HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF GARDEN DESIGNILLUSTRATED NOTEBOOK

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Ancient Egypt 2000 BC – 1000BC

1.Geography

Figure 1 Northern Nile Valley (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2014) the map shows location of the Egypt and the river Nile.

The civilization of ancient Egypt developed on the north of Africa in the arid climate. That area has few distinctive key geographic features; the Arabian and Libyan

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deserts, and the Nile River, which flows from Lake Victoria north into the Mediterranean Sea. Because this region received almost no rainfall, the Nile River was a major key to the base for the future empire of the Egyptian civilization. The riverbanks rich in fertile oasis in the middle of great deserts, which allowed the Egyptians to develop into a powerful state based in agricultural wealth. Egypt’s dependence on a river as its life source was not unique. This dependence was characteristic of several ancient races, including the Mesopotamia and Indus civilizations that relied on the Tigris/Euphrates and Indus rivers respectively. (World Museum, 2014)

The Egyptian took an advantage of the location by the proximity of the River Nile and surrounded by desert. Egyptian by using those factors started to cultivate the land and started agriculture. They use river to fill up pool during floods and store it for drier moments. They developed irrigation system by using those pool or wells and bucket to bring water directly from The Nile.

Figure 2 Ipuy tomb, Deir el-Madinah, 1250 BC. (World Museum, 2014). Shaduf (shadoof) is a machine to move water from a lower place to a higher place.

2.Religion and philosophyThe Religion in Egypt was part of everyday lifeBeliefs – Gods, creation myths, afterlifeThe primary aim was – acceptance of the gods and entry into the afterlife. So they surrounded themselves with reminders and symbols of their beliefArt was a means of communication between the elite, the rest of society and the gods.Found in tombs in the forms of hieroglyphics, frescoes on the wall and sculptureReligious symbolism and meaning was an overriding theme in art designed to project a perfect version of reality, in which there was no evil, into eternity. It showed depictions of Gods, religious beliefs, nature and the environment – including gardens. (Wikipedia, 2014)

They build temples with one of the fundamental part, which was a garden. Temples very often represented elements of the cosmos. A vital element of the temple garden was water, which was symbolic of the primordial waters of creation. These waters were the manifestation of the god Nun and quite often there has been an island located in the center of the body of water to symbolize the initial moments of creation. The body of water followed the east-west orientation of the temple designed in rectangular or t-shape form and located in the center. (Emily Teeter, 202)

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Old Kingdom texts outlined the sacred roles of plants. Plants not only represented divinities, the gods also embodied the plants. Some examples:

Date Palm represented Ra (Sun God) Tamarisk represented Osiris (ruler of the underworld and god of the dead) Sycamore represented Hathor (Goddess of Love and joy) Doum Palm represented Thoth (God of writing and knowledge) Hathor was probably the most important in relation to Gardens – she is often

depicted living in the Sycamore tree.According to the Book of Dead, guidance for the afterlife, twin sycamores stood at the eastern gate of heaven from which the sun god Re emerged each morning. (Alison, 2008)

3.Social HistoryPharaoh had an absolute power. It was thought to be God's representative on Earth.He performs rituals, made laws and collected taxes and defended his Kingdom. He built temples with a form of outdoor space by many believed as a garden to honor the Gods. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

The High Priest is held on behalf of the Governments of the Pharaoh. Initially this was one person, but over time in lower and upper Egypt cited two top officials as well he was a political adviser to the Pharaoh. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

Priests-were not only religious functions, but they manage the huge fortunes belonging to the temples. Were like in those days advanced research. They also had a strong influence on the policy of the State. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

Officials-were educated and had a rare skill as writing and counting. Clerical positions were not heritage and were not depended on the social origin of the candidate. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

Craftsmen- manufactured tools, ceramics, clothes and useful objects in everyday life. Some were involved in the production of luxury goods, while others participated in the construction of temples and tombs of the Pharaohs. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

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Figure 3 Wall painting pictures Farmers and herders in ancient Egypt (Tangient LLC, 2014 ). Animals played significant role in developing agriculture and cultivating soil. Egyptians use animals for work and source of food.

