wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wkqiaurK foaYkh - 2014

zzmYapd;a lkakka.r hq.fha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sn| iudf,dapkhlaZZ m%:u uqøKh - 2014 © cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uqøKh ( uqøKd,h cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uyr.u www.nie.lk

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mYapd;a lkakka.r hq.fha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK

ms<sn| iudf,dapkhla ¥ro¾YS kdhlhl= jk wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s÷ka fjkqfjka úismiajk jrg;a ixúOdkh lrk ,o foaYkh meje;aùfuka t;=udg Wmydr oelaùug;a" nqyquka oelaùug;a" ug wdrdOkh lsÍu .ek uu w;sYh ikaf;daIhg m;afjñ' mqoa.,sl jYfhka t;=uka úiska wdrïN lrkq ,enQ ksoyia wOHdmkfha;a" YsIH;aj m%odk ie,eiafï;a m%;s,dN ,enQjl= jYfhka uu wo Èk N=la;s úÈk ;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka t;=ukag lD;{ fjñ' 1947 j¾Ifha § uu tl,

"mfya YsIH;ajh" jYfhka ye¢kajqKq ;r. úNd.fhka iu¾: j" 1948 § bx.%sis udOHfhka wOHdmkh yeoEÍu Wfoid uOH úoHd,hlg we;=¿ ùñ' tod isg úYajúoHd,fhka Wmdêh ,nd.kakd f;la ksoyia wOHdmkfha M, m%fhdack N+la;s úkafoñ' ksoyia wOHdmkfha mshd fj; fuf,i uf.a lD;{;dj m%ldY lsÍug wjia:dj i,id foñka" ug fuu foaYkh meje;aùug wdrdOkh l<" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udg;a" m¾fhaIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍkag;a uf.a wjxl ia;=;sh m< lrñ' wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s÷ka úiska furg wOHdmkh Wfoid ,nd § we;s uyÕ== odhl;ajh;a" úfYaIfhka u idudkH ckhdf.a nyq;rhl ¥ orejka Wfoid lrk ,o fiajh;a" foaYmd,k{hkaf.a" wOHdmk{hkaf.a iy úoaj;=kaf.a o" fkdu| meiiqug ,la j we;' 1931 - 1947 olajd t;=uka wOHdmk weu;s f,i rdcldrs l< ld,fha §" rdcH iNdfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| úOdhl ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;s f,i lghq;= lrñka rg ;=< idudchSh úma,jhlg ;=vq ÿka jevigyka .Kkdjla u Èh;a fldg l%shd;aul flßKs' t;=ukaf.a tu m%h;akh ksid cd;sl wOHdmkhg l%uj;a

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ie,eiaul moku jeà ;sfí' tu fya;=fjka fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj ksoyi ,en j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a w;r" iudc j¾Ok iïnkaOfhka wdo¾Yhla njg Y%S ,xldj m;a j we;' f,dal nexl=j jeks cd;Hka;r ixúOdk wdpd¾h lkakka.r jeks mqfrda.dóka f.a ¥ro¾YS nj ms<s.ekSu ;yjqre

lrñka fufia mjid we;' "1930 - 1940 wjêfhys § u wOHdmk ie,eiaul uQ,sl rduqj ieliSfuka" ,dxflah m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska" ñksia m%d.aOkh mD:q, mrdihla ;=< jákd wd¾Ól iy idudÔh jdis iemhSfï YlH;dj we;s" tu wfmalaId idlaId;a lr .; yels Wmdh ud¾.hla nj wjfndaO fldg .ekSug;a" ;;ald,Skhkag jvd fndfyda bÈßfhka isàug;a

