that all the words and constructionsnecessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below,pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text uponwhich the exercises are based. _An English-Latin vocabulary ordictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary._ Additional sentencesbased on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required.TABLES OF CONSTRUCTIONSThe following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording thepupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together underappropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actuallyoccur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to thestudent in two ways: (1)by supplementing and illustrating the notes,and (2)by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing ofLatin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given headall the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will findit both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as hefinds new instances in his own reading._A._ EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE1. PLACE AT OR NEAR WHICH: #Rmae#, VII, 26, and often; #Tarent#, XV, 30; salbrira #mlitiae# quam #dom# esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative: chiefly used with names of towns);--#in sicc#, I, 10; #in is locs#, I, 11; #in# (on) #sinistrs manibus#, II, 21; #in colle Quirnl#, II, 54; #in r#, III, 4; #in medi urbe#, V, 23; ponte .. #in# (over) #Tiber# fact, #in# (at) #re# Tiberis, V, 27;--#mults locs#, XXV, 17; #terr marque#, XXI, 125;--#apud Tcnum# amnem .. #apud Trebiam#, XIX, 16;--#ad# Caprae #paldem#, II, 44; #ad# tertium #lapidem#, XIII, 12; #ad flmen# Bagradam, XVII,18._B._ EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION1. PLACE FROM WHICH: #Curibus# .. acctus est, III, 2; #Tarquinis# .. profectus, VI, 1 (simple abl., especially with names of towns);--# port# .. pergit, XIII, 5; #ab urbe# profectus, XIII, 13; #lds# pblics revertns, XVIII, 17;--dlbitur # cael sciss# sctum, III, 15; #ex e loc# .. aufgerat, IV, 20; dnec novae cpiae #ex fric# advenrent, XVII, 3; #ex angustis# vsit, XIX,38.2. PLACE TOWARDS WHICH: #Albam# propervit, I, 25; Qu cum #Rmam# vnisset, III, 3; #Rmam# also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often; Pergunt inde #Colltiam#, VIII, 21; Profectus #Delphs#, IX, 4; #Carthginem# rediit, XVII, 54; #domum# ddcunt, IV, 31; #domum# refugins, VII, 45; cum .. #domum# redret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of towns);--Cum lupa saepius #ad parvuls# .. revertertur, I, 16; Remum .. #ad Amlium# rgem perdxrunt, I, 27; #ad Gabns# s contulit, VIII, 4;--#in fricam# .. tricit, XVII, 15; #in taliam# vnit, XIX, 15; abicit #in Tiberim#, I, 7; Sabns #in urbem# recpit, II, 38; aciem #in# (to) #collem# subdxit, IV, 58; cum #in# (upon) #tribnal# scendisset, XII, 20; #In# (against) #eum# .. rediit, IV, 22; ausae sunt s #inter tla# .. nferre, II,36.3. WAY BY WHICH: #port# (abl. of means) #qu# profect erant, XI, 19; #Per# (over) #loca alta# gmen dcbat, XIX, 23; Qu cum .. #per monts, per silvs# hc illc discurrerent, XIX,35._C._ EXPRESSIONS OF TIME[I.1]1. TIME AT WHICH: #Poster di#, IV, 61, VIII, 24; #Prm impet#, II, 29; #Kalends Mrtis#, III, 20; #e tempestte#, VI, 17; #nocte medi#, XIX,68.2. TIME WITHIN WHICH OR IN THE COURSE OF WHICH: #Ann trecentsim# ab urbe condit, XII, 1; #edem ann#, XIII, 11; #bell Latn#, XIV, 11; #hc bell#, XIV, 12; #in proeli#, VI, 26; #In proeli qudam, in qu#, VII, 8; #In qu bell#, XV, 2.[I.2]3. AGE: flium #tredecim annrum#, VI, 25; Hannibal .. #novem anns ntus#, XIX,1. [Footnote I.1: See also below, Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.] [Footnote I.2: The form with #in# is the more exact.]_D._ DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE1. DURATION OF TIME: Rmulus #septem# et #trgint# rgnvit #anns#, III, 38; rgnvit #anns dus# et #trgint#, IV, 75; rgnvit #anns quattuor# et #quadrgint#, VII, 52; #per ttum bduum#, XIII, 87; #omn deinde vt#, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.)2. EXTENT OF SPACE: Iam #aliquantum# spati .. aufgerat, IV, 20; centum et vgint #peds# longum, XVII, 27; qunque dirum #iter# .. abest, XXI, 163._E._ EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE1. Pure purpose: #ut# or #n# with the subjunctive: #ut# eum subole #prvret#, I, 3; #ut# populum ferum religine #mtigret#, III, 3; #ut esset# index pcis et bell, III, 25;--#n# frt auferr #posset#, III, 16; #n# duo violenta ingenia mtrimni #iungerentur#, VII,38.2. Relative clause: msit #qu# societtem .. #peterent#, II, 5; Centum .. lgit, #qurum# cnsili omnia #ageret#, II, 40; sacerdts lgit, #qu# anclia .. #cstdrent# et .. #ferrent#, III, 19; Rmam missus, #ubi# (= ut ibi) .. #interesset#, XXVIII,8.3. #Qu#[I.3] (whereby) with subjunctive: #qu frequentius habitrtur#, IV, 66 (see note); #qu minor# turba Rmae #foret#, XVIII, 21; #qu ditius# in magistrt #esset#, XIX,46.4. Gerundive: coniug dedit #ducands#, I, 19; gnem .. perpetu #alendum# virginibus dedit, III, 4; agellum #colendum# locvit, XVII, 36; #ad exercitum lstrandum#, II, 44; mlits #ad vindicandum# facinus accendit, XII,26.5. Future participle: quasi d pce #ctrus#, r vr ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see note).6. Supine: aquam .. #pettum# ierat, II, 17; sus num .. mittit #scscittum#, VIII, 8; Cum .. lgt Rmam vnissent #conquestum#, XIII, 81; pecora .. quae #pstum# prpulsa essent, XIX,63.7. Substantive clauses: adfrmns .. Rmulum .. praecipere #ut# sditinibus #abstinrent# et rem mlitrem #colerent#, II, 51-53; Latnrum populs susit #ut# .. fnum Dinae .. in Aventn monte #aedificrent#, VII, 25; optvit #ut# frter .. #revvsceret# atque iterum classem #mitteret#, XVIII, 19; dxit #n# quis .. in hosts #pgnret#, XIII, 42; Veritus autem #n# .. poens #daret#, XVI, 21; petiit patribus cnscrpts #n# quid d e r #statuerent#, XIII,83. [Footnote I.3: This is merely a special form of (2), but its importance entitles it to separate treatment.]_F._ EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT1. Pure result: #ut# or #ut nn# with the subjunctive: ita omnium anims e piette imbuit #ut# fids .. cvs #continret#, III, 33; ade frct .. sunt sprits .. #ut# nll re posthc nisi sacrs operam #daret#, IV, 72; ita es adlicins #ut# apud omns plrimum #posset#, VIII,6.Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like #ita#,#ade#, #tam#, #tlis#, #is#, which paves the way for the result clause.2. Relative (characteristic): invenr potuit nm, #qu .. peteret#, XXIII, 119; nus adulscns fuit, #qu audret# quer, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs #qun# with the subjunctive: haud procul erat #qun .. gnsceret#, I, 33; nn esse dubium #qun .. oportret#, XVI, 27; Nmin dubium est #qun .. restituerit#, XIX, 105.3. Substantive: (Rmulus dxit) #futrum ut# omnium gentium domin #exsisterent#, II, 53; #oportet# dsciplnam, quam solvist, .. #restitus#, XIII, 54; #concessum est ut# .. praecinente tbcine cn #redret#, XVI,16._G._ TEMPORAL CLAUSES[I.4]1. #Ubi#, #ut#, or #postquam# with the indicative mood, especially theperfect tense: #Ubi# spectcul tempus #vnit#, II, 11; #Ut .. increpure# arma micantsque #fulsre# gladi, IV, 13; Is #postquam adolvit#, VII, 7; Qu #postquam# frequents #convnre#, XIII,52.2. #Dum# (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is generallythe present): Ea rs #dum# Numitris animum anxium #tenet#, I, 36; #dum# Albnus exercitus #inclmat# Critis, IV, 23; Latnus #dum# ad Tiberim #dscendit#, sacerds bovem immolvit, VII,34.3. #Dum#, #dnec# (until) with the subjunctive: #dum convalsceret# (indirect discourse also), VII, 17; ut tempus extrheret, #dnec# novae cpiae ex fric #advenrent#, XVII, 3(partly purpose).4. #Antequam# and #priusquam# with the subjunctive: Alterum .. #priusquam# tertius #posset# cnsequ, interfcit, IV, 24; #priusquam# es bellum #indceret#, lgtum msit qu rs repeteret, V, 7; petiit .. n quid .. statuerent #antequam# ipse #nspexisset# Macedonum .. causam, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse).5. #Cum# with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive: #cum# is #nsidit essent# latrns, I, 22; #cum# Numitor .. #comparret#, I, 30; #cum# (as) Rmae #appropinqurent#, II, 15; cum (while) .. cntinem .. #habret#, II, 44; Qu #cum# Rmam #vnisset#, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely common. [Footnote I.4: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]_H._ CAUSAL CLAUSES[I.5]1. Relative clause with the subjunctive: quppe #qu cerneret# ferrum ante oculs micns, accstinem dmsit, XIII, 8; cum in eam cvittem animadvertere dcrvisset #quae# (= cumea) sibi #adversta fuisset#, XXVII,37.2. #Cum# with the subjunctive: #Cum# vr uxrs .. nn #habrent#, lgts circ vcns gents msit, II, 3; #cum# s invidisum .. #vidret#, Vients .. adversus Rmns concitvit, IV, 55; #Cum# .. facinora clandestna #fierent#, Ancus carcerem .. aedificvit, V, 21-25.3. #Quod#,[I.6] #quia#, #quoniam#, or #quand#, with the indicative: #quia# tribus impr #erat#, .. fugam capessvit, IV, 18; #quandquidem .. pgnvist#, XIII, 53; #quia# nn #pruist#, XIII,77.4. #Quod# with the subjunctive: cum s invidisum apud cvs vidret, #quod# bellum n paucrum certmine #fnsset#, IV, 55-56 (see note); Tarquinius flium .. #quod# in proeli hostem #percussisset#, praetext .. dnvit, VI, 25-27.5. #Quasi# with the subjunctive (assumed reason): eum accsants, #quasi# Numitris agrs nfstre #solitus esset#, I, 28; Is cum rtus ad mortem dc iussisset mlitem, #quasi# (because, as was supposed,) #interfcisset# commlitnem, XIII,65.NOTE.--These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribedto some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason isfictitious, and invented by the person who advancesit. [Footnote I.5: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 4.] [Footnote I.6: These conjunctions are regularly used with the indicative. They are employed with the subjunctive only when the writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else.]_I._ CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES1. #Cum# (although) with the subjunctive: #cum retinrtur# propinqus et amcs, tamen Carthginem rediit, XVII,53.2. #Quamquam# with the indicative: #quamquam . . pellbtur#, XXI, 242.3. #Quamvs# with the subjunctive: #quamvs ss# molestus, XXVI, 158._J._ CUM CLAUSESThe temporal, causal, and concessive uses of #cum# have already beengiven separately. #Cum# was originally a temporal conjunction. From thetemporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English _when_frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concessioncombined, and _while_ also is frequently at once temporal andconcessive. So #cum# also may represent these ideas in combination aswell as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if notimpossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent:cf. #Cum# (_when_ and _since_) lupa saepius ad parvuls .. #revertertur#, I, 16; Hs artibus #cum# (_when_ and _although_) Hannibalem Fabius .. #clausisset#, ille .. s expedvit, XIX,31._K._ THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE1. FORM.--The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and aparticiple. The participle is generally passive, but often active: #Ergnante#, IV, 3; #relbente flmine#, I,9.2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun andadjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases thereis an ellipsis of the lost present participle of #sum#: #mgn glri# bell, IV, 75; #par# fer #rnt#, X, 6; #Appi idice#, XII, 15; #Valeri# et #Coss cnsulibus#, XIV,1.3. MEANING.--The ablative absolute may denote TIME; compare Temporal Clauses, _G_ 1, 2, and5. #puls frtre#, rgnvit, I, 3; #E r cgnit#, parvuls .. abicit in Tiberim, I, 5; #armts pstribus#, Albam propervit, I,25.NOTE.--This is the original and most frequent use of the ablativeabsolute.4. CAUSE: compare Causal Clauses, _H_ 2 and 3. #ort# inter es #contentine#, I, 40; drissim squmrum #lrc# omnia tla facile #repellente#, XVII, 22; in cnfert multitdine aegr #prcdente carpent#, XVIII,17.5. CONCESSION: agrum ius, #omnibus# circ #vstts#, intctum relquit, XIX,39.6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, _J_.Examples are: #mlitibus# sgnius #dmicantibus#, raptum sgnum in hostem msit, VII, 9; #occs Tati#, ad Rmulum potenttus omnis recidit, II,40.7. CONDITION: #r# male #gest# (ifhe fails), XVI, 31; n, #dsert# agr, nn esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII,34.8. MEANS: #advects ballists# et #catapults# (bybringing up, etc.) .. diciendus hostis fuit, XVII,23.9. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE: #crnibus passs#, II, 36; #mgn glri# bell rgnvit, IV, 75; scrb cum rge #par fer rnt# sedbat, X,6.10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the Englishperfect active participle with an object: #armts pstribus#, I, 25,_having armed_ the shepherds. Acombination of an abl. abs. and a finiteverb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense:#intermpt Amli#, Numitrem in rgnum #restituit#, I, 37, _he killed_Amulius _and restored_ Numitor to the throne._L._ PARTICIPLESIn Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, areused far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger varietyof meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity ofexpression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalentto1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE: #raptae# muliers, II, 35; Rmnus .. male #sustinentem# (= qu male sustinbat) arma Critium cnficit, IV, 29; ab lani cultr #adrept# (with a knife _which he caught up_ from a butcher's stall), XII, 24; #volentibus# (= es qu volbant) cnsulere s d ire praebuit, XIII,97.2. A CAUSAL CLAUSE: necessitte #compulsus# indicvit, I, 24; nmina mtre nn potuit #dterritus# .. Nvi auctritte, VI, 16; Hc terrre cter #adct# nmina prmptius dedrunt, XV,25.3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE: #victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium effgit, XVI,30.4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with anoun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with alimiting genitive: ob #virgins# rapts (onaccount of the _seizure of_ the maidens), II, 14; Ann trecentsim ab #urbe condit# (from the _founding of_ the city), XII,1.5. English is fond of cordinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly thesame mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ `They took the ass andsaddled him.' Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefersto replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression,_e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here twoclasses of sentences:(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #ctum cnflagrsse#, IV, 74, which =fulmine #ctum esse et cnflagrsse#, _i.e._ `he _was struck_ bylightning _and burned_,' etc.(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvuls alve #impositsabicit#, I, 6 = parvuls alve #imposuit et abicit#; #latam# secrimin ius caput #dicit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# secrim #et# in ius caput#dicit#; cniugem Cri #voctum# .. rgem #saltvit#, VII, 47 =cniugem Cri #vocvit et# eum rgem #saltvit#._M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and_Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer mayquote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If thewriter gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or inwhich the thought was formulated (ifput into words at all), he is saidto use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merelythe substance or the gist of his own or another's statements orthoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as inEnglish, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerouschanges become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped undertwo heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) thosewhich occur in subordinate clauses.3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative,interrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask aquestion, or give expression to a command. We thus have to considerthree forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions,(_c_) Commands.4. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs ofsaying: adfrmns #vsum# (sc.#esse#) s Rmulum .. eundemque #praecipere#, II, 51 (direct form, #vsus est# m Rmulus .. demque #praecipit#); prclmbat fliam suam ire #caesam esse#, IV, 43 (direct form, flia mea ire #caesa est#); mintur s v #abstrctrum#, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) v t #abstraham#).5. QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent ona verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourseoccurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions(cf.p.3, n.2), however, fall under this general head as giving someone's thoughts without quoting his exact words.6. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fallinto the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verblike _impervit_, to be supplied in thought: proinde #n gravrtur# s spectandum praebre, XXI, 289 (direct form, #Nl gravr# t spectandum praebre); satis cnstat Sullam .. prclmsse, #vincerent#, dummodo scrent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct form, #Vincite#, dummodo scitis).7. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs inthe subjunctive mood: Tatius .. Tarpiae optinem mneris dedit, #s .. perdxisset#, II, 19-21 (direct form, d or dab optinem mneris, #s .. perdxeris#: see note); Illa petiit quod #gererent#, II, 21 (direct form, Pet quod .. #geritis#).The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars inmost common use; H= Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references toHarkness' Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M= Lane &Morgan; A= Allen & Greenough; G= Gildersleeve; B= Bennett. [Illustration: THE HILLS OF ROME]The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portionof the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill,and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied theQuirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on whichwas the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and theCampus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and builta fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal andEsquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications,of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting theCapitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. Theonly means of communication between the two halves of the city, when itspopulation had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrowstrip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feetwide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cutaway by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of theexcavations stands the well-known `Trajan's Column,' 140 feet high,`erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by theEmperor.' The business portion of the modern city occupies the CampusMartius, its main artery, the famous `Corso,' following the line of theancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p.86.URBIS RMAE VIR INLSTRS#I. Romani imperii exordium# [[stripped text]]Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, quinatu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavitet, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestaesacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea recognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositosabiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed,relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locissolitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit,infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus,pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiaeconiugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicriscertaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones arapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati essentlatrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus,necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quaemater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit.Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes,quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a regeNumitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultumconsiderans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud proculerat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matrisimillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dumNumitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratremliberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit.Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubiqueeducati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomennovae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere.Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus,victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficerevallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu idtraiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: Sicdeinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea! Ita solus potitus estimperio Romulus. [[1]] #I. Rmn imperi exrdium# [[as printed]] Proca,[1] rx Albnrum, Numitrem et Amlium flis habuit. Numitr, qu nt[2] mior erat, rgnum relquit;[3] sed Amlius, puls[4] frtre, rgnvit et, ut[5] eum subole[6] prvret,[5] Rham [[2]] Silviam, ius fliam, Vestae[1] sacerdtem fcit, quae[2] tamen {4} Rmulum et Remum gemins didit.[3] E[4] r cgnit Amlius ipsam[5] in vincula conicit,[6] parvuls alve[7] imposits[8] abicit in Tiberim, qu tunc forte super rps erat effsus[9]; sed, relbente flmine, es aqua in sicc {10} relquit. Vstae tum in is locs slitdins erant. Lupa, ut fm[10] trditum est, ad vgtum[11] accurrit, nfants lingu[10] lambit, bera erum r[7] mtremque[12] s gessit. {15} [Illustration: TEMPLE OF VESTA / _From a coin_] [Illustration: A VESTAL] Cum[13] lupa saepius[14] ad parvuls velut ad catuls revertertur,[13] Faustulus, pstor rgius,[15] r[16] animadvers es tulit in casam et {18} Accae Lrentiae coniug dedit[17] ducands.[18] Adult[19] deinde h inter pstrs prm ldicrs[20] certminibus vrs auxre,[21] deinde vnand[22] salts peragrre et latrns rapn[23] pecorum arcre coeprunt. Qur cum[13] is nsidit essent[13] latrns, Remus captus est, Rmulus[24] v s dfendit. Tum Faustulus, {23} [[3]] necessitte compulsus,[1] indicvit Rmul quis esset[2] erum avus, quae mter. Rmulus statim armts[3] pstribus Albam[4] {25} propervit. Intere Remum latrns ad Amlium rgem perdxrunt,[5] eum accsants, quasi[6] Numitris agrs nfstre solitus[7] esset; itaque Remus rge Numitr ad[8] supplicium trditus est; at cum Numitor, {30} adulscentis vultum cnsderns, aettem[9] minimque servlem indolem comparret, haud[10] procul erat qun neptem gnsceret. Nam Remus ris lnements[11] erat mtr[12] simillimus[13] aetsque expositinis temporibus {35} congrubat. Ea rs dum Numitris animum anxium tenet,[14] repente Rmulus supervenit,[15] frtrem lberat,[15] intermpt Amli avum Numitrem in rgnum restituit.[15] [Illustration: CASA] [Illustration: TIBER STATUE / _Paris_] [Sidenote: B.C. 754.] Deinde Rmulus et Remus urbem in isdem locs, ubi exposit[16] ubique duct erant, condidrunt[17]; sed ort[18] inter es {40} contentine, uter nmen novae urb daret[19] eamque imperi regeret, auspicia[20] dcrvrunt[21] adhibre. Remus prior[22] sex [[4]] vulturs, Rmulus poste duodecim vdit. Sc Rmulus, victor auguri,[1] urbem Rmam vocvit. Ad[2] novae urbis ttlam sufficere vllum vidbtur. Cius[3] angustis inrdns cum Remus {45} salt id tricisset, eum rtus[4] Rmulus interfcit, hs increpns verbs: Sc[5] deinde, qucumque alius trnsiliet moenia mea! Ita slus pottus est imperi[6] Rmulus. Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded by his son Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alba Longa, and transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 B.C. Hence it is clear that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the foundation of Rome in 754 B.C. To fill this gap a list of fourteen Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome's early history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 388 B.C. The first historical work written by a Roman was published about 215 B.C., more than 500 years after the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously invented to account for institutions which existed in the later times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies and contradictions. [Footnotes: I (pages 1-4) 1.1: #Proca# was the twelfth king of Alba Longa. 1.2: #nt mior#: `greater by birth' = `elder.' 1.3: from _relinqu_. 1.4: #puls# (_pell_) #frtre#: abl. abs.; `his brother having been driven out' (pass.) = `having driven out,' _or_ `when he had driven out his brother' (act.): H489 (431): M638: A255: G409: B227. 1.5: #ut prvret#: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M893: A317, 1: G545: B282. 1.6: abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, _a_: G405: B214, 1, c. 2.1: See Voc., _Vesta_. 2.2: #quae# = _sed ea_. 2.3: _d_. 2.4: #e r cgnit# (_cgnsc_): cf. p.1, n.4. 2.5: i.e. Rhea Silvia. 2.6: _conici_. 2.7: dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A228: G347: B187, III. 2.8: #imposits# (_impn_) #abicit# (_abici_) = _imposuit et abicit_. English is fond of cordination of clauses; Latin prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin avoids two cordinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L5, and H639 (549,5): A292, R.: G664, R. 1, 2: B337,2. 2.9: _effund_. 2.10: abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G401: B218. 2.11: #ad vgtum#: `to (their) squalling,' i.e. to them as they were crying. 2.12: #mtrem s gessit# (_ger_): `conducted herself, acted like a mother.' 2.13: not only `_when_,' but also `_because_ the wolf kept coming back.' See p. xxii,J. 2.14: `very often.' The comparative often has this intensive force. 2.15: adj. = the genitive of _rx_. 2.16: #r . . . tulit# (_fer_) = _rem animadvertit et es tulit_; cf. p. xxiii, K10. 2.17: _d_. 2.18: = _ut ducrentur_. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as often. See p. xviii, E4, H622 (544, N.2): M994: A294, _d_: G430: B337, 7,2. 2.19: #adult# (_adolsc_): `having grown' = `when grown.' 2.20: #ldicrs certminibus#: `with playful contests,'--such as running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. n.10. 2.21: = _auxrunt_ (_auge_). 2.22: The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner. 2.23: `from the seizure of' = `from stealing.' 2.24: = `_but_ Romulus.' 3.1: _compell_. 3.2: indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G467: B300. 3.3: See p. 1, n. 4. 3.4: acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380,II): M515: A258, _b_: G337: B182, 1, _a_; cf. English `to go _home_.' 3.5: _perdc_. 3.6: `because, as they said'; _quasi_ often denotes a statement or thought of some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi, H5. 3.7: _sole_. 3.8: #ad supplicium#: `to be punished'; _ad_ with its noun often denotes purpose. 3.9: #aettem . . . comparret#: `compared his age with his nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave'; i.e. his appearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher station than the shepherds. 3.10: #haud . . . gnsceret#: `he came very near to recognizing him'; how literally? In this construction _qun_ = _ut nn_, and the subjunctive is one of result: H595 (504): M913: A319, _d_: G555: B284,3. 3.11: abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G397: B226,1. 3.12: _similis_ is construed with both gen. and dat. 3.13: `very like'; cf. a similar use of the comparative in l.16. 3.14: _dum_, `while,' regularly takes the pres. indic. where English uses the imperfect: H533, 4 (467,4): M917: A276, _e_: G570, R.: B293. 3.15: historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A276, _d_: G229: B259,3. 3.16: _expn_. 3.17: _cond_. 3.18: #ort# (_orior_) . . . #contentine# = `_because_ a strife arose'; see p. xxiii, K4. 3.19: indir. quest. depending on _contentine_; cf. n.2. The strife centered in the question, Which of us shall rule? 3.20: Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the Aventine. 3.21: _dcern_. 3.22: `first.' 4.1: `by virtue of the augury'; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M612: A245: G408: B219. 4.2: #Ad . . . ttlam#: `to guard the new city.' Cf. p.3, n.8. 4.3: Render `its.' Latin is fond of closely connecting successive clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun, where English uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or personal pronoun with a conjunction,--generally _and_, often _but_ or _for_: cf. p.2, n.2. 4.4: `in anger.' An adjective may often be best rendered by an adverb or adverbial phrase. 4.5: Sc. _pereat_ (subjunctive of wish). 4.6: H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218,1.]#II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus# [[stripped text]]753-715 B.C.Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. Eratin proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronumpastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novopopulo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiamadditum: Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foretconubium. Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indicideinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiamvidendae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubispectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tumsigno dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellumadversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiamvirginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huiuspater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiaeoptionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset.Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureosanulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcemperduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevishabuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc RomanumForum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis,nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interituconsternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: Vicimusperfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud essevirgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris. Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelumtollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitusrestitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibuspassis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hincviros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnumcum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad Romulumpotentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorumconsilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tresequitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. Hisita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Capraepaludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragoretonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos transissevulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis.Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit,iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemquepraecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent;futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle QuirinaliRomulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus. #II. Rmulus, Rmnrum rx prmus# [[as printed]] 753-715 B.C. Rmulus[7] imginem urbis magis quam urbem fcerat; incolae deerant.