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hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf@)^&–@)*&
Population Perspective Plan2010-2031
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno/fdzfxky, sf7df8f+}
g]kfn
@)^&
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hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf
@)^&–@)*&
Population Perspective Plan 2010-2031
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno /fdzfxky, sf7df8f+}
g]kfn @)^&
![Page 3: Vof ;DaGwL bL3 {sfnLg of ]hgf @)^&–@)*&](https://reader033.pdfslide.tips/reader033/viewer/2022061100/629a64b84e728d43975dd1d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
e"ldsf
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e"ldsf
ljsf;sf nflu cTofjZos ;|f]tx¿ dWo] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] hgzlQmsf] plrt kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgaf6 dfq b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; ;Dej 5 . g]kfnsf]] xfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 / ;+/rgf ljZn]if0f ubf{ o'jf hg;ª\Vofsf] jfx'No /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] cj:yf ljsf;sf nflu vfln r'gf}tL / ;d:of dfq geP/ plrt kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]df b]z ljsf;sfnflu cj;/ / dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t klg aGb5 . hg;ª\Vofsf ljljw kIfx?nfO{ b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts ljsf;sf kIfx?;+u PsLs[tu/L o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg ;f]r / of]hgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; tYonfO{ ;g\ !(($ df sfo/f]df ;DkGg æhg;ª\Vof / ljsf; ;DjGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngÆ n] hf]8 lbO{ ;j} ;Da4 /fi6«x?nfO{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] lyof] .
o;sf cltl/Qm gjf}+ / b;f+} of]hgf cjlwdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;DkGg ePsf ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ ;Dd]ngx? -;g\ !((% df j]lhËdf ePsf] rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng, ;g\ !((^ df sf]kgx]ugdf ;DkGg Pl;of tyf k|zfGt If]qsf b]zx?sf] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL ;Dd]ng, ;g\ @))) df Go"of]s{df ;DkGg ;x;|fJbL ljsf; ;Dd]ng / ;g\ @))@ df a}+ssdf ;DkGg Pl;of tyf k|zfGt If]qsf /fi6«x?sf] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL ;Dd]ng_ df JoQm u/LPsf k|ltj4tfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg g]kfn klg kIf /fi6« ePsf] gftfn] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ kfg'{ cTofjZos eof]] . tb\g'?k g]kfnn] gjf}+ of]hgf cjlw b]lv g} o; If]qdf ljz]if hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] 5 . csf]{lt/ b]zdf ljBdfg pRr hg;ª\Vof j[l4, cJojl:yt hg;ª\Vof;/fO{, b|"t ultdf e}/x]sf] zx/Ls/0f, Go"g cfly{s j[l4b/, u/LjL, hg;ª\Vof sf] c;dfg ljt/0f, 36\bf] t/ pRr dft[ tyf lzz' d[To'b/ / jblnFbf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts cj:yfnfO{ hg;ª\Vof / ljsf;df ;fdGh:oNofO{ ;do;fk]If u/fpgsf nflu klg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ ul/g' lgtfGt h?/L x'g uof] .
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zx?nfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ u/L gjf}+ k~r jlif{o of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_ df hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug]{ sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ePsf]n] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL cWoIf /x]sf] /fli6«o hg;ª\Vof ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%%.%.( sf] j}7sn] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug{ lgb]{lzt u/] jdf]lhd cjwf/0ffkq tof/ kf/L UNFPA sf] ;xof]udf lj:t[t b:tfj]h tof/ ug]{ lhDdf Go" P/f gfds ;+:yfnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . h;sf] g]t[Tj Go" P/fsf] tkm{jf6 :jlu{o 8f= xs{ u'?Ën] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;+:yfaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL of]hgfsf] k|f?kn]] d"t{?k kfpg afFsL /x]sf] cj:yfdf b;f+} k~rjlif{o of]hgfdf k"gM o; sfo{nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /flvof] . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] lj:t[t d:of}bf b:tfj]hnfO{ ;do ;fk]If / ;fGble{s u/fpg] p2]Zon] /fli6«o hg;fª\lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;e]{If0f ;g\ @))^ jf6 k|fKt tYox?nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lj1x?jf6 kl/dfh{g u/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] lj:t[t d:of}bf ;DjlGwt ;fem]bf/ lgsfo, ;+3;+:yfx? tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] jLrdf ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn u/L clGtd ?k lbOof] . o;/L tof/ ePsf] b:tfj]hsf] ;+If]lks/0f u/L d=k=df k]z ul/Psf]df æhg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf @)^&–@)*& -;g\@)!)–@)#!_Æ sf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifbsf] ldlt @)^&.%.#! sf] j}7sjf6 :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/jf6
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:jLs[tL ePsf] o; hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf ljZj hg;ª\Vof lbj; -!! h'nfO{ @)!!_ sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"jf6 ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] hg;ª\Vof / ljsf; ;DjGwL ;g\ !(($ df ;DkGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngn] lglb{i6 u/]sf bL3{sfnLg nIo, ;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIosf k|ltj4tfx?nfO{ cfTdf;ft ug'{sf ;fy} cGo ;do;fdlos /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ePsf k|ltj4tfx?nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL hg;ª\Vofsf d'2fx?nfO{ ljsf;sf x/]s If]qdf PsLs[t ub}{ hg;ª\Vof kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xh / ;do ;fk]If agfpg] Wo]o /flvPsf] 5 . o; of]hgfn] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / ;+/rgfnfO{ lgoldt ug]{ dfq geO{ hg;ª\Vof nfO{ ;Lko'Qm u/fO{ j9L pTkfbgzLn u/fpg] s'/fdf klg plQs} hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . xfn g]kfnsf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] u/LjLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] k|aw{g u/L g]kfnLx?sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ub}{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf / ;Lk ljsf; u/L pTkfbglzn dfgj ljsf;df ;d]t hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn ljBdfg /x]sf ;j} k|sf/sf c;dfgtf / lje]bx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;dfj]zL, ;dtfd'ns / ;dGoflos ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo o; of]hgfn] /fv]sf] 5 .
hg;ª\Vof jx'kIfLo, jx'cfoflds / ;j}sf] ;femf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf]n] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL o; bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] /fv]sf p2]Zo tyf nIox? xfl;n ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L :ki6 lgwf{/0f u/L If]qut lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . ;j} If]qsf] ;femf k|of; / cfk;L ;xof]ujf6 dfq o; of]hgfn] /fv]sf] p2]Zo tyf nIo k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] ;j} If]qjf6 k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] kxn x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . o; of]hgfsf] th'{dfsf qmddf tof/ ePsf] lj:t[t d:of}bf b:tfj]h cu|]hL efiffdf tof/ ePsf] 5 . pQm b:tfj]h :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnosf] j]e;fO6 www.mohp.gov.np df klg pknAw 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 :jLs[tL ePsf] hg;+ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfnfO{ o; k':tssf] ?kdf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . of] bf];|f] k|sfzgdf k|yd k|sfzgdf x'g uPsf efiffut q'6Lx?nfO{ oyfzSo z'4 ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ qmddf cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ UNFPA, of]hgfsf] lj:t[t d:of}bf b:tfj]h tof/L ubf{ g]t[Tj k|bfg u/L dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf :j=8f= xs{ u'?Ë k|lt of] dGqfno s[t1 x'b} ;bf :d/0f ul//xg]5 . of] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf th'{df qmddf k|f/De b]lv xfnsf] l:yltdf cfOk'Ubf ;Dd ljleGg r/0fdf ljleGg sf]0fjf6 ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx?k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ .
g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof DfGqfno
cflZjg, @)^* hg;ª\Vof dxfzfvf /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+�
ljifo ;"rL
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ljifo ;"rL efu M Ps ================================================================================================================================================= !
!= hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] ;Gbe{ (Context of Population Perspective Plan) ============== @
@= hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] p2]Zo (Objective of Population Perspective Plan) =========== $
#= hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] If]q (Scope of Population Perspective Plan) ==================== $
efu M b'O{ ================================================================================================================================================== &
@=! hg;fª\lVos ljZn]if0f (Demographic Analysis) ========================================================================= *
@=@ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo (Reproductive Health) ========================================================================================= !)
@=# ul/jL (Poverty) ========================================================================================================================= !@
@=$ cfly{s kIf (Economic Dimension) ========================================================================================== !$
@=% a;fO ;/fO tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f (Migration and Spatial Dimention) =================== !&
@=%=! a;fO ;/fO (Migration) ================================================================================================ !&
@=%=@ zxl/s/0f (Urbanization) =========================================================================================== !(
@=%=# hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f (Population and Evironment) ================================================== @)
@=^ n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f (Gender Mainstreaming) =========================================================================== @)
@=& ;fdflhs kIf (Social Dimension) ============================================================================================= @@
@=* las]]Gb|Ls/0f / ;+u7gfTds kIf (Decentralization and Institutional Aspects) ============================ @$
efu M tLg ================================================================================================================================================= @&
#= hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgf ========================================================================== @*
#=! hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgfsf p2]Zox? (Objectives of the Plan of Action of PPP) ================================================================================================================= @*
#=@ sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t ;do ;Ldf ============================================================================================== @*
#=# cg'dfgx? (Assumptions) ==================================================================================================== @*
efu M rf/ =============================================================================================================================================== @(
@=@ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ============================================================================================================================= #)
@=# ul/jL ======================================================================================================================================== $!
@=$ cfly{s kIf ================================================================================================================================ $^
@=% a;fO ;/fO tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f =========================================================================== %@
@=^ n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f ================================================================================================================== %^
@=& ;fdflhs If]q ============================================================================================================================= ^)
@=* las]Gb|Ls/0f =============================================================================================================================== &!
@=( ;+:yfut ;+oGq ============================================================================================================================ &#
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efu M Ps
hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] ;Gbe{, hg;ª\Vof
;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] p2]Zo
/
hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] If]q
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2
hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf s] xf] <
� hg;ª\Vofsf] agfj6, ;+/rgf tyf ljt/0fnfO{ pknAw ;|f]tx?;fk]If Jojl:yt ug]{ dfu{ lgb]{zs b:tfj]h xf] .
� ljBdfg hg;ª\Vof gLltx?df /x]sf sdLsdhf]/Lx?sf] ljZn]if0f tyf pko'Qm ;'emfjx? ;dflji6 b:tfj]h xf] .
� cfufdL cfjlws of]hgfx?nfO{ dfu{ lgb]{z ug]{ tyf ;|f]tx?sf] plrt ljlgof]hgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] b:tfj]h xf] .
� hg;ª\Vof sf ljljw kIfx?nfO{ /fli6«o ;dflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ljsf;sf cfofdx?;+u PsLs[t u/L hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgsf] p2]Zo xfln; ug]{ bL3{sfnLg of]hgf xf] .
!_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] ;Gbe{ (Context of Population Perspective Plan)
ljsf;sf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]tx? dWo]sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof lasf;sf] kl/rfns tyf k|of]ustf{ b'a} xf] . hg;ª\Vof sf] ;+/rgf, jgf]6 tyf kl/rfngdf b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts lasf;sf] cfwf/ v8f x'G5 . xfn g]kfn hg;ª\Vof sf] jgf]6 tyf ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df r'gf}tL tyf cj;/ b'a}sf] aLrdf 5 . hg;ª\Vof sf] plrt Aoj:yfkgn] lasf;sf] cj;/df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ub{5 eg] ;xL Aoj:yfkgsf] cefjdf /fi6«nfO{ yk ef/ dfq kg{ hfG5 . hg;ª\Vof /fi6««sf] bfloTj dfq geO{ pTkfbgsf] nflu rflxg] cTofjZos ;|f]t klg xf] . hg;ª\Vofleq ljut, jt{dfg / eljio x'G5 . cg'ej tyf 1fgn] lgk"0f{ h]i7 gful/sÙ ;Lk, Ifdtf / b[9tfn] el/k"0f{ pTkfbgzLn o'jfzlQm / efjL /fli6«o bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ /fi6«sf] ;DkQLsf] ?kdf afnaflnsfx?sf] plrt /]vb]v, kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkgn] g} lasf;sf] /fli6«o nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb5 .
hg;fª\lVos lx;fjn] g]kfn ;+qmd0fsf] t]>f] txdf cfOk'u]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf d[To'b/ 36]/ Go"g :t/df cfPsf] x'G5 / k|hggb/ tLj| ?kdf 3l6/x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] hg;ª\Vof sf] cfl>t b/ 36fO pTkfbgzLn pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vof sf] cg'kftdf j[l4 x'G5 . s'g} klg /fi6««sf] hg;+flVos Oltxf;df Ps k6s dfq cfpg] of] cj:yfnfO hg;+flVos nfef+z (Demographic Dividend) klg elgG5 . of] cj;/sf] plrt pkof]u af6 g} ;d'Ggt /fi6«sf] lasf; x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fi6«n] hg;ª\Vof sf] plrt kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s] 7"nf] cj;/ u'Dg hfG5 . t;y{ o:tf] b'n{e cj;/nfO u'Dg glbg g]kfn h:tf] ;+qmd0fsf] t]>f] r/0fdf /x]sf] d'n'ssf] nflu hg;ª\Vof sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf cTofjZos x'G5 . o; k|sf/ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] ablnbf] hg;+flVos ;+/rgf / o;n] lgDTofPsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts cfjZostfx?sf] plrt ;Daf]wg u/L ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/sf cltl/Qm dfgj ;+;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng u/L cfly{s–;fdflhs lasf;nfO{ ;dofg's"n cu|ult k|bfg ug]{ lbzf lgb]{z ub{5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff gjf} k~r jlif{o of]hgf ;g\ -!((&–@))@_ jf6 cfPsf] xf] . gjf} of]hgfdf k|hggb/nfO{ k|lt:yfkg tx;Dd k'¥ofpg] bL3{sfnLg nIo lnOPs]f lyof] . pQm of]hgfn] k|hggb/nfO{ k|lt:yfkg tx;Dd k'¥ofpg ;fdflhs cfly{s lasf;sf sfo{qmdx? ;+u hg;ª\Vof sf d'4fx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf cf}NofPsf] lyof] . gjf} of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ kl/:s[t / ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ub}{ b;f}+ of]hgf ;g\ -@))@–@))&_ n] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ yk dha't agfof] . pQm of]hgfdf hg;ª\Vof sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfpg] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ pNn]v ul/of] / ;f]xL cg'?k pQm of]hgf cjlwdf hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/zLnf v8f eO{ s]xL dxTjk"0f{ k|f/lDes sfo{x? ;d]t eP . b;f}+ of]hgfdf u/LjL lgjf/0f /0fgLltx? cGt{utsf s]xL bL3{sfnLg gLltx?n] klg hg;ª\Vof sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofof] .