iu¾: jQ nj fmkakqï fldg we;" ^f,dal nexl=j" 2005 &' ksoyia wOHdmkh y÷kajd §u" b.ekaùfï udOHh cd;sl NdId udOHhg udre lsÍu" uOH úoHd, msysgqùu jeks uQ,sl lafIa;% flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùu ksid" wOHdmkfha úúO me;slv iïnkaOfhka wdpd¾h lkakka.r ue;s;=uka ;=< jQ iïmQ¾K oelau ie,ls,a,g fhduq ù we;af;a lsysm fofkl=g muKs' tfia jqj o" úIhud,d ixfYdaOk oaù;Sl wOHdmkh ;=< úúOdx.lrKhla we;s lsÍu" .=re ixj¾Okh" tlajqK iudc tald.%;djh f.dv ke.Su by; i|yka oE muKg u jeo.;a fõ'

wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh - ykafoiai fhdackd l%uh úIhud,d ixfYdaOkhla lsÍfuys ,d .;a m%:u mshjr jQfha ykafoiai fhdackd l%uh hkqfjka ye¢kajQ .%dóh wOHdmk ie,eiau y÷kajd §u h' wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka f.a iNdm;s;ajh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ úOdhl ldrl iNdjg wjYH jQfha wOHdmkh;a" ck Ôú;fha wd¾Ól yd iudc lafIa;% w;r;a iy iïnkaOhla we;slr ,Su h' w;ayod ne,Sula jYfhka uykqjrg wdikakj msysá ykafoiai m%foaYfha .ïno

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mdi,l w¨;a udÈ,sfha ks¾udKYS,S mdGud,djla wdrïN lrk ,È' fuu fhdackd l%uhg iyNd.s jQ 6" 7" 8 mka;sj, isiqkaf.a bf.kqï l%shdj,sh - Ôjk l=i,;d" fi!LH wOHdmkh" ;u m%foaYh .ek bf.kqu iy fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh jYfhka lafIa;% y;rlg wh;a úh' Ôjk l=i,;d hgf;a jvq l¾udka;h" ueá l¾udka;h" .fvd,a ;ekSu" fõje,a jev" lDIs l¾udka;h" i;aj md,kh" ó ueis md,kh y÷kajd fokq ,eî h' mdi,a j;af;a t<j¿ j.d lsÍu;a" mdi,a ,S nvq w¨;a jeähd lsÍu;a" mdi,a isiqka úiska lrk ,È' isiqyq m%cdj iuÕ il%shj" f.dùka iy wfkl=;a Y%ñlhka iuÕ tla j jev l<y' fi!LH wOHdmkh hgf;a c,dmjykhka msßisÿ lsÍug;a" mj;ajdf.k hEug;a" jeisls<s leisls<s ;ekSug;a" mú;% lsÍug;a" uef,aßhd

u¾ok jevlghq;=j,g;a iyNd.s jQy; iydh ÿkay' wo Èk mdi,a fi!LH m%j¾Ok jevigyk hgf;a f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha m%cd fi!LH lghq;= m%j¾Okh lsÍfuys § isiq iyNd.s;ajh ks¾foaY lrk nj i|yka lsÍu WÑ; jk nj fkd wkqudk h' m%foaYh yeoEÍu hgf;a" m%foaYhg wod< N+f.da,Sh idOl" ksjeishkaf.a" ck.yk .;s ,laIK iy wd¾Ól lghq;= o" fi!kao¾h hgf;a" idys;Hh" Ñ;%" ix.S;h iy kegqï o y÷kajd fok ,È' Woh jrefõ fï ld¾hhka ys kshqla; jQ isiqyq yjia jrefõ Tjqka úiska Woh jrefõ lrk ,o m%dfhda.sl jevj,g wod< Ydia;S%h oekqu;a" lshùu" ,sùu" l:kh iy .Ks;h;a bf.k .;ay' w;ayodne,Su id¾:l jQfhka" th fjk;a mdi,aj,g;a l%ufhka y÷kajd fok ,È' ta khska tu uq,a oYlh wjidkfha § tu l%uh mdi,a 253l l%shd;aul úh' fuu l%uh wkq.ukh l< isiqka m%dfoaYSh úNd.j, § jqj Wiia m%;sM, ,nd.;a nj fmfka' tfia jqj o" by< me<eka;sfha bx.%Sis udOH mdi,a fuu

