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mgptpUj;jp
rkj;Jtk;
mbg;gil chpikfs;
ePjp xUikg;ghLrkhjhdk;
epahak;
Gjpa ,yq;if
vq;fSila
murpayikg;gpidg;
gw;wp ciuahLNthk;
vq;fSila
murpayikg;gpidg;
gw;wp ciuahLNthk;
Rje;jpuk;
mile;jjpypUe;jhd
murpayikg;Gf;fs;
1947 murpayikg;GnghwpKiw
• ,yq;ifapypUe;j rpy Kf;fpa];jh;fSld; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
ngUk;ghyhd cs;sPLfs; mikr;rh;fs; rigapd; tiugpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;
• gphpj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;j epWtd Vw;ghLfisAk; eilKiwfisAk;
xj;jpUe;jJ.
• mbg;gil chpikfs; njhlh;gpyhd Vw;ghLfs; ,y;iy.
• ghugl;rj;jpypUe;J rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghL;
eypTw;wpUe;jJ.
• murpayikg;gpy; Fiwe;f mstpyhd \fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; rkdpiy
Ngzy;| fhzg;gl;lJ.
• gphpj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;jJ Nghd;W murpayikg;gpid murpaw; fyhr;rhuk;
ghJfhf;Fk; vd tiuQh;fshy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Nrh;. Inthh; n[d;dpq;];
vdg;gLfpd;w gpugy;akhd
gphpj;jhdpa fy;tpkhdhy;
tiuag;gl;lJ.
1972 murpayikg;GnghwpKiw
• ghuhSkd;wk; murpay; eph;za rigahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
• ,t; murpayikg;G vjph;f;fl;rpfspd; (I.Nj.f.> jkpo;f; fl;rpfs;)
Mjuitg; ngwtpy;iy.
gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;
• rpNyhd;> ,yq;if (= yq;fh) vdg; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• Fbaurhf cUkhw;wg;gl;lJ.
• murfUk nkhopahf rpq;fsk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• ,yq;if xw;iwahl;rp ehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - kj;jpa
murhq;fk; mjpAah;thdJ.
mjpfhu myFfSf;F mjpfhuq;fisg; gfph;e;jspf;fyhk;.
• mjpAah; jhdk; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; MW Mz;Lfshf ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
• RahjPdkhd gfpuq;fNrit Mizf;FOtpdJk; ePjpr;Nrit
Mizf;FOtpdJk; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ePjpj;Jiwapd; tfpghfk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
• rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; ,y;iy.
1978 murpayikg;GnghwpKiw
• ghuhSkd;w njhpTf;FO 1972Mk; Mz;L
murpayikg;gpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd rl;l%yk; xd;wpid Kd;nkhope;jJ.
• Fwpj;j rl;l%yk; Gjpa Ml;rpKiw fl;likg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;ljhd Gjpa murpayikg;gpd; %ykhf 1972Mk;
Mz;L murpayikg;gpidg; gjpyPL nra;jJ.
• vjph;f;fl;rpfs; ,t; murpayikg;Gf;F Mjutspf;ftpy;iy.
gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;
• kf;fshy; Neubahf njhpTnra;ag;gLfpd;w> gyk; tha;e;j epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuKs;s rdhjpgjp Kiwikapid cUthf;fpaJ.
• Njh;jy; Kiwikapid khw;wpaJ - tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
• ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; Ra Ml;rp chpik Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; tfpgq;F Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ - ghuhSkd;wk;
njhpTnra;ag;gl;L xU tUlj;jpd; gpd;dh; rdhjpgjpapdhy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpidf; fiyf;f KbAk;.
• murpayikg;gpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjw;F
kf;fs; jPh;g;Gfspd; gad;ghL mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• ePjpj;Jiwapd; tfpgq;F NkYk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
• rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; ,y;iy.
jpUkjp rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f
mth;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ
(ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
ngUk;ghd;ik)
jpU. n[. Mh;. n[ath;jd
mth;fspdhy; Kd;ndLf;f-
g;gl;lJ (ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
ehd;fpy; Ie;J ngUk;ghd;ik)
murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jr;
nrad;Kiw
ij 2016 05 rpj;jpiu 2016
09 gq;Fdp 2016
ghuhSkd;wj;jpid
murpayikg;Gr; rigahf
khw;Wtjw;fhd fl;likg;Gj;
jPh;khdkhdJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
• ghuhSkd;w rghehafh;
,jw;Fj; jiyik
tfpf;fpd;whh;.
murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; njhl-
h;ghd nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt
FO nghJkf;fspd; fUj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf mikr;ru-
itapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,f; FO ehlshtpa
hPjpapy; 25 khtl;lq;fspYk;
nghJkf;fspd; fUj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
fye;jhNyhridf;
$l;lq;fis elhj;jpaJ.