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3
hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf s] xf] <
!_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] ;Gbe{ ( )
hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf lsg<
� sfo/f] ;Dd]ng !(($, a]OlhË ;Dd]ng !((% tyf sf]kgx]ug ;Dd]ng !((^ n] cjnDag u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg hg;ª\Vof tyf ljsf;sf nIfx? xfl;n ug{ .
� ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf xfl;n ug{sf nflu of]ubfg lbg .
� gjf}, b;f}+ tyf rfn' cGtl/d of]hgfn] cjnDag u/]sf] hg;ª\Vof tyf ljsf;sf nIfx? xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg lbg .
� /fi6««sf] ablnbf] cfly{s, ;dflhs tyf /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg .
� ljleGg If]qdf lgdf{0f eO sfof{Gjog ePsf bL3{sfnLg of]hgfx?nfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug{ tyf hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgdf tL of]hgfx?af6 of]ubfg k|fKt ug{ .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf lgdf0f{ ug{ ;g\ !(($ df OlhK6sf] /fhwfgL sfo/f]df æhg;ª\Vof / lasf;Æ ;Dd]ngn] dxTjk"0f{ dfu{lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfo{gLltn] s]lx dxTjk"0f{ bL3{sfnLg nIfx? lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn klg pQm sfo{gLltsf] kIf /fi6« ePsf]n] ;f]xL cg'?k of]hgf lgdf0f{ ug{ gjf} / b;f}+ of]hgfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .
gjf} / b;f}+ of]hgf lgdf0f{ / sfof{Gjogsf] ;dodf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df laleGg dxTjk"0f{ ;Dd]ngx? ;DkGg eP . ;g\ !((% df a]OlhËdf ;DkGg rf}yf] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng, ;g\\ !((^ df sf]kgx]ugdf ;DkGg Pl;of tyf k|zfGt If]qsf b]zx?sf] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL ;Dd]ng, ;g\ @))) df Go"of]{sdf ;DkGg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; ;Dd]ng / ;g\ @))@ df a}+ssdf ;DkGg Plzof tyf k|zfGt If]q hg;ª\Vof tyf lasf; ;Dd]ngsf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« ePsf]n] tL ;Dd]ngdf JoQm k|ltj4tfnfO{ of]hgfdf ?kfGt/0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug{nfO{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cfjZostf dxz'; ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ablnbf] kl/j]zdf hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, n}lËs ljljwtfo'Qm hg;ª\Vof sf] plrt Joj:yfkg, kl/rfng tyf :t/f]Gglt xfnsf] k|d'v cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . pRr hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/, cJojl:yt hg;ª\Vof;/fO{ / zx/Ls/0f, Go"g cfly{s j[l4b/, hg;ª\Vof sf] c;dfg ljt/0f, AofKt u/LjL tyf ablnbf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;+/rgfn] klg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'gM k'li6 ub{5 .
/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;dodf hg;ª\Vof gLltn] klg abnLbf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{5 . To;} u/L /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ubf{ hg;ª\Vof sf] jgf]6, ;+/rgf tyf k|j[ltnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof sf] ultzLntfnfO{ Wofg glbO{ agfOPsf ;+/rgfaf6 dflg;n] kfpg' kg]{ plrt ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg cˆ7\of/f] x'G5 eg] dfgj ;|f]tsf] pRrtd kl/rfng klg k|efljt x'g hfG5 .
ljsf;sf x/]s lqmofsnfkx?n] dfgj sNof0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]sf] x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof sf] jgf]6, ;+/rgf, ljt/0f tyf ultzLntfn] pQm lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . logLx?jLrsf] tfnd]n ePg eg] nlIft p2]Zodf k'Ug c;lhnf] x'G5 . pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L /fi6«sf] ;jf{lË0f lasf; ug{sf] nflu hg;ª\Vof sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . ljsf;sf k|ltkmn ;a} g]kfnL ;fd' k'¥ofpg, sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfx?af6 clwstd k|ltkmn lng / ljsf;sf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf hg;d'bfosf] pNn]Vo ;xeflutf u/fpg hg;ª\Vof sf] ljz]iftf, To;sf] cfjZostf / Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof sf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ Xbo+ud u/L g]kfnLx?sf] hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ug]{ / pgLx?sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx?sf] kl/k"lt{ ub}{ pTkfbg Ifdtf a[l4 u/L
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4
sfnfGt/df ;d[4 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] ckl/xfo{tf dxz'; ul/Psf] xf] .
@_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] p2]Zo (Objective of Population Perspective Plan)
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] …hg;ª\Vof / ljsf;Ú ;DaGwL ;g\ !(($ cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg nIf / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIfsf k|lta4tfx?nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ / cGo ;d;fdlos /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ hg;ª\Vof sf d'2fx?nfO{ ljsf;sf x/]s If]qdf PsLs[t ub}{ n}hfg] / hg;ª\Vof sf] Aoj:yfkg / kl/rfngnfO{ ;xh / ;do;fk]If agfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] hg;ª\Vof sf] cfsf/ / ;+/rgfnfO{ lgoldt tyf ck]lIft dfu{lgb]{z ug]{ dfq geO{ hg;ª\Vof nfO{ a9L pTkfbgzLn agfpg o;sf] Ifdtf tyf ;Lk lasf;df klg plQs} hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] u/LjL Go"lgs/0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] k|j4g{ ug'{, g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ub}{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf lasf; u/L dfgj lasf;df hf]8 lbg', ;j} k|sf/sf lje]bx?sf] cGTo u/L ;dtfd'ns ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;+/rgf lgdf0f{df of]ubfg lbg' bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] k|d'v p4]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cGo p2]Zox? o; k|sf/ 5g\M
� hg;ª\Vofsf d'2fx?nfO{ ljsf;sf x/]s If]qx?df ;dfj]z ug]{ .
� hg;fª\lVos ;+qmd0fnfO{ lgDg dfWodaf6 ;xlhs/0f ug]{ . o u/Lj tyf hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf ;d"xdf k|efjsf/L :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . o k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . o b]zAofkL ?kdf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . o n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zlQms/0f k|j4{g ug]{ . o ljs]lGb|t /fHo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ / hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgsf sfo{qmdx?df ;d'bfosf]
;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbg] . o u/LjL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;Gt'lnt If]qLo cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug]{ . o ;fgf] tyf u'0f:t/Lo kl/jf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . o hg;ª\Vof ;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;+sng, Aoj:yfkg, k|sfzg tyf ;fj{hlglss/0fnfO{
u'0f:t/Lo, Aofks / e/kbf]{ agfpg] . o hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
� hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo tyf cg'udgsf] nflu sfof{Gjog ;+oGq / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ;'emfj k|bfg ug]{ .
#_ hg;Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] If]q (Scope of Population Perspective Plan)
hg;ª\Vof ax'kILfo, ax'cfoflds P+j ;j}nfO{ ;/f]sf/ /xg] laifo ePsf]n] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL sfo{s|dnfO{ ;du| lasf; k|of;df cfj4 ul/g' jfG5gLo x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof sf d'2fx? ljsf;sf x/]s lqmofsnfkx?df k|d'v k|fyldstfdf /xG5g\ . o;sf d'4fx? Jofks ePsfn] o;n] ;d]6g] If]qx? klg Jofks 5g\ . tL dWo] k|d'v If]qx?nfO{ bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . h;df lgDg ljifox? kb{5g\M
� hg;fª\lVos ljZn]if0f
� k|hgg\ :jf:Yo
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5
@_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] p2]Zo (
#_ hg;Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] If]q ( )
� u/LjL
� cfly{s If]q
� hg;ª\Vof;/fO{ tyf hg;ª\Vof sf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f
� n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f
� ;fdflhs kIf
� las]Gb|Ls/0f
� ;+u7gfTds ;+oGq
�
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�
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efu M b'O{
@= If]qut ljZn]if0f
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efu M b'O{
@= If]qut ljZn]if0f (Thematic Analysis)
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8
@=! hg;fª\lVos ljZn]if0f (Demographic Analysis)
;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof jflif{s @=@% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{/x]sf] 5 . olx b/ sfod /xg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof #! jif{df bf]Aa/ x'G5 . pQm j[l4b/ g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs lasf;sf] t'ngfdf lgSs} a9L xf] . olx b/ sfod /lx /xg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tL x'g]5 . hg;ª\Vof a[l4b/nfO{ 36fpg cfjZos sbdx? tTsfn rfNg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ ljutdf rflnPsf sbdx?sf] ;dLIff ub}{ ltgLx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg'sf ;fy} yk sbdx? rfNg' at{dfg r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sf] tYof+ssf] k|d'v ;|f]t eg]sf] hgu0fgf xf] . of] k|To]s bz jif{df ul/G5 . hgu0fgfn] tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] hg;ª\Vof / To;sf ljif]ztfx?sf] ;"rgf ;+sng ub{5 . tL ;"rgfx? dfq of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu ck'u x'g] ePsfn] cGo ;|f]tx? h:t} cfjlws ;j]{If0fx?sf] klg pkof]u ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm hg;ª\Vof sf] efjL :j?k, j[l4b/, ljt/0f tyf ;+/rgfsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] x'g] xf] egL hg;ª\Vof k|If]k0f ul/G5 . h;n] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 .
tflnsf !M g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sf] cfsf/ tyf a[l4b/, !(!!–@)#!
hgu0fgf aif{ hg;ª\Vof sf] cfsf/
-…)))df_
af:tljs kl/jt{g
-�_
aflif{s a[l4b/ (%) bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] ;do -aif{df_
hg3gTj -k|lt au{ lsnf]ld6/_
u0fgf ul/Psf] hg;ª\Vof !(!! %^#( #* !(@) %%&$ -–_!=@ -–_)=@ #* !(#) %%## -–_)=& -–_)=& #* !($! ^@*$ !#=^ !=!^ ^) $# !(%@–%$ *@%& #!=$ @=@* #! %^ !(^! ($!# !$=) !=^$ $# ^$ !(&! !!%%^ @@=* @=)% #$ &( !(*! !%)@# #)=) @=^@ @& !)@ !((! !*$(! @#=! @=)* #$ !@^ @))! @#!%! @%=@ @=@% #! !%&
k|If]k0f ul/Psf] hg;ª\Vof @))^ @%^** !)=(^ @=)* ## !&$ @)!! @*!#! (=%! !=*@ #* !(! @)!^ #)$(% *=$ !=^! $# @)& @)@! #@^#$ &=)! !=#^ %! @@! @)@^ #$&!& ^=#* !=@$ %^ @#^ @)#! #&&*& %=(^ !=!^ ^) @%)
tflnsf ! n] ;g\ @)#! sf] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sf] cfsf/ tyf a[l4nfO{ k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)#! ;Dddf g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sl/j # s/f]8 ^* nfv k'Ug] tyf aflif{s a[l4b/ !=!^ k|ltztdf emg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ hg;ª\Vof sf] of] cfsf/ tyf a[l4b/ If]qLo tyf ef}uf]lns lx;fjjf6 ;dfg ?kdf ljtl/t x'g]5}g . csf]{tkm{ hg3gTj lg/Gt/ a[l4 eP/ ;g\ @)#! df @%) JolQm k|lt au{ lsnf]ld6/ k'Ug] 5 . ;g\ @)#! ;Dddf jflif{s a[l4 b/ clxn] @=@% k|ltzt af6 36]/ !=!^ k|ltztdf cfP klg hg;ª\Vof a9\g] s|d eg] /f]lsg] 5}g . t/ hg;ª\Vof sf] agf]6, ;+/rgf tyf ljt/0fdf eg] pNn]Vo kl/jt{g x'g]5 . pQm kl/jl{t{t cj:yfdf hg;ª\Vof of]hgf klg ;do ;fk]If x'g' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;g\ !(^), &) / *)
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sf k|d'v ljz]iftfx?