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fhdackd l%uhg iïnkaO fkd jQfhka tys m%;sM,h jQfha uyck iyfhda.h fkd ,eî hdu h' flfia jqj o" Bg miqj w¨;ska wdrïN lrk ,o uOHu mdi,a úIhud,dj u.sska fuu úIhhka y÷kajd§ug" wdpd¾h lkakka.rfhda iu;a jQy'

1939 - wxl 31 ork wOHdmk wd{dmk; mekùu

wdpd¾h lkakka.rhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQ tla lafIa;%hla jQfha rfÜ W!rej iuÕ mEfyk wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu myiq lrjk kS;s ud,djla ilia lsÍu h' fï woyi úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dfjka m%ldY úKs'

"cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla wod< cd;sl W!refjka u;= ù th ;=<

u ilia úh hq;= h'" tl, mej;=Kq wOHdmk kS;sh 1920 wOHdmk wd{dmk; úh' ta wkqj m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha ish¨ n,;, ysñ jQfha wOHdmk uKav,fha iNslhkag h' tfia jqj o" uKav, iNslhka iy wfkl=;a ks,OdÍka wdKavqldr ;ek úiska kï lrk ,È' Tjqka úiska ksfhdackh lrk ,oafoa WmlD; mdi,a fndfyduhl md,kh w;am;a lr.;a;d jQ wd.ñl lKavdhïj, n,;, tf,i u /l.ekSfï wêIaGdkh we;s jrm%ido ,;a mka;sfha Wjukd tmdlï fõ' wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka úiska wfmalaId lrk ,o kS;s iïmdokh t<s oelaùug wjqreÿ y;la u .; úh' bka miqj o jrm%ido ,;a mka;sfhka t,a,jqKq úfrdaO;d bÈßfha Tyqg iuyr m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka iuÕs iïuq;sj,g t<öug isÿ úh' tfia jqj o tu.ska n,Orhkag wOHdmkh md,kh lsÍfuys ,d jeo.;a n,;, ,eìK' tys jeo.;alu Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ishjia

fj¿fuys fufia i|yka fõ' "1939 wOHdmk wd{d mkf;ys jeo.;alu we;af;a miqj l< wdh;ksl wOHdmk ld¾h idOkh i|yd we;s lrk ,o fldkafoais u; h' wOHdmkh jHdma; lsÍug;a" tys md,kh ;ud fj; r|jd .ekSug;a wjYH n,h tu.ska wOHdmk úOdhl uKav,hg ,nd fok ,È' bkslaì;s j

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wOHdmkh Wfoid rcfha j.lSug meyeos,s kS;suh mokula

jegqKs"^wOHdmk iy ixialD;sl lghq;= wud;HdxYh" 1969&' wo Èk fuu wd{d mkf;a fndfyda fldgia ldf,daÑ; fkd jk njla fmkakqï l<;a" fuu wd{d mk; wjqreÿ 75la muK wLKav j l%shd;aul jQ w;r" wo Èk o" th rfÜ wOHdmkh ms<sn| j we;s m%Odk kS;sh fjhs'

wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj

oekg iydh ,nd.; yels rfgys ms<s.;a" wOHdmk{hka o iuÕ ;;ald,Sk wOHdmk l%ufha wvqmdvq msßlaid ne,Su;a fjkia jQ iudc ;;a;ajhka ksid wjYH ù we;s ixfYdaOk ks¾foaY lsÍu;a l< hq;af;a ldrl iNdj úiska u njg ;SrKh - 1940 wfm%a,a udifha úOdhl iNdj úiska ms<s.kakd ,È' ta wkqj úfYaI ldrl iNd ixhq;shg" úOdhl ldrl iNd idudðlhka lsysm fokl= o" rfÜ úúO lafIa;% ksfhdackh lrk wOHdmk{hka lsysm fofkl= o wh;a úh' fuu ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;s;ajh" úfoaY úfYaI{hl= fj; mejßh hq;= h" hk fhdackdj wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka úiska wkqolajkq fkd ,eî h' tfia jqjfyd;a tu ldrl iNdj ks;H jYfhka u jrm%ido ,;a mka;sfha n,mEïj,g k;=jk nj t;=uka wjfndaO fldgf.k ;snqKs' ldrl iNdj ;;ald,Sk wOHdmk l%uh ms<sn| f;dr;=re iy o;a; m%Yakdj,shla uÕska o" uyck woyia úuiSfuka o /ia lr .kakd ,È' wjidk jd¾;dj jir 3la we;=<; 1943 §" bÈßm;a lrk ,È' rfgys wOHdmk l%uh .ek úfõpkd;aul wOHhkhla flreKq m%:u j;dj fuh fjhs' tu ks¾foaY idudkH wOHdmkfha ish¨ wx.hla u wdjrKh lr ;snqKs' wOHdmkh ms<sn| wog;a j,x.= jeo.;a woyia tys wvx.= úh' tys uQ,sl ks¾foaY jk fmr wjia:dj, wjOdrKh lrk ,o ksoyia

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wOHdmkh;a b.ekaùfï udOHhhka yer mYapd;a lkakka.r hq.fha wOHdmk ixfYdaOk hk udf.a ud;Dldjg wod< mdi,a ie,eiafï jHqyh;a mdGud,d kùlrKh;a wdÈh wjOdrKh lsÍug leue;af;ñ'

miqld,Sk wOHdmk ixfYdaOlhka úiska l%shdjg kexùug jEhï l< woyia fndfyduhla ,xldfõ wOHdmkh

ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dfõ ^f,aLkh XXIV" 1943& wka;¾.; ù ;snqKs' wjdikdjlg" jd¾;dj m< lsÍfuka miqj jeä l,la wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka g wOHdmkfha kshuqjd f,i lghq;= lsÍug fkd yels úh' oYl y;lska miqj o" mYapd;a ksoyia hq.fha ork ,o m%h;ak fndfyduhlska o" lkakka.r Ñka;kh ;;a;ajdldrfhka l%shdfõ fhoùug Y%S ,xldj wiu;a ù we;' uu oeka wdpd¾h lkakka.r úiska ckkh lrk ,o woyia lsysmhla úNd. lsÍug woyia lrñ' wOHdmkh ms<sn| mqfrda.dó woyia fldf;la ÿrg fuu jd¾;dfõ wka;¾.; ù ;sfí oehs fmkakqï lrkq jia ,xld wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dfjka ^f,aLkh XXIV, 1943& .;a Wmqgk lsysmhla f.kyer oelaùug leue;af;ñ' fmdÿ iudf,dapkh hgf;a tys fufia i|yka fjhs'

"iEu mqrjeishl=g u ;u cd;sfha Ôjh Wfoid ;ukag whs;s iïmQ¾K N+ñldj imqrd ,Sug bv i,iajk l%uhla f.dvk.d .ekSug iEu m%h;akhla u oeßh hq;= h' fuhg lreKq folla wh;a fõ' m<uqj" mqoa.,fhl=f.a Okh" iudÔh ;;a;ajh l=ula jqj o" Tyqf.a ldhsl" udkisl" wdOHd;añl j¾Okh Wmßufhka ,nd .ekSug Tyqg Wmldr úh hq;= h' fojkqj mqoa.,hl= ,nk wOHdmkh fya;= fldgf.k ;ukaf.a yelshdjka ;u cd;sfha iqN isoaêh Wfoid" Wmßufhka Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug yels úh

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hq;= h' rch úiska flfrk lghq;= iïnkaOfhka ks.ukhkag t<öug yels úh hq;= h' rch úiska ;uka fj; mjrk ,o Pkao n,h {dkdkaú; j Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj i;= úh hq;= h ^úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj - XXIV, 1943&' cd;sl taldnoaO;dj j¾Okh lsÍu flfrys wOHdmkhg we;s N+ñldj iïnkaOfhka jd¾;dfjys fufia i|yka fõ'