• FOtpd; mwpf;if itfhrp
2016 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
topg;gLj;Jk; FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• midj;J murpay; fl;rp-
fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;-
Jfpd;w tifapy; 21 cWg;gp-
dh;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
• gpujkh; ,jw;Fj; jiyik
tfpf;fpd;whh;.
• murpayikg;G
d;nkhopTfSf;fhd
tiugpidj; jahhpg;gjw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kd;ida rdhjpgjpfs; ,yq;iff;F Gjpa murpayikg;gpid cUthf;FNthk;
vd;W mth;fs; nfhLj;j thf;FWjpapd; mbg;gilapNyNa njhpTnra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;.
Kd;dhs; rdhjpgjp uh[gf;\ jd;Dila Njh;jy; tpQ;Qhgdkhd kfpe;j
rpe;jidapy; (2005) mtUf;F Ke;ija rdhjpgjp FkhuJq;f mk;ikahhpidg;
NghyNt Gjpa murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd thf;FWjpapid
toq;fpapUe;jhh;. mjd; gpd;dh;> rdhjpgjp ikj;jphpghy rphpNrd jd;Dila
Njh;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy; Gjpa murpayikg;G vd;w thf;FWjpapid ,yq;if
kf;fSf;F toq;fpapUe;jhh;. ,r; nrad;Kiwapy; ehk; vt;tsT Jhuk;
Kd;NdwpAs;Nshk; vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; ghh;g;Nghk;.
Gul;lhjp 2017
05 itfhrp 2016 ,dp elf;f
Ntz;bait vit?topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpdhy; MW cg
FOf;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ld:
• mbg;gil chpikfs;
• ePjpj;Jiw
• rl;lKk; xOq;Fk;
• gfpuq;f epjp
• gfpuq;f Nrit
• kj;jpa-khfhz myFfSf;F
,ilapyhd cwTfs;
• topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpd; ,Wjp
mwpf;if
• murpayikg;G tiuG
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpdJk;
kf;fs; jPh;g;gpDhlhd
nghJkf;fspdJk; mq;fPfhuk;
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if ghuhSkd;w-
j;jpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• murpd; jd;ik
• ,iwik
• kjk;
• murhq;fj;jpd; tbtk;
• Njh;jy; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
• mjpfhug; gfph;Tf;
Nfhl;ghLfs;
• fhzp
murpayikg;G vd;why; vd;d?
murpayikg;gkpkhzpaf; Nfhl;ghLfSk;
murpayikg;gpd; kPAah; jd;ikAk;
• midj;J rl;lq;fSk; ,jw;F mikthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
• murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; typjw;wJ.
• murpayikg;ghdJ muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhdJk;
• kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd r%f xg;ge;jkhFk;
,J murpd; tpOkpaq;fisf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
kf;fspd; mgpyhirfs;
Njrj;jpd; mbg;gil ,JthFk;
• ehl;bid eph;tfpg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ghLfis murpayikg;G epuw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
murpd; jd;ik
murhq;fj;jpd; fl;likg;G
murpd; jj;Jtq;fSk; flikfSk;
gpuirapd; chpikfSk; flikfSk;
murpayikg;gkp-
khzpaf; Nfhl;ghL
murpayikg;gpd;
kPAah; jd;ikapid
mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.
• murpayikg;gpd; %yk; murpay; jiyth;fspd;
mjpfhuq;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• jdpegh;fs; chpikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJld;
mtw;wpw;F kjpg;gspf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
• murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; murpay; hPjpahf
nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;bath;fs;> rl;l Ml;rpf;Ff;
l;Lg;gl;lth;fs;.
• eph;thfj;JiwapdJk; ghuhSkd;wg;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdJk; vNjr;ir mjpfhukhd
nraw;ghLfs; jLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Nghd;w
ek;gpf;iffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ
murpayikg;G kPAah; jd;ikahdJ>
• midj;J rl;lq;fSk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F fPohdit.