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9
@=! hg;fª\lVos ljZn]if0f ( )
tflnsf !M g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sf] cfsf/ tyf a[l4b/, !(!!–@)#!
u0fgf ul/Psf] hg;ª\Vof
k|If]k0f ul/Psf] hg;ª\Vof
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sf k|d'v ljz]iftfx?
� o'jfx?sf] afx'Notf
� 36\bf] d[To'b/
� 3\6bf] t/ pRr k|hgg\ b/
� 36\bf] t/ pRr dft[ tyf lzz' d[To'b/
� t'ngfTds ?kdf sd cf};t cfo'
� a9\bf] a[4 hg;ª\Vof
� hg;ª\Vof sf] c;dfg ef}uf]lns ljt/0f
� cAojl:yt cfGtl/s a;fO;/fO{
� n}lËs c;dfgtf
sf] bzsdf k|hgg\b/ lgoGq0f k|d'v nIo lyof] eg] xfn cfP/ hg;ª\Vof sf d'2fx?nfO{ ljsf;;+u PsLs/0f ub}{ hg;ª\Vof sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ k|d'v nIo ePsf] 5 .
;Lldt ;fwg / ;|f]taf6 lg/Gt/ al9 /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug'{ g]kfnsf nflu r'gf}lt ePsf] 5 . pQm r'gf}ltnfO{ 36\bf] t/ pRr hGdb/ / d[To'b/, dft[ tyf lzz' d[To'b/, kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx?sf] pRr ckl/k"t{b/, lszf]/ lszf]/L tyf o'jfx?sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, Pr= cfO{eL÷P8\;sf] j9\bf] r'gf}lt, tLj| zx/Ls/0f / j;fO;/fO{, hg;ª\Vof sf] c;Gt'lnt ljt/0f, sd pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ k|rng, a'9\of}nLkg tyf lj:yflkt hg;ª\Vof n] cem hl6n agfPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vof df lo ;d:ofx? cem r'gf}ltk"0f{ aGb} uPsf 5g\ . lg/Gt/sf] k|of;n] l:yltdf ;'wf/sf nIf0fx? b]vf k/] klg ck]lIft pknlAw eg] xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rfÍ ;'wf/f]Gd'v eP klg cem} Go"g tyf lrGtfhgs 5 . To;df klg hftLo, If]qLo / n}lËs lje]b cem} klg pRr 5 . ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf cf}ift cfo' &% jif{ eGbf j9L k'¥ofpg] cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfdf g]kfnn] klg ;xdtL hgfPsf] 5 , t/ xfn ;Ddsf] k|ult d"NofÍg ubf{ ;f] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Dej b]lvb}g . g]kfnLsf] cf}ift cfo"\' ;g\ @))* ;Dddf ^$ jif{ k'u]sf] 5 . h'g ;g\ @)#! df &) jif{ k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . hg;fª\lVos ;"rsx?df ;':t ;'wf/ b]lvPtf klg kl5Nnf] ;dosf] k|ult pT;fx hgs 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;g\ @))! eGbf cufl8 dlxnfsf] cf};t cfo' k'?ifsf] eGbf sd lyof] . h;nfO{ dlxnf dflysf] lje]bsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] dflgG5 . t/ xfn dlxnfsf] cf}ift cfo' k'?ifsf] eGbf s]lx a9L ePsf] 5 . h;n] dlxnf dflysf] lje]bsf] qmlds ?kdf Go"lgs/0f x'b} uPsf] :ki6 kfb{5 . o:t} kl5Nnf lbgx?df dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yodf ePsf] pNn]Vo k|ult, 3l6/x]sf] k|hgg\ b/ tyf cfd hg;d'bfodf cfPsf] r]tgfn] of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf pT;fx yk]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L kl/jf/sf] ;+/rgf / 5f]/f5f]/L k|lt cfdfa'jfsf] ck]Iffdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g klg hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw x'g\ . dlxnf lzIff tyf /f]huf/Ldf ePsf] k|ult csf]{ pknlAw xf] . n}lËs ;dfgtfdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gn] l:ylt ;xh agfpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] nfef+z (Gender Equality Dividend) nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsPdf l:ylt cem nfebfos / ck]lIft x'g]5 . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf, ;xof]u / ;dembf/L x'bfx'b} klg :ki6 /fli6«o gLlt / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cefjdf cemklg g]kfnL hgtfx? emf8fkvfnf, s'kf]if0f, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cefj, u/LjL, clzIff cflbsf sf/0fn] c:j:Yo hLjg jfrL/x]sf jf d[To'sf] zLsf/ eO/x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof hftLo, eflifs, If]qLo, juL{o tyf n}lËs ljljwtfo'Qm 5 . tL ljljwtf leq cf–cfˆg} ljz]iftf / cfjZostfx? 5g\ . cfhsf] ablnbf] kl/j]zdf tL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf km/s 9+uaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 . hg;ª\Vof sf ljifox?df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf tyf :jfldTj ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] xfn;Dd ePsf pknlAwx?sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfufdL lbgdf hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg], hg;ª\Vof sf] c;dfg
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10
ljt/0fnfO{ sd ug]{, gsf/fTds hg;fª\lVos;"rsx?nfO{ ;sf/fTds agfpg] / hg;ª\Vof nfO{ ljsf;sf] afws geO{ ljsf;sf] ;xof]uL agfpg] h:tf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{5 .
@=@ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo (Reproductive Health) k|hgg\ :jf:YonfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts If]q cGt{ut a[xt cjwf/0ffdf /fVg' kb{5 . k|hgg\ :jf:Yon] k|hgg\ k|0ffnLnfO{ dfq geO{ dflg;sf pd]/ cg';f/sf of}g ljsf; / cfjZostf (Sexual Development and Needs), zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;DjGwsf ;fy} k|hgg\ k|lqmofaf6 kg]{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s c;/x?sf] ;dLIff / ;dfwfgnfO{ klg ;d]6\b5 .
;g\ !(($ sf] sfo/f] ;Dd]ngn] k|hgg\ :jf:YonfO{ clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/L ljsf;sf x/]s kIf;+u ;dfof]hg ug'{ kg]{ dfGotf /fv]sf] 5 . pQm ;Dd]ngn] clËsf/ u/]sf] @) jif]{ sfo{of]hgfdf k|hgg\ :jf:YonfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kIf;+u ;dflxt u/L n}hfg' kg]{ cfjZostf cf+}NofPsf] 5 .
;g\ @))^ sf] “g]kfn hg;fª\lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f” n] g]kfndf k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf pNn]Vo ;'wf/
ePsf] b]vfP tfklg cem} klg w]/} ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . pQm ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/ dft[ d[To' b/ @*! k|lt Psnfv hLljt hGddf cfPsf] 5, h'g Ps bzs cufl8 %#( lyof] . kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf cfw'lgs ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u b/ #%=$ -;g\ @))!_ k|ltztaf6 a9]/ $$=@ -;g\ @))^_ k|ltztdf k'u]tf klg s"n dfusf] sl/j ^^ k|ltztdfq k"/f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 . lzz' d[To'b/df klg pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))! df k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGd dWo] ^$ /x]sf] lzz' d[To'b/ ;g\ @))^ df $* df em/]sf] 5 . t/ of] b/ lxdfn -((_, dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q -(&_, clzlIft cfdfx?af6 hlGdPsf lzz'x? -^(_ / u/Lj
kl/jf/sf lzz'x? -&!_ df cem} klg pRr 5 . ;fy} ;g\ @))^ sf] “g]kfn hg;fª\lVos tyf :jf:Yo
;j]{If0f” cg';f/ g]kfnL dlxnfx?sf] cf};t (Median) ljjfx pd]/ !&=@ aif{ /x]sf] 5 h'g cGo b]zx?sf]
t'ngfdf lgSs} sd /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} cflbjf;L tyf u|fdL0f e]sdf a:g] dlxnfx?sf] ljjfx ug]{ cf}ift pd]/ ;d]t sd /x]sf] kfOG5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] k|d'v p2]Zo hg;ª\Vof sf] ;+qmd0fnfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug'{ x'g]5 . lszf]/lszf]/L tyf bDktLdf k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] dxTjsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbnfO{ plrt pd]/df lajfx ug]{, aRrf hGdfpg], plrt hGdfGt/ /fvL yf]/} aRrf hGdfpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{, dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yodf laz]if Wofg lbg] h:tf sfo{qmdx? of]hgfn] ;d]6\5 . pQm p2]Zosf nflu dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yosf] la:tf/, kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jfsf] la:tf/, k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/sf] af/]df hgr]tgf tyf pRr hg;ª\Vof a[l4sf c;/sf af/]df ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{qmdx? nfu" ul/g]5 .
k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{gn] k|hgg\ b/ 36fO{ k|lt:yfkg txdf k'¥ofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpb5 . k|lt:yfkg txdf k|hgg\ b/nfO{ k'¥ofpg kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf sfo{qmdx?sf] lg/Gt/tf / lj:tf/, ckl/k"t{ dfunfO{ k"/f ug]{, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lotfdf a[l4 ug]{ tyf ;fGble{s ;"rgfx? ;d'bfo, kl/jf/ tyf AolQmut tx;Dd ;~rf/ ug]{ h:tf /0fgLltx? cfjZos x'G5g\ . aRrfsf] ;+VofeGbf aRrfsf] u'0f:t/ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] ;Gb]zsf] ;~rf/df hf]8 lbOg]5 .
k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] xfn klg pRr /x]sf] lzz' tyf jfn d[To' b/ 36fpg d2t k'¥ofpb5 . kmn:j?kM AolQmsf] cf};t cfo'df a[l4 x'g uO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf k"/f ug{ ;xof]u x'G5 . o;sf nflu kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/, k|hgg\ tyf jfn:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw x'g] ;j} txdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ u/L lzz' tyf afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo hLjg ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
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11
@=@ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo (
k|hgg\ b/ 36] klg s]xL ;do;Dd hg;ª\Vof a[l4 e}/xG5 . k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] plrt ljsf; tyf lj:tf/n] pQm a[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f tyf sd ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . ljjfx ug]{ pd]/ a9fO{ hGdb/nfO{ cem 36fpg k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf d'2fnfO{ lzIff, /f]huf/L, ;~rf/ tyf ljsf; lgdf{0f;+u cfj4 ul/g]5 . k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw gx'g' dfq xf]O{g pknAw ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u gx'g' klg g]kfnsf] nflu ljut b]lvsf] r'gf}tL xf] . t;y{ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] ;]jfx?sf] k|efjsf/L k|of]unfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd ;xof]u ub{5 .
� u'0f:t/Lo k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf a[l4 x'g]5 . � k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] dfudf a[l4 x'g]5 . � k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] Aoj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ x'g]5 . � dlxnfx?sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g]5 .
aif]{gL g]kfndf xhf/f} dlxnfx? sd pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ tyf aRrf hGdfpg], w]/} aRrf hGdfpg], sd hGdfGt/ /fVg], ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L ;dodf plrt :ofxf/ tyf :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt gx'g] h:tf sf/0fn] csfnd} Hofg u'dfpg tyf c:j:y hLjg hLpg afWo e} /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnfx?sf] :jf:Yosf] c;/ afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cGo ;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;df kg{ hfG5 . dlxnfx?sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ug{ k|hgg\ k|lqmofdfly pgLx?sf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 . dft[d[To'b/ pRr x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f dlxnfx?n] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ gkfpg'' klg xf] . k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/ :yflkt x'Fbf ljjfx, ue{wf/0f, hGdfGt/ tyf aRrfx?sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ dlxnfx? :jtGq x'G5g . kmn:j?k pgLx?sf] :jf:Yodf cg's"n c;/ k'Ub5 . clglR5t ue{sf] ;+Vofdf sdL x'g uO{ k|hgg\ b/ 36\g''sf ;fy} cfdf tyf lzz'sf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ x'G5 eg] dft[ tyf lzz' d[To'b/ klg sd x'G5 . o;y{ klg dlxnfx?sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yodflysf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/nfO{ dlxnfx?sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L tyf AolQmut :jtGqtf;+u cfj4 ug{' kb{5 .
g]kfnn] k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] ;'lglZrtfsf] nflu bL3{sfnLg of]hgf lgdf{0f u/] klg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf cGo ;fdflhs–cfly{s kIf;+u ;dGjosf cefjn] ck]lIft k|ltkmn xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oBlk ljutsf] t'ngfdf l:ylt ;'wf/f]Gd'v b]lvPsf] 5 . hgdfg;df cfPsf] r]tgf, a9\bf] lzIffsf] kx'Fr, ;~rf/ tyf cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf ljsf;n] k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] cfufdL lbgdf ;'wf/sf 7"nf] ;Defjgf b]vfPsf 5g\ . l9nf] ljafx, yf]/} ;Gtfg tyf plrt hGdfGt/n] dlxnfx?nfO{ cfˆgf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf cj;/x? k|bfg ub{5 . g]kfndf dlxnfx?sf] ljafx cf}ift (Median) !&=@ jif{df x'G5 eg] @) jif{sf] pd]/df k'Ubf pgLx? cfdf e};s]sf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf] cefjdf pgLx? cfly{s tyf cGo lx;fjn] cfl>t x'G5g\ . o;sf] c;/ pgLx?sf] :jf:Yodf kg{ hfG5 . t;y{, k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] k|jw{g, kx'Fr tyf k|efjsf/L pkef]uaf6 hg;ª\Vof a[l4b/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo cj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ;lsg]5 . k|hgg\ :jf:Yon] lgDg If]qx?nfO{ ;d]6\5 M
� kl/jf/ lgof]hg � ;'/lIft dft[Tj � gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ � lszf]/lszf]/L k|hgg\ :jf:Yo � lj:tfl/t ;'/lIft ue{ktg ;]jf � Pr=cfO{=le÷P8\;
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12
� af+emf]kg � j[4j[4fx?sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;d:of � dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f
pNn]lvt k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf If]qx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg of]hgfx? agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . pQm of]hgfx?nfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfO{ cGo ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf of]hgfx?;+u ;dfof]hg ub} ck]lIft k|ult xfl;n ug]{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] p2]Zo x'g]5 . bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] of]hgf cjlwdf dlxnf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx?sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ u/L kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx?sf] kx'Frdf a[l4 ug]{, dlxnfx?nfO{ ue{jtL ;]jf, k|;'lt ;]jf tyf kfZrk|;'lt ;]jf k|of]usf] nflu k|f]T;flxt u/L dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{, k'?ifx?sf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf ;xeflutf (Male Involvement in Reproductive Health) df a[l4 ug]{, dlxnf tyf k'?if cf};t ljjfx pd]/df a[l4 ug]{ / tL sfo{qmdx?af6 hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgnfO{ of]ubfg lbg] sfo{gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 .
