Volunteer Inventory Training Manual - UMass Amherst website/itree Manual.pdf · Volunteer Inventory Training Manual The Volunteer Inventory Training Manual is intended for use by

Volunteer Inventory

Training Manual

AA TTrraaiinniinngg GGuuiiddee FFoorr CCoommmmuunniittyy SSttrreeeett TTrreeee IInnvveennttoorriieess

USDA Forest Service ~ Northeast Area

MLL

Volunteer Inventory Training Manual

WWWEEELLLCCCOOOMMMEEE LLLEEETTTTTTEEERRR NOTE TO INVENTORY ORGANIZERS: This letter may be printed on official letterhead of the community government and should be substituted as this page of your community's manual. DATE Dear Inventory Participant: Welcome to the (YEAR) inventory of street trees in (NAME OF COMMUNITY). With your assistance, a complete survey of every street tree in (NAME OF NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY) will soon be completed. The collected information will be analyzed to create and implement more effective community forest management strategies. We look forward to working with you to achieve this important goal. Whether you are a participant or a workshop leader, we are confident that your participation will lead you to gain valuable experience and acquire useful skills. We hope that you will also gain a better understanding of your critical role as a volunteer and steward of the street trees, and an increased awareness of the importance of the community forest and its role in the urban ecosystem of (NAME OF COMMUNITY). It is citizens such as you who make (NAME OF COMMUNITY) an even better place in which to work and live. On behalf of everyone working on this project, I thank you for your effort in helping to make the (YEAR) Inventory of (NAME OF COMMUNITY)’s Street Trees a success. Sincerely, (Name of MAYOR, PARK COMMISSIONER, TREE WARDEN, etc.) (Title)


Table of Contents

Volunteer Inventory Training Manual 1

About this manual……………………………………………………………………….. 5 Module 1. TREE INVENTORIES: AN OVERVIEW……………………………. 7

1.3 PRESENTATION 1. Why do a Community Inventory………………………………………. 7 Types of inventories………………………………………………….. 8 Street tree definitions……………………………………………….. 12 Geographic Information Systems………………………………… 16 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)………………………………… 20

1.5 EXERCISE 1. GIS Crossword Puzzle……………………………………… 22

Module 2. TREE CHARACTERISTICS…………………………………….……… 23 2.3 PRESENTATION 2.

Size (DBH)…………………………………………………………….…. 24 Condition………………………………………………………………… 27 Maintenance need…………………………………………………….. 30 Problem trees…………………………………………………………… 34

2.5 EXERCISE 2. Matching Review Worksheet…………………………….. 44 Module 3. TREE IDENTIFICATION………………………………………………. 45 3.3 PRESENTATION 3. Tree i.d. terminology and techniques……………………………. 45

Table of Contents


Module 4. MAPPING…………………………………………………………………..…. 54

4.3 PRESENTATION 4. Mapping trees……………..……………………………………………. 54 Numbering trees………………………………………………………... 56

Recording tree locations on maps………………………………… 59 Recording tree locations on aerial photos……………………… 60

Module 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION……………….………………... 62 5.3 PRESENTATION 5.

Using tree species codes……………………………………………… 62 Using the iTree Data Collection Software……………………. 66

Appendix A. Primary/Secondary Lists of 2-letter Species Codes…. A-1 Appendix B Solutions for exercises…………………………………….… B-1 Appendix C. Visual aids: pages for overhead transparencies….… C-1

Acknowledgments


Acknowledgement Page(s) Goes Here


About This Manual

5 Volunteer Inventory Training Manual

The Volunteer Inventory Training Manual is intended for use by both volunteer participants and training workshop leaders. It is designed to help volunteer data collectors develop the skills necessary to inventory trees accurately. It includes information on tree identification, measurement, assessment of tree condition, identification of maintenance needs, and mapping tree locations along a public roadway. The manual is divided into five sections, followed by appendices. Each section covers a specific inventory topic area, which should be completed in its entirety. A supplemental Tree Identification Text will be provided to assist volunteers in determining specific genus and species of the trees that will be inventoried. The manual’s format maintains generous blank spaces on the right side of each page, so that participants may add their own notes and information during the formal training sessions. This will increase the value of the manual as an individual reference source during and after the actual inventory.

IInntteennddeedd uussee CCoonntteenntt llaayyoouutt SSppaaccee ffoorr nnoottee ttaakkiinngg


6

Presentation 1. TYPES OF INVENTORIES


There are a number of reasons to conduct an inventory of public trees. The data collected in a community tree inventory provides essential information to

• Profile the species, size and age composition of the community forest

• Provide information about individual trees and groups of trees

• Summarize and analyze condition of individual trees and of the entire forest

• Record information about significant trees

• Reveal planting needs

• Monitor planting success rates

• Identify potentially hazardous trees

• Set priorities for maintenance

• Develop maintenance schedules based on those priorities

• Identify budget needs

• Create budget requests to municipal government

• Establish a foundation for keeping continuous records

• Create public reports of trees

planted, pruned and removed

• Build public support for protecting and expanding the community forest

• Establish its dollar value

• Set benchmarks for future planning

WWhhyy ddoo aann iinnvveennttoorryy ooff ccoommmmuunniittyy ttrreeeess??



The decision of what type of inventory to undertake will be based upon the need identified by the community. The options include: • Windshield survey • Specific problem inventory • Sampling method • Inventory of parks and natural areas • Cover type survey • Complete inventory

− Periodic − Continuous

A windshield survey is used to collect tree information while riding in a vehicle. It offers the advantages of being both quick and inexpensive. Although it is not a feasible method for precise data collection, it is helpful for identifying readily visible problems such as dead trees or hanging limbs. A specific problem inventory is used to assess how many trees in the community are affected by one or more specified conditions. For example, a specific problem inventory might be conducted • To inspect all elm trees for signs of

Dutch Elm disease • To inspect all hemlock trees in order

to find those infected with the insect pest, Hemlock Wooly Adelgid

• To identify potentially hazardous trees

TTyyppeess ooff iinnvveennttoorriieess WWiinnddsshhiieelldd ssuurrvveeyy SSppeecciiffiicc pprroobblleemm iinnvveennttoorryy



A tree survey of a sample as small as ten percent can be sufficient to create statistical summaries about species and size composition. Results of such samples are reasonably accurate to draw generalized conclusions about the overall tree population. Two keys to accuracy are essential: • The sample must be strictly random • The overall tree population must be

reasonably homogeneous For example, if the community consists of established residential areas and others that are newly built, entirely random samples should be taken from each type of area. Sample surveys are best done on foot, since a windshield survey lessens accuracy considerably. An inventory of natural areas is generally needed in order to protect remnants of woodlands that survive in populated areas. Such woodlands need active management to prevent deterioration from overuse, abuse and neglect. In feature parks that are heavily used, it may be important to collect detailed data on individual trees, and to map the tree locations precisely. In park natural areas where the trees grow in dense groups, a sampling method may be sufficient to collect data and generalize results without measuring individual trees.

SSaammpplliinngg mmeetthhoodd IInnvveennttoorryy ooff ppaarrkkss aanndd nnaattuurraall aarreeaass



A cover type survey uses aerial photographs to analyze the extent and distribution of tree canopy cover. Canopy cover is the land area covered by crowns of trees. This information is useful to monitor trends in the amount of tree cover and to help quantify the energy saving potential of existing trees. A complete inventory is implemented to examine and record comprehensive data about each tree, including • Genus and species • Location, usually tied to an address • Size • Condition • Maintenance need • Vacant sites The inventory may also include identification of potential planting sites. A periodic inventory should be updated on a 3-5 year maximum cycle. Continuous updating involves the ongoing entry of tree work requests and completed work histories, usually on a daily or weekly basis. A complete, continuous inventory is the most time-consuming and expensive type, but also the most useful and accurate.

CCoovveerr ttyyppee ssuurrvveeyy CCoommpplleettee iinnvveennttoorryy PPeerriiooddiicc oorr ccoonnttiinnuuoouuss



Information collected in a complete inventory allows the entire tree population to be analyzed. Results may then be summarized in reports and visually depicted in graphs and charts. For example, an analysis of inventory data might reveal a genus distribution such as the one illustrated in the pie chart below. This graph could also be labeled with the actual percentages of each genus.

The results of a tree inventory may also be used to make so-called “smart maps” that link tree genus to location and illustrate geographic genus distribution.

BBaallaanncceedd rraannggee ooff ttrreeee ssppeecciieess TTrreeee iinnvveennttoorryy aannaallyyssiiss SSppeecciieess ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn

OAK

PEAR

ASH

MAPLE

GINKGO



Street trees are defined as trees that are located within the public right-of-way or the layout of a public road. The laws of the individual state generally grant to the local municipalities the authority for street and public shade trees within their own geographical areas. The public street trees must be identified because they are the focus of maintenance efforts by the municipality. Street trees have to be pruned to keep branches from interfering with vehicles and pedestrians, and with utility wires. Potentially hazardous trees must be removed to protect the safety of residents. Under some state or local laws, public trees may sometimes be planted set back from the right of way on private property to benefit all citizens. These trees then become the maintenance responsibility of the individual property owner. Inventory volunteers should follow the guidelines below to determine whether a particular tree should be counted. The following illustrations describe four ways that a street tree may be located relative to a public right-of-way. A section view illustrates the street as seen in cross-section. A plan view illustrates the street as seen looking down from directly overhead.

DDeeffiinniittiioonn TTrreeee mmaaiinntteennaannccee IIddeennttiiffyyiinngg ssttrreeeett ttrreeeess



1. The tree is located between the curb and the sidewalk. 2. The tree is located within the

sidewalk corridor. It is usually planted in an underground tree pit or well.

TTrreeee llooccaatteedd bbeettwweeeenn ccuurrbb aanndd ssiiddeewwaallkk TTrreeee llooccaatteedd wwiitthhiinn tthhee ssiiddeewwaallkk



3. On streets that do not have sidewalks, the tree is located within feet of a curb or pavement edge. 4. The tree is located on a traffic island or median strip.