The next down were the farmers and herders they were responsible of growing crops and maintenance of the canals during quite season. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

Peasants-were the largest social group in Egypt. They have been involved in the cultivation of land leased from the Pharaoh or as priests. During breaks in the work of the field were employed on large construction sites. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

Slaves- they were in Egypt, a relatively small group. Did not have any rights, belonged to the Pharaoh or the wealthy Egyptians. They were usually men, taken prisoner by the army of the Egyptian ruler. The last in the pyramid and making most of the population are the unskilled slaves and peasants. (Tangient LLC, 2014 )

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4.History of Art and Architecture

Figure 4. A well-preserved painting from the tomb of an Egyptian builder Sennedjem, in Deir el-Medina (19th dynasty) presents a cultivation of cereals, as well as plough using, but first of all—an orchard and a flowerbed, located on fields surrounded by canals. Trees and flowers planted alternately with great regularity prove the careful planning of the garden. (World Museum, 2014)

Figure 5 Painting from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes (World Museum, 2014)

Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, in a fresco from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th dynasty (World Museum, 2014)

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Figure 6. The garden scene of tomb at Thebes (Jellicoe, 1995) depicts the elegant and ephemeral nature of domestic Architecture and the decorative use of plants such as the vine trellis and the pomegranate trees.

Neolithic peoples was coupled together by the bonds of birth, they were not educated hierarchical social structure, the codified belief systems, administration. Did not know the Scriptures well, although its origins date back to the culture of the Vinca around 5300 BC. The first advanced sedentary culture (i.e. agricultural) that need and can create great architecture formed ok. 3000 BC in Egypt and lower Mesopotamia Sumerian era. Some kinship in the ornamental motifs used in the art of these two cultures, indicate the existence of a deeper, but difficult to decipher today compounds. A common feature of their architecture is a great raw scale and monumentality of religious and funerary offerings. It is amazing that these first organized culture, although historical scale that undoubted achievement, but with still very primitive technique, created buildings of extremely high artistic level and scale which is a challenge even for modern construction techniques. (World Museum, 2014)

5.History of gardens and horticultureEgyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture on quite big scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the Egyptians as they developed basin irrigation. The Egyptian method includes a network of canals, dikes, and sluices, basins where some of those were found in illustrations of the temple garden.

“The Egyptians cultivated a wide range of foodstuffs (garlic, onion, radish, lettuce, parsley, different beans and lentils, melons and gourds, dates, figs, grapes and later the pomegranate, olive, apple, peach and pear), and a great variety of herbs, spices and

medicinal plants. As well, 200 species of flowering and aromatic plants have been identified from remains found in the tombs.” (Baeyer, 2007)

According to Baeyer the Egyptians built some gardens on different levels that were linked by terraces, incorporated water features in their gardens, and separated their gardens into different sections by using walls, lines of trees, pergolas, etc. The ancient Egyptians classified their gardens by their form, what was grown in them and the buildings the gardens were attached to. (Baeyer, 2007).

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6.Garden plans Egyptian Home Garden we know from today's model in the tomb of Meketre II Menhutohepa Chancellor. Wall paintings preserved in the tombs depict gardens, walled gardens consisting of small ponds with fish and aquatic birds, vegetable plot, and rows of trees.

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Figure 7 Figure 8

Left. Model of the house garden of chancellor from Meketre’s tomb (World Museum, 2014) house gardens the elements of which include ponds inhabited by fish and water (ponds), also vegetable growers, vineyards and lines of trees.

Right. Reconstruction of palace Egyptian garden (World Museum, 2014) the complex consists of a walled house, surrounded with decorative gardens, and the neighboring farming garden. Use of wall out side of the house was use as boundary and completion of the composition.

The oldest and most famous of the so-called plan The Sennufera shows the existing in Western Thebes during the 18TH Dynasty garden adjacent to the House, consisting of the main axis symmetrically in relation to the schedule of swimming pools, rows of trees and vineyard. (World Museum, 2014)

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About Egyptian Temple gardens we know little, although it may be assumed that in so many assumptions as located on the banks of the Nile, Karnak, in which there were two great sacred Lake at least around these tanks and Sphinxes formed the lines of trees. It is possible that parts of the densely built-up areas of the Temple took place in the fruit supply gardens selling to the victim and the deceased. In the relatively small temple of Mentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari preserved traces of the garden in the main courtyard and planted the processional avenue of fig trees. (World Museum, 2014)

Figure 9 Garden Sennufera, Western Thebes, ok. 1410 BC (17TH dynasty)

Thebes during the 18TH Dynasty garden adjacent to the House, consisting of the main axis symmetrically in relation to the schedule of swimming pools, vineyard and rows of trees. Garden was surrounded by wall and divided into equal portions and by low walks.