@=# ul/jL (Poverty)
ul/jL g]kfnsf] nflu lg/Gt/sf] ;d:of xf] . s'n hg;ª\Vof sf] sl/j #! k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ul/jx? dWo] klg 7"nf] ;d"x clt ljkGg ju{ leq kb{5g hf] d'l:snn] cfˆgf] hLjgofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ . u/LjLsf] cj:yfdf ef}uf]lns, hftLo tyf n}lËs lje]b kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu u|fdL0f If]qdf #% k|ltzt / zx/L If]qdf !) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf $) k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf]df ;g\ @))) sf] bzsdf #) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf em/]sf] 5 . kl/df0ffTds lx;fjn] u/LjLsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvP tfklg u'0ffTds lx;fjdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]lvb}g . clt ljkGg ju{df kg]{ u/Ljx? cfh klg p:t{} cj:yfdf 5g\ . aif]{gL vfBfGg tyf ;fdfGo :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] cefjaf6 ;of} afnaflnsf, dlxnf tyf k'?ifx? lj/fdL kg]{ jf dg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . clzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] ?U0ftf (Morbidity) b/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . r]tgfsf] cefj tyf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgdfly kx'Fr gx'bf k|hgg\ b/ klg pRr /x]sf] 5 . pRr k|hgg\ b/sf] kmn:j?kM u/LjLsf] rqm hl6n x'b} hfG5 . u/LjLsf] rqmsf] c;/ k':tf};Dd ;b}{ hfG5 . ul/jLsf] sf/0f kl/jf/n] ;b:ox?sf] dfgj ljsf;df ug'{kg]{ nufgL ug{ ;Sb}g . o;sf] c;/ /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;df kg{ hfG5 .
ljZj a}+ssf] ;j]{If0f @))% cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s"n hg;ª\Vof dWo] *% k|ltzt / s"n ul/jsf] (^ k|ltzt u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]jf; ub{5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qsf ul/jx?sf] cj:yf hl6n / cToGt} bogLo 5 . ef}uf]lns If]qdWo] kxf8df ;j}eGbf a9L ul/j hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . To;kl5 t/fO{ / ;j}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf /x]sf] 5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf u/LjL lgjf/0f
tflnsf @M g]kfndf ul/jLsf] ljt/0f !((^–@))$ -�df_
If]q ul/j hg;ª\Vof sf] ljt/0f hg;Vofsf] ljt/0f!((^ @))$ !((^ @))$
tflnsf #M hfltut ?kdf ul/jLsf] ljt/0f, !((^–@))$ -�df_ hft÷hftLotf !((^ @))$
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13
@=# ul/jL
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf u/LjL lgjf/0f
� u/LjLnfO{ dfgjLo b[li6sf]0ffaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 . � u/LjL lgjf/0fnfO{ hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{
cjoj agfOg] 5 . � hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ u/LjL
lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmdx?;+u PsLs[t ul/g]5 . � u/Lj hg;d'bfo / To;df klg dlxnf, blnt,
hghftL, dw];L / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfo{qmdx? lgdf0f{ tyf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
� sfo/f] tyf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf xfl;nsf nflu pRr of]ubfg lbg] sfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f ljz]if hf]8 lbg]5 .
tflnsf @M g]kfndf ul/jLsf] ljt/0f !((^–@))$ -�df_
If]q ul/j hg;ª\Vof sf] ljt/0f hg;Vofsf] ljt/0f�!((^ @))$ !((^ @))$
�u|fdL0f (^=$ (%=# (#=! *%=) zx/L #=^ $=& ^=( !%=) ef}uf]lns If]q lxdfn !)=& &=% &=( &=! �kxf8 $!=( $&=! $#=) $@=! �t/fO $&=$ $%=$ $(=@ %)=* ;|f]tM ljZj a}+s, @))%�
g]kfndf hft÷hftL cg';f/ u/LjLsf] ljt/0fdf leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . cGo hft÷hftLx?sf] t'ngfdf blntx? ;j}eGbf u/Lj /x]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 u/Ljsf] ;d"xdf kxf8sf hghftLx? kb{5g\ .
tflnsf #M hfltut ?kdf ul/jLsf] ljt/0f, !((^–@))$ -�df_ hft÷hftLotf� !((^ @))$
pRr hft -kxf8–t/fO{_� #$=! !*=$ ofbj -dWo t/fO{_� @*=& @!=# blnt -kxf8–t/fO{_� %&=* $%=% g]jf/� !(=# !$ hghftL– kxf8� $*=& $$ yf? -t/fO{ hghftL_� %#=$ #%=$ d'l:nd� $#=& $!=# cGo� $^=! #!=#
;|f]tM ljZj a}+s, @))%
ul/jLsf] ljt/0fnfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, /fhgLlts tyf jftfj/0fLo ;+/rgfn] c;/ kfb{5 . k|lts"n cfly{s Aoj:yf / lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / To;}sf] w/ftndf plePsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL ul/jLnfO{ hl6n agfpg] sf/0fx? x'g\ . To;df tLa| hg;ª\Vof a[l4n] ;d:of cem a9fPsf] 5 . ul/jLnfO{ cfly{s kIf;+u dfq ;Lldt gu/L ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts tyf /fhgLlts kIf;+u ;Da4 u/L ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk;+u PsLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] ul/jLsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . hg;ª\Vof a[l4b/nfO{ sd ug{ ul/jL 36fpg' cTofjZos x'G5 . lsgsL ul/jLnfO{ hg;ª\Vof a[l4sf] sf/0f tyf kl/0ffd b'j} dflgG5 .
cfly{s a[l4sf] ;Defjgf /x]] tfklg hg;ª\Vof a[l4sf] sf/0fn] kof{Kt nufgLsf] cefjdf cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lhnf] x'b}g . hg;ª\Vof sf] cfsf/eGbf klg o;sf] u'0f:t/n] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ tYo k"jL{ Pl;ofsf /fi6«x?n] u/]sf] cfly{s ljsf;n] klg :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo
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14
hg;ª\Vof lgdf{0fsf] nflu ul/jL 36fpg' klxnf] zt{ x'G5 . t;y{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] b]zdf JofKt ul/jL 36fO{ u'0f:t/Lo hg;ª\Vof lgdf{0f ub}{ cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] / cfly{s ljifdtfnfO{ 36fpg] nIf lnPsf] 5 .
t'ngfTds ?kdf ul/j kl/jf/df k|hgg\ b/ tyf d[To' b/ pRr b]lvPsf] 5 . tL kl/jf/sf] cf};t cfo' klg sd /x]sf] 5 . pgLx?sf] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u b/ klg sd /x]sf]5 . pRr k|hgg\ b/sf sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cGo cfwf/e"t dfgj ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx?df kof{Kt nufgL ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . kmn:j?kM hg;ª\Vof sf] u'0f:t/df a[l4 x'b}g . o; cj:yfdf pQm ;d"xnfO{ ul/jLsf] rqmaf6 d'Qm u/L u'0f:t/Lo / pTkfbgzLn agfpg /fHosf] e"ldsf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] ;j} g]kfnLsf] To;df klg ul/j kl/jf/sf] hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 u/L ;fgf] tyf u'0f:t/Lo kl/jf/ lgdf{0f ub}{ hg;Vof Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xh agfO{ ul/jL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|d'v nIo lnPsf] 5 .
k|If]lkt tYofÍn] g]kfndf ul/jL 36\bf] qmddf eP klg cem} nfdf] ;do;Dd JofKt /xg] b]vfPsf] 5 . ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n ePdf klg ;g\ @)@& ;Dddf ul/jL b/ sl/j !$ k|ltztdf emg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ klg ul/jL lj?4sf] ;3if{ cem} nfdf] ;do;Dd rNg] b]lvG5 . pQm ;+3if{nfO{ ;fdflhs / cfly{ssf ;fy} hg;ª\Vof of]hgfn] lg/Gt/ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;Daf]wg ug]{{5 . ul/jL lj?4sf] ;3if{df ;kmn x'g ul/jLsf] d'2fnfO{ hfg;f+lVos b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ul/g' klg plQs} h?/L x'G5 hlt cfly{s tyf ;dflhs b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
g]kfnn] ul/jL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv d"n d'2f agfpb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] b;f}+ of]hgfn]
ul/jL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL gLlt tyf of]hgfx? lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] / rfn' lq-alif{o cGtl/d of]hgf
o;sf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|z:t cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf cfPsf 5g\ . ul/jL xfn s'g} /fi6«, ;d'bfo, kl/jf/ jf JolQmsf] JolQmut ;d:ofdfq ge} ;Dk"0f{ ljZjsf] g} ;d:of ePsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIfdf ul/jLnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg'n] klg pQm k|lta4tfnfO{ bzf{pFb5 . ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L kIfaf6 :yfgLo txdf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng e}/x]sf 5g . t/ tL sfo{qmdx? aLr ;dGjo, kf/blz{tf, hkmfjb]lxtf tyf O{dfGbfl/tf gx'bf ck]lIft k|ltkmn xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] nlIft ;d"xdf sfo{qmdx? k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
hg;Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] g]kfnsf] ablnbf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf ul/jLsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ gofF 9u+af6 kl/eflift ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;dodf hg;ª\Vof / ul/jLsf] d'2fnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fvL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g cfjZos ljZn]if0f o; hg;Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] plrt afF8kmfF8 tyf /fHo kIfsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cem ;zQm agfpg bL3{sfnLg hg;ª\Vof of]hgf dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h x'g]5 .
@=$ cfly{s kIf (Economic Dimension)
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ hg;ª\Vof gLltn] clËsf/ u/]sf nIfx?df k'Ug rflxg] ;fwg tyf ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . hg;fª\lVos;+qmd0fnfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug{ cfly{s ljsf;n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub{5 . hg;ª\Vof / ljsf; aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pp6f k|d'v kIf eg]sf] cy{gLlt xf] . cfly{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?n] hg;flVos k|lqmofnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . hg;ª\Vof a[l4n] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx?dfly bjfj a9\b5 . plrt cfly{s ljsf;n] dfq bjfjnfO{ sd ug'{sf ;fy} hg;ª\Vof a[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sb5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf cfly{s gLlt
tflnsf $M k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?df hg;ª\Vof sf] bjfa !((! !((^ @))! @))^ @)!! @)!^ @)@! @)@^ @)#!
s"n hldgsf] If]q -AolQm÷x]S6/_ !=@^ !=$@ !=%& !=&^ !=($ @=!@ @=@( @=$$ @=%*
s"n s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] If]q -AolQm÷x]S6/_
s"n agIf]q If]q -AolQm÷x]S6/_s"n k'g{gljs/0fLo hn -So"= dL÷k|lt AolQm_
!@,!!$ !),&%# (,^&% *,^%# &,*#^ &,!^& ^,^$! ^,@$* %,()%
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15
@=$ cfly{s kIf ( )
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf cfly{s gLlt
� cfly{s gLltn] hfg;f+lVos ;+qmd0fnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{5 .
� cfly{s gLltn] hfg;f+lVos nfef+zsf] cj;/nfO{ pkof]u u/L cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbg]5 .
� k|fs[lts >f]tx?dfly hg;ª\Vof sf] bjfjnfO{ sd ug{ hg;ª\Vof sf] ;fk]If ljt/0f tyf a}slNks >f]tx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ 5 .
� km/flsnf] tyf lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu dfgj >f]tsf] plrt kl/rfng ug]{5 .