TTrreeee llooccaatteedd wwiitthhiinn ffeeeett ooff aa ccuurrbb oorr ppaavveemmeenntt eeddggee TTrreeee llooccaatteedd oonn aa ttrraaffffiicc iissllaanndd oorr mmeeddiiaann ssttrriipp



If the tree is not located as described above, it is not considered a street tree. The following are not street trees:

• a tree located between the sidewalk and

a house or building

• a tree located on the front yard of a property

Unless it is within feet of a road without a sidewalk, where there is a specific state or local law that defines a distance for an allowable public tree setback planting

• a tree that arches over the street Unless it is actually planted in one of the four types of locations described on the previous pages

WWhhaatt iiss NNOOTT aa ssttrreeeett ttrreeee



GGeographic IInformation SSystems, often shortened to “GIS,” is a computer system comprised of electronic hardware and software. A GIS holds and uses data that has been linked with specific places on the earth’s surface. A GIS enables the user to link an attribute (such as a tree) to its geographic location. Information that describes the attribute is contained in a table in a computer database. The geographic location for that same attribute is entered in a different table. The table with the geographic locations of the attributes (trees) is then joined to the table with the information (data) collected about that attribute, to create a system that holds both types of information. So-called “smart maps” can be created from this joined information. For example, a data collector may use a spreadsheet to record the number of sugar maple trees and characteristics about each one such as size, condition, etc. When this information is entered into a computerized GIS, the GIS allows the user to analyze the information spatially. In this example, a GIS can describe how many and where the sugar maples are located by

• Neighborhood • Census tract • Planning area • Road type

DDeeffiinniittiioonn ooff GGIISS AAnnaallyyzziinngg aa ssuuggaarr mmaappllee ppooppuullaattiioonn



The information analysis can be further refined to look at how many and where the sugar maples in good, fair, and poor condition are located in each of the above areas. This information can be displayed either in text spreadsheets, or on graphic maps, or both. A geographic information system consists of various data sets called layers. Many communities begin building a GIS by starting with separate layers for roads, parcels and building footprints. Additional layers may include underground utilities, fire hydrants, and overhead wires. These may be part of the initial GIS, or added later as data. When the tree inventory data has been processed, each tree record will be in a database and will be related to its real world location in the community. The community will actually be able to determine an individual tree’s latitude and longitude on the planet’s surface. This information will form the tree layer in a community’s GIS. As trees are planted and maintenance work is performed, the database can be continually updated to keep the information current. The significant advantage of a GIS is that it contains all the information necessary for the various municipal departments to manage both the infrastructure and the natural systems. A data set of trees could be linked with a data set of overhead wires to determine where conflicts between the two are likely to exist.

LLaayyeerrss ooff ddaattaa iinn aa GGIISS CCrreeaattiinngg tthhee ttrreeee ddaattaa llaayyeerr AAddvvaannttaaggee ooff aa ccoommmmuunniittyy ttrreeee llaayyeerr



AA mmaapp wwiitthh rrooaaddss..

AA mmaapp wwiitthh rrooaaddss,, bbuuiillddiinnggss aanndd wwaatteerr bbooddiieess..



AA mmaapp wwiitthh rrooaaddss,, bbuuiillddiinnggss,, wwaatteerr bbooddiieess aanndd ttrreeeess



PPersonal DDigital AAssistant, often shortened to “PDA,” is a hand-held computer that stores, provides access to, and organizes information in many formats. The major operating systems are Windows-based (Pocket PC) and the Palm Operating System (Palm PDA). PDA’s can be either screen-based or keyboard based for the user’s convenience. The major advantages provided by PDA’s include Personal Information Management where one can store and retrive addresses and phone numbers, maintain a calender, and create to-do lists and store important notes. A plethora of software applications allow for storage of databases, creation of word processing documents, spreadsheets, and also provide E-mail and Internet access. “Synchronization” is a unique tool offered when using PDA’s and it allows for the exchange of information with a desktop or laptop computer (where you can store any and all data collected in the field). PDA’s come with cables or docking stations to connect them to your desktop or notebook computer. Wireless Internet and E-mail access is available for a fee. Screen Display offers you a wide variety of options – from 256 to 64,000 colors, monochrome or gray-scale, varying screen sizes for your preference (larger screens offer ease of reading). Active Matrix –which gives better display versus Passive Matrix – which uses less battery power. PDA power sources can be permanent rechargeable batteries, standard alkaline batteries, or removable rechargeable batteries. Length of service varies with each PDA. Recharge time may also vary depending on the battery. You can use the PDA while the battery is recharging.

DDeeffiinniittiioonn ooff PPDDAA ““ssyynncchhrroonniizzaattiioonn”” wwiitthh aa ddeesskkttoopp oorr llaappttoopp ccoommppuutteerr



Memory typically varies from 2MB to 64MB or memory, but as the technology is rapidly advancing, so to is the amount of memory a PDA can be purchased with. A PDA with 2MB of memory is generally sufficient to fill address books, maintain an active calendar, take notes, and load useful programs. More memory may be needed to store large files like digital photos, databases, or large software programs. You have the option to expand the memory of certain PDA’s with small storage cards that can be inserted into the PDA. PDA software options are broken into two categories depending on your type of PDA: Palm OS – Palm Pilot PDA or the Windows CE – Pocket PC. The differences are that Palm OS devices work best basic contact management, the Palm OS PDA’s are generally smaller, cheaper, lighter, and have vastly better battery life. The Pocket PC units have flashier color screens and more multimedia capabilities, but are more expensive and have shorter battery life. Palm Pilot PDA Manufacturers (Palm OS – Palm Pilot PDA ) include Palm Pilot, Sony Clie, and Handspring Visor. Pocket PC Manufacturers (Windows CE – Pocket PC) include Compaq I-Paq, and HP Jornada. For more information you can go to the USDA Forest Service, Northeast Center for Urban & Community Forestry website at: http://www.umass.edu/urbantree

TThhee aammoouunntt ooff mmeemmoorryy eeffffeeccttss tthhee ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ccaappaabbiilliitteess PPaallmm OOSS ((PPaallmm PPiilloott PPDDAA)) vveerrssuuss WWiinnddoowwss CCEE ((PPoocckkeett PPCC))



.

. . . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

ACROSS 1. Angular distance, measured in

degrees, north or south from equator

2. Global Positioning System 3. Fact or figures to be processed 4. Distinct data sets 5. Locations of features and

attributes 6. Connection between maps and

data 7. Line or thing marking a limit 8. Delicious 9. Object rocketed into orbit

around earth

DOWN1. Position in space 2. Data, news, facts; knowledge

acquired 3. Reference to descriptive science

dealing with surface of the earth 4. Distance east or west on earth’s

surface, measured as an arc of the equator between the meridian passing through a particular place (usually Greenwich, England)

5. To examine for some specific purpose

6. Set of facts connected to form a unity

7. A woody stemmed perennial plant usually over 13’ tall and with a single stem

Presentation 2. Tree Characteristics


The first step in inventory data collection is to identify the tree genus and species. The next step is to note the important items or characteristics about each tree. These usually include size (DBH), condition, planting site, and maintenance need. This presentation will discuss each of these last four items, in order to help volunteers learn definitions and techniques for tree assessment. In the course of the inventory, volunteers will encounter trees that have many different types of problems. Sometimes the problems are insignificant. In other cases, the visible signs may be indications of serious underlying problems. The experience of a professional arborist is required to distinguish between the two. The second part of this presentation, titled “Problem Trees,” is designed to teach volunteers to recognize signs that indicate that particular trees should be further evaluated with consultation by a professional arborist. The urban forestry tree measurement standard for size is the trunk diameter, measured at breast height. This measurement is usually abbreviated as DBH (all capital letters). Breast height is defined as 4.5 feet (4.5’) above ground level. Data collectors and others using the DBH measurement find it most convenient to locate 4.5’ on their own bodies and make a mental or tangible note of that spot. This eliminates the repetitive step of measuring each tree 4.5’ up from the ground in order to find the correct spot to measure diameter.

DDaattaa ccoolllleeccttiioonn iitteemmss LLeeaarrnniinngg ttoo iiddeennttiiffyy pprroobblleemm ttrreeeess DDeeffiinniittiioonn ooff DDBBHH LLooccaattiinngg 44..55’’ oonn hhuummaann bbooddyy



Participants may do this now, during a break, or at the completion of this presentation. • Measure and mark 4.5’ up from the

floor, either − On a wall with masking tape, or − On a blackboard with chalk

• Stand next to the mark • Note the height on the individual where

the marked height corresponds A diameter tape (DBH tape) differs from a standard measuring tape in that it has measurement numbers on both sides of the tape, but the sides are scaled differently. One side • Measures distances in feet and tenths

of a foot (NOT inches) • May be used to measure where 4.5’ is

located on human body Other side • The numbers are further apart,

converted to measure tree diameter • Is used to measure DBH The procedure to measure DBH with a diameter tape is as follows: • Wrap the tape around the tree at 4.5’

above ground, until zero on the tape reaches the tape again

• Read the number where the zero meets the tape. This is the tree diameter.

• Be sure to read the correct side of the tape!

PPaarrttiicciippaanntt eexxeerrcciissee TThhee DDBBHH mmeeaassuurriinngg ttaappee UUssiinngg aa ddiiaammeetteerr ttaappee ttoo mmeeaassuurree DDBBHH MMeeaassuurriinngg DDBBHH



Another tool to measure DBH is a Biltmore cruiser stick, similar in appearance to a yardstick but with four sides. One side of the stick is marked “tree diameter.” Holding the stick at arm’s length, at 4.5’ above the ground, and against the tree, the user aligns the left side of the stick with the left edge of the tree trunk. The user reads the number on the stick’s right end that is aligned with the right edge of the tree trunk. It is important to use only one eye; close the other eye, and hold the head still. The height at which the diameter is measured may have to be adjusted if an odd growth or interrupting object interferes with measuring at the 4.5’ height. A tree that has a large root flare (below left) should be measured as any other tree. If the root flare extends as high as 4.5’, then the diameter should be measured above it. The height at which the DBH is actually taken should then be entered in the Comments column of the Data Collection Worksheet (see Module 5) or into your PDA unit.