• rdhjpgjp> gpujkh;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; cs;slq;fyhf midj;J
egh;fSk;> mur epWtdq;fSk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lit.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk;
murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mikthdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
vq;fspd; jw;Nghija murpayikg;G kPAah;
jd;ik tha;e;jjh?
• jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 16 gpd;tUkhW Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:
murpayikg;G cUthtjw;F Kd;dh; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; mbg;gil
chpikfSf;F Kuzhditahf ,Ug;gpDk; $l typjhditahFk;.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rj;jpid mDkjpf;fpd;wJk;> ngz;fspd;
rkj;Jtj;jpid kWg;gJkhd xU Vw;ghlhf cWg;Giu 16 fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf> Njrtoikr; rl;lk;> K];ypk; jdpahh; rl;lk; Nghd;w jdpahh;
rl;lq;fspYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l Vw;ghLfs;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; rkj;Jtk;
njhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfspd; cs;shh;e;j jd;ikapidAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk;
NkNyhq;Ftjid mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.
njd; Mgphpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfs;> tof;fhw;Wr; rl;lq;fs; mbg;gil
chpikfSf;F mikthf ,Uf;fpd;w NghJ khj;jpuNk mtw;iw mq;fPfhpj;J
kjpg;gspf;fpd;wd.
mbg;gil chpikfs; tpl;Lf;nfhLg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl KbahjitAk;
midj;J rKjhaq;fisr; Nrh;e;j midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; rkj;Jtkhf
Kiwapy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baitAkhFk;.
• jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 84 gpd;tUkhW Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:
murpayikg;G jpUj;jky;yhj> Mdhy; murpayikg;gpid kPWfpd;w
xU rl;l %yk; tpNrlkhd nrad;KiwapDhL rl;lkhf;fg;glyhk; vd
jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 84 Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
mjhtJ> ,r; nrad;Kiw murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhd rl;lq;fis
cUthf;Ftjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F mDkjpaspg;gJld; mjDila
murpayikg;ghe;jd;ik njhlh;gpy; ePjpkd;wq;fs; jPh;g;gspg;gjidAk;
jLf;fpd;wJ.
• jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 80 (3) gpd;tUkhW
Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:
rl;l%ynkhd;W rl;lkhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dh;> ,r; rl;lk;
murpayikg;gpid kPWfpd;wNghjpYk; $l> mr; rl;lj;jpd; typJlikapid
ve;j ePjpkd;wKk; ve;jf; fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;jKbahJ.
,t; Vw;ghLfs;> vkJ murpayikg;gpd; kPAah; jd;ikapid kPWtNjhL
vkJ mbg;gil chpikfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; ghJfhg;gpidAk;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
Gjpa murpayikg;G
xd;wpDhlhf cs;thq;fiyg;
Ngzptsh;j;jy;
nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt FO
fPo;tUtdtw;iw mq;fPfhpf;fpd;w xU
Kd;Diuapid Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
• fle;jfhy my;yy;fs;
• rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspyhd Njrpa fPjq;fs;
Njrpa fPjj;jpDhlhf ,uz;L r%fq;fSk; ,yq;ifapid
jk;Kila ha;ehlhf mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wd.
• midj;J kjq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk; khpahijAlDk;
nfsutj;JlDk; ghugl;rkpd;wpAk; elhj;Jfpd;w mNj Ntis
ngsj;j kjj;jpidg; ghJfhj;jYk; Ngzptsh;j;jYk; murpd;
flikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
midj;J kj r%fq;fSk; ghJfhg;G kjpg;gspg;G
• rp;q;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfis cj;jpNahfG+h;t
nkhopfshfTk; Mq;fpy nkhopapid ,izg;G nkhopahfTk;
mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.
nkhop r%fq;fis xUq;fpizf;fpwJ.
tpOkpaq;fis murpayikg;gpy;
cs;thq;fpajhd Kd;Diu
• fle;j fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gpsTfisf; fisjypd;
mtrpaj;jpid mq;fPfhpj;jYk; ehl;bd; xUikg;ghl;bidg;
NgZjYk;.
• Ml;rp epWtdq;fis tYg;gLj;Jjy;
• gue;Jgl;l mstpyhd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
• [dehaf tpOkpaq;fis> rl;l Ml;rp> r%f ePjp> kdpj
nfsutk;> kw;Wk; mbg;gil chpikfisg; NgZjy;.
• nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhr;rhu Nkk;ghl;bid Cf;Ftpj;jy;
• rkhjhdk;> ,d If;fpak;> kw;Wk; [dehaf nrad;Kiwapidg;
NgZjy;
cq;fSf;F ,f; fUj;Jf;fs; mh;j;jKs;sitahfj;
Njhd;Wfpd;wjh?
murpd; jd;ik:
gphpf;fg;glhjJk; gphpf;fg;gl
KbahjJk;
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
• ,yq;if> Rje;jpuKk;> ,iwikAk; jd;dhjpf;fKk;
nfhz;l xU FbauR.
• ,J gphpf;fg;glhjJk; gphpf;fg;gl KbahjJk;
• ,J kj;jpa> khfhz epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
• kj;jpa> khfhz muRfs; murpayikg;gpy;
Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW mjpfhuq;fisg; gpuNahfpf;Fk;.
• murpayikg;gpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jplKk; kf;fsplKk; ghug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gphpf;fg;glhjJ - jw;NghJs;s epiyiaf; Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ -
,yq;if gphpf;fg;glhjJ
gphpf;fg;gl KbahjJ - vjph;fhy epiyiaf; Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ -
,yq;if gphpf;fg;gl KbahjJ.
,r; nrhw;gjq;fs; rpq;fs nkhopapYk; (Vfpa ,uh[;[pa) jkpo; nkhopapYk;
(xUkpj;j ehL) NkYk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kf;fSk; muRk;
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
\,yq;iff; Fbaurpd; ,iwik kf;fSf;FhpajhfTk;>
ghuhjPdg;gLj;jg;gl KbahjjhfTk; ,Ug;gJld;
murhq;fj;jpd; jj;Jtq;fs;> mbg;gil chpikfs;>
thf;Fhpik vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.|
,jd; mh;j;jk;:
• ,yq;if Fbkf;fNs kPAauhdJk; ,WjpahdJkhd mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;gh;.
• murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fisAk;> mbg;gil chpikfisAk;>
thf;FhpikiaAk; mth;fs; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
• ,t; mjpfhuq;fs; kf;fsplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl Kbahjit.
murpayikg;gpy; ngsj;j
kjj;jpd; me;j];J
Kjd;ikj; jhdk; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if ,uz;L
Kd;nkhopTfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Kjd;ikj; jhdk; toq;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> mjw;fpzq;f 10Mk;> 14(1)(c)Mk; cWg;Giufshy;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s chpikfis vy;yh kjq;fSf;Fk; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; mNj
Ntisapy; ngsj;j rhrdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk; Ngzptsh;j;jYk; murpd;
flikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
my;yJ
,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Kjd;ikj; jhdk; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vy;yh kjq;fisAk; kw;Wk; mjd; ek;gpf;iffisAk; khpahijAlDk;
khd;GlDk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rkpd;wpAk; elj;JtJld; murpayikg;gpy;
cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil chpikfis vy;yh Ml;fSf;Fk;
cj;juthjkspf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy; ngsj;j rhrdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk;
Ngzptsh;j;jYk; murpd; flikahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mbg;gil chpikfs;
njhlh;ghd
cgFOtpd; mwpf;if
mbg;gil chpikfis tYg;gLj;jy;
rpy Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s Nrh;f;iffs
• caph; tho;tjw;fhd chpik>
nfsutk;> ghJfhg;G
• me;juq;fj;Jf;fhd chpik
• fy;tp chpik
• FLk;g tho;f;iff;fhd
chpik
• nrhj;J chpikfs;
• Rfhjhuk;
• Rw;whly; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
• ePjpf;fhd mZfy;
• Efh;Nthh; chpikfs;
• r%f chpikfs;
• KjpNahh; chpikfs;
• khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; chpikfs;
• njhopyhsh; chpikfs;
gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fs;
• gue;Jgl;l chpikfs;
• ,t; chpikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l
mZfy;
ez;gh;> cwtpdh;> epWtdj;jpd; %ykhf Kiwg;ghLfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl
KbAk;
tFg;G eltbf;if tof;F
nghJkf;fs; mf;fiw tof;F
• kPwy;fSf;F mur> mur rhh;gw;w mikg;Gf;fs; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.
• mur eltbf;iffs; vd;gJ> ePjpj;Jiw> rl;lthf;fj;Jiw kw;Wk;
eph;thfj;Jiwapd; eltbf;iffis cs;slf;Fk;.
• Xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYKs;s Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; mbg;gil
chpikfs; njhlh;gpyhd KOikahd epahahjpf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;nkhopTfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;like;Js;sd:
• 2009Mk; Mz;L rl;l%yj;jpd; tiuG
• nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fspd; FOtplk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l
nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
• kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO
• rika mikg;Gfs;
• Njrpa> rh;tNjr epGzh;fs;
mbg;gil chpikfs;
nghUs;Nfhly;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w NghJ
ePjpkd;wq;fs; gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;-
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
• r%ff; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;bf;
Nfhl;ghLfs;
• rdehaf rKjhaj;jpw;F
mbg;gilahfTs;s tpOkpaq;fs;
• rh;tNjr rl;lf; flg;ghLfs;
• rh;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; Vida
%yq;fs;
• nghUj;jkhd ntspehl;L
rl;lq;fs; njhlh;gpyhd
ed;eilKiwfs;
• midj;J vOj;jpyhd
rl;lq;fSk; tof;fhw;Wr;
rl;lq;fSk; nghUs;Nfhly;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w NghJ mbg;gil
chpikfs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; tof;Ffis kdpj
chpikfs; Mizf;FOTf;Fk;>
murfUk nkhopfs;
Mizf;FOTf;Fk; ghug;gLj;jyhk;.
nkhop chpikfs;• rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; Njrpa kw;Wk;
murfUk nkhopfshf mikAk;.
Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhopahf
mikAk;.
• tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; eph;thf nkh-
opahfj; jkpo; nkhop tpsq;Fk;.
• xU egh; %d;W nkhopfspy; jhd;
tpUk;gpa ve;j nkhopapYk; njhl-
h;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;sNth> njhl-
h;Gnfhs;sg;glNth KbAk;.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; cUthf;f-
g;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fSk;> khfhz
rigfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w
epajpr;rl;lq;fSk; %d;W nkhopf-
spYk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• rpq;fs nkhopapNyh my;yJ jkpo;
nkhopapNyh> trjpfs; ,Uf;fpd;w
NghJ Mq;fpy nkhopapNyh
fw;gjw;fhd chpik.
• khw;Wj;jpwdhspfspd; njhlh;ghly;
chpikfs; kw;Wk; Njitfs;.
• nkhopapay; r%fj;jpd; nkhopfis
muR mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• xU khfhz rigNah my;yJ
cs;@uhl;rp rigNah jd;Dila
mYtyf eltbf;iffisAk;
njhlh;ghly;fis tpUk;gpa
nkhopapy; Kd;ndLf;fyhk;.
eph;thfj;Jiw
1978Mk; Mz;bypUe;J epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s rdhjpgjp mikr;ruit>
ghuhSkd;wk;> nghJ eph;thfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp
tUfpd;whh;.
gjtpf;fhy vy;iy njhlh;ghd kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F fl;Lg;glhJ
njhlh;r;rpahfg; gjtptfpf;ff;$ba jd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ.
Kd;dhs; rdhjpgjpfshd re;jphpfh gz;lhuehaf;f> kfpe;j uh[gf;]
MfpNahh; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s rdhjpgjp Kiwikapid
,y;yhnjhopg;gjhf thf;FWjpaspj;jpUe;jdh;.
njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fSldhd epiyahd fhyg;gFjpf;F
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; njhpT nra;ag;gLfpd;w rdhjpgjp.
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s gpujkh; (gpujkiu njhpT cUthf;Ftjw;fhd
%d;W njhpT Kiwfs;).
• nt];lkpd;];lh; Kiw %yk; gpujkiuj; njhpTnra;jy;
(ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mjpfstpyhd Mrdq;fisf; nfhz;l
murpaw;fl;rpapd; jiyth; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfg; gjtp tfpj;jy;.
• Neubahd Njh;jy; %yk; gpujkiuj; njhpT nra;jy;
• gpujkhpid Kd;nkhopjy; (VNjDnkhU murpaw;fl;rp Ntl;ghsiu
Kd;nkhopayhk;> jq;fSila murpaw; fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j xUtiu
my;yJ NtnwhU murpaw; fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j xUtiu fl;rpf;Fs;shd
Njh;jy; %yk; Njh;e;njLj;jy;. njhFjpthhpahf my;yJ fl;rp
epuypDhlhf njhpTnra;ag;gl;l ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;> jq;fSila
fl;rpapd; jPh;khdj;jpid Mjhpf;fNtz;Lk;.