� u/Ljd'vL cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ dxTj lbO{ ;dftfd"ns cfly{s ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]5 .
tflnsf $M k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?df hg;ª\Vof sf] bjfa
�� !((! !((^ @))! @))^ @)!! @)!^ @)@! @)@^ @)#!
s"n hldgsf] If]q -AolQm÷x]S6/_� !=@^ !=$@ !=%& !=&^ !=($ @=!@ @=@( @=$$ @=%* lxdfn� )=@* )=#! )=## )=#^ )=#( )=$# )=$^ )=$( )=%! kxf8� !=#& !=%# !=^& !=*% @=)# @=@! @=#* @=%# @=^* t/fO{� @=%$ @=() #=#) #=&@ $=!$ $=%$ $=(! %=@% %=%% s"n s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] If]q -AolQm÷x]S6/_�
&=!@ *=)@ *=&@ (=&% !)=&& !!=&* !@=&! !#=%! !$=#)
lxdfn� ^=^) &=@% &=&@ *=$( (=@( !)=)( !)=*# !!=%) !@=!( kxf8� *=!! (=)$ (=*& !)=(# !@=)) !#=)& !$=)& !$=(% !%=*% t/fO{� ^=!* &=)^ *=)# (=)^ !)=)& !!=)^ !!=(& !@=&% !#=%@ s"n agIf]q If]q -AolQm÷x]S6/_�� #=^% $=$* %=$# ^=^! *=)) (=$& !!=!$ !@=() !$=*& s"n k'g{gljs/0fLo hn -So"= dL÷k|lt AolQm_�
!@,!!$ !),&%# (,^&% *,^%# &,*#^ &,!^& ^,^$! ^,@$* %,()%
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'b} klg kl/0ffd pT;fxk|b 5}g . xfn;Ddsf] cfly{s Oltxf;df /fi6«sf] ;dl:6ut cfly{s a[l4b/ slxNo} klg ^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5}g . g]kfn xfn klg cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf] ;d"xdf kb{5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf of]hgfa4 ljsf; z'? ePkl5 g]kfnsf] cfly{s a[l4b/ cf};t $ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . of] b/ hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] cg'kftdf sd xf] . xfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/n] a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof sf cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . Psftkm{ cfly{s j[l4b/ cToGt sd 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ cfosf] c;dfg ljt/0fn] wgL / u/Lj aLrsf] vf8n a9L /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s gLltn] a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof nfO{ pkof]u u/L cfly{s j[l4b/ a9fpg g;Sbf of] c;Gt'ng cfPsf] xf] . o; k|sf/sf c;Gt'ng sd ug{ ljz]if k|sf/sf sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] hg;ª\Vof nfO{ /fi6«sf] bfloTjdfq ge} cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5 / cfly{sgLltn] klg hg;ª\Vof sf] jt{dfg tyf eljiosf] ;+/rgf, ljt/0f tyf laz]iftf cg's"n x'g] ck]Iff /fVb5 . cfly{s ljsf;n] ul/jL 36fO{ hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ d2t k'¥ofpFb5 . h;sf] kmn:j?kM k|hgg\ tyf d[To'b/df sdL cfO{ hg;fª\lVos;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xlhs/0f x'G5 .
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJoflks/0fn] hg;fª\lVosk|lqmofdf kfg]{ c;/ / o;n] ul/j tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfodf kfg]{ k|efj cy{gLltsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ljZjJoflks/0fn] NofPsf gsf/fTds k|efjx?nfO{ /f]Sb} ;sf/fTds cj;/x?sf] bf]xg u/L ul/j tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] hLjg:t/ psf:g hg;Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] cfly{sgLltnfO{ pkof]u tyf ;xof]u ug]{5 . /fli6«o cy{gLltnfO{ ;dfj]zL tyf u/Ljd'vL agfO{ hg;Vof Joj:yfkgsf] nIf xfl;n ug{' csf]{ dxTjk"0f p2]Zo xf] . cfly{s ljsf;n] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? lgdf{0f u/L 7"nf] cg'kftdf /x]sf] o'jfzlQmsf] pTkfbgzLntfnfO{ pkof]u ug]{5 .
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16
h;n] ubf{ d'n'sdf x'g uPsf] cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o k|ltef knfog (Brain Drain) h:tf] ;d:ofaf6 b]znfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsg]5 . o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ;+u ;dGjo u/]/ ;d]t x]g'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljutsf] cy{gLltn] hg;ª\Vof sf d'2fx?nfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfO{b}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu b'O{ ;Gtfg ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf] nflu NofOPsf] s/ ;'ljwf gLltn] klg ck]lIft pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;s]g . lsgsL To:tf gLltsf] k|efj u|fdL0f tx;Dd k'Ug ;s]g hxFf k|hgg\b/ pRr 5 . k|hgg\b/ pRr ePsf kl/jf/x? sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f s/sf] bfo/f leq g} kb}{gg\ . To;sf/0f s/ ;'ljwf gLltn] klg s]jn zx/L / pRr ju{nfO{ dfq kmfO{bf k'u]sf] kfO{G5 . :jf:Yosf] nflu :yfgLotxdf ;+rflnt k/Dk/fut k|ljlw tyf ;|f]tnfO{ yk ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf ljutsf cy{gLltx?n] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 lgoGq0f ug]{eGbf klg hg;ª\Vof sf] k'glj{t/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf lyP . k|yd k~r jifL{o tyf bf]>f] tLg jifL{o of]hgfn] lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qaf6 t/fO{df k'gjf{; u/fpg] of]hgf NofPsf lyP . t/ Jojl:yt k|fjwfgsf] cefjdf tTsfnLg of]hgfn] xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . cy{gLltn] Jojl:yt a;fO ;/fO / ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbg g;Sbf hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f c;dfg ePsf] xf] . cy{gLlt u/Ljd'vL tyf u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] vfnsf] geP;Dd hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf d'2fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g ;lsb}g . lsgsL hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] s]Gb| eg]s} ul/j 3/kl/jf/ x'g / hf] u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]jf; ub{5g\ . cfly{s ljsf;n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifox? – lzIff, :jf:Yo, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/, /f]huf/L, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf, dlxnf ;zlQms/0f h:tf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5 . hg;Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] cy{gLltnfO{ sNof0fsf/L tyf pTkfbgzLn b'a}sf] ;ld>0faf6 hg;fª\lVos;+qmd0fsf] ;xlhs/0fsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{5 . ;fy} cfly{s ljsf;sf] dfqfTds geO{ u'0ffTds j[l4df of]ubfg lbg]5 .
tflnsf %M cfl>t cg'kft, !((!–@)@^
� !((! @))! @))^ @)!! @)!^ @)@ ! @)@&
afn cfl>t cg'kft� )=&& )=^( )=^% )=%* )=%# )=$^ )=$ ! a[4 cfl>t cg'kft�� )=)^ )=)& )= !! )= !! )= !! )=!@ )= !# s"n cfl>t cg'kft�� )=*# )=&^ )=&^ )=^( )=^$ )=%* )=%$
hg;fª\lVos ;+qmd0fsf] ;dodf hg;ª\Vof sf] pd]/ agf}6df kl/j{tg cfpFb5 . ;qmd0fsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf sfd ug]{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vof df j[l4 x'G5 . ;f] ;dodf cfl>t cg'kft 36]sf] x'G5 . of] ;do eg]sf] hg;flVos nfe+fzsf] ;do xf] . cWoogx?n] g]kfndf of] cj;/ ;g\ @))) af6 ;'? eP/ ;g\ @)$) ;Dd /xg] b]vfPsf 5g\ . of] ;dodf /fi6«n] pko'Qm cfly{s tyf hg;ª\Vof gLlt agfPdf cfly{s ljsf;n] 7"nf] km8sf] dfg{ ;Sb5 . t;y{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] of] cj;/nfO{ ;b'kof]u u/L a[xt cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ / pQm cfly{s ljsf;n] ul/jL Go"lgs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ ;du| g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] nIf /fv]sf] 5 .
cy{tGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, lk5l8Psf] If]q tyf dw]zL ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 . cy{qGq ;dfj]zL tyf alnof] ePdf cGo ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? klg ;kmn x'G5g\ . /fHon] ;dflhs ;'/Iff tyf dfgj ljsf;df nufgL ug{ cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ cfly{s ljsf;;+u dfgj ljsf;sf cGo sfo{qmdx? klg ;+u;u} n}hfg' kg]{ x'G5 . cfly{s ljsf; ubf{ ;|f]t tyf cj;/x?sf] c;dfg ljt/0f 36fpg ljz]if hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . ;du|df hg;Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] cy{tGqnfO{ ;dfj]zL / u'0f:t/Lo agfO{ hg;fª\lVos ;+qmd0fnfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
@=% a;fO ;/fO tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f ( )
@=%=! a;fO ;/fO ( )
tflnsf ^M g]kfndf a;fO ;/fOsf] k|a[lt, @))! -�df_ pb\d :yfg uGtAo :yfg s"n
s"n &!=& @*=# !))
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17
tflnsf %M cfl>t cg'kft, !((!–@)@^ !((! @))! @))^ @)!! @)!^ @)@ ! @)@&
@=% a;fO ;/fO tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f (Migration and Spatial Dimension)
g]kfn ef}uf]lns tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ b]z xf] . o;n] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sf] ljt/0fnfO{ klg ljlzi6 agfPsf] 5 . tL ljljwtfn] hg;fª\lVosk|lqmofx?nfO{ klg c;/ k'¥ofO{ /x]sf] x'G5 . ef}uf]lns ljljwtf cg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof sf] ljz]iftfx?nfO{ dgg\ u/L agfO{Psf of]hgfx? oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ / ck]lIft k|ltkmn klg lbg ;Sb5g . hg;ª\Vof sf] ljt/0f tyf rl/qnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ agfOPsf of]hgfx?n] nlIft ju{df ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf hg;ª\Vof sf] ljt/0fsf] ljZn]if0f x'g' h?/L x'G5 . a;fO;/fO, zx/Ls/0f / jftfj/0fLo ;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfk;df cGtlg{lxt x'G5g\ . logLx?n] Ps csf{nfO{ k|efljt kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ / ;fd'lxs?kdf logLx?n] If]q ljz]ifsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{ klg emNsfpFb5g\ . a;FfO;/fOF, zx/Ls/0f tyf jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g hg;flVos cj:yfaf6 k|efljt x'G5g\ / ltgLx?n] hg;ª\Vof sf] ljz]iftf tyf ljt/0fnfO{ plQs} c;/ kfl//x]sf x'G5g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s]xL bzs cufl8;Dd w]/} Go"g ePsf] t/fO{sf] hg3gTj xfn cTolws a9\g'n] ;f]xL s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . hg;ª\Vof sf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|fb]lzs ljt/0fdf d'VotM a;fO ;/fO, zx/Ls/0f / hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOG5 .
@=%=! a;fO ;/fO (Migration)
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of eg]sf] cJojl:yt a;fFO ;/fOF xf] . a;fO ;/fOnfO{ /f]Sg jf aGb]h nufpg ;lsb}g . hg;ª\Vof;/fO{ :j]lR5s / jfWosf/L u/L b'O{ sf/0faf6 x'G5 . dflg;sf]
rfxgf jf :j-lg0f{oaf6 x'g] a;fO ;/fO :j]lR5s xf] . o:tf] a;fO ;/fO k|foM u/]/ sd ljsl;t If]qaf6
a9L ljsl;t If]qdf x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df sd ljsl;t u|fdL0f If]qaf6 a9L ljsl;t u|fdL0f If]qdf x'g] a;fO ;/fO cToflws 5 . xfnsf lbgx?df u|fdL0f If]qaf6 zx/L If]qdf klg a;fO ;g]{ qmd tLa| ?kdf a9\bf] 5 . a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fn] of] k|j[ltsf] k'li6 ub{5 . To;}u/L lxdfnaf6 kxf8 / lxdfn / kxf8af6 t/fO{df klg a;fO{ ;g]{ qmd cToflws 5 . t/ of] qmd ljutdf eGbf s]xL sd ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] c;Gt'lnt a;fO ;/fOn] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf klg c;Gt'ng Nofp5 . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ s"n cfGtl/s a;fO ;/fOdf sl/j ^* k|ltzt u|fdL0f If]qaf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf g} ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] sl/j ($ k|ltzt a;fO ;/fO stf{x?sf] pb\ud :yfg u|fdL0f If]q lyof] . To;}u/L, &!=& k|ltztsf] uGtAo :yfg u|fdL0f If]q /x]sf] lyof] eg] @*=# k|ltztsf] uGtAo :yfg zx/L If]q lyof] -tflnsf ^_ .
tflnsf ^M g]kfndf a;fO ;/fOsf] k|a[lt, @))! -�df_ pb\d :yfg� uGtAo :yfg s"n�
u|fdL0f If]q Zx/L If]q
u|fdL0f If]q� ^*=@ @%=% (#=& zx/L If]q� #=% @=* ^=# s"n &!=& @*=# !))
a;fO;/fO{sf] csf]{ k|sf/ eg]sf] jfWosf/L a;fO ;/fO xf] . o:tf] k|sf/sf] a;fO ;/fO dflg;sf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ x'G5 . s'g} of]hgf ljgf g} pgLx? a;fO{ ;g{ afWo x'G5g\ . k|fs[lts k|sf]k, cfGtl/s tyf afXo åGb cflbsf sf/0f xhf/f} dflg;x? jif]{gL a;fO{ ;g]{ ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljutsf] ;z:q åGbsf sf/0f xhf/f} dflg;x? lj:yflkt eP . xfn zflGt k|lqmof cufl8 a9L /x]sf] ;Gbe{df w]/} lj:yflktx? kmls{P tfklg cem w]/} dflg;x? To;} cnkq k/]sf 5g\ . t/fO{df xfn klg ;z:q åGb hf/L /x]sfn] ToxFfaf6 lj:yflkt x'g] qmd hf/L 5 .