To measure a tree trunk that is not round at 4.5” (above right), two diameter measurements will be necessary. These should be taken at right angles along the center of the trunk axis. The average of the two measurements will be the DBH.

UUssiinngg aa BBiillttmmoorree ssttiicckk ttoo mmeeaassuurree DDBBHH UUnnuussuuaall ssiittuuaattiioonnss mmeeaassuurriinngg DDBBHH TTrreeee wwiitthh aa llaarrggee rroooott ffllaarree TTrreeee tthhaatt iiss nnoott rroouunndd

Measuring a tree with a large root

flare

Measuring a tree that is not round



A tree that has an abnormal growth that encompasses 4.5’ should be measured above the growth (below left). If a tree has two or more leaders, each leader should be measured separately as shown (below right). The height at which the DBH is actually measured, or the number of leaders measured, should then be entered in the Comments column of the Data Collection Worksheet (see Module 5) or into your PDA unit.

The diameter of a tree on a slope should be measured at 4.5’ above the ground on the uphill side (below left). A tree that has a branch growing out of the trunk at 4.5’ (below right) should be measured above that branch and the measured height noted in the Comments column of the Data Collection Worksheet or PDA unit.

TTrreeee wwiitthh aabbnnoorrmmaall ggrroowwtthh TTrreeee wwiitthh ttwwoo lleeaaddeerrss TTrreeee oonn aa ssllooppee TTrreeee tthhaatt bbrraanncchheess aatt 44..55’’

Measuring a tree with an abnormal growth

Measuring a tree with two or more

leaders

Measuring a tree on a slope

Measuring a tree with a growth such as a branch at 4.5’

4.5'

4.5'

Measure Here



Condition is the second characteristic that inventory participants will be asked to record about each tree. Tree condition should be determined as accurately as possible, because that description will be used to plan the management steps for that individual specimen. Each tree should be assigned to one of four categories. The condition will be noted by marking the appropriate space on the Data Collection Worksheet (see Module 5) or in your PDA unit. In some cases, there may be concerns about the condition that require consultation by someone with additional expertise. In these cases, a mark should be made in the box noted “consult” on the Data Collection Worksheet or in the PDA unit. This will indicate that the tree requires further evaluation by the Tree Warden or other professional arborist.

DDeetteerrmmiinniinngg ttrreeee ccoonnddiittiioonn ““CCoonnssuulltt”” ccaatteeggoorryy ffoorr ttrreeeess rreeqquuiirriinngg ffuurrtthheerr eevvaalluuaattiioonn

GGOOOODD FFAAIIRR PPOOOORR DDEEAADD



Every tree should be assigned a condition, regardless of whether or not it is also noted as requiring a consultation. The following guidelines are provided so that condition assessment will be consistent among data collection teams.

• Full canopy • Minimal to no

mechanical damage to trunk

• No dieback of branches over 2” diameter

• No suckering (root or water)

• Form is characteristic of species

• Thinning canopy • New growth medium to low amount, or stunted • Significant mechanical damage to trunk, new or old • Insect/disease that is affecting tree • Form not representative of species • Premature fall coloring on foliage • Needs train pruning

CCrriitteerriiaa ffoorr GGoooodd CCoonnddiittiioonn CCrriitteerriiaa ffoorr FFaaiirr CCoonnddiittiioonn

GOOD



• Tree is declining • Visible dead branches

over 2” diameter in canopy

• Significant dieback of other branches

• Severe mechanical damage to trunk, usually including decay resulting from damage

• New foliage small, stunted, or minimal amount

• Needs priority pruning

• No signs of life with new foliage

• Bark may be beginning to peel

CCrriitteerriiaa ffoorr PPoooorr CCoonnddiittiioonn CCrriitteerriiaa ffoorr DDeeaadd CCoonnddiittiioonn

DEAD



DETERMINING TYPES OF PRUNING MAINTENANCE NEEDED Pruning is probably the most noticeable and most important of all tree maintenance practices. Careful pruning produces a strong structure that is better able to withstand conditions found in populated areas. Trees are usually pruned for one or more of three reasons:

• to preserve health • to maintain good appearance • to ensure public safety

A systematic pruning program is an important component of every community forest management plan. The diagram below illustrates the beneficial effects of pruning. The trees are identical species and each is fifteen years old. The tree on the left has been pruned, while the one on the right has been left to grow and has deteriorated as it would naturally. The pruned tree exhibits the positive results of that action: it is taller, has a better

defined crown, has no visible dead wood, and is much less likely to create problems.

RReeaassoonnss ffoorr pprruunniinngg BBeenneeffiicciiaall eeffffeeccttss ooff pprruunniinngg



Pruning for health includes removal of broken, dead, or diseased branches, in order to prevent pathogenic organisms from penetrating into adjacent parts of the tree or spreading to other trees. Live branches are pruned out in order to allow for more sunlight and air circulation throughout the canopy. Crown pruning also reduces wind resistance and helps prevent breakage. Pruning for appearance can maintain or restore the crown characteristics that are typical for the species. Crown shaping is also used to restrict growth of a normally large-growing shade or ornamental tree and keep it within certain boundaries, such as away from buildings. Pruning for safety eliminates dead, split, and broken branches before they cause damage to people or property. Danger from falling limbs exists where there are targets, such as along community streets and in public parks. Pruning for safety also includes two types of clearance trimming. Low-hanging live branches need to be removed to eight feet above ground to avoid interference with pedestrian traffic, and to eighteen feet above ground to avoid vehicular traffic. The second type of clearance trimming is the removal of branches that obscure traffic signs and signals. Safety pruning is required to keep branches away from energized electrical lines. Branches that touch lines may interrupt service and may cause serious injury if the lines are knocked down.

PPrruunniinngg ffoorr hheeaalltthh PPrruunniinngg ffoorr aappppeeaarraannccee PPrruunniinngg ffoorr ssaaffeettyy



PRUNING CLASSES There are three descriptions that volunteers will use to record the pruning maintenance needs for trees being inventoried. This classification of pruning recommendations is based on the ANSI Standard A300 (©1995). The three descriptions are Crown Clean, Crown Raise, and Crown Reduce. Volunteers are asked to become familiar with these pruning descriptions and use them to describe each tree’s pruning need on the Data Collection Worksheet or in your PDA unit. Crown cleaning is the removal of dead, diseased, obstructing, split, and/or broken branches that are 2” in diameter or greater. Crown cleaning also describes the need for thinning dense or heavy foliar masses, in order to reduce their susceptibility to failure.

TThhrreeee pprruunniinngg ccllaasssseess CCrroowwnn cclleeaanniinngg

CCRROOWWNN RRAAIISSEE

CCRROOWWNN CCLLEEAANN

CCRROOWWNN RREEDDUUCCTTIIOONN



Crown raising is the removal of the lower limbs of a street tree in order to provide clearance for pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Limbs above sidewalks should be no lower than eight feet (8’). Limbs above the road should be no lower than eighteen feet (18’). Crown reduction involves reducing the overall mass by cutting back the top and sides, or by just removing individual limbs of the tree. Crown reduction is commonly associated with pruning away from buildings, structures, or overhead utility wires.

CCrroowwnn rraaiissiinngg CCrroowwnn rreedduuccttiioonn



RECOGNIZING POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN TREES Trees often exhibit problems that need to be further evaluated by a Tree Warden or other arborist with professional expertise. When a tree is inventoried that exhibits a potential problem, that problem should be flagged by making a checkmark in the box “Consult” on the Data Collection Worksheet or in your PDA unit. This will alert inventory specialists that there is a need to have a professional re-examine that particular tree. A tree may appear healthy even when it has extensive internal decay in most of its supporting wood. This section of Presentation 2 is designed to help volunteers learn to recognize the potential problems that require professional evaluation.

RREEVVIIEEWW:: ““CCoonnssuulltt”” ccaatteeggoorryy



Tree problems may result in:

• structural weakness • vulnerability in high winds, snow,

and ice storms • potentially serious damage to people

and property. Problem indicators that will be discussed below include the following:

1. cavities, wounds, internal decay in the trunk or large branches

2. cankers 3. root failure 4. weak forks in trunk or large

branches 5. canopy density 6. balance

1. Cavities, wounds, and internal decay. Shade trees in populated areas are constantly being wounded. The most common causes of wounds in trees include

• construction • automobiles, trucks • bicycles • mowers, string trimmers • snowplows • vandals

The most serious effect of wounding is that it creates an opening for fungi and bacteria to enter the tree. These microorganisms decay wood. Columns of decayed wood may result, thus compromising health and structure of the entire tree. Most wounds are small and close quickly by themselves, but severe ones require attention in order to close properly.

RReessuullttss ooff ttrreeee pprroobblleemmss IInnddiiccaattoorrss ooff pprroobblleemmss PPrroobblleemm ##11:: CCaauusseess ooff wwoouunnddiinngg EEffffeecctt ooff wwoouunnddiinngg



Trees often exhibit the physical evidence of wounding. Just as frequently, however, they have internal decay whose presence is not visible on the outside.