[8] Erat in[9] proxim lcus[10]; hunc aslum fcit. Et statim e mra vs[11] latrnum pstrumque cnfgit. Cum[12] vr [[5]] uxrs ipse[1] populusque nn habrent, lgts circ vcns gents msit,[2] qu[3] societtem cnbiumque[4] nov popul {5} peterent.[3] Nsquam bengn audta lgti est; ldibrium etiam additum[5]: Cr nn fmins quoque aslum aperuistis? Id enim compr foret[6] cnbium. Rmulus, aegritdinem anim dissimulns, lds parat; indc[7] deinde fnitims spectculum iubet. Mult convnre[8] studi etiam[9] videndae novae urbis, {10} mxim Sabn cum lbers et coniugibus. Ubi spectcul tempus vnit eque[10] conversae[11] ments[12] cum oculs erant, tum sgn dat iuvens Rmn discurrunt, virgins rapiunt.[13] [Illustration: ARMILLA] Haec[14] fuit statim causa bell. Sabn enim ob[15] virgins rapts bellum adversus Rmns smpsrunt,[16] et cum {15} Rmae[17] appropinqurent, Tarpiam virginem nact sunt,[18] quae aquam forte[19] extr moenia pettum[20] ierat. Hius pater Rmnae praeerat arc. Titus Tatius, Sabnrum dux, Tarpiae optinem mneris dedit, s exercitum suum in Capitlium {20} [[6]] perdxisset.[1] Illa petiit quod[2] Sabn in sinistrs manibus[3] gererent,[4] {21} vidlicet aures nuls et armills. Quibus dols prmisss, Tarpia Sabns in arcem perdxit, ubi Tatius scts[5] eam obru iussit; nam et[6] ea in laevs[7] habuerant.[8] Sc impia prditi celer poen[5] vindicta {25} est. [Illustration: DEATH OF TARPIA] Deinde Rmulus ad certmen prcessit, et in e loc, ubi nunc Rmnum Forum[9] est, pgnam cnseruit. Prm[10] impet vir inter[11] Rmns nsgnis, nmine[12] Hostlius, fortissim dmicns cecidit; cius interit[13] cnsternt Rmn fugere coeprunt. Iam Sabn clmitbant: Vcimus {31} perfids hospites,[14] imbells hosts. Nunc sciunt long[15] aliud esse virgins rapere,[16] aliud pgnre[16] cum virs. Tunc Rmulus, arma ad caelum tollns, Iov aedem[17] vvit, et exercitus seu forte seu dvnitus restitit.[18] Itaque proelium redintegrtur; sed raptae muliers crnibus[19] passs ausae sunt s inter tla volantia nferre et hinc patrs, hinc virs rants,[20] pcem concilirunt. {37} [Illustration: RMULUS AS QUIRNUS / _From a coin_] Rmulus, foedere[21] cum Tati ct, et Sabns in urbem recpit [[7]] et rgnum[1] cum Tati socivit. Vrum haud ita mult post, occs[2] Tati, ad Rmulum potenttus omnis recidit.[3] Centum {40} deinde ex seniribus lgit, qurum cnsili[4] omnia ageret,[5] qus sentrs nminvit propter senecttem. Trs equitum[6] centuris cnstituit, populum in trgint cris distribuit. Hs ita rdints, cum[7] ad[8] exercitum lstrandum cntinem in camp[9] ad Caprae[10] paldem habret, subit coorta est {45} tempests cum mgn fragre tonitribusque et Rmulus cnspect abltus[11] est. Ad des trnssse vulg crditus[12] est; cu[13] re fidem fcit Ilius Proculus, vir nbilis. Ort[14] enim inter patrs et plbem sditine, in cntinem {50} prcessit,[15] ireirand adfrmns vsum[16] s Rmulum augustire[17] frm, eundemque[18] praecipere[19] ut sditinibus abstinrent[20] et rem mlitrem colerent[20]; futrum[21] ut [[8]] omnium gentium domin exsisterent. Aeds in colle Quirnl Rmul[1] cnstitta,[2] ipse[3] pr de cultus[2] et Quirnus est appelltus. {56} [Footnotes: II (pages 4-8) 4.7: It has been suggested that the name _Rmulus_ is derived from _Rma_, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word _Rumon_, `river.' _Rma_ would then be `the town by the river,' `Rivertown' (cf.English `Watertown,' etc.), and _Rmulus_ would be `the man from Rivertown.' 4.8: _dsum_. 4.9: #in proxim#: `near by.' Phrases consisting of a preposition and a neuter adjective are common, and have the force of adjectives or adverbs. 4.10: This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline Hill. 4.11: #vs# often means `number,' as here, or `quantity'; `power' is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain. 4.12: #cum#: `since': H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G586: B286, 2. 5.1: = _Rmulus_. Cf. _ipsam_, I, 5. 5.2: _mitt_. 5.3: #qu . . . peterent#: rel. clause of purpose; see p. xviii, E2, and H590 (497,I): M835: A317, 2: G630: B282,2. 5.4: In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty. 5.5: Sc. _est_, which, like _esse_, is often omitted with the passive, especially in rapid narrative. 5.6: = _esset_: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, N.: G116, N. 1, _c_: B100, N.2. 5.7: #indc . . . iubet#: `he bids a show to be announced.' Such an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present. 5.8: Cf. p. 2, n. 21. 5.9: i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they were also curious to see the new city. 5.10: = _in spectculum_. 5.11: _convert_. 5.12: #ments cum oculs#: `minds and eyes alike.' The emphasis is on _ments_; they were thinking only of the show. 5.13: In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by side without a connective. See also n.5 above. 5.14: #Haec#, referring to the matters related in the preceding paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because the predicate noun #causa# is feminine. Such attraction is the rule in Latin. H396, 2 (445,4): A195, _d_: G211, 5: B246,5. 5.15: #ob virgins rapts#: `on account of the stolen maidens' = `on account of the seizure of the maidens.' Aparticiple agreeing with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a dependent genitive. 5.16: _sm_. 5.17: dat.; why? 5.18: `they happened upon' (_nancscor_). 5.19: #forte . . . ierat#: `had gone by chance' = `happened to have gone.' _Forte_ is often best rendered by a clause: `as it happened,' or `it so happened.' 5.20: supine denoting purpose; see p. xviii, E 6, and H633 (546): M1005: A302: G435: B340, 1. 6.1: The subjunctive here, as in #gererent#, is due to implied indirect discourse; #s perdxisset# represents the fut. perf. indic. of direct discourse _s perdxeris_, `if you shall have led' = `if you (shall) lead'; H646 (527,I): M1034, 1038: A337: G656-7: B319, B. 6.2: `that which.' 6.3: _manus_ often = `arm,' just as _ps_ = `leg.' 6.4: #gererent#: either `wore' or `bore.' Tarpeia meant it in the former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter. 6.5: Why abl.? 6.6: #et ea# = _ea quoque_: `these too,' as well as the _armillae_ and _nul_. 6.7: Sc. _manibus_. 6.8: Note the tense; they _had had_ these, too, on their arms when the bargain was struck. 6.9: See Vocab., _Forum_. 6.10: #Prm impet#: `in the very first charge.' The ablative fixes the time of #cecidit#. 6.11: #inter . . . nsgnis#: `the most conspicuous of the Romans.' How literally? 6.12: abl. of specification. 6.13: = _morte_. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause. 6.14: `hosts.' The relation of host and guest was regarded by the Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred. 6.15: #long aliud . . . aliud#: `one thing . .. quite another.' Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom. 6.16: Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are subjects of #esse#; H615 (538): M972: A270: G422: B377. 6.17: This temple was called the Temple of _Iuppiter Stator_, i.e. the `Stayer,' the god who had _stayed_ the army's flight. 6.18: _resist_: `maintained its ground,' `held its own,' as contrasted with its previous flight (_fugere coeprunt_). 6.19: #crnibus passs# (_pand_): `with streaming hair.' 6.20: `_by_ beseeching'; the abl. of the gerund (_rand_) might have been used. 6.21: #foedere . . . ct# (_c_): `having struck a treaty.' How literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase _foedus cere_, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in the sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty. 7.1: #rgnum . . . socivit#: i.e. henceforth there were two kings. 7.2: By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had insulted. 7.3: Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty `came _back_,' or `devolved _again_' upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared it with Tatius. 7.4: abl. of means. 7.5: Cf. p. 5, n. 3. 7.6: See Vocab., _eques_. 