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18
a;fO ;/fOsf laleGg sf/0fx? x'G5g\ . lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ gx'g', jftfj/0fLo k|lts"ntf / ef}uf]lns ljifdtf a;fO ;/fOsf k|d'v sf/0fx? x'g . /fHo tyf lghL If]qn] To:tf If]qx?df nufgL u/L u|fdL0f :t/;Dd ljsf; tyf cj;/x? >[hgf ug{ ;s] a;fO ;/fOnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg]5 . a;fO ;/fOsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf hg;fª\lVos kl/0ffd klg x'G5 . a;fO ;/fOn] pb\ud :yfg / uGtAo :yfgdf km/s–km/s c;/ kfb{5 . a;fO ;/fOsf] b/ pRr eP pb\ud :yfgdf sfd ug]{ pd]/sf] tyf lzlIft hgzlQmsf] cefj x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ g} gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 . To:tf sf/0f tyf kl/0ffdx?sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L a;fO ;/fOsf] k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s a;fO ;/fO cfufdL lbgx?df cem a9\g] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vof a[l4b/df sdL cfP klg a;fO ;/fO b/df eg] sdL cfpg] 5}g . ;g\ @)!@ df s"n hg;ª\Vof sf] !)=@ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof cfGtl/s a;fO ;/fO ug]{5g eg] @)@& df of] k|ltzt a9]/ !#=^ k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . xfns} cGt/k|fb]lzs hg;ª\Vof c'gkft / k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf sfod /x]df @)@& ;Dddf sl/j &) nfv dflg;x?n] a;fO ;/fO ug]{5g\ .
a;fO ;/fOsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] afXo a;fO ;/fO xf] . g]kfnaf6 b]zaflx/ hfg] / cGo b]zaf6 ljleGg sf/0fn] g]kfn lelqg] hg;ª\Vof of] ;d"xdf kb{5g\ . afXo a;fO ;/fOdf g]kfn / ef/t aLr g} w]/} x'G5 . v'nf ;Ldfgf / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;dfgtfsf sf/0f g} oL b'O{ b]zaLr a;fO ;/fO a9L ePsf] xf] . xfnsf lbgx?df cfP/ >dsf] nflu ef/t afx]ssf t]>f] d'n'sx?df a;fO{ ;g]{ qmd tLa| ePsf] 5 . :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? gePsf sf/0f o'jfx? sfdsf] nflu vf8L nufotsf b]zx?df hfg] ub{5g\ . o;af6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0fn] s]xL kmfO{bf k'¥ofP klg sfnfGt/df o;nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{ g} /fi6«sf nflu >]os/ x'g]5 . o:t} afXo a;fO ;/fOdf xfn b]lvPsf] goFf k|j[lt z}lIfs a;fO ;/fO xf] . ;of}+ dfqdf g]kfnL o'jfx? lzIffsf] nflu ljb]lzg] u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] ;d"xdf lzlIft / cfly{s?kn] ;Ifd o'jfx? g} kb{5g\ . tL o'jfzlQm lzIff k"/f u/]kl5 klg pt} sfd u/]/ a:g] x'gfn] b]zn] 7"nf] ;DklQ u'dfpg] u/]sf] 5 . To:tf o'jfx?nfO{ :jb]z kmls{g k|]l/t ug]{ / pgLx?sf] ;Lk / Ifdtf cg';f/ /f]huf/L cj;/x? k|bfg ul/Pdf k|ltef knfogsf] hl6n ;d:of xn x'g ;Sb5 .
a;fO ;/fOnfO{ k"0f{tM /f]s nufpg g;lsPtf klg o;nfO{{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;dodf g} k|efjsf/L of]hgf lgdf{0f gu/]df o;n] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fdf c;Gt'ng a9fpF5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] a;fO ;/fOnfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts kIf;Fu hf]8]/ cfjZos sfo{gLltx? agfpg]5 . a;fO ;/fOsf ;sf/fTds kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6\b} gsf/fTds c;/x? sd ug{ pb\ud tyf uGtJo :yfg b'j}df ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ;fy} cJojl:yt a;fO ;/fOn] uGtJo :yfgsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?dfly cgfjZos bjfj yKg] ub{5 . t;y{, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x? lgdf{0f ubf{ a;fO ;/fOsf] b/ tyf k|j[ltnfO{ klg ljz]if Wofg lbg k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 h;n] ubf{ tL k"jf{wf/x?n] nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug]{5g\ .
a;fO ;/fOnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|foM rf/ k|sf/sf /0fgLltx? ckgfOg]5g\ –!_ a;fO ;/fOnfO{ /f]Sg] (Stop), @_ a;fO ;/fOsf] k|jfxnfO{ sd 3gTj ePsf / goFf zx/x? tkm{ df]8\g] (Redirect), #_ a;fO ;/fOstf{nfO{ pb\ud :yfg kmsf{pg] (Return) / $_ a;fO ;/fOstf{nfO{ uGtAo :yfgdf g} ;'ljwfx? pknAw u/fO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ (Accommodate) . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] pNn]lvt rf/j6f /0fgLltnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{gLlt agfO{ a;fO ;/fOnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos sfo{gLlt lgdf0f{ ug]{{5 .
@=%=@ zx/Ls/0f ( )
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19
@=%=@ zx/Ls/0f (Urbanization)
hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ kIf eg]sf] zx/Ls/0f xf] . g]kfnsf] casf] ofqf klg zx/Ls/0fsf] g} xf] . zx/Ls/0fnfO{ hg;ª\Vof j[l4 tyf a;fO ;/fOn] c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . To;df klg zx/Ls/0f / a;fO ;/fO aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 . b'a} Pscsf{sf sf/0f tyf kl/0ffdx? x'g\ . cfly{s ljsf;sf] qmddf s[lif cy{tGqaf6 u}/–s[lif cy{tGq tkm{ hfFbf zx/Ls/0f klg a9\b} hfG5 . g]kfn zx/Ls/0fsf lx;fjn] lgs} k5fl8 5 .
g]kfndf zx/Ls/0fsf] kl/efiffdf Ps?ktf gx'Fbf zx/Ls/0fsf] ljZn]if0fdf g} ;d:of pTkGg ePsf]n] kl/efiffnfO{ Ps?k agfpg' kb{5 . zx/Ls/0f Pp6f k|lqmof xf] . o;n] zx/ x'gsf nflu ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;n] of]Uo ePsf :yfgx?sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] k|j[ltnfO{ hgfpFb5 . t;y{ zx/Ls/0fn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf hg;fª\lVos dxTj af]s]sf] x'G5 . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s"n hg;ª\Vof sf] !#=( k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof zx/L If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . of] cg'kft qmdzM a9\b} ;g\ @)!& df @# k|ltzt / @)@& df #! k|ltzt k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] a[l4b/ a;fO ;/fOsf sf/0fn] u|fdL0f If]qdf eGbf zx/L If]qdf w]/} a9L x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] zx/Ls/0f Jojl:yt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . zx/ x'gnfO{ cfwf/e"t zt{x? k"/f gePsf :yfgx? klg ljljw sf/0fn] gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf 5g\ eg] sof} zx/ x'gnfO{ of]Uo :yfgx?nfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf /flvPsf] 5 . zx/Ls/0f Jojl:yt gx'Fbf zx/L hLjg si6k|b x'g'sf ;fy} zx/L–ul/jL (Urban Poverty) ;d:ofsf] ?kdf v8f e}/x]sf] 5 . zx/Ls/0fsf] b/nfO{ dWogh/ gu/L agfPsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?n] zx/L afl;GbfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5}g\ eg] k"jf{wf/x?sf] u|fdL0f tx;Dd lj:tf/ gx'bf u|fdL0f :yfgaf6 x'g] a;fO;/fO{ sd x'g'sf] ;§f emg al9/x]sf] 5 . zx/Ls/0fdf klg s]xL k|d'v zx/x?sf] cflwkTo 5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] zx/Ls/0fsf] kl/efiffnfO{ Ps?ktf lbb} Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbg] / T;;af6 hg;flVos k|lqmofx?df kg{ hfg] c;/x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 .
k|hgg\ b/nfO{ 36fO{ k|lt:yfkg txdf Nofpg zx/Ls/0f cTofjZos 5 . zx/Ls/0fn] dflg;sf] hLjg:t/ psf:gsf ;fy} :jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/L, ;~rf/ tyf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;]jfx?sf] kx'Frdf j[l4 ub{5 . Psn tyf ;fgf] kl/jf/sf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t x'b} uPsf] ;Gbe{df zx/Ls/0fn] To:tf] wf/0ffnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . ljZjsf] hg;fª\lVos Oltxf;df klg k|hgg\ b/sf] lgoGq0fdf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf; / a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] hg;fª\lVos ;+qmd0fsf] l;4fGt (Demographic Transition Theory) n] JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ ;fgf tyf Jojl:yt zx/sf] ljsf; ug]{ nIf hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] /x]sf] 5 . zx/leqsf ul/j, dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] vfnsf sfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, u|fdL0f If]qx?nfO{ zx/f]Gd'v If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ / zx/L If]qdf cfjf;, vfg]kfgL, ;8s, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? >[hgf ug]{ h:tf cfwf/e"t sfo{x?df of]hgfx? s]lGb|t x'g]5g\ . cfjZos k"jf{wf/ k"/f ePsf If]qx?nfO{ zx/L If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ kxn ul/g]5 . zx/L If]qsf] ;+VofTds j[l4dfq geO{ u'0ffTds j[l4df ljz]if hf]8 lbO{g]5 . zx/Ls/0fnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nIo;+u Pstfa4 ub}{ zx/L ;'ljwf tyf jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/df j[l4 ub}{ nlug]5 / pknAw k"jf{wf/x?sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ub}{ a9LeGbf a9L ;'ljwfx? lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . xfn;Ddsf] zx/Ls/0fn] s]xL k|d'v zx/x?sf] ar{:j :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; / hg;ª\Vofsf cGo ljz]iftfx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ zx/L If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|lqmofsf]
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20
hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f
� ;|f]t tyf cj;/x?sf] kx'Frdf n}lËs ;dftf tyf ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
� d"nk|jflxs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;+:yfut ;+oGqnfO{ ;jlns/0f ul/g]5 .
� ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf gLlh If]qnfO{ cem n}lËs ;Da]bgzLn agfpg] lg/Gt/ k|of; ul/g]5 .
� /0fgLlts tyf gLltut txdf dlxnfx?sf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ k}/jL ul/g]5 .
� dlxnfx?sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ljz]if k|of;x? ul/g]5g\ .
� ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;j} lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;dfj]zL agfOg]5 .
� ;+/rgfut c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 .
� ;'kl/j]If0f tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ n}lËs ;Da]bgzLn agfO{g] 5 .
nflu hf]8 lbOg]5 . If]qLo ;Gt'ngdf of]ubfg lbg] ;fgf zx/sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] zx/Ls/0f;+u hg;ª\Vofsf d'2fx?nfO{ PsLs[t u/L n}hfg] sfo{gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{5 .
@=%=# hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f (Population and Environment)
hg;ª\Vofn] jftfj/0fsf] ;'b[l9s/0f tyf ljgf; b'j}df e"ldsf v]Nb5 . jftfj/0f cGtu{t hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] jgh+un tyf hldgsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg]5 . hg;ª\Vof j[l4;+u} hldg tyf jgh+unsf] k|of]udf j[l4 x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof j[l4, kl/jf/ ljefhg tyf a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fn] v]tLof]Uo hdLgnfO{ ljefhg ug'{sf ;fy} 3gf a:tLdf kl/0ft u/L /x]sf] 5 . o;n] s[lifdfly lge{/ /xg] kl/jf/nfO{ k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofPsf] 5 . t;y{ hldgsf] pkof]unfO{ pTkfbgsf] nflu Jofj;flos/0f ug]{ / jf:tljs ls;fgsf] hldg dflysf] xs :yflkt ug{nfO{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] hf]8 lbg]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] hg;ª\Vof tyf ljsf;df kg]{ c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug]{ sfo{s|dx? NofOg]5g\ .
s]xL ;do cufl8;Dd k|z:t ;Defjgf af]s]sf] jg;Dkbf a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof sf] rfFk, zxl/s/0f tyf t:s/Lsf sf/0f lbgk|ltlbg ljgf; e}/x]sf] 5 . jg;Dkfbfsf] cfly{s, Joj;flos tyf kof{j/0fLo dxTj /xG5 . o;n] ul/j kl/jf/nfO{ hLjg lgjf{xsf] alnof] ljsNk k|bfg ub{5 . hldg, h+un / hn;|f]tsf] ul/j 3/kl/jf/;+u ulx/f] ;DjGw x'G5 . lo ;|f]tx?sf] plrt kl/rfngaf6 ul/jL Go"lgs/0fdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'Ub5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] lo ;Dkfbfx?sf] ul/j tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] lxtdf k|of]u u/L ul/jL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofO /fli6«o ljsf; ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5 .