Even though the decay itself may not be visible, trees readily show symptoms of decay, such as • Large dead or dying branches throughout

the crown • Large and deep vertical cracks on the

trunk or large branches • Large areas of exposed wood without

bark on the trunk, indicating older wounds that have not closed

• Branch wounds that remain open • Mushrooms or conks (shelf-like growths

of fungi) on the trunk • Carpenter ants along with evidence of

decayed wood in or around the tree

IInntteerrnnaall aanndd eexxtteerrnnaall ddeeccaayy CCrroossss sseeccttiioonnss ooff ttrruunnkk ddeeccaayy EExxtteerrnnaall ssyymmppttoommss ooff iinntteerrnnaall ddeeccaayy

Cross Section of Trunk

(Internal Decay)

Cavit


(E t l D )

Cavity



Arborists have a number of tools available to check for internal decay. • A rubber mallet relies on sounds made

by differing wood densities as the tree is struck. This method is harmless to the tree but admittedly subjective.

• An increment borer is used to remove and examine a small core of the tree about ¼” thick. This method causes some wounding.

• An electric drill and 1/8” bit can reveal rot through changes in drilling speed and ease, as well as through examination of the extracted wood chips.

• The Shigo meter uses a pulsed electrical current to measure the resistance of the wood and thereby the presence of decay. Drilling is necessary for this method.

In addition to the above tools, arborists today often use the recently-developed resistograph. This is a boring instrument that uses a very fine needle to measure the resistance of the wood and records the variations on a printout similar to an electrocardiogram. The wounding created by a resistograph is far less than that caused by a drill.

TToooollss uusseedd bbyy aarrbboorriissttss ttoo ddeetteecctt iinntteerrnnaall ddeeccaayy

Shigo meter Rubber

mallet

Increment borer

Drill & bit



Visual observation is another important tool in the detection arsenal. Three common signs that signal serious problems are conks, cankers, and fungi. Conks are visible fruiting structures of wood decay fungi and indicate serious problems. Conks may appear on the external surface of an infected stem or trunk. 2. Cankers. After wounds and other signs of decay, cankers are the second problem indicator. Cankers develop from microorganisms and appear as localized dead areas on outside bark. Cankers kill the cambium, the growing layer just inside the bark. The continuing dieback of the cambium layer prevents the wound from closing. Cankers injure trees in several ways: • The open wound may provide entry for

other microorganisms • The trunk is weakened by the large dead

area and may break at the canker face • Multiple cankers lessen overall trunk

flexibility, especially in windy conditions

PPrroobblleemm ##11:: CCoonnkkss PPrroobblleemm ##22:: CCaannkkeerrss

Canker Conk Fungi



3. Root failure. The third problem that volunteers may encounter in trees is evidence of root failure. Three main causes of root failure are

• Severed roots - caused by construction excavation

• Shallow roots - caused by a wet site (from a high water table or nearby water body)

• Decayed roots Indicator signs around the tree that may signal the presence of decayed roots include

• Soil erosion • Paving over roots • Soil compaction • Flooding • Recent filling • Gas leaks

Fungi that appear at the base of a tree trunk usually indicate the presence of root rot microorganisms. These microorganisms kill certain tree species and may cause even living trees to fall. 4. Weak forks in trunk or large branches. The fourth indicator sign of potential tree problems is a weak trunk or branch attachment, usually at less than a 40° angle. Pressure exerted from both sides of the fork during the growth process limits the formation of supporting wood on the inside of the narrow angle, making the fork structurally weak.

PPrroobblleemm ##33:: RRoooott ffaaiilluurree CCaauusseess ooff rroooott ffaaiilluurree IInnddiiccaattoorrss ooff ddeeccaayyeedd rroooottss FFuunnggii PPrroobblleemm ##44:: WWeeaakk ffoorrkkss



As the branch or trunk grows larger and heavier, its increased weight makes it more prone to breakage. A weak fork may not split completely at first. The problem may start with a small fissure that leaves the tree open to invasion by microorganisms.

The resulting decay further weakens the fork and eventually causes it to split apart. Large branches or trunks with weak forks pose significant safety issues and should always be evaluated by a professional arborist.

HEALTHY WEAK



5. Canopy density. A healthy tree will have a full crown, with few dead branches. Dead or dying areas in the crown may indicate that the tree is stressed and could be in decline. It is important to examine the overall canopy to look for dead or declining sections as possible indicators of underlying problems.

PPrroobblleemm ##55:: CCaannooppyy ddeennssiittyy

Dead areas in crown indicate underlying

problems

Full, healthy crown with few dead

branches



6. Balance. A leaning or lopsided tree may be more problematic than one that grows vertically. If a tree has always been growing off center, it is generally considered to be stable. Any sudden lean usually indicates weakening or breakage of support roots and should be cause for immediate attention.

Problem tree species. There are some species of trees whose inherent characteristics may pose potential problems. The following are common species encountered as street trees, and the characteristic(s) that may cause them to present problems. This information is offered to help volunteers assess tree condition by knowing to look for specific problems in these species.

PPrroobblleemm ##66:: BBaallaannccee TTrreeee ssppeecciieess wwiitthh iinnhheerreenntt pprroobblleemmss

Common Name Scientific Name Problem

Boxelder Acer negundo Weakwood

Silver Maple Acer saccharinum Weakwood

Poplar Populus spp. Weakwood/ forks

Bradford Pear Pyrus calleryana "Bradford" Weak forks

Willow Salix spp. Weakwood

Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila Weakwood



Summary of trees that should be designated as requiring consultation includes those with:

• Cavities, wounds, internal decay • Cankers • Signs of possible root damage • Weak forks • Sparse canopy or partial dieback • Leaning or lopsidedness

This presentation has been designed to teach volunteers how to recognize problems in trees. In the course of the inventory, volunteers should be able to • recognize those trees that may

potentially affect the safety of people or property

• identify those trees by marking

“consult” for those tree numbers on the Data Collection Worksheet or in your PDA unit

• record those trees on the “List of

Trees Requiring Consulting” (see sample on pg. 87)

As noted, the category “Consult” means that the tree should be evaluated by a Tree Warden or other trained professional arborist.

SSuummmmaarryy PPrroocceedduurree ffoorr vvoolluunntteeeerrss ttoo iinnvveennttoorryy pprroobblleemm ttrreeeess



MATCHING REVIEW WORKSHEET

A. Tree that is in healthy condition with few or no defects.

CROWN CLEANING

B. A tree that is typically weak wooded because of its rapid growth rate

CONK

C. Union between two branches that has included bark

WEAK FORK

D. Removing lower limbs of a tree to provide clearance for pedestrian or vehicular traffic

GOOD

E. Common measurement of a tree CONSULT

F. Tree that is in a general state of decline and may have severe insect, disease, or mechanical injury.

DBH

G. Planting location that provides adequate room for tree height and root growth

SILVER MAPLE

H. Typical of a containerized grown plant, it usually deters basal growth and eventually affects the tree’s health

CROWN REDUCTION

I. Pruning out dead, diseased, split, and broken branches > 2” diameter

LAWN

J. A tree condition that requires further evaluation by a certified arborist.

POOR

K. A fruiting structure of a fungus, visible on the lower trunk and indicative of internal decay

GIRDLING ROOT

L. Removing selected branches or reducing the overall mass, to clear canopy away from structures or overhead wires

CROWN RAISING

Presentation 3. TREE I.D. TERMS & TECHNIQUES


45

A tree is identified by both a scientific name and a common name. Scientific names are very precise. Each tree has only one scientific name. It consists of at least two parts, a genus name and a species name. Sometimes a tree is further identified by variety or cultivated variety (cultivar). There are strict rules about how scientific names are written. For example, Scientific name: Acer rubrum • Genus: comes 1st, is capitalized • Species: is not capitalized • Scientific name is underlined or

italicized • The underlining is interrupted between

the two parts Common names are imprecise, and they often create confusion because their usage is not consistent. One common name may be used to describe two or more different trees or species of tree. Just as often, one tree species may be known by more than one common name. An example of the confusion caused by common names occurs with two maple species. Acer rubrum is commonly (and almost equally) known by two common names, swamp maple and red maple. However, some people use “red maple” to refer to a red-leaved variety of Acer platanoides, Norway maple. Both are maples, but they have significant differences and Norway maple has invasive qualities as well.

How trees are named SScciieennttiiffiicc nnaammeess CCoommmmoonn nnaammeess EExxaammppllee ooff ccoonnffuussiioonn



46

The task of identifying a particular tree generally begins with the question “Conifer or hardwood?” There are readily noticeable differences between the two: Conifers Hardwoods - mostly evergreen -mostly deciduous - needles or scales -leaves - no flowers -flowers - seeds are in cones -seeds are in

fruits To identify conifers, it is helpful to look at

• Overall form (silhouette, habit) • Type of foliage

− Needles or scales − If needles, how many in a bundle

• Cones − Shape, size, placement on twig

To identify broad-leaved hardwood trees, it is helpful to look at

• Overall form (silhouette, habit) • Leaf shapes • Flowers • Fruit • Bark and twigs • Buds (leaf and flower)

CCoonniiffeerrss aanndd hhaarrddwwooooddss IIddeennttiiffyyiinngg ccoonniiffeerrss IIddeennttiiffyyiinngg hhaarrddwwooooddss



47

The overall form of trees is an important identification tool. Trees grow in distinct patterns that differ from species to species. Some typical shapes are

• Oval to rounded • Vase • Weeping • Pyramidal or cone (many evergreens) • Columnar

Leaves are a key feature for identifying deciduous hardwood trees. The first items to be determined about leaves are

GGrroowwtthh hhaabbiitt oorr ffoorrmm LLeeaavveess

Simple Compound

Alternate

Opposite

LEAF ARRANGEMENTS

LEAF TYPES



48

Compound leaves have leaflets and include three types:

Other distinctive features of leaves that aid in tree identification include

• Shape • Margin (edge)

− Smooth, toothed, wavy • Vein pattern

− Feather-shape, palm-shape

TTyyppeess ooff ccoommppoouunndd lleeaavveess LLeeaaff eeddggeess aanndd vveeiinn ppaatttteerrnnss