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
,uz;lhk; rig
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
ghuhSkd;wk; ,uz;L rigfisf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
,uz;lhtJ rigahdJ khfhz rigfis ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; ,izf;Fk;:
gpujpepjpj;Jtg; ghq;F: 55 cWg;gpdh;fs;
• 45 cWg;gpdh;fs; khfhzrigfspypUe;J cs;thq;fg;gLth;
xt;nthU khfhzrigAk;> xU khw;wg;glf;$ba xw;iw thf;F
mbg;gilapy; me;je;j khfhz rigapd; Ie;J cWg;gpdh;fisj;
Njh;e;njLf;fNtz;Lk;.
• xU khw;wg;glf;$ba xw;iw thf;F mbg;gilapy; ghuhSkd;wk;
10cWg;gpdh;fisj; njhpT nra;Ak;.
jj;Jtq;fSk; gzpfSk;
• rl;l%yq;fs; njhlh;gpy; MNyhrid toq;fy;
• rhjhuz rl;lq;fis Nkw;ghh;it nra;jy;
• murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,uz;lhk; rigapYk;
%d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ik mtrpak;
murhq;fj;jpid kf;fSf;F
neUf;fkhff; nfhz;Lnry;yy;
cg FOTk; ,ilf;fhy mwpf;if
gpd;tUkhW Kd;nkhopfpd;wd:
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fs;
• Njrpa juhjuq;fis
cUthf;Fjy;
• rl;lf rl;lthf;fj;ij rl;lkhf;fy;
• gfpug;gl;l tplag;nghUs;
gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;iffs;
cl;gl> Njrpaf; nfhs;iffis
cUthf;Fjy;
Njrpa epuy;: tplag;gug;Gf;fs
• ,iwik
• Ml;Gy xUikg;ghL
• ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa
• ge;Njhg];J
• nghUshjhu If;fpak
• %d;W kl;lq;fspyhd murhq;fk;
- cs;@h; mjpfhu rigfs;>
khfhzrigfs;> ghuhSkd;wk.;
• njhpT nra;ag;glhj MSehpd;
mjpfhuq;fis kPoha;T nra;jy;.
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; khfhz
rigfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
mjpfhug; gq;fPl;bidr; rPh;nra;jy;.
• Njrpa> khfhz rig> cs;@h;
mjpfhu rig epuy;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Njrpa epuypYs;s Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
tplag;nghUs; njhlh;ghd gzpfis
khfhz rigfs; Mw;Wtjw;F
ghuhSkd;wk; mDkjpaspf;fyhk;.
khfhz epuy; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
tplaq;fs; gw;wpa Njrpaf;nfhs;if
cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Gr;
nrad;KiwAld; $ba
mZFKiwnahd;iwf; filg;gpbf;Fk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w Njrpa
juhjuq;fSk; rl;lf xOq;F tpjpfSk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L rigfspYk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; khfhz-
rigfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; rkdpiy
Ngzy;
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fs; kPjhd
kl;Lg;ghLfs;
• khfhz tplag;nghUl;fs;
njhlh;gpy; njspthd
epuy;fspid cUthf;Fjy;.
• MSeh;fspd; jiyaPL
,d;wp khfhzrig
epajpr;rl;lq;fs;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;fhd
toptiffis
cUthf;Fjy;.
khfhzrigfspd;
mjpfhuq;fs; kPjhd
kl;Lg;ghLfs;
• Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapidj;
jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhd
• Njrpa juhjuq;fisj;
jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhd
• khfhz rigfspdhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;fhd
rl;lf rl;lthf;fj;ij
rl;lkhf;Ffpd;w
mjpfhuq;fisg; ghuhSkd;wk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,t; mjpfhuq;fs; kiwKfkhd
Kiwapy; khfhz rigfspd; Ra
Ml;rp Kiwapid kPWfpd;wJ.
MSehpd; tfpgq;F
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
• rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLthh;.
• itgt hPjpahd tfpghfj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;: murpayikg;gpdhy;
mtUf;F Fwpg;ghf mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; jtpu
mikr;rh;fs; rigapd; MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy; nrayhw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
• murpayikg;gpahy; khfhz epajpr;rl;lq;fSld; ,irTWtij
jhkjg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;gpy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghh;.