@=^ n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f (Gender
Mainstreaming)
n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0fn] ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ Ps kIfLodfq geO a9L ;dfj]zL tyf n}lËsd}qL agfpFb5 . ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx? xfn;Dd k'?if k|wfg lyP eg] dlxnfx?nfO{ nfef+z k|fKtstf{sf] ?kdf dfq ;Lldt ul/GYof] . t/ cj ljsf; lgdf{0fsf x/]s txdf dlxnfnfO{ klg ;dfg ;xeflu u/fOP dfq ljsf;n] plrt lbzf lng ;S5 eGg] cjwf/0ffdf ljZj g} ;xdt ePsf] 5 . o;} qmddf ;g\ !(($ sf] sfo/f] ;Dd]ng / ;g\ !((% a]OlhË ;Dd]ngn] n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0fnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg] sfo{gLlt kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] g]kfn klg kIf /fi6« xf] . hg;ª\Vof of]hgfn] n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 n}lËs c;dfgtf x6fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . n}lËs cjwf/0ffn] dlxnfx? ljsf;sf
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21
hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f
@=%=# hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f ( )
@=^ n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f (
)
lg0f{ostf{ x'g\ k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{ lglZqmo kfqdfq xf]Ogg\ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . d"nk|jflxs/0f eGgfn] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf gLltx?, sfo{qmd÷kl/of]hgfx? tyf p2]Zox?nfO{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn agfpg' xf] .
n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0fn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf n}lËs d'2fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g'sf ;fy} n}lËs lx+;fsf] dfqf / k|j[ltnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ lx+;f /lxt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ n}lËsd}qL agfpg] / gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfo{fGjogsf] nflu ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . n}lËs d'2fx? hg;ª\Vof ;d:ofsf] s]Gb|df /x]sf x'G5g\ . dlxnflj?4 x'g] sfg"gL, ;fdflhs–cfly{s, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo tyf ;|f]tx?sf] kx'Fr tyf kl/rfngdf x'g] lje]bx?nfO{ Go"lgs/0f u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg' hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ljut s]xL jif{x?df lzIff tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf pNn]vgLo k|ult u/]sf] 5 . h;n] dlxnfx?sf] hLjg:t/ psf:gnfO{ lgs} d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . n}lËs ljsf; ;"rsfÍdf ePsf] j[l4n] dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs leGgtfdf yf]/} ePklg sdL cfPsf] 5 . t/ lo pknlAwx? ;j} If]q, ju{ / hftLotfsf dlxnfx?df ;dfg ?kdf ljtl/t 5}gg\ . sd ljsl;t If]qx?df ;'wf/sf] qmd ;':t 5 eg] lje]b klg pRr /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfx?sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qdf ;xeflutfdf j[l4 eP tfklg lg0f{fos txdf eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfnsf] s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwfeGbf a9L lx:;f cf]u6]sf dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlt ;xeflutf t'nfgfTds ?kdf lgs} sd 5 . dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutf j[l4 eP klg cfocfh{gsf] kl/rfngdf :jtGqtf 5}g . dlxnfx? ljz]iftM s[lif If]qdf ;Lldt 5g\ eg] u}/s[lif If]qdf cbIf tyf tNnf] txsf] sfddf dfq ;Lldt 5g\ . gLlt lgdf0f{sf] txdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ljutsf] t'ngfdf j[l4 eP tfklg Tof] kof{Kt 5}g . dlxnfx? cfˆgf] AolQmut hLjg;+u ;DalGwt ljifox?df ;d]t lg0f{o lng :jtGq 5}gg\ . g]kfndf pTkfbg If]qsf /f]huf/ hgzlQmsf] sl/j $% k|ltzt dlxnfx? 5g\ eg] k|zf;sLo If]qdf !$ k|ltzt dfq dlxnfx? 5g\ . cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo dlxnfx?sf] 7"nf] lx:;f :j/f]huf/ jf kfl/jfl/s >ddf /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfx?n] ;dfg sfdsf nflu k'?ifeGbf sd Hofnf kfpF5g\ . cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutdf j[l4 eP tfklg ;|f]tx?sf] kl/rfngdf pgLx?sf] clwsf/ :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
dlxnfx?sf] ;DklQdflysf] :jfldTj Hofb} sd 5 . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfdf !! k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/sf dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf hUuf / %=% k|ltzt dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf 3/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . tYox?n] dlxnfx?nfO{ ul/jx?dWo]sf] klg ul/j b]vfPsf 5g\ . ul/jLsf] c;/ ;j}eGbf a9L dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/L tyf cGo j}olQms :jtGqtf dfly k/]sf] 5 . dlxnfx? :jtGq, ;zQm / ;Ifd eP eg] k|hgg\ k|lqmof dlxnfx?sf] lgoGq0fdf x'G5 . h'g k|hgg\ b/nfO{ k|lt:yfkg txdf Nofpg cTofjZos zt{ xf] . k|hgg\ b/df lgoGq0f ug{ dlxnfsf] ;j{kIfLo ljsf; ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 / h'g n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0f ljgf ;Dej x'b}g . t;y{, hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0fnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu of]hgfdf gLlt lgdf{0f txdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug]{, ;|f]tx?sf] kl/rfngdf clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{, k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{, ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df ePsf c;dfgtf x6fO{ lje]b /lxt ;dfh lgdf0f{ ug]{ h:tf /0fgLltx? lnPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf xfn;Dd n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0fsf nflu ul/Psf k|of;x? ;x|fgLo eP klg :ki6 sfo{lbzf, k|lta4tf / ;+/rgfut ljsf;sf] cefjdf ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0f ;sf/fTds ePsf] cj:yfdf n}lËs ;jfnx?nfO{ ljsf;sf bL3{sfnLg gLltx?;+u
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PsLs/0f ub}{ sfof{Gjog u/]df ;kmntf k|fKt x'g]5 . n}lËs d"nk|jflxs/0fnfO{ ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s gLltnfO{ n}lËsd}qL agfpg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf gLlt lgdf{0f b]lv lnP/ txut sfof{Gjogsf lqmofsnfkdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fO{g]5 . dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf lg0f{ox?sf] cfjfhljxLg ;fIfL dfq gagfO{ ;fe]mbf/ tyf lg0f{ostf{ agfOg]5 . pgLx?sf] efjgfsf]] plrt ;Ddfg u/L Ifdtf j[l4sf cj;/x? k|bfg ul/g]5 .
dlxnfdfly nufgL clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . lzIff,:jf:Yo,s'kf]if0f cflbdf dlxnfdflysf] nufgLsf] k':tf};Dd u'0ffTds k|efj /xG5 . ;g\ @))( sf] ljZj hg;ª\Vof lbj;n] klg of] s'/fnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . xfnsf ;j]{If0fx?n] dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt a9]/ %# k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]vfPsf] 5, h'g k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] sdL xf] . of] Ps bzs cufl8 sl/j #) k|ltztsf] lyof] . o;n] klg l:yltdf qmlds ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] ;'wfl/Psf] l:yltsf] kmfO{bf p7fpb} ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kIfaf6 dlxnfx?nfO{ :jfoQ / ;Ifd agfO{ n}lËs lae]b x6fpg] / hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .
@=& ;fdflhs kIf (Social Dimesion)
hg;ª\Vofsf] ;fdflhs kIfn] ;fdflhs ljljwtfn] hg;fª\lVos k|lqmofdf kfg]{ c;/ / hg;fª\lVos k|lqmofn] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kfg{ ;Sg] c;/sf] af/]df ljZn]if0f u/L ;f]xL cg';f/sf] gLlt lgdf0f{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . hg;ª\Vof sf] ;fdflhs kIf a[xt x'G5 . g]kfn ;fF:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rfgsf] lx;fjn] ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ ePsfn] klg ;dflhs kIf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf, hghftL, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf If]qsf] ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f clxn]sf] hNbf]aNbf] d'2f xf] . To:t} afnaflnsf, ckfË, h]i7 gful/s / lj:yflkt hg;ª\Vof klg ;dflhs ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fleq kb{5g\ . /fHosf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnL / If]q bl/nf] / km/flsnf] x'g' h?/L 5 . h;n] ubf{ ;j} g]kfnLn] /fHosf] pkl:yltsf] dxz'; ug{ ;s'g\ .
;fdflhs ljsf;n] cfly{s, /fhgLlts tyf hg;fª\lVos ljsf;nfO{ ;+:yfut ub{5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] nflu rflxg] cfwfe"t jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu pkof]u ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;LdfGts[t tyf lk5l8Psf / cfl>t hg;ª\Vof nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gLltn] g;d]6\g] xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] d"n nIf k"/f x'b}g . dlxnf, hghftL, blnt, dw];L / lk5l8Psf If]qsf afl;Gbfx? /fHosf] ;+:yfut c;dfj]zL ;+/rgfsf sf/0f aiff}{b]lv ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df ;d]l6Psf 5}gg\ . ltgLx?nfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] of]ubfg lbg]5 .
tflnsf &M hfltut ;d"xcg';f/ hg;fª\lVos tyf ;fdflhs l:ylt, @))!
hft÷hftLotf s"n k|hgg\ b/ -@))!_
cf};t cfo' -@))!_
;fIf/tf k|ltzt -@))!_
blnt $=&# %&=@ ##=* cflbaf;L÷hghftL $=)! %*=&$ %#=^ g]kfn $=! ^)=$ %$=!
;|f]tM bL3{sfnLg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL of]hgfsf] lj:t[t d:of}bf b:tfj]h .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf ;fdflhs kIf
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@=& ;fdflhs kIf ( )
tflnsf &M hfltut ;d"xcg';f/ hg;fª\lVos tyf ;fdflhs l:ylt, @))!
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf ;fdflhs kIf
� hg;fª\lVos k|lqmofsf ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 .
� hg;ª\Vof Aj:yfkg ug{ ;LdfGts[t tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bosf ljlzi6 cfjZostfx? k"/f ul/g]5 .
� ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;~hfnnfO{ dha't tyf km/flsnf] agfOg]5 .
� hg;f+lVos, ;dflhs tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfksf ;fdflhs lje]b x6fpg 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]5 .
� lk5l8Psf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg ;xof]u ug]{5 .
pNn]lvt ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] hg;fª\lVos ;"rfsfÍx? gsf/fTds 5g\ . pgLx?sf] k|hgg\ b/ pRr 5 . cf};t cfo' sd 5 . ul/jL AofKt 5 . z}lIfs cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ;xeflutf sd 5 . k|hgg\ b/nfO{ k|lt:yfkg txdf k'¥ofpg, cf};t cfo' a9fpg, z}lIfs :t/ ;'wf/ ug{ tyf cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] cfjZos /0fgLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{5 . /0fgLltx?n] pQm ;d'bfoleqsf] cfGtl/s lje]bnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{5 . To;}u/L afnaflnsf, ckfË tyf h]i7 gful/sx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] nflu /fHosf] gLlt klg jfnd}qL, ckfËd}qL / h]i7 gful/sd}qL gLltx? lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5 . o:tf gLltx?n] klg ;Gtfgsf] ;+VofTds dxTj 36fO{ u'0ffTds dxTjnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?kM k|hgg\ b/df sld cfO{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf ;fdflhs ljsf;n] ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ clËsf/ ug]{5 . g]kfnsf xfnsf of]hgfx?n] ljutsf] t'ngfdf a9L ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ dxTj lbPsf 5g\ . g]kfnLdf cfPsf] r]tgf, j9b} uPsf] z}lIfs :t/, ;~rf/sf] ljsf;, /fhgLlts kl/j{tg cflb sf/0fn] /fHonfO{ ;dfj]lzs/0f tyf ;fdflhs Gofodf k|lta4 x'g k|]l/t u/]sf] xf] . ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf ;'/Iffsf nflu g]kfnn] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/Ldf lk5l8Psf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt ckgfpb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf gLltx?nfO{ sfod /fVb} lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf j[l4df ljz]if hf]8 lbO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . afnaflnsfx?sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;df ljz]if of]hgfx? Nofpg] 5 . ;j} afnaflnsfnfO{ :j:y agfpg / ljBfno lzIffdf clgjfo{ ;xefuL u/fpg ljz]if sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
ckfË, c;fxo, a[4a[4f tyf Psn dlxnfx?nfO{ /fHon] lbPsf] ;xof]u lg/Gt/tf lbb} pgLx?sf] ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ ljz]if ;b'kof]u u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;xof]uL agfpg ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf] bfloTjdf j[l4 ul/g]5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf ;'/IffnfO{ clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/L /fli6«o dxTjdf /fVg] / bDktLx?nfO{ x/]s k|sf/af6 ;'/lIft dxz'; u/fO{ ;Gtfg tyf kl/jf/sf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ckfË gLlt agfpg], hgu0fgf / cGo tYofÍsf ;|f]tx?nfO{ ckfË ;DaGwL ;"rgfx? ;+sng ug{ nufpg], ckfËx?nfO{ Ifdtf cg';f/sf] hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd lbO{ cfly{s ?kn] ;Ifd agfpg x/;Dej k|of; ug]{, pgLx?nfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L tyf /fHo ;+oGqdf ljz]if ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdx? tyf h]i7 gful/ssf] cg'ej, ;Lk / 1fgsf] pkof]u u/L k':tfGt/ sd ug]{ / pgLx?nfO{ ;Ddflgt hLjgofkgsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ gLlt klg hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] lnPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof a}jflxs d"NodfGotf, a;f]jf;, kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, k|hgg\, ?U0ftf, d[To' tyf a;fFO ;/fOF k|ltsf] cjwf/0ff cflbdf Psbd} ljljwtfk"0f{ 5 . ljleGg ;d'bfo / ;d"xsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljz]iftfx? ;dfg 5}gg\ . To;sf/0f hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] –!_ ljleGg ;d'bfosf]
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;:s[lts 1fg, wf/0ff tyf Aojfxf/sf] ;+j]bgzLntf / @_ pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s tyf hg;fª\lVos cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ hg;ª\Vof ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ug{]5 . o;sf ;fy} tYofÍnfO{ klg ljleGg ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / hfg;f+lVos cj:yf emNsg] lsl;dsf] agfO{g]5 .