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The ramp and terraces of the sepulchral temple of Mentuhotep II (World Museum, 2014) Temple of Mentuhotep II in Deir-el-Bahari rests of the principal courtyard garden and the processional avenue planted with fig trees has remained. Those ruins are one of the remained of Ancient garden plan we can see similarities in todays designs.

Baroque & Rococo:

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1. Typical Garden Plan

(Fig. 1)

2. 1. Garden plans

Architects attracted upon advancements science and science, utilizing a "Cartesian"

geometry with roads arriving at to draw the encompassing landscape into the

arrangement. The trademark gimmicks of baroque arrangements were: a halfway

situated building, fancy parterres, wellsprings, bowls and trenches. (Garden Visit, ,

2015)A bound together train implanted the private building design, arrangement

structural planning , model, wellsprings, falls, planting and different gimmicks.(see

Fig. 1) Command of the waters was key and in numerous enclosures there were such a

large number of wellsprings that they could be worked just for a brief time every

week. (Garden Visit, , 2015)

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3. General history:

Jose Antonio Maravall discovered that rococo culture developed out of the social and

economic emergencies of the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years,

encouraging the foundation of the state and its corresponding motors of constraint and

propaganda. This absolutist state sent human expressions as a political intends to

surprise society into accommodation to the ruler. The differing degrees of state

control considered various cultural and political gathering of expressions of the

human experience to develop and for the likelihood of against elaborate expressions

to create nearby ornate ones. This plausibility welcomes us to understand the states of

masterful generation as an introduction to stylish feedback and to position

arrangement history inside the system of social history. Such a methodology

investigates and clarifies the vexing contrasts in extravagant craftsmanship and

landscape building design in diverse nations and at distinctive times from the end of

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the sixteenth century to the present. In spite of the fact that principally connected with

Europe, rococo culture created somewhere else too. (Conan, 2005)

4. Social history:

Baroque enclosures were for show. High society accumulated to appreciate and take

an interest in the drama. Like a play, the enclosure was deficient without a crowd of

people. It was likewise a physical representation of the holder's energy and

essentialness: one must be there. France was the main nation in the improvement of

high baroque enclosures and they got to be connected with totalitarian government.

Versailles was uninhibitedly open to honorable men, giving they conveyed a sword.

The swarms would part respectfully when Louis XIV made a stately movement of his

home, maybe in the organization of his gifted fashioner, Andre Le Notre. An old

park-utilization was re-found: timberland rides were utilized for chasing. (Garden

Visit, , 2015)

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5.

6. Religion and philosophy:

The mixing of philosophy and religion was seriously hostile to both neoclassical

restriction and also to Victorian stuffiness; it is a piece of the virtuoso of the Baroque.

(New World Encyclopedia, 2012)Bernini, who during his time composing was a

passionate Catholic, is not endeavouring to parody the behaviour of a virtuous sister,

yet to typify some complex truth regarding the behaviour of religion— that it is one

that may be experienced inside the body. Theresa portrayed her substantial response

to otherworldly illumination in a dialect of euphoria utilized by numerous magic, and

Bernini's portrayal is sincere. (New World Encyclopedia, 2012)

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The Cornaro family advance themselves attentively in this sanctuary; they present

themselves outwardly, however are set on the fringes of their house of prayer, seeing

the occasion from galleries. As in a musical show house, the Cornaro have a

favourable representation in admiration to the audience, closer to the paragon of piety;

the viewer, be that as it may, has a superior perspective from the front. They join their

name to the house of prayer, however Saint Theresa is the centring. It is a personal

house of prayer as in nobody could perform mass on the sacrificial stone underneath

the statue (in the 1600s and most likely the 1800s) without the family’s prior

approval, however the most important issue that partitions the viewer from the picture

maybe the holy place rail. The exhibition capacities which is a symbol of both

supernatural quality and even some pride for the family. (New World Encyclopedia,

2012)

7. 5. Art and architecture:

In Baroque structural planning, new consideration was situated on building curves,

light-and-shade (chiaroscuro), "painterly" colour effects, and the solid play of volume

and void. In internal parts, Baroque advancement in total is a void taught spectacular

staircases that had no equivalent in the development displaying. Another Baroque

advancement in like manner inward part was the state level, a processional plan of

logically rich inner parts that peaked in a region chamber or throne room or a state

room. The progression of groundbreaking stairs emulated albeit in a smaller capacity

all over in favoured dwelling places any cases. (New World Encyclopedia, 2012)

Baroque structural engineering was raised with energy in central Germany (e.g.