7.7: `When': H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B288. 7.8: #ad . . . lstrandum# = _ut . . . lstrret_. What does the gerundive construction express? 7.9: Sc. _Mrti_. See Vocab., _campus_, and map, p. xxviii. 7.10: #Caprae paldem#: `Goat Swamp.' 7.11: _aufer_. 7.12: #crditus est#: we would say: `it was believed that he,' etc.; Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: `he was believed to have,' etc. 7.13: #cu . . . fcit#: literally `for which thing he made (i.e. secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).' 7.14: What does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K6. 7.15: _prcd_. 7.16: Sc. _esse_. #vsum esse# and #praecipere# depend on #adfrmns#: see H642 (523,I): M1023: A336, 2: G650: B314: and p. xxv, M4. 7.17: #augustire frm#: `of more imposing presence' (than he was while on earth); abl. of characteristic, H473, 2 (419,II): M643: A251: G400: B224. 7.18: i.e. _Rmulum_. 7.19: Note the change of tense from that in _vsum_ (_esse_) above. Proculus actually said: (_Rmulus_) _praecipit_, i.e. he used the historical present. Above _vsum_ (_esse_) represents _vsus est_ of the direct discourse. 7.20: substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M892: A331: G546: B295,4. 7.21: #futrum ut . . . exsisterent# gives the statement, not of Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. #futrum# (_esse_) depends on a verb of saying implied in #praecipere#. Romulus said _exsisttis_. Since, however, _exsist_ has no supine and so no future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from it. Hence the phrase _futrum ut_ with subjunctive becomes necessary: `it would happen that they would become,' etc. 8.1: `in honor of Romulus'; dat. of advantage. 8.2: With #cnstitta# and #cultus# (_col_) sc. _est_. 8.3: For the omission of the conjunction before #ipse#, cf. p.5, n.13.]#III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus# [[stripped text]]716-673 B.C.Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. IsCuribus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, utpopulum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestaeconsecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. FlaminemIovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit.Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibusfulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numamdocuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperiicerta pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rempopulo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias conveneruntsilentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur ecaelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferriposset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit.Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illaimperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes etrite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunaedescripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano geminoaedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis essecivitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem institutissuis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esseconloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucuserat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine arbitrisse inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea pietateimbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum metuscives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitatiprofuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus est.Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt.Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta. #III. Numa Pompilius, Rmnrum rx secundus# [[as printed]] 716-673 B.C. [Illustration: SELLA CURLIS / _From a coin_] Successit Rmul Numa Pompilius, vir inclit istiti[4] et religine.[4] Is Curibus,[5] ex oppid Sabnrum, acctus est. Qu cum Rmam vnisset, ut[6] populum ferum religine mtigret, sacra plrima nstituit. ram Vestae cnsecrvit, et gnem[7] in r perpetu alendum virginibus dedit. Flminem[8] {5} Iovis sacerdtem crevit eumque nsgn veste[9] et curl[10] sell adrnvit. Dcitur[11] quondam ipsum Iovem cael licuisse.[12] Hc, ingentibus fulminibus in urbem dmisss, dscendit in nemus Aventnum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacrs {10} fulmina[13] essent prcranda,[13] et praetere imperi [[9]] certa[1] pgnora popul Rmn datrum s esse prmsit. Numa laetus rem popul nntivit. Postrdi omns ad aeds[2] rgis convnrunt silentsque exspectbant[3] quid futrum esset.[4] Atque sle ort dlbitur cael sciss[5] sctum, quod {15} ancle appellvit Numa. Id n[6] frt auferr posset,[6] Mmurium fabrum ndecim scta edem frm fabricre iussit. Duodecim autem Salis[7] Mrtis sacerdts lgit, qu anclia, scrta illa imperi pgnora, cstdrent[8] et Kalends {20} Mrtis per urbem canents et rte saltants ferrent.[8] Annum in duodecim[9] mnss ad cursum lnae dscrpsit; nefsts[10] fstsque dis fcit; ports In[11] gemin[12] aedificvit ut esset index pcis et bell; nam apertus,[13] in {25} arms esse cvittem, clausus,[13] pcts circ omns populs, sgnificbat. [Illustration: ANCLIA / _From a coin_] [Illustration: INUS] Lgs[14] quoque plrims et tils tulit {28} Numa. Ut vr mirem nstitts[15] sus auctrittem conciliret, [[10]] simulvit[1] sibi[2] cum de geri esse conloquia nocturna iusque[3] monit s omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lcus erat, quem[4] medium fns perenn rigbat aqu; e saepe Numa sine arbitrs[5] s {32} nferbat, velut[6] ad congressum deae; ita[7] omnium anims e[7] piette imbuit, ut fids[8] ac isirandum nn minus quam lgum et poenrum metus cvs continret.[9] Bellum quidem[10] nllum {35} gessit, sed[10] nn minus cvitt prfuit quam Rmulus.[11] Morb[12] exstnctus in Inicul monte sepultus[13] est. Ita duo[14] deinceps rgs, ille bell, hc pce, cvittem auxrunt. Rmulus septem et trgint rgnvit anns,[15] Numa trs et quadrgint. {39} [Footnotes: III (pages 8-10) 8.4: See p. 7, n. 17. 8.5: #Curibus . . . Sabnrum#: `from Cures, atown of the Sabines.' H462 (412,II): M605: A258, _a_: G391: B229, 1. `_At_ Cures, atown of the Sabines,' would be _Curibus, in oppid Sabnrum_. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a given point. 8.6: #ut . . . mtigret#: purpose clause, to be joined with what follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which they modify. 8.7: #gnem . . . alendum#: for the form of expression, see p.2, n.18. 8.8: #Flminem . . . crevit#: `he appointed a priest to be Jupiter's Flamen.' See Vocab., _flmen_. 8.9: The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the _Flmins_ were (1)a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick of olive wood, called _apex_; (2)the _toga praetexta_ (see Vocab., _toga_); and (3)a laurel crown. 8.10: See Vocab., _sella_. 8.11: Cf. p. 7, n. 12. 8.12: _lici_. 8.13: The Romans derived many omens from thunder. _Prcrre_ is the technical word for `caring for' an omen, i.e. warding off all harmful effects by sacrifices. 9.1: `trustworthy.' This word never = `certain,' as in the phrase `acertain man.' In that sense _qudam_ is used. 9.2: #aeds rgis#: `the palace.' What two meanings does _aeds_ bear? 9.3: `waited (to see) what,' etc. 9.4: Why subjunctive? See p. 3, n. 2. 9.5: _scind_. #dlbitur . . . sctum#: `the heavens were opened and a shield descended.' 9.6: Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M893: A317, 1: G545, 3: B282. On the possession of this _ancle_ Rome's power was believed to depend; hence Numa's care in guardingit. 9.7: #Salis . . . fcit#: `he chose twelve Salii as priests of Mars.' 9.8: Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3. 9.9: Roman writers say that before Numa's time the year contained only ten months, astatement hardly credible. 9.10: #nefsts . . . fcit#: `he made a distinction between _dis nefst_ and _dis fst_.' See Vocab., _fstus_ and _nefstus_. 