"wfma uQ,sl wjYH;dj jkqfha ck.ykfha we;s úúO fldgia tla cd;shla fia noaO lsÍu h' úúO wd.ñl" ckj¾.Sh" NdIduh iïNjfhka hq;a msßila tl u rgl Ôj;a ùu ,xldjg iqúfYaI jQjla fkd fõ' wm jeks úúO j¾.hkaf.ka ieÿï ,;a ck.ykhlg;a" tl u cd;shla f,i tl u ú{dkhla j¾Okh lsÍu wmyiq ld¾hhla fkd jk nj b;sydih fmkakqï lr we;' we;a; jYfhka u wm ixialD;sfha oekgu;a wm yg fmdÿ jQ úYd, ixrplhka we;' wOHdmk j¾Okfhka ,;a W;af;ackh hgf;a cd;sl taldnoaO;djla ms<sn| wjoshla oekgu;a wm w;r f.dv kef.ñka mj;S' ,xldfõ wOHdmkfha wkd.;h ieliSfï § wm úiska fuu fmdÿ ixrplhka j¾Okh fldg ck.ykh ms<sn| woyia fmdaIKh lsÍug jEhï l< hq;= h'

úúO;ajh ÿ¾j,lï W;amdokh lrkakla fkdj" Yla;Ska W;amdokh lrkakla njg m;alr .; hq;= h' iEu ck fldÜGdihlg u" fmdÿ uQ,hg iemhsh yels iqúfYaI jQ odhl;ajhla we;' tfia jqj o" th ld¾hlaIu j ,ndÈh yelafla ieug iu wjia:d ;sfí kï muKs' wmf.a tla ld¾hhla jkqfha wiudklï iukh fldg" iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u ;uka f.a Wmßufhka odhl ùug yels jk jd;djrKhla

imhd §u h'"

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wm wfmalaId lrk cd;sl;ajh ixia:dms; úh hq;af;a; wjfndaOh iy bjid ord isàu hk O¾u;d u; h' wm jeks fujka úúO;ajhlska fyì iudchl fjk;a wdldrhlska we;sjkafka cd;sl iu.sh fkdj cd;sl wjq,ls' tla j¾.hla úiska wfkld flfrys oelaúh hq;= bjid ord isàu" wfkla cd;Ska flfrys o" wod< úh hq;= nj ie,ls,a,g Ndckh jkq oelau" wfma m%d¾:khhs' we;a; jYfhka u fï bjid ord isàu wfma mqrjeishka f.a ,laIKhls' fuu Èjhsfka úúO ck fldÜGdi fndfyda ld,hla ßisfia iduldój ñ;%;Ajfhka Ôj;a ù we;' fuu bjid oeÍfï yelshdj;a iEu cd;shla w;r u iduh we;s lr,Sfï wNs,dIh;a" kj wOHdmk jHqyh u.ska flfrk b.ekaùug W;af;ackhla fõ hehs wfmalaId lruq

^úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj XXIV " msgqj 10" 1943&' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïfï,kh ìysùug;a fmr wdpd¾h iS' vn,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.rhka cd;Ska w;r wjfndaOh;a" cd;sl iu.sh;a m%j¾Okh lsÍfuys ,d wOHdmkhg ysñ N+ñldj .ek wjÈfhka isáfha h' wOHdmk mrud¾: iïnkaOfhka jd¾;dj mD:q, lafIa;% 3la y÷kajd § we;' tajd kï" udkisl j¾Okh" ixialD;sh iy ld¾hlaIu;dj hs' udkisl j¾Okh hgf;a ldhsl j¾Okh o we;=¿ jk w;r úIhud,d ixfYdaOk h hgf;a uq,a;ek §

we;af;a mqoa.,sl yd fmdÿ fi!LHh g h' "ksfrda.S YÍrhl

ksfrda.S ukila we;" hk wdma;h wjOdrKh lr we;' úfYaIfhka u wog WÑ; f;audjla jk b;d ,dnd, jhil § isg úNd. flfrys uki fhduq lsÍu ksid jk úm;a;sh wjOdrKh lrhs' iunr udkisl j¾Okhlg u. i,ik Y%u ld¾hhka ys kshqla;ùfï wjYH;dj o wjOdrKh flf¾' ;j o fuhg wu;rj" iajhx m%ldYkhg;a fm!reI j¾Okhg;a ;=vq fok" Ñ;% iy ix.S;h yeoEÍfï jeo.;alu;a ms<s.efka'