Ludwigsburg Palace and Zwinger Dresden), Austria and Russia (see e.g. Peterhof and

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Catherine Palace). In England the flawlessness of Baroque building configuration was

encapsulated in work by Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas

Hawksmoor, from ca. 1660 to ca. 1725. Various instances of Baroque development

displaying and town masterminding are found in some other places in Europe as well

as South America. Town masterminding of this period underscored radiating lanes

meeting in squares, which took signs from Baroque fenced in area plans.in Sicily,

Baroque made new shapes and subjects as in Noto and Acireale "Basilica di San

Sebastiano". (New World Encyclopedia, 2012)

Medieval Castles & Monasteries:

8. Fig 2.

9. Garden plans

In medieval times, the vast majority developed a rate of the nourishment they

consumed. Vegetables were principally become in a medieval enclosure yet

particularly critical was the developing of herbs and blossoms as these were utilized

for cooking as well as for restorative purposes. (see Fig. 2) Medieval stronghold

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garden herb enclosures are still famous today, chiefly in light of their inborn essentials

to our medieval ancestors.

The eating methodology of the normal medieval laborer was exceptionally bland, the

every day passage being pottage (juices made with vegetables and heartbeats and, if

accessible, meat), presented with bread. Including herbs made the pottage more

satisfactory and solid tasting vegetables were additionally utilized for the same

reason.

The best and most plentiful arrangements were found inside the grounds of medieval

manors. The enclosure in the photo (left) is in the grounds of a French medieval

donjon. Still affectionately maintainted today, it is loaded with herbs, blooms and

foods grown from the ground which are utilized by an adjacent restaurant for gourmet

cooking. (Medieval Castle, 2008)

Medieval monasteries likewise had their own, regularly far reaching, arrangements.

The ministers must act naturally sufficient in supplying their own nourishment

obviously however they likewise offered restorative treatment for the nearby group

utilizing herbs and poultices produced using what they developed. So tending the

religious arrangement was a genuine undertaking retaining a considerable measure of

time and vitality from the ministers and at times bringing about the cloister employing

in lay cultivators. Numerous devout arrangements additionally incorporated a fish

lake where they would cultivate their own fish and eels. (Medieval Castle, 2008)

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10. General history:

Medieval monasteries were the wealthiest land managers in Medieval England - more

so than any medieval ruler. Medieval cloisters commanded the congregation in

Medieval England as the ministers who existed and worked in them were thought to

be amazingly heavenly. (HistoryLearningSite, 2014)

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11. Social history:

The French lords were concerned to lay out beautiful arrangements. Ultrogote, wife of

Childeric I., was well known for the rose-enclosure she had planted by her castle. The

enclosure at the old illustrious stronghold at St. Germain had an extraordinary

notoriety.

However in the stormy days of the following hundreds of years the haughty nobles

needed to give up a significant number of their gentler conduct and traditions. They

were propelled by the agitation and instability of those days to fortify their spots, and

contract them into a littler compass. Nothing stayed of the fine structures of Bishop

Sidonius' opportunity aside from the protective parts of the dividers and the towers of

the keep, the fortress with its subordinate homestead structures about the inward

court. The honourable managers were obliged to assemble their mansions on just

about blocked off mountain-tops, where there was almost no space, or else down in

the plain with wide canals; and in not one or the other case was there space to have an

enclosure. Also there was very little slant for tranquil development of the ground, and