9.11: Cf. p. 8, n. 1. 9.12: `two-headed.' The reference is to a temple of Janus in the Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole structure resembled an arch. 9.13: Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively `when open,' `when shut.' They agree with _Inus_ understood, which means the temple, not the god. After Numa's time the temple remained open till 235 B.C. It was opened again in the same year, and not closed till 29 B.C. 9.14: #Lgs quoque#: `_Laws_ too,' i.e. laws as well as religious ceremonies and priestly orders. 9.15: #nstitts#: dative with #conciliret#. 10.1: How different in meaning from _dissimulns_, II,9? 10.2: #sibi . . . esse conloquia#: `that he had conversations.' #sibi# is dat. of the possessor; H430 (387): M542: A231: G349: B190. 10.3: #ius monit#: `at her suggestion.' Cf. _qurum cnsili_, II,41. 10.4: #quem medium#: `the middle of which.' 10.5: Here in its original sense of `witness.' 10.6: #velut . . . deae#: `giving it out that he was going to meet the goddess'; #velut# is used here as _quasi_ is in I, 28. See note there [[note 3.6]]. For #ad congressum# see p.3, n.8. #deae# is dat. after the prefix in #congressum#; cf. H429 (386): M532: A228: G347: B187, III. 10.7: #ita# and #e# reinforce each other. `To such a degree (#ita#), and with such (#e#) piety,' etc. 10.8: Here = `respect for their oaths (and obligations).' #fids ac isirandum# together = `their own moral sense,' as opposed to the restraints of the law. 10.9: subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A319, 1: G552, 2: B284. 10.10: #quidem# is concessive, and so = `to be sure, it is true.' Hence #quidem ... sed# = _quamquam ... sed tamen_. 10.11: Sc. _prfuerat_. 10.12: #Morb exstnctus# (_exstingu_) means that he died a natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous disappearance of Romulus, as described on page7. 10.13: _sepeli_. 10.14: #duo deinceps rgs#: `two _successive_ kings.' When an adverb like _deinceps_ stands between an adjective and a noun, it has the value of an adjective. 10.15: acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A256, 2: G336: B181. See also p. xvii, D1.]#IV. Tullus Hostlius, Romanorum rex tertius# [[stripped text]]673-641 B.C.Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo regidissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum interAlbanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio placuit rempaucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii,tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro sua quisquepatria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde victoria, ibiimperium esset.Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas aciesprocedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestiquearmis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Utprimo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingensspectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romanialius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Adcasum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spestota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte isinteger fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugamcapessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantumspatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videtunum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit,et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iamHoratius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius possetconsequi, interfecit.Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter eratintactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessumcursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans malesustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes acgratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibatHoratius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror,quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratrispaludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solverecoepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudiopublico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbisincrepans: Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum,oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem.Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in iusHoratius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatquelaqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senexproclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaqueCuriatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregiastirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patrislacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iurecausae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdamsacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capiteadoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum _Sororium_ appellatum est.Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum seinvidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certaminefinisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanosconcitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collemsubduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullusintellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes atergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Posterodie Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigisreligatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propterducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; monsCaelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullusregiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatusbellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armisquies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quamdomi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo estimplicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illiferoces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullumfulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavitannos duos et triginta. #IV. Tullus Hostlius, Rmnrum rx tertius# [[as printed]] 673-641 B.C. Mortu[16] Num Tullus Hostlius rx cretus est. Hc nn slum proxim[17] rg dissimilis, sed fercior etiam Rmul[18] fuit. [[11]] E rgnante[1] bellum inter Albns et Rmns exortum[2] est. Ducibus[3] Hostli et Ffeti placuit rem[4] paucrum certmine[5] fnr. Erant apud Rmns trigemin frtrs Horti, trs apud {5} Albns Criti. Cum[6] es agunt rgs ut pr su quisque patri dmicent[7] ferr. Foedus[8] ctum est e[9] lge, ut, unde[10] victria, ibi imperium esset. ct foedere trigemin arma capiunt et in medium inter dus acis prcdunt. Cnsderant utrimque duo exercits. Datur {10} sgnum, nfstque[11] arms tern[12] iuvens, mgnrum[13] exercituum anims gerents, concurrunt. Ut prm concurs increpure[14] arma micantsque fulsre[15] gladi, horror ingns spectants[16] perstringit. Cnserts[17] deinde manibus, statim duo Rmn alius super alium exsprants cecidrunt[18]; trs Albn vulnert. Ad[19] csum Rmnrum conclmvit gaudi exercitus Albnus. Rmns {16} iam sps tta dserbat. num Hortium trs Criti circumsteterant.[20] Forte[21] is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impr erat, ut distraheret hosts, fugam capessvit,[22] singuls[23] per intervlla [[12]] sectrs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum[1] spati ex e loc, {20} ubi pgntum est, aufgerat, cum respicins videt num Critis haud procul ab ss abesse. In[2] eum mgn impet redit, et dum Albnus exercitus inclmat[3] Critis ut opem ferant frtr, iam Hortius eum occderat. Alterum[4] deinde, priusquam[5] tertius posset[5] cnsequ, interfcit. {25} Iam singul[6] supererant,[7] sed nec sp nec vribus pars.