VEIN PATTERNS

LEAF MARGINS

Entire Serrate

Pinnate Palmate

Fan-compound Palmately

Twice-compound Bi-pinnately

Feather-compound Pinnately



49

Biologists sometimes use technical words to describe leaf shapes, such as lanceolate (lance-shaped, i.e. long and thin), ovate (egg-shaped), and obovate (wider at the leaf tip than at the leaf stalk). Some of the many different shapes of leaves are shown below. Fruits are yet another feature that is useful to help identify a hardwood species. Types of fruits include

• acorns (oak) • winged keys or samara

− single (elm) − double (maple)

• pomes (apple, pear) • drupes (cherry, plum) • pod (locust, honeylocust) • berry (holly, dogwood) • capsule (poplar, willow) • nut (beech, hickory, horsechestnut)

LLeeaaff sshhaappeess FFrruuiittss oonn hhaarrddwwooooddss



50

More detailed descriptions and illustrations of each of the above features are contained in tree identification manuals and field guides. Several titles are listed at the end of this section. Participants may find it helpful to borrow a field guide from the local public library or to purchase one (most are available in paperback). A process called “keying out” is a common method that is used to help identify a tree by using its leaves. Learning this method will help participants maximize use of the tree identification pages in this manual or any field guide. A species key is arranged in couplets. The two statements are written so that if one is true, the other must be false. Each statement in the couplet begins with the same number. To navigate through the species key

• read the pair of statements in the couplet

• determine which statement applies to the plant in question

At the end of each statement there is either

• the genus of the plant identified, or

• direction to another numbered couplet

When the genus of the plant has been identified, it is then possible to look up and read about that genus in a tree field guide. The “Definitions for Tree Identification” that follow will help you as you determine the type of tree you are inventorying.

TTrreeee iiddeennttiiffiiccaattiioonn ffiieelldd gguuiiddeess Using a key to identify broad—leaved tree

““DDeeffiinniittiioonnss ffoorr TTrreeee IIddeennttiiffiiccaattiioonn””



51

DEFINITIONS FOR TREE IDENTIFICATION Alternate – leaves occurring singly along a stem in an alternating position (cf. opposite) Blade – the broad part of the leaf Compound – each leaf is divided into two or more segments called leaflets (cf. simple) Cultivar – cultivated variety. May be included as a third word in a scientific name. Deciduous – refers to trees that lose their leaves on a seasonal basis Double-toothed, double serrate – the large teeth on the leaf edge bear smaller teeth within Entire – the margin of the leaf has no teeth or lobes Genus – the first word in a two-word scientific name Lanceolate - much longer than wide; lance-shaped Lobed – a projecting division of a leaf Margin – the edge of the leaf Opposite – leaves situated at each node, across from each other on the stem (cf. alternate) Ovate – egg-shaped in outline Palmate – branching or radiating fan-like from a common point. Leaves can be palmately veined. Compound leaves can have palmately-arranged leaflets. Petiole – the stem of the leaf (cf. stalk) Pinnate – branching from a common axis; feather-like. Leaves can be pinnately veined. Compound leaves can have pinnately-arranged leaflets. Samara - single (elm) or double (maple) winged keys that contain seeds Simple – each leaf is composed of a single segment (cf. compound) Serrate – the margin of the leaf has teeth; sawtoothed Serrulate – the margin of the leaf has minute teeth Species – the second word in a two-word scientific name Stalk – the stem of the leaf (cf. petiole) Variety – subdivision of a species. May be included as a third word in a scientific name.



52

TREE IDENTIFICATION GUIDES: A SELECTED REFERENCE LIST Brockman, C. Frank. 1968. Trees of North America: A Guide to Tree

Identification. Western Publishing Co., Inc., Racine, WI and Golden Press, New York.

Coombes, Allen J. 1992. Trees. Eyewitness Handbooks. Dorling

Kindersley, Inc., New York. 320 pp. Dirr, Michael A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th ed.

Stipes Publishing L.L.C., Champaign, IL. 1187 pp. Elias, Thomas S. 1987. The Complete Trees of North America: Field

Guide and Natural History. Gramercy Publishing Company, New York. 948 pp.

Gerhold, Henry D. et al., Editors. 1993. Street Tree Factsheets.

Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA. Unpaged.

Little, Elbert L. 1980. National Audubon Society Field Guide to

Trees, Eastern Region. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 714 pp. Petrides, George A. 1972. A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs, 2nd

ed. Northeastern and north-central United States and southeastern and south-central Canada. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 428 pp.

Plotnik, Arthur. 2000. The Urban Tree Book. Three Rivers Press,

New York. 432 pp.



53

Presentation 4. MAPPING


54

The two pieces of information needed about each tree are 1) the tree’s location and 2) the data associated with the tree itself, i.e. its species, size, condition, and maintenance need. A critical part of the inventory process, therefore, is to pinpoint the real-world location of each tree. Tree location points and tree identification numbers can then be entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS) computer program and linked with the other data collected about each tree. Accuracy in both identifying and recording location is of key importance. For the inventory data collection process, volunteers need to know

• How to make an accurate determination

of where the tree is located, relative to buildings and other landmarks around it

• How to transfer this information by

marking the tree location on a map or aerial photograph

Block plans are a type of map. Block plans show the physical layout of property parcels along streets and roads in a community. Block plans usually also include the outline of building footprints located on each property.

Mapping component of a tree inventory AAbboouutt bblloocckk ppllaannss



55

The various elements that may appear on block plans include

• Streets and roads • Names of streets and roads • Property lines and line

lengths • Building footprints • Parcel sizes (square feet) • Street address numbers • Block Plan Number

The diagram below illustrates some of the symbols commonly found on block plans.

EElleemmeennttss ooff bblloocckk ppllaannss

C

----x-x-

• Catch basin • Pole • Street light • Property line • Fence or wall • Swimming pool outline • Tennis court outline

CCBB

Confirm the tree's location; show location on map with (*) and I.D. number; Circle the (*) and the I.D. number, to confirm



56

Aerial photographs are taken by cameras precisely mounted on an airplane. Such photos give a complete view of buildings, roads, parking areas, vegetation, cars, and other elements visible from the air. It is possible to locate trees quite accurately using aerial photographs.

The process of assigning numbers to inventoried trees needs to be accurate and methodical, in order to ensure that each tree receives a unique identification number and that there are no duplications. The process runs smoothly using the procedure outlined below: • A unique series of numbers is assigned

to each volunteer team.

− This provides enough numbers unique to each team, and it prevents duplication of numbers among teams

• Each volunteer team starts with the

lowest number in its assigned series • The team increases each tree number by

one as it moves from tree to tree

About aerial photographs NNuummbbeerriinngg ttrreeeess PPrroocceedduurree ffoorr vvoolluunntteeeerr tteeaammss



57

• The team is careful to enter the

correct, sequential tree number on the Data Collection Worksheet

• The team is careful to enter the same

number on the block map or aerial photo that it used on the Data Collection Worksheet to identify that particular tree

MATCHING THE TREE ID NUMBER is an important cross-check. The tree identification number for any one tree should be the same in both places:

• The iTree software program • The map or aerial photograph

A sample pattern of number assignments might look like this:

Team A Trees 0001-3000 Team B Trees 3001-6000 Team C Trees 6001-9000

The teams would then proceed as outlined below. Team A records its first tree as 0001

• In the iTree software program • On the map or aerial photograph

Team A progresses numerically towards 3000, until it has surveyed every tree in its assigned area.

SSaammppllee ppaatttteerrnn ooff nnuummbbeerr aassssiiggnnmmeennttss EExxaammppllee ooff tteeaamm uussee ooff nnuummbbeerr aassssiiggnnmmeennttss



58

Team B records its first tree as 3001


Team B progresses numerically towards 6000, until it has surveyed every tree in its assigned area.

Team C records its first tree as 6001


Team C progresses numerically towards 9000, until it has surveyed every tree in its assigned area. In order to ensure mapping accuracy, volunteer teams will need to • Find where the tree is located in the

real world, in relation to nearby building, roads, landmarks

• Mark the tree location on the map or aerial photograph

The principal steps involved in a tree inventory are thus 1. Map the point • of the tree location 2. Collect the tree data using the iTree

software 3. Record each tree’s unique

identification in the following two locations:

→ In the iTree software program

(automatically advances to next value)

→ with its point location • on the map or aerial photo

MMaappppiinngg aaccccuurraaccyy TThhrreeee mmaaiinn iinnvveennttoorryy sstteeppss



59

The volunteer team procedure for marking tree locations on maps is outlined below in 10 easy-to-follow steps. 1. Record the date and names of the team

members in the iTree software program. 2. Locate the area that the localized map

covers, using the master map found with the team’s set of maps.

3. Go to a map location that the team can

positively identify. Find it by using the street name, lot lines, and street intersections.

4. Locate a public tree nearby the place

where the team is standing. 5. Find that tree/location on the map. 6. Place a • on that point on the map. 7. Label the • point with the first unique

identification number of the team’s assigned range.

8. Collect the data about the tree using

the iTree software program. 9. The iTree program will automatically

update the trees identification number. 10. Locate the next tree and repeat the

procedure.

RReeccoorrddiinngg ttrreeee llooccaattiioonnss oonn mmaappss ((iiff rreeqquuiirreedd))



60

The volunteer team procedure for marking tree locations on aerial photographs is outlined below in 10 easy-to-follow steps. 1. Record the date and names of the team

members on the aerial photograph. 2. Go to the area indicated on the aerial

photograph, using the master map found with the team project packet.

3. Go to a location that the team can

positively identify on the ground and in the aerial photograph. Find it by locating on the ground the recognizable elements in the photograph, such as buildings, street corners, edges of paved areas, ball fields, basketball and tennis courts, waterways, etc. Orient the team at the known location. Look around for other landmarks that will give an indication of real-world size, scale, and dimensions as they relate to the photo.