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the men got from the pursuit everything that was needed in the kitchen. Regardless of

this, then again, the arrangement was not by any means non attendant from the old

manors. The women were the plant specialists, for they had been taught by ministers

how to plant mending herbs among their vegetables, so they not just got additional

dishes and green nourishment for the table, but on the other hand had the capacity

help the debilitated and injured in stronghold or town. In the season of blooms, they

appreciated the excellence of numerous shades, and the gay youngsters doubtlessly

used to weave garlands for themselves and their sidekicks. The enclosure was put

close to the windows of the ladies' quarters, in order to be under the eye of the woman

of the château. It respected see the arrangement from above, for it lay like a colourful

floor covering, little and delightful to observe. (Garden Visit (a), 2015)

12. Religion and philosophy:

Amid the Middle Ages religion was everything. It was not surprising for individuals

to go to chapel daily and beg five times each day. Individuals accepted that all the

great things in life were because of the abundance of god and that the

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underhandedness occasions of the times were because of their wrongdoings.

(Midieval Life, 2014) Medieval religion was greatly essential and even the specialists

and doctors of the period were additionally knowledgeable in religion. From

conception to death, whether you were a labourer, a serf, a respectable a master or a

King - life was commanded by the congregation and medieval religion. There were

numerous acclaimed Medieval Saints. (Midieval Life, 2014)

13. Art and architecture:

Workmanship amid this time saw various switches up to the advancement of the early

Renaissance period. Early workmanship subjects were right away constrained to the

era of Pietistic painting (religious craftsmanship or Christian workmanship) as lit up

unique duplicates, mosaics and fresco masterpieces in places of love. There were no

picture masterful manifestations in the strength of the Middle Ages. (Midieval Life,

2014) The shades were generally to some degree calmed. The subject of Medieval

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construction modeling is furthermore secured in this fragment. The architecture styles

during the period were called Romanesque and after that was known as the French

Style, Perpendicular or more conventionally as Gothic development demonstrating.

(Midieval Life, 2014)

Mixed style & Victorian Eclecticism:

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14.

15. Fig. 3

Garden plans

Alton Towers is the best sample of the Mixed style yet it was severely censured by

Loudon and the planting outline is not Gardenesque. The plants at Alton Towers are

in sporadic gatherings however the gathering is of extremely peripheral enthusiasm to

plants men and there is no confirmation of an organic get-up-and-go for

distinguishing proof, (see Fig. 3)characterization and mixture. Loudon was horrified

by the mixture of styles at Alton Towers - it irritated him in the same way that

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reference book entrances on 'rakes and roses' or 'French and Finnish' building design

would have affronted him. In the wake of going by Alton Towers in 1826 and again in

1831 he composed the accompanying depictions of the enclosures. (Garden Visit (b),

2015)

16. General history:

Fluctuation was initially noted as a practice by a social occasion of old-fashioned

Greek and Roman academics, who were not really part of any system, however

looked over existing philosophical feelings those standards that had all the earmarks

of being most sensible to them. Out of this assembled material they fabricated their

new game plan of hypothesis. The term starts from the “Greek ἐκλεκτικός

(eklektikos),” really picking the best, and that from “ἐκλεκτός (eklektos),” (Liddell &

Scott, n.d.) picked, select. Extraordinary eclectics in Greek rationale were the Stoics

Panaetius and Posidonius, and the New Academics Carneades and Philo of Larissa.

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Among the Romans, Cicero was out and out differing, as he united the Peripatetic and

Stoic. (Liddell & Scott, n.d.)

17. Social history:

The Ashridge Red Book proposed no short of what fifteen separate sorts of

arrangement. They incorporated a heavenly well in a walled in area of rich stone

work, a winter cultivate, a minister's arrangement, a shielded enclosure for remote

trees, an American arrangement, raised bunks, and a rosarium which was 'supplied

from the sacred well, and then drove into the cave, from whence it is at long last

directed into the drinking-pool in the recreation center'. The suceeding part from the

red book on Woburn Abbey proposed an alternate American arrangement and a

Chinese-dairy 'enhanced by a collection of Chinese plants, for example, the

Hydrangea, Aucuba, and Camellia japonica'. Since Repton's Fragments on the

hypothesis and practice of landscape cultivating was distributed in 1816, and Alton

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Towers was made somewhere around 1814 and 1827, it appears sure that Repton, as

the most well known landscape planner and planting creator of his day, was the

prevalent impact on the Earl of Shrewsbury. However Repton's diverse sorts of

enclosure were just planned to make the closer view more Beautiful; the Earl and

numerous consequent planners connected the style to entire bequests. (Garden Visit

(b), 2015)

18. Religion and philosophy:

In religion, Eclectics use components from different religions, connected theories,

individual encounters or different writings and authoritative opinions to structure their

personal feelings and contemplations, recording resemblances of the structures and

practices in existence, and recalling these honest to goodness. These musings fuse

life, karma, presence in the wake of death, God and Goddess, the Earth, and other

significant contemplations.