@=* las]Gb|Ls/0f / ;+u7gfTds kIf (Decentralization and Institutional Aspects)
las]Gb|Ls/0f / ;+u7gfTds kIfn] hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgffsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu rflxg] ;+oGq lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg]5 . o;n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df las]Gb|Ls/0f nfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug]{5 . bL3{sfnLg hg;Vof of]hgfn] /fHo ;+oGqnfO{ :yfgLo txdf lj:tf/ u/L clwsf/sf] ;d]t k|Tofof]hg ug]{ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ :jtGq / :jfoQ agfpg e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . h;n] ubf{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0f / sfo{Gjogsf ;fy} ;|f]tx?sf] Aoj:yfkg / kl/rfng k|efjsf/L ?kdf x'g;Sb5 . o;/L :yfgLo:t/df of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f / sfo{Gjog ubf{ ;d'bfosf] j[xt ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn] :yfgLo :t/df hfg;f+lVos tyf ;fdflhs tYofÍ ;+sng tyf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;jn agfpg] / tL ;"rgfx?nfO{ of]hgf lgd{f0f, sfof{Gjog, ;'kl/j]If0f / d"NofÍgdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :ki6, oyfy{k/s / sfo{Gjog of]Uo ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;+oGqn] pRr:t/df hg;ª\Vof ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+of]hg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{5 . To;sf ;fy} cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg :ki6 kfl/g]5 . hg;ª\Vof of]hgf s'g} dGqfno jf ljefu ljz]ifsf] dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ lgsfosf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsfn] ;j}n] o;sf] :jfldTj u|x0f ug'{ kb{5 . To;df klg k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng] :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnosf] hg;ª\Vof dxfzfvfsf] :t/f]Gglt u/L ;fwg, ;|f]t tyf hgzlQmsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
las]Gb|Ls/0fn] :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf kl/rfngaf6 hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgnfO{ lgDg tl/sfaf6 ;xof]u ub{5M
� hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg :yfgLo of]hgf lgdf{0fdf k|efjsf/L 9+un] cfj4 x'g]5 . � kl~hs/0f k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L / ;'b[9 x'g]5 . � of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu jf:tljs tYofÍ pknAw x'g]5 .
pNn]lvt p2]Zosf nflu ablnbf] kl/j]zdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ k'gM kl/eflift ul/g]5 / ltgLx?nfO{ hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkgsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{ / :yfgLo gLlt tyf of]hgfx?sf] d'Vo c+z agfpg lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5 .
hg;ª\Vof sf d'2fx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?df ;dfj]z ug{ ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L hg;ª\Vof ;+u ;DalGwt ljifox?sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ;fj{hlglss/0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof ljifon] kfpg' kg]{ dxTj kfPsf] 5}g eg] ;/sf/L txdf klg o;nfO{ sd dxTjsf] If]qdf /flvG5 . hg;ª\Vof sf] plrt cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f lagf hg;ª\Vof Aoj:yfkg ;lhnf] x'b}g . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg lagf ;fdflhs–cfly{s pGglQ ;xh gx'g] oyfy{tf af]w u/L hg;ª\Vofsf ljifox?nfO{ Aofks, ;fGble{s / uxg agfpg /fli6«o :t/df ;zQm ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ bL3{sfnLg hg;ª\Vof of]hgfn] p7fPsf] 5 .
![Page 32: Vof ;DaGwL bL3 {sfnLg of ]hgf @)^&–@)*&](https://reader033.pdfslide.tips/reader033/viewer/2022061100/629a64b84e728d43975dd1d7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
25
@=* las]Gb|Ls/0f / ;+u7gfTds kIf ( )
a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] sf/0fn] cfjZostfx? klg a9\g] / gofFgofF d'2fx? b]vf kg]{ x'gfn] To;nfO{ lg/Gt/ cg';Gwfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox? l;kmfl/; ug{ e}/x]sf lgsfox?aLrsf] ;dGjo lgdf{0f ug{ klg pRr :t/b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd :yfoL ;+oGqsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . pQm ;+oGqn] a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;]jfx?sf] lj:tf/sf] nflu of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 .
g]kfndf xfn hg;ª\Vof ;+u ;DjlGwt ljifox? :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnon] x]b}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] tYofÍ ;+sng;+u ;DjlGwt sfo{x? s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu / kl~hs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{x? :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf] kl~hs/0f /lh:6«f/sf] sfo{non] x]b{} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjljBfno nufotsf cGo cWoog cg';Gwfg ;+:yfgx? nufotsf ljleGg ;+:yfx? hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg sfo{df sfo{/t 5g\ eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6« hg;ª\Vof sf]if cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] o; ;+u ;DlGwt k|d'v u}/;/sf/L ;:yf xf] . o;sf ;fy} hg;ª\Vof of]hgf;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cGo w]/} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;:yfx? sfo{/t 5g\ . t/ tL ;+:yfx?aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo gx'Fbf sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ tL ;+:yfx?sf ;fy} lghL If]qsf] klg hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ /fli6«o :t/sf] hg;ª\Vof cWoog, cg';Gwfg / Joj:yfkg ;+oGq ljsf; ug{df hf]8 lbO{g] 5 .
![Page 33: Vof ;DaGwL bL3 {sfnLg of ]hgf @)^&–@)*&](https://reader033.pdfslide.tips/reader033/viewer/2022061100/629a64b84e728d43975dd1d7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
efu M tLg
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgf
@)^&–@)*&
-@)!) @)#!_
![Page 34: Vof ;DaGwL bL3 {sfnLg of ]hgf @)^&–@)*&](https://reader033.pdfslide.tips/reader033/viewer/2022061100/629a64b84e728d43975dd1d7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
efu M tLg
hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgf
@)^&–@)*&
-@)!) - @)#!_
![Page 35: Vof ;DaGwL bL3 {sfnLg of ]hgf @)^&–@)*&](https://reader033.pdfslide.tips/reader033/viewer/2022061100/629a64b84e728d43975dd1d7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
28
#_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgf
o; efudf hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; of]hgfsf] d'n p2]Zo hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL sfo{s|dx?nfO{ r/0f j¢ ?kdf nfu" ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ o; of]hgfdf hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL sfo{s|dx? / s[ofsnfkx?sf] klxrfg, k|fyldsLs/0f, d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfo, ;xof]uL lgsfo, sfo{s|dsf] cjwL ;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgf th{'df ul/Psf] 5 .
o; sfo{ of]hgfn] bL3{sflng of]hgfn] /fv]sf] ;f]rnfO{ jf:tljstfdf kl/0ft ug]{ 5 / ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g of]ubfg ug]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . o; sfo{of]hgfnfO{ hg;ª\Vof ;DjGwL bL3{sflng of]hgfn] k|:t't u/]sf If]qut ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;f]r tflnsf (Logical Frame Work) jgfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
#=! hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgfsf p2]Zox? (Objectives of the Plan of Action of PPP)
� hg;ª\Vof , k|hgg\ :jf:Yo / ul/jLnfO{ ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx?df ;dfof]hg ug]{ sfo{qmdx?sf] klxrfg u/L sfo{FGjog ug'{ .
� bL3{sfnLg hg;ª\Vof of]hgfsf p2]Zox? xfl;n x'g] u/L sfo{s|dx? lgdf{0f ug'{ /
� sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof :ki6 kfg'{ .
#=@ sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t ;do ;Ldf
of] sfo{of]hgfdf sfo{s|dsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ;do ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5M
� tTsfnLg– Ps aif{eGbf sd
� 5f]6f] cjlw–tLg aif{ leq
� dWod cjlw– $ b]lv !) aif{ ;Dd
� bL3{sfnLg –!) aif{eGbf a9L
#=# cg'dfgx? (Assumptions)
of] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ubf{ lgDg cg'dfgx? ul/Psf 5g\M .
� hg;ª\Vof sf d'2fx?nfO{ ;j{kIfLo d'2fsf] ?kdf klxrfg ul/g] 5 . To;sf/0fn] hg;ª\Vof sf d'2fx?nfO{ ljsf;sf If]qut gLltx?df ;dfj]z ug{ hf]8 lbOg]5 .
� ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]q;+usf] ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbOg] 5 .
� /fHosf] tkm{af6 of]hgf sfo{Gjogsf] nflu k"0f{ k|lta4tf hgfOg]5 / of]hgfnfO{ k"/f ug}{ kg]{ bfloTj dflgg]5 .
� lhDd]jf/ lgsfox?n] of] of]hgfsf] :jfldTj :jLsf/ u/L ;f]xL cg'?ksf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L tf]lsPsf];dodf sfof{Gjog ug]{5g\ .
efu M rf/
If]qut lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf
-efu b'O{df pNn]v ePsf If]qut ljZn]if0f ;DjGwL ljifox?sf] sfof{Gjog ;f]r tflnsf_
![Page 36: Vof ;DaGwL bL3 {sfnLg of ]hgf @)^&–@)*&](https://reader033.pdfslide.tips/reader033/viewer/2022061100/629a64b84e728d43975dd1d7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
#_ hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgf
#=! hg;ª\Vof ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] sfo{of]hgfsf p2]Zox? ()
#=@ sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{l/t ;do ;Ldf
#=# cg'dfgx? ( )
�
efu M rf/
If]qut lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf
-efu b'O{df pNn]v ePsf If]qut ljZn]if0f ;DjGwL ljifox?sf] sfof{Gjog ;f]r tflnsf_
![Page 37: Vof ;DaGwL bL3 {sfnLg of ]hgf @)^&–@)*&](https://reader033.pdfslide.tips/reader033/viewer/2022061100/629a64b84e728d43975dd1d7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
30
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31
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32
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36
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37
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38
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:YoM
s= ljjf
x pd]/
tyf klxn
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rf hGd
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pd]/d
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4 x
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gg\ :jf:Yos
f] 1fg
df a[l
4 x'g
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tyf :j
f:Yo
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f] ;fd
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fo{df ;xe
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] 5 .
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39
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sf] u'0
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df ;'wf
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ls
zf]/ls
zf]/L k|h
gg\ :jf:YoM
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x pd]/
tyf klxn
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pd]/d
f a[l4
x'g]5
.
v= k|h
gg\ :
jf:Yos
f] 1fg
df a[l
4 x'g
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;'/lIft
tyf :j
f:Yo
of}g
Aoj
xf/s
f] k|j
4{g x
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flhs s
fo{df ;xe
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] 5 .
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c;'/lIft
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40
;'/lIft
dft
[TjM
s= dft
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?U0ft
fdf sdL cfp
g] 5 .
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, k|;
'lt t
yf k
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kl5sf] ;]jf
sf] kx
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yf k
|of]ud
f a[l4
x'g]5 .
u=
k"j{k
|;'lt
, k|;
'lt t
yf k
|;'lt
kl5sf] ;]jf
sf] lj:t
f/ x
'g]5 .
gj
hft
lzz' x
]/rfxM
s= gj
hft
tyf
To;
kl5sf] lz
z' d
[To'b/
df sdL cfp
g]5 .
v= k"j
{k|;'lt
, k|;
'lt t
yf k
|;'lt
kl5sf] ;]jf
sf] k|o
f]uåf/f g
jhft
lzz'sf] :j
f:Yo
df ;'wf
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s= ;'/lIft
ue{kt
g ;]jf
k|bfg
ug]{ :jf
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ue{kt
g ;]jf
sf ] k|o
f]uaf
6 dft
[ d[To
' tyf
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fdf sdL cfp
g]5 .
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t ;+qm
d0f t
yf P
rcfO{eL÷
P8\;M
s= Pr
cfO{eLs
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cfO{eL÷
P8\; e
Psf dflg
;x?
lj?
4sf] nf~5gf
tyf
lje
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u=
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fj s
d x
'g] 5 .
h]i7
gfu
l/ssf] k|h
gg\ :jf:YoM
s= h]i7
gfu
l/ssf] d[To
' tyf
?U0ft
fdf sdL cfp
g]5 .
v= h]i7
gfu
l/snfO{ k
|hgg
\ :j f
:Yo
;]jf
sf] pkn
Aw x
'g]5 .
af
emf]k
gM
s= af
emf]k
g ePs
f bD
ktLx?s
f] nflu
;xo
f]uL ;]jf
x? ;
+rfn
g x'g
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.
v= af
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42
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43
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47
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