4. Locate a public tree nearby the place

where the team is standing. 5. Find that tree/location on the aerial

photo. 6. Place a • at that point on the

aerial photo. 7. Label the • point with the first unique

identification number of the team’s assigned range.

8. Collect the data about the tree using

the iTree software program. 9. The iTree program will automatically

update the trees identification number. 10. Locate the next tree and repeat the

procedure.

RReeccoorrddiinngg ttrreeee llooccaattiioonnss oonn aaeerriiaall pphhoottooggrraapphhss ((iiff rreeqquuiirreedd))


61

Presentation 5. INVENTORY DATA COLLECTION


62

This module reviews the data collection process and the information that volunteers will enter in the iTree software program. The presentation also outlines tree species codes which are used in the iTree Software. The system of codes was developed by the USDA for use in forest settings. Examples of these codes include

• ACCA – Hedge Maple • BEAL – Yellow Birch • FAGR – American Beech

Primary and secondary lists tree species are included as an Appendix to this manual. In the lists, the species are arranged alphabetically by scientific names.

There will be cases where volunteers are unable to identify a tree’s genus and species. There will be other cases where volunteers are able to identify the genus and species, but it is not listed on the codes list. The procedure for these cases is as follows: CASE #1 • IF the species cannot be identified • THEN record ?? when prompted for the

species code when using iTree

Data Collection Process Tree Species Codes Derivation of letter codes Troubleshooting tree species codes

SPECIES CODES ~ FOR COMMONLY FOUND STREET TREESPRIMARY LIST

Code Scientific Name Common Name Code AG Acer ginnala Amur Maple AG AP Acer platanoides Norway Maple AP AR Acer rubrum Red (Swamp) Maple AR AS Acer saccharinum Silver Maple AS AM Acer saccharum Sugar Maple AM AH Aesculus hippocastanum Horsechestnut AH CS Catalpa speciosa Northern Catalpa CS CF Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood CF FA Fraxinus americana White Ash FA



63

CASE #2 • IF the species is identified but is not

listed on the codes list • THEN record that tree on the “Uncoded

Trees List” (Blank form is found in Appendix)

Note: This procedure requires that volunteers record twice those trees for which there is no species code available. Each tree that has no code should be recorded in two places: 1. On the “Uncoded Trees List” using

− The unique identification number − The species − A tree species code assigned by

the volunteer team

2. In the iTree PDA Software − The same tree species code

assigned by the volunteer team and recorded on the “Uncoded Trees List”

Recording trees with no species codes

STREET TREE INVENTORYUNCODED TREES LIST

This sheet is to be used to record a tree that 1. Has been identified and 2. Is not listed on the Primary or Secondary Species Code Lists. In the spaces below, record the identification number of the tree surveyed, the species, and the code that you have assigned the tree. (This code should be the same one you have used to record the tree on the Tree Inventory Data Sheet.) DATE: MAP #: INVENTORY TEAM MEMBERS: 1. 2. 3. TREE I.D. # TREE SPECIES THE CODE YOU ASSIGNED



64

Several different formats of Data Collection Worksheets are used in inventory, offering each community the opportunity to select one that best meets its needs. Most of these forms generally present information presented in Module 2: Tree Characteristics. iTree uses many of these variables including the following items:

• Unique tree identification number • Tree species code Size (DBH) • Condition • Planting location • Maintenance or pruning need • Special conditions

More specifics of this are outlined in the iTree data collection manual which follows in the next section of this document. Presented below is a brief review of each of these items. For detailed discussion refer to Module 2. Tree # (Tree number) - the unique identification number assigned to a specific tree. Species Code - A unique code that identifies a tree’s genus and species. Size (DBH) – the diameter of the tree at breast height, taken at 4.5’ above ground level. Condition - the condition of the tree at the time of the inventory. The condition rating will be Good, Fair, Poor, or Dead. Consult – for each tree that exhibits any of the problems described in Module 2: “Problem Trees,” Check the consult box in iTree

Items on the Data Collection Worksheet TTrreeee iiddeennttiiffiiccaattiioonn NNuummbbeerr SSppeecciieess ccooddee SSiizzee ((DDBBHH)) CCoonnddiittiioonn HHooww ttoo rreeccoorrdd aa ttrreeee tthhaatt nneeeeddss aa pprrooffeessssiioonnaall aasssseessssmmeenntt



65

MMaaiinntteennaannccee oorr pprruunniinngg nneeeedd - the options are generally Crown Clean, Crown Raise, or Crown Reduce. Some formats may also have a category for tree removal. CCoommmmeennttss//SSppeecciiaall ccoonnddiittiioonnss –Special conditions and comments include dead wood, weak fork, heavy lean, significant mechanical damage, or cavity. All of the latter are descriptions of conditions that should also be given a “consult” designation. Other special conditions include the presence of overhead utility wires, a cable or brace, impervious material extending up to trunk, and other conditions that affect tree structure or health.

Maintenance need



66

iTree Software Suite User’s Manual

Draft Manual August, 2004

USDA Forest Service

Davey Resource Group Bluejay Software

Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

City of Minneapolis Tree Trust



67

I-TREE DESKTOP USER’S MANUAL

THIS IS THE MANUAL FOR RUNNING I-TREE DESKTOP. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY AND FOLLOW THEM TO SUCCESSFULLY RUN THIS PROGRAM.

1. Click the “Start” button, which is located at the bottom left hand corner of the screen.

2. A menu will appear. Place the pointed over the group named “Programs”.

3. Another menu should appear. Find the program named iTREE-Desktop, highlight the pointer over it and click the icon named “iTREE-Desktop” in the new menu that appears.

4. The program should start in its own window. (See Figure-1)

(Figure-1)

5. Click the button labeled “Configuration”. (See Figure-2)

(Figure-2)



68

6. A new window will open with a series of tabbed menus. You can now choose specific specifications of the program such as whether or not to use English or Metric units under the tab labeled “General”. (See Figure-3)

(Figure-3)

7. Also in that menu choose whether to use Stratum or MCTI

defaults. Notice that clicking one of the buttons will disable some of the buttons that clicking the other button wouldn’t. To start click the button labeled “STRATUM Defaults”. This will disable some buttons and enabled others. (See Figure-4)

(Figure-4)



69

8. Move to the next tabbed menu labeled “DBH” by clicking on it. (See Figure-5)

(Figure-5)

9. Choose the ratio of inches from the minimum to maximum

value for what it will display on your PDA. Once all of that is entered click “Save DBH Info” (See Figure-6)

(Figure-6)



70

10. Click the Maintenance tab to open up the new menu. In that menu determine the Maintenance Tasks and Recommendations in the given boxes. Once all of the proper information is entered click the “Save Maintenance Info” button. (See Figure-7)

(Figure-7)



71

11. Click the next tabbed menu to the right labeled “Wire Conflict” Enter the wire conflict information that will display on the PDA. Once all of the requested information has been entered click the button labeled “Save Wire Conflict Info”. (See Figure-8)

(Figure-8)



72

12. Click the next tab, which can be found above the beginning “General” tab. It will be labeled “Condition” A new menu screen appears similar to the “Wire Conflict” menu. Enter the requested information then click the button labeled “Save Condition Info” (See Figure-9)

(Figure-9)



73

13. Once again, click the next menu tab to the right, named “Land Use”, and a new window will appear. Enter all of the categories the land use can be and when you are finished click the “Save Land Use Info” button. (See Figure-10)

(Figure-10)

14. Move to the next menu named “Location” by clicking

its tab. Enter the different location categories and then click “Save Location info” (See Figure-11)



74

(Figure-11)

15. Click over to the next menu labeled “Sidewalk” and enter the different categories of sidewalks if they are not already labeled. Once all the information is entered click the “Save Sidewalks Info” (See Figure-12)

(Figure-12)



75

16. Once more click to the next menu labeled “Crown Diam.” to put that new menu into focus. It will tell you what units of measurement you have chosen at the top of the screen. This will display the minimum to maximum measurements of the trees diameter at its crown (in feet). Once all of this information has been entered click the “Save Crown Diam. Info” button. (See Figure-13)



76

(Figure-13)

17. If you notice the row of tabbed buttons is all disabled except for the one labeled “Team ID”. Click that one to open up the menu for Team ID’s. (See Figure-14)



77

(Figure-14)

18. There is a list of teams for doing the requested

work. You can add another team by pressing the “Add” button. (See Figure-15)

(Figure-15)

19. You can also edit a teams name by highlighting the

team(clicking the name only once) and clicking the “Edit” button. (See Figure-16)

(Figure-16)

20. To delete the name highlight the team (by clicking

the team name only once) and click the “Delete” button. (See Figure-17)

(Figure-17)

21. Click back to the “General” tab menu and click the

button labeled “MCTI Defaults”. You will see now that some of the tab menus that were accessible before are now disable and some of the previously disable tab menus are now accessible. (See Figure-18)



78

(Figure-18)

22. In the top row of tabs click the tab menu named

“Other 1” These menus are for other entries that may need to be entered in about the tree. Enter the title of the entry and all of the possible answers and then click the “Save Other 1 Info” button. (See Figure-19)

(Figure-19)

23. Repeat step 22 with the tab menus “Other 2” and

“Other 3” if any more entries are necessary.