19. Art and architecture:

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The term mixture has been utilized to depict the mix, in one work, of parts from

assorted certain styles, basically in structural building and, by recommendation, in the

fine and fancy statements. The term is habitually moreover more or less associated

with the general involved mixture of nineteenth century development demonstrating

after Neo-custom (c. 1820), regardless of the way that the recuperations of the varying

styles during the time, taking after the 1970s, generally been implied as parts of

historicism. (Eaton, 1975)

Mixture accept a key part in fundamental dialogs and evaluations however is

somehow distant from the honest to goodness appearances of the doodads to which it

is joined, and its hugeness is thusly rather badly characterized. The most

straightforward importance of the term—that every magnum opus speaks to the mix

of a blended sack of effects is so basic as to be of little usage. In a couple of ways

Eclecticism is reminiscent of Mannerism in that the term was used censoriously for a

critical piece of the time of its money, though, not in the slightest degree like

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Mannerism, Eclecticism never signified to an improvement or constituted a specific

style: it is portrayed totally by the way that it was not a particular style.

20. BibliographyAlison, D., 2008. Egyptian Gardens,. [Online] Available at: https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/StudiaAntiqua/article/./11837 [Accessed November 2014].Anon., n.d. [Online].Baeyer, E.v., 2007. The development and history of horticulture. [Online] Available at: http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/e6-156-07-00.pdf [Accessed November 2014].Conan, M. (ed.) (2005) Baroque Garden Cultures Emulation, Sublimation, Subversion, Dumbarton Oaks Colloquia on the History of Landscape Architecture.Eaton, L.K. (1975) 'The Architecture of Choice: Eclectism in America 1880-1910'.Garden Visit (a) (2015) Castle gardens in the middle ages, [Online], Available: http://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/castle_gardens_middle_ages [06 January 2015].Garden Visit (b) (2015) Mixed Style of Garden Design, [Online], Available: http://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/tom_turner_english_garden_design/mixed_style_of_garden_design [06 January 2015].Garden Visit, (2015) High Baroque Style, [Online], Available: http://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/garden_landscape_design_articles/historic_design_styles/high_baroque_garden_design_style [06 January 2015].HistoryLearningSite (2014) Medieval Monasteries, [Online], Available: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_monasteries.htm [06 January 2015].Liddell & Scott (n.d) ' A Greek-English Lexicon', Perseus Digital Library.Medieval Castle (2008) Mideival Gardens, [Online], Available: http://www.medieval-castle.com/medieval_garden.htm [06 January 2015].Midieval Life (2014) Medieval Religion, June, [Online], Available: http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-religion/ [06 January 2015].New World Encyclopedia (2012) Baroque Period, 18 December, [Online], Available: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Baroque_period [06 January 2015].Emily Teeter, D.J.B., 202. Fathom Archives. [Online] The Oriental Institute Available at: http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/ [Accessed 15 Novemmber 2014].

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Jellicoe, G.a.S., 1995. The Landscape of Man shaping the enviroment from prehistory to present day. 3rd ed. London: Thames&Hudson.Tangient LLC, 2014. Egyptian Hierarchy. [Online] Available at: http://walkthroughegypt.wikispaces.com/Egyptian+Hierarchy [Accessed 15 Noovember 2014 ].The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2014. The Art of Ancient Egipt. [Online] Available at: http://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/The_Art_of_Ancient_Egypt_A_Resource_for_Educators.pdf. [Accessed November 2014].Turner, T., 2005. Garden History Philosophy and Design 2000BC- 2000AD. 1st ed. London and New York: Taylor and Francis Group.Wikipedia, 2014. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture [Accessed 15 November 2014].Wikipedia, 2014. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt [Accessed 15 November 2014].World Museum, 2014. History of gardening. [Online] Available at: http://www.historiasztuki.com.pl/strony/007-01-00-HISTORIA-OGRODOW-eng.html [Accessed 15 November 2014].

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