[8] Alter[9] erat intctus ferr et gemint victri ferx[10]; alter fessum[11] vulnere, fessum curs trahbat[12] corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Rmnus exsultns male sustinentem arma Critium cnficit,[13] iacentem[14] spoliat. Rmn ovants[15] ac grtulants Hortium {30} accipiunt et domum[16] ddcunt. Prnceps bat Hortius, trium frtrum spolia prae s gerns. Cu[17] obvia fuit soror, quae dspnsa fuerat n ex Critis, vsque[18] super umers frtris paldment spns, quod ipsa cnfcerat, flre et crns[19] solvere coepit. Movet {34} fercis iuvenis animum complrti sorris in tant gaudi pblic; itaque strict[20] gladi trnsfgit puellam, simul eam verbs[21] increpns: {36} Ab[22] hinc cum immtr amre ad spnsum, oblta[23] [[13]] frtrum, oblta patriae. Sc eat,[1] quaecumque Rmna lgbit hostem. Atrx id vsum est facinus[2] patribus[3] plbque; qur raptus {40} est in is[4] Hortius et apud idics condemntus. Iam accesserat lctor[5] inicibatque[6] laqueum. Tum Hortius ad populum prvocvit. Intere pater Horti senex prclmbat fliam suam ire caesam[7] esse; et iuvenem amplexus[8] spoliaque Critirum ostentns, rbat populum n[9] s, quem paul {45} ante cum gregi stirpe cnspexissent,[10] orbum lbers[11] faceret.[9] Nn tulit populus patris lacrims iuvenemque[12] absolvit admrtine[13] magis virttis quam ire[13] causae. Ut tamen caeds manifsta expirtur, pater quibusdam[14] sacrificis {50} percts trnsmsit per viam[15] tigillum et flium capite adopert velut sub iugum[16] msit; quod tigillum _Sorrium_[17] appelltum est. [Illustration: FASCS] Nn di px[18] Albna mnsit[19]; nam Mettius {54} Ffetius, dux Albnrum, cum[20] s invidisum apud cvs vidret,[20] [[14]] quod[1] bellum n[2] paucrum certmine fnsset, ut[3] rem corrigeret, Vients Fdnatsque adversus Rmns concitvit. Ipse, Tull in[4] auxilium arcesstus, aciem in collem subdxit, ut fortnam bell exspectret et sequertur. Qu[5] r Tullus intellct {59} mgn vce ait[6] su illud iuss Mettium facere, ut hosts terg circumvenrentur. Qu audt hosts territ et vict sunt. Poster di Mettius cum ad grtulandum Tull vnisset, iuss illus quadrgs[7] religtus et in[8] dversa distrctus[9] est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam druit et Albns Rmam trnsre iussit.[10] Rma interim crvit[11] Albae runs[12]; duplictus est cvium {65} numerus; mns Caelius urb additus et, qu[13] frequentius habitrtur,[13] eam[14] sdem Tullus rgiae cpit ibique deinde habitvit. Auctrum[15] vrium fdci ltus[16] bellum Sabns indxit. Pstilentia [[15]] nsecta[1] est; nlla tamen ab arms quis dabtur. Crdbat enim rx bellicsus[2] salbrira mlitiae[3] quam dom esse {70} iuvenum[4] corpora, sed ipse quoque[5] diuturn morb est implicitus. Tunc vr ade[6] frct[7] simul cum corpore sunt sprits[8] ill fercs, ut nll re posthc nisi sacrs operam daret. Memorant Tullum fulmine[9] ctum cum dom cnflagrsse. Tullus mgn glri bell rgnvit anns dus et trgint. {75} [Footnotes: IV (pages 10-15) 10.16: #Mortu Num#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_. 10.17: #proxim rg#: `his predecessor.' Join with #dissimilis#, which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p.3, n.12). _Proximus_ may mean `nearest (inthe past)' = `last,' or `nearest (inthe future)' = `next.' The context must determine the sense. 10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G398: B217. 11.1: #E rgnante#: `during his reign.' How does this abl. abs. differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii, K1. 11.2: _exorior_. 11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: `the leaders agreed that,' etc. The subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem ... fnr#. 11.4: The meanings of _rs_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may be translated `dispute,' and so practically = _bellum_ above. For the mood of _fnr_, see p.6, n.16. 11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which the quarrel was to be ended. 11.6: #Cum . . . rgs#: `the kings urge them.' How literally? 11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5. 11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21. 11.9: #e lge ut#: `with the understanding that,' `with the proviso (#lge#) that.' The clause #ut ... esset# expresses the purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty. 11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _qu ex parte_. We would rather say, `_on_ which side.' Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather as that of _rest at_ a point. Why? 11.11: #nfst arms#: `hostile in (respect of) arms,' i.e. `with hostile arms.' 11.12: `three on each side.' Why do we give this meaning to the adjective? 11.13: #mgnrum . . . gerents#: `breathing the spirit of mighty armies.' So we speak of a person as `ahost in himself.' 11.14: #increpure# describes the sound made by the spears as they struck the shields. 11.15: _fulge_. 11.16: = _specttrs_. 11.17: _cnser_. 11.18: _cad_. 11.19: #Ad csum#: we say `_at_ the fall,' but the Latin thinks of the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall. 11.20: _circumst_. 11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19. 11.22: #fugam capessvit#: `took (to) flight'; cf. `to take to one's heels.' 11.23: #singuls per intervlla#: `one by one, at intervals.' 12.1: #aliquantum spati#: `some distance.' #spati# is a partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space: H417 (379): M513: A257: G335: B181. 12.2: #In . . . redit# (_rede_): `he turned and made a furious attack upon him.' How literally? 12.3: #inclmat . . . ferant#: `was shouting ... (bidding them) to bear aid.' For #inclmat#, see p.3, n.14. 12.4: = _secundum_, as often. 12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292. 12.6: `one on each side.' Cf. _tern_, l. 11, and note there. 12.7: _supersum_. 12.8: `equally matched.' 12.9: #alter . . . alter#: `the one . . . the other (ofthe two).' With #intctus# cf. _integer_, l.18. 12.10: `inspirited, emboldened.' 12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon the fact. 12.12: `was dragging,' i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would rather say, `could barely drag his body along.' So we would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as `barely able to endure (the weightof) his armor.' 12.13: = _occidit_. 12.14: `as he lay prostrate.' 12.15: #ovants ac grtulants#: `with rejoicing and congratulations.' Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force. 12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4. 12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3. 12.18: #vs . . . spns#: `when she saw her lover's cloak,' etc. Cf. p.1, n.4. 12.19: #crns solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf. _crinibus passs_, II,36. 12.20: _string_. 12.21: #verbs increpns#: cf. _hs increpns verbs_, I,46. 12.22: _abe_. 12.23: #oblta# (_oblivscor_) #frtrum#: `you who have forgotten,' or `since you have forgotten.' For the genitives #frtrum# and #patriae#, see H454 (406,II): M588: A219: G376: B206, 1. Cf. the English `forgetful of.' For the repetition of #oblta# see n.11. 13.1: `fare, perish.' The subject is _fmina_, or _illa fmina_, as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf. _Sc ... mea_, I, 47, and see note there. 13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faci_, properly = `adeed,' whether good or bad, but generally `acrime.' 13.3: = _sentribus_, who were officially styled _Patrs Cnscrpt_. #patribus plbque# virtually = _omnibus_. 13.4: `court.' 13.5: See Vocab., _lctor_. 13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = `was (actually) puttingon.' 13.7: _caed_. 13.8: _amplector_. 13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6. 13.10: _cnspici_. The subjunctive may be explained (1)as caused by attraction to #faceret#, H652, 1 (529,II): M793: A342: G663: B324, or (2)as in informal indir. disc. 13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with #orbum faceret#, which = _orbret_. 13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_, where the English idiom requires _but_. 13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1. 13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21. 13.15: `a (certain) street.' The street