79

ADDING AND REMOVING TREE SPECIES

1. Click the button labeled “Tree Species” A new window will appear. (See Figure-20)

(Figure-20)

2. To add a new species click the “Add Species” button and

enter the requested information. (See Figure-21)

(Figure-21)

3. To delete a species or edit a species click the desired

species only once to highlight it and then click “Edit/Delete Species”. (See Figure-22)

(Figure-22)

4. If you want to use the new specie list you have to create a

file for the PDA by clicking the button named “Create File For PDA”. (See Figure-23)

(Figure-23)

END OF SECTION



80

ADDING AND REMOVING STREET NAMES

1. Click the button labeled “Street List”. (See Figure-24)

(Figure-24)

2. Check the streets that you want available on the PDA you or someone else will be using with this configuration. (See Figure-25)



81

(Figure-25)

3. If you want to add a street click the button labeled “Add”

(See Figure-26)

(Figure-26)

4. If you want to delete a street click the button labeled

“Delete” (See Figure-27)

(Figure-27)



82

5. To import a list from another place click the button labeled “Import a Street List From an Excel File” (See Figure-28)

(Figure-28)

6. To save any changes you have made to the street like click

the button labeled “Create File for PDAs” This street will update during the next active sync. (See Figure-29)

(Figure-29)

END OF SECTION



83

iTREE POCKET PC USER’S MANUAL

NOW THAT YOU HAVE CONFIGURED THE DESKTOP YOU CAN NOW USE A PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA) TO RUN iTREE.

FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. For these updates and configurations that you made to have any effect on your PDA you need to have ActiveSync (See other manual) and your PDA must be connected and synchronized with your computer.

2. Once ActiveSync activates and is in Sync with your computer all of the configuration updates you have made will be automatically downloaded to the PDA. You may now unplug the PDA and use iTREE anywhere you like until more updates are needed.

3. Once all of that is complete click the start button on your PDA, which is located at the top left corner of the screen. A menu will drop down.

4. Click the category named “Programs”. A new window will appear.

5. Scroll down the list of given programs until you find the program named iTREE. Click on that to start the program.



84

6. The program will load and the iTREE main menu screen will

appear. Click the button labeled “Log In” to be able to access all of the features of this program. (See Figure-30)

(Figure-30)



85

7. A new window will appear. A Team ID is not required so

click the button labeled “Continue”. (See Figure-31)

(Figure-31)



86

8. Now that you are logged in you can access all of the

features. Click the button labeled “Add New Tree”. 9. A new window will appear with information boxes. Enter the

Tree ID. Enter the zone it is in along with the block. Click the drop down box labeled “Species” and choose from the list the specie of the tree you are adding. Also check the box next to it if you want to use a search value for the species. Doing this will mean you have to enter the code of the tree in the box below the species box labeled “Species Search”. You need to know the code (which is case sensitive) and enter it in the box. Then click search to find the tree. Enter whether or not it is a public tree, the land use, and the location by dropping down the boxes and choosing from one of the choices. (See Figure-32 & Figure-33)



87

(Figure-32)



88

(Figure-33)

10. Once all of that information is entered and completed

click the button labeled “Street Address/GPS (Lat/Long). 11. A new window will appear Enter the address number in

the given box. Choose the street name by clicking on the drop down box labeled “St. Name” and choosing from the list of given streets. If the desired street does not appear on this list write it manually in the box given below. If the latitude and longitude of the area is know enter it. Also, if you want to hold the street name for the next entry then click the check box labeled so. (See Figure-34 & 35)



89

(Figure-34)



90

(Figure-35)

12. Once all of that is entered click the “Save” button

to return back to the previous window. 13. On the bottom of this screen there are 5 tab buttons

which will take you to different menus when clicked. Right now you are clicked on the button labeled “Loc”. Click on the next button labeled “Dim”.



91

14. A new menu will appear, with the title “TREE DIMENSIONS” at the top. (See Figure-36)

(Figure-36)



92

15. Enter the class of the DBH in the drop down menu below that label. Also enter the crown’s height. (See Figure-37)

(Figure-37)

16. Click the next menu over which is labeled “Mgmnt”.



93

17. A new menu will appear, titled “TREE MANAGEMENT”. If

available to do so, enter in the recommendation of maintenance, the maintenance task, the sidewalk damage, and the wire conflict. (See Figure-38)

(Figure-38)



94

1. Once all of that is completed click the next menu button which is labeled “Cond”. A new menu will appear with the title “TREE CONDITION”. Choose the condition of the wood with the dropdown menu labeled “Condition of Wood.” (See Figure-39)



95

(Figure-39)

2. Enter the leaf condition in the given drop down menu. (See Figure-40)



96

(Figure-40)



97

3. Also enter the percent of deadwood in the given drop down menu. (See Figure-41)

(Figure-41)



98

4. Finally, enter whether or not there is a cavity or a

weak fork in both of the given drop down menus. (See Figure-42 & 43)

(Figure-42)



99

(Figure-43)

5. Once all of that information is entered click the next menu button over, the one labeled “MCTI”. A new menu will appear.

6. Check whether to remove or maintain this MCTI and whether to clean, raise, or reduce it. If you need to evaluate the tree, check the labeled box and drop down menus next to all the categories following it will then be enabled. Any notes that need taking enter them in the specific box and specify if this tree needs to be noted and if consulting is needed. (See Figure-44)



100

(Figure-44)

7. Click Save/Exit to save all of the information you have

entered when you are done.

END OF SECTION



101

DELETING OR EDITING EXISTING ENTRIES

1. Now that you are back at the main menu click the next button below labeled “Edit Tree”. A new menu will appear. (See Figure-45)

(Figure-45)

2. A list appears of all of the already stored tree

files in the program. Click once on the tree you want to edit and click the button labeled “Edit” to edit the tree (which will bring you to the same screens as would adding another, yet all of the



102

information you had added before will be filled in) or “Delete” to get rid of that file.

END OF SECTION AND MANUAL ENJOY!

Appendix A. Species Codes Primary/Secondary


A-1

SPECIES CODES ~ FOR COMMONLY FOUND STREET TREES PPRRIIMMAARRYY LLIISSTT

Code Scientific Name Common Name Code ACGI Acer ginnala Amur Maple ACGI ACPL Acer platanoides Norway Maple ACPL ACRU Acer rubrum Red (Swamp) Maple ACRU ACSA1 Acer saccharinum Silver Maple ACSA1 ACSA2 Acer saccharum Sugar Maple ACSA2 AEHI Aesculus hippocastanum Horsechestnut AEHI CASP Catalpa speciosa Northern Catalpa CSSP COFL Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood COFL FRAM Fraxinus americana White Ash FRAM FRPE Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash FRPE GIBI Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo GIBI GLTR Gleditsia triacanthos Honeylocust GLTR LIST Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum LIST MAFL80 Malus x spp. Flowering Crabapple MAFL80 PIST Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine PIST PLAC Platanus x acerifolia London Planetree PLAC PRCO Prunus spp. Flowering Cherry PRCO PYCA Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford' Callery Pear PYCA QUPA Quercus palustris Pin Oak QUPA QURU Quercus rubra Red Oak QURU SOAU Sorbus aucuparia Eastern Mountain Ash SOAU TICO Tilia cordata Littleleaf Linden TICO TSCA Tsuga canadensis Canadian Hemlock TSCA ULAM Ulmus americana American Elm ULAM ZESE Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova ZESE

Appendix A. Species Codes Primary/Secondary


A-2

SPECIES CODES ~ FOR COMMONLY FOUND STREET TREES SSEECCOONNDDAARRYY LLIISSTT

Code Scientific Name Common Name Code ACCA Acer campestre Hedge Maple ACCA AIAL Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven AIAL BEAL Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch BEAL BEPA Betula papyrifera Paper Birch BEPA BEPO Betula populifolia Grey Birch BEPO CEJA Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsura Tree CEJA CEOC Celtis occidentalis Hackberry CEOC CLLU Cladrastis kentukea Yellowwood CLLU COKO Cornus kousa Kousa Dogwood COKO CRLA80 Crataegus laevigata English Hawthorn CRLA80 FAGR Fagus grandifolia American Beech FAGR FASY Fagus sylvatica European Beech FASY (includes 'Cuprea' Copper Beech) LITU Liriodendron tulipifera Tuliptree LITU OXAR Oxydendron arboreum Sourwood OXAR PLOC Platanus occidentalis Sycamore PLOC PIAB Picea abies Norway Spruce PIAB PIGL Picea glauca White Spruce PIGL PIPU Picea pungens Colorado Blue Spruce PIPU PIRE Pinus resinosa Red Pine PIRE PINI Pinus nigra Austrian Pine PINI QUAL Quercus alba White Oak QUAL QUVE Quercus velutina Black Oak QUVE SABA Salix babylonica Weeping Willow SABA SYRE Syringa reticulata Japanese Tree Lilac SYRE TADI Taxodium distichum Baldcypress TADI THOC Thuja occidentalis American Arborvitae THOC TIAM Tilia americana American Linden/BasswoodTIAM ULPA Ulmus parvifolia Chinese or Lacebark Elm ULPA ULPU Ulmus pumila Siberian Elm ULPU

EXERCISE 1. GIS Crossword Puzzle Solution


B-1

3. G

1. L A T

2. I T U D E

2. G P

5. S

O N O U

C F G R

A O R V 6. S

T R 3. D A T A E Y

I M P 4. L A Y E R S

O 5. M A P S H O T

N T I N E

6. L I N K C G M

O I 7. B O U N D A R Y T

8. Y U M

7. T

D R

9. S A T E L L I T E

E

ACROSS 1. Angular distance, measured in

degrees, north or south from equator

2. Global Positioning System 3. Fact or figures to be

processed 4. Distinct data sets 5. Locations of features and


data 7. Line or thing marking a limit8. Delicious 9. Object rocketed into orbit

around earth

DOWN1. Position in space 2. Data, news, facts; knowledge acquired 3. Reference to descriptive science



5. To examine for some specific purpose 6. Set of facts connected to form a unity7. A woody stemmed perennial plant

usually over 13’ tall and with a single stem

EXERCISE 1. GIS Crossword Puzzle Solution


B-2

MATCHING REVIEW SOLUTIONS

A. Tree that is in healthy condition with few or no defects.

I CROWN CLEANING

B. A tree that is typically weak wooded because of its rapid growth rate K CONK

C. Union between two branches that has included bark C WEAK FORK

D. Removing lower limbs of a tree to provide clearance for pedestrian or vehicular traffic

A GOOD

E. Common measurement taken of a tree J CONSULT

F. Tree that is in a general state of decline and may have severe insect, disease, or mechanical injury.

E DBH

G. Planting location that provides adequate room for tree height and root growth

B SILVER MAPLE

H. Typical of a containerized grown plant, it usually deters basal growth and eventually affects the tree’s health

L CROWN REDUCTION

I. Pruning out dead, diseased, split, and broken branches > 2” diameter

G LAWN

J. A tree condition that requires further evaluation by a certified arborist.

F POOR

K. A fruiting structure of a fungus, visible on the lower trunk and indicative of internal decay

H GIRDLING ROOT

L. Removing selected branches or reducing the overall mass, to clear canopy away from structures or overhead wires

D CROWN RAISING

Visual aids


C-1

SSppeecciieess DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn

Visual aids


C-2

Balanced range of tree species.