• Kjyikr;ruhYk;> khfhzrig vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhYk; ngah;
Fwpj;J epakdk; nra;ag;gl;L murpayikg;Gg; Nguitahy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l khfhz gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FOtpid
epakpg;ghh;.
fhzp rk;ge;jkhd
nfhs;iffs;
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
• midj;J mur fhzpfSk; murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; gad;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
• Njrpa> khfhz gl;bay;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mur
fhzpfs; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
• Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO xd;wpid cUthf;Fjy;.
Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO
• xU RahjPdkhd Mizf;FOthf mikAk;.
• gue;Jgl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fhzp
cgNahff; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk;.
• kj;jpa murpdJk; khfhzq;fspdJk; gpujhd r%fq;fspdJk;
gpujpepjpahf mikAk;.
Njh;jy; Kiwik
,ilf;fhy mwpf;if gpd;tUkhW
Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ:
xU Gjpa Njh;jy; Kiwik - fyg;G cWg;gpdh;
tpfpjhrhu Kiwik
233 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;:
• 140 njhFjpfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd thf;Ffspidg;
ngwg;gLfpd;wth;fspdhy; epug;gg;gLk; cq;fSila ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdiu ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gPh;fs;.
• kPjKs;s 93 Mrdq;fs; murpay; fl;rpfs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
thf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; fl;rpfSf;fpilapy;
tpfpjhrhu mbg;gilapy; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk;.
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s Njh;jy; Kiwik - fyg;G
cWg;gpdh; tpfpjhrhu Kiwik (MMP)
A B C D
1 2
njhFjpthhpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
60% 40%
tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
140 njhFjpfs; fl;rpfSf;fhd 93 Mrdq;fs;
thf;Fg;gjpT
Ntl;ghsh; thf;F
fl;rp thf;F
Ntl;ghsh;
Ntl;ghsh; B
A
C
D
fl;rp A
fl;rp B
fl;rp C
fl;rp D
A B C D
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
KjyhtJ rig
233 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;
Ntl;ghsh;
Ntl;ghsh;
epjp njhlh;ghd cg-FO
Kd;nkhopTfs;
cgFO gpd;tUk; Njitg;ghLfs;
njhlh;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
• gfpuq;f epjp mikg;GKiwapd; nraw;ghl;bid
newpg;gLj;jf;$ba njhFjp xj;jpirthd Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
• ghuhSkd;w fz;fhzpg;Gldhd nrytPdq;fs; kw;Wk;
ghhpastpyhd gfpuq;f KjyPLfs;
• epjpapay; ehzak;> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk;
tifg;nghWg;gpid cj;juthjg;gLj;Jfpd;w epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs;.
• tuT nryTj; jpl;l cUthf;fk;> tUkhdr; Nrfhpg;G>
thpapWg;G> nryTf; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T
cs;slq;fpa fl;likf;fg;gl;l tuT nryTj; jpl;lr;
nrad;Kiwf;fhd cWjpahd rl;l mbg;gil.
• fld;ngwy; kw;Wk; tUepfo;Tg; nghWg;Gf;fs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghL
FO NkYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
khfhz> cg-Njrpa kl;lq;fspy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gfph;tpidf;
nfhz;Ls;s gfpuq;f epjpapd; kj;jpa fl;Lg;ghL
Njrpa epjpapid khfhz> cs;@h; mjpfhu rig epjpfspypUe;J
NtWgLj;jpf; ifahSjy; gutyhf;fj;jpd; murpiw
mj;jpthuj;jpidr; rPhFiyf;fpd;wJ.
gpujhd ghpe;Jiufs;
• gfpuq;f epjpapid fzf;fha;tpypUe;J Ntwhf;fy;
• fzf;fha;T mYtyfj;jpidAk; fzf;fha;Tr; Nrit
Mizf;FOtpidAk; cUthf;fy;
• fzf;fhsh; ehafj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;l 7
tUlq;fs;
• gue;Jgl;l murpayikg;G rl;lfj; njhopw;ghl;bw;F mikthd
tpidj;jpwdhd epjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ey;yhl;rpj; Njitg;ghLfis
milahsq;fhzy;.
• Fbrd msT> NritfSf;fhd mZFif> mgptpUj;jpapd; msT>
nghJr; Nritapd; msT> xt;nthU khfhzj;jpdJk; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
FiwghLfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
rkijahd epjp xJf;fPl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfis milahsq;fhzy;.
• ek;gfj;jd;ikAs;s epjp Mizf;FOtpid epakpj;jYk;
jpiwNrhpapypUe;J mJ tpyfpapUg;gjid cj;juthjg;gLj;jYk;.
• Njrpa hPjpahd tUkhdj;jpd; xg;GuTg; gq;Ffis khfhzq;fSf;Fk;
khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapYk; xJf;fPL nra;tJ njhlh;gpYk; Vida
njhlh;Ggl;l tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpYk; epjp Mizf;FO ghpe;Jiuf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
• khfhzq;fSf;Fk; cs;@h; mjpfhu rigfSf;Fkpilapy; tsq;fis
xJf;fPL nra;tjw;fhf khfhz epjp Mizf;FOf;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• epjp Mizf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis rdhjpgjp ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;
ePjpj;Jiw njhlh;ghd
cgFOtpd; mwpf;if
gpujhdkhd ghpe;Jiufs;
• mjpfhpj;j ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk;
• ePjpgjpfspd; ntspg;gilahdJk; ghugl;rkw;wJkhd epakdk;
• tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;G
• murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
• ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfSk; epahahjpf;fKk;
• cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; xOf;fhw;W Mizf;FO
• rl;lq;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw kPoha;T
kf;fspd; epahahjpf;f mjpfhuj; jj;Jtk;
murpayikg;gpdhy; Neubahf ePjpj;Jiwf;F
chpj;jspf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ>
ePjpkd;wq;fspDhlhfTk; epaharigfspDhlhfTk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjpfhpj;j ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk;
• eph;thfj;JiwapdJk; rl;lthf;fj;JiwapdJk; jiyaPlw;w Rje;jpukhd
ePjpj;Jiw
• fl;Lg;ghLfNsh> mOj;jq;fNsh> jiyaPLfNsh ,d;wp ePjpgjpfs;
nraw;glf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfSk;
epahahjpf;fKk;
cah; ePjpkd;wk;
• ,Wjp Nkd;KiwaPLfSf;F khj;jpuk;
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
• khfhz Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpk-
d;wq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
• Fw;wtpay; gphpT kw;Wk; th;j;jfg;
gphpT.
• vOj;jhiz epahahjpf;fk; kw;Wk;
mbg;gil chpikfs; epahahjpf;fk;.
• Kjd;dpiy ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J
tUfpd;w Nkd;KiwaPl;L epahahjp-
f;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
Nky; ePjpkd;wk;
• ghuJhukhd Fw;wr; nray;fs; kPjhd
Fw;wtpay; epahahjpf;fk;
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
• murpayikg;Gf;Fg; nghUs;Nfhly;
toq;fy;
• rl;l %yq;fspdJk;> rl;lq;fspd-
Jk; epajpr;rl;lq;fspdJk; ePjpKiw
kPoha;T
• kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khfhzq;fSf;Fk;
,ilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w
gpzf;Ffisj; jPh;j;jy;
• ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Ghpik kPwy;fs;
• mjd; nrhe;jj; jPh;g;Gfspd; kPoha;T
epakdq;fs;
murpayikg;G rigapd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;
cah; ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfspd; xOf;fhw;W
Mizf;FO
• gpioahd elj;ij my;yJ
jftpd;ik njhlh;ghd
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tprhhpj;jy;.
• Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs;
njhlh;gpy; tprhhpj;J
murpayikg;G rigf;F
mwpf;ifapid rkh;g;gpj;jy;.
(ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
mDkjpAld;) Fw;wk;
ep&gdkhd ePjpgjpia
ePf;FkhW rdhjpgjpf;Fg;
ghpe;Jiuj;jy;.
GjpaJ
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l ePjpkd;wf;
fl;likg;G
• cah; ePjpkd;wk; -
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
• Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
kw;Wk; khfhz Nkd;KiwaPl;L
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
• Nky;ePjpkd;wk;
• fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fs; - khtl;l
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> FLk;g
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> ePjpthd;
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> gpw.
jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vt;
tifahd khw;wq;fs; kf;fs;
jPh;g;gpDhlhd
nghJkf;fspdJ
mq;fPfhuj;jpidj;
Njitg;gLj;Jk;?
• murpd; jd;ik (jw;NghJ> Rje;jpuKk;> ,iwikAk; jd;dhjpf;fKk;
xw;iwahl;rpAKila Nrhryprf; FbauR vd tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)>
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tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w Nehf;fpy; ,g; gzpj;jpl;lkhdJ Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l fzprkhf mstpyhd Kd;nkhopTfs;
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mwpaj;je;Js;sJ.
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http://www.democracy-reporting.org ,y; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.