OAK

PEAR

ASH

MAPLE

GINKGO

Visual aids


C-3

TTrreeee llooccaatteedd iinn aa ttrreeee ppiitt wwiitthhiinn aa ssiiddeewwaallkk..

Visual aids


C-4

TTrreeee llooccaatteedd wwiitthhiinn ffeeeett ooff aa ccuurrbb oorr ppaavveemmeenntt eeddggee..

Visual aids


C-5

AA mmaapp wwiitthh rrooaaddss..

Visual aids


C-6

AA mmaapp wwiitthh rrooaaddss,, bbuuiillddiinnggss aanndd wwaatteerr bbooddiieess..

Visual aids


C-7

AA mmaapp wwiitthh rrooaaddss,, bbuuiillddiinnggss,, wwaatteerr bbooddiieess aanndd ttrreeeess..

Visual aids


C-8

GGIISS CCrroosssswwoorrdd PPuuzzzzllee

..

Visual aids


C-9

GGIISS CCrroosssswwoorrdd PPuuzzzzllee SSoolluuttiioonn AACCRROOSSSS

1. Angular distance, measured in degrees, north or south from equator

2. Global Positioning System 3. Fact or figures to be processed 4. Distinct data sets 5. Locations of features and


data 7. Line or thing marking a limit 8. Delicious 9. Object rocketed into orbit

around earth

DOWN 1. Position in space 2. Data, news, facts; knowledge

acquired 3. Reference to descriptive science



5. To examine for some specific purpose

6. Set of facts connected to form a unity

7. A woody stemmed perennial plant usually over 13’ tall and with a single stem

Visual aids


C-10

33.. GG

11.. LL AA TT

22.. II TT UU DD EE

22.. GG PP

55.. SS

OO NN OO UU

CC FF GG RR

AA OO RR VV 66.. SS

TT RR 33.. DD AA TT AA EE YY

II MM PP 44.. LL AA YY EE RR SS

OO 55.. MM AA PP SS HH OO TT

NN TT II NN EE

66.. LL II NN KK CC GG MM

OO II

77.. BB OO UU NN DD AA RR YY TT

88.. YY UU MM

77.. TT

DD RR

99.. SS AA TT EE LL LL II TT EE

EE

Visual aids


C-11

Measuring DBH

Visual aids


C-12

4.5‘

4.5‘

Measure Here

Measur ing a t r ee ona slope

Measur ing a t r eewit h a growt h suchas a branch at 4 .5 ’

TTrreeee oonn aa ssllooppee.. TTrreeee tthhaatt bbrraanncchheess aatt 44..55''..

Visual aids


C-13

GOODGOOD FAIRFAIR POORPOOR DEADDEAD

DDeetteerrmmiinniinngg ttrreeee ccoonnddiittiioonn..

Visual aids


C-14

Cross-section of planting within sidewalk area (tree pit).

Visual aids


C-15

Overhead plan view of planting within sidewalk area (tree pit).

Visual aids


C-16

Cross-section and plan views of tree planting site in open lawn area.

Open Lawn AreaRoad

Road

Open Lawn Area

Visual aids


C-17

.Cross-section of planting strip (also called a tree lawn).

Visual aids


C-18

Overhead plan view of planting strip (also called a tree lawn).

Visual aids


C-19

BBeenneeffiicciiaall eeffffeeccttss ooff pprruunniinngg

Visual aids


C-20

TThhrreeee pprruunniinngg ccllaasssseess..

CCRROOWWNN RRAAIISSEE

CCRROOWWNN CCLLEEAANN

CCRROOWWNN RREEDDUUCCTTIIOONN

Visual aids


C-21

RReeccooggnniizziinngg ppootteennttiiaall pprroobblleemmss iinn ttrreeeess..

Visual aids


C-22

CCrroossss sseeccttiioonnss ooff ttrruunnkk ddeeccaayy..


(Internal Decay)

CCaavviittyy


(External Decay)

CCaavviittyy

Visual aids


C-23

Shigo met er Rubber mallet

Increment borer Dr ill & bit

TToooollss uusseedd bbyy aarrbboorriissttss ttoo ddeetteecctt iinntteerrnnaall ddeeccaayy..

Visual aids


C-24

HEALTHY WEAK

Weak Forks

Visual aids


C-25

CCoonnkkss,, ccaannkkeerrss && ffuunnggii..

CankerConk Fungi

Visual aids


C-26

Full, hea lt hy crown wit hfew dead branches

Dead areas in crownindicat e under lying

problems

CCaannooppyy ddeennssiittyy..

Visual aids


C-27

BBaallaannccee

Visual aids


C-28

MATCHI NG REVIEW WORKSHEET

A. Tree t ha t is in hea lt hy condit ion wit h few or no defect s.

CROWNCLEANING

B. A t ree t hat is t ypica lly weak wooded because of i t s rapid g rowt h ra t e CONK

C. Union bet ween t wo branches t ha t has included bark WEAK FORK

D . Removing lower l imbs of a t ree t o provideclearance for pedest r ian or vehicu la r t ra f f ic

GOOD

E. Common measurement of a t ree CONSULT

F. Tree t ha t is in a genera l st a t e of decline and may have severe insect , d isease, or mechanica l in jury.

DBH

G. Plant ing loca t ion t hat provides adequat e room for t ree height and root g rowt h

SILVER MAPLE

H. Typica l of a cont a iner ized g rown plant , i t usua lly det ers basal g rowt h and event ua lly a f fect s t he t ree’s healt h

CROWNREDUCTION

I . Pruning out dead, diseased, split , and broken branches > 2 ” diamet er

LAWN

J. A t ree condit ion t ha t requires fur t her eva lua t ion by a cer t if ied arbor ist .

POOR

K. A f ru it ing st ruct u re of a fungus, visible on t he lower t runk and indicat ive of int erna l decay

GIRDLINGROOT

L. Removing select ed branches or reducing t he overa ll mass, t o clear canopy away f rom st ruct u res or overhead wires

CROWNRAISING

MATCHI NG REVIEW SOLUTI ONS

A. Tree t hat is in healt hy condit ion wit h few or no defect s. I

CROWNCLEANING

B. A t ree t ha t is t ypica lly weak wooded because of it s rapid growt h ra t e K CONK

C. Union bet ween t wo branches t hat has included bark C WEAK FORK

D . Removing lower l imbs of a t ree t o provideclearance for pedest r ian or vehicu la r t ra f f ic

A GOOD

E. Common measurement t aken of a t ree J CONSULT

F. Tree t hat is in a genera l st a t e of decl ine and may have severe insect , d isease, or mechanica l in ju ry.

E DBH

G. Plant ing loca t ion t ha t provides adequat e room for t r ee height and root growt h

B SILVER MAPLE

H. Typica l of a cont a iner ized grown plant , it usua lly det ers basal g rowt h and event ua lly a f fect s t he t ree’s hea lt h

LCROWNREDUCTION

. Pruning out dead, diseased, spli t , and broken branches > 2 ” diamet er G LAWN

. A t ree condit ion t ha t requ ires fu r t her eva luat ion by a cer t if ied a rbor ist . F POOR

K. A f r u it ing st ruct u re of a fungus, visib le on t he lower t runk and indica t ive of int erna l decay

HGIRDLI NGROOT

L. Removing select ed branches or reducing t he overa l l mass, t o clear canopy away f rom st ruct u res or overhead wires

DCROWNRAISING

MMaattcchhiinngg RReevviieeww WWoorrkksshheeeett

Visual aids


C-29

ROUNDEDROUNDED VASE SHAPEDVASE SHAPED

WEEPI NGWEEPING COLUMNARCOLUMNARCONE SHAPEDCONE SHAPED

GGrroowwtthh hhaabbiitt oorr ffoorrmm..

Visual aids


C-30

Simple Compound

Alternate

Opposite

LEAFARRANGEMENTS

LEAF TYPES

LLeeaavveess

Visual aids


C-31

Fan-compound

Palmately

Twice-compoundBi-pinnately

Feather-compound

Pinnately

TTyyppeess ooff ccoommppoouunndd lleeaavveess..

Visual aids


C-32

VEI NPATTERNS

LEAFMARGI NS

Ent ir e Ser ra t e

Pinnat e Palmat e

LLeeaaff eeddggeess aanndd vveeiinn ppaatttteerrnnss

Visual aids


C-33

LLeeaaff sshhaappeess

Visual aids


C-34

EElleemmeennttss ooff bblloocckk ppllaannss

Confirm the tree's location; show location on map with (*) and I.D. number; Circle the (*) and the I.D. number, to confirm selection.

Visual aids


C-35

EElleemmeennttss ooff bblloocckk ppllaannss..

Catch basin

Pole

Street light

Property line

Fence or wall

Swimming pool outlineTennis court outline

Visual aids


C-36

AAbboouutt aaeerriiaall pphhoottooggrraapphhss

Documents

Volunteer Inventory Training Manual - UMass Amherst website/itree Manual.pdf · Volunteer Inventory Training Manual The Volunteer Inventory Training Manual is intended for use by