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idrdxYhla f,i my; i|yka m%ldYh i,ld n,uq'

"iudchlg b;d u wjYH mqoa.,hd jkqfha" kj wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK §ug yels" tajd yuqfõ ;uka úiska u úi÷ula fidhd .; yels mqoa.,hd h' m%;sNdj wjq¿jk .sks mqmqr lsisjla fkdj" ks¾udKYS,s;ajfha .sks mqmqrhs' ^úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj XXIV " msgqj 12" 1943&' wo Èk wms uDÿ l=i,;d iy Ôjk l=i,;d .ek l;d lruq' kuq;a wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka fïjd flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lf<a j¾;udk jla;Dkag fndfyda fmr h' uy;a u;fNaohlg ;=vqÿka tla ks¾foaYhla jQfha 5jk mka;shg miq mdi,a l%uh oaù;Sh fcHIaG iy m%dfhda.sl mdi,a jYfhka ;=klg fn§u h' tfia jqj o" tu fhdackdj ie,ls,af,ka úNd. lsÍfï § m%dfhda.sl mdi,aj, bf.kqu ,nk miqng isiqkg l,ahEfï § m%dfhda.sl mdi,aj,ska wjia:dkql+,j fcHIaG fyda oaù;Sh fyda mdi,lg udreùug m%udKj;a bvlv i,id § we;s nj fmkS hhs' m%d:ñl mdi,a wjêh - jir 6l ld,hla jQ neúka" orejl= m%d:ñl wOHdmkh wjika lrk úg jhi 12la fydaa 13la úh' lsishï YsIHhl= fjk;a yelshd iy l=i,;d fmkakqï flf¾ kï" tu ksid Tyqg mdi, udre lsÍug wjir Èh hq;= njg" m%Odkdpd¾h-jrhka fj; Wmfoia § ;snqKs' yh isg wg fY%aKs i|yd ;snQ úIhud,dj iudk jQ w;r fjki isÿ jQfha bf.kqï l%u wkqj

h' jd¾;dfjys fufia i|yka ù we;'" oaù;Sl mdi,;a" fcHIaG mdi,;a w;r fjki úh hq;af;a yelshd j¾.h Wv úkd yelshd m%udKh u; fkdfõ ^úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj XXIV " msgqj 45" 1943&' ;j o wgjk fY%aKsh wjidkfha mÍlaIKhla ;sìh hq;= úh' tys § m%dfhda.sl fohg jvd Ydia;%Sh fohg keUqrejla fmkakqï l< isiqka oaù;Sl fyda fcHIaG mdi,g udre l< yels

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úh' fï wdldrfhka fhdað; ie,eiafï kuHYS,S njla ;sìK' fuu fhdackd l%uh wjYH kï ;j;a kuHYS,Sj l%shd;aul jqKs kï" miq ld,hl oS uy;a u;fNaohlg ;=vqÿka .egqula f,i y÷kd.;a wOHdmkh;a ú/lshdj;a w;r we;s jQ fkd.e<mSu we;s fkd jkq we;' ldrl iNdj tla cd;sl úNd. l%uhla muKla mj;ajd

f.k hEfï " Okd;aulh iy RKd;aulh" ms<sn| wjÈfhka isá nj fmfka' tneúka jd¾;dj u.ska wjOdrKh lrkq ,enqfõ mdi,a uÜgfï úNd.j,g úkd idOk úNd.j,g fkd fõ' tl, fndfyda mdi,a ;u isiqka iQodkï lf<a ,kavka úNd.j,g bÈßm;a lsÍug h' ta wkqj mdGud,djka tx.,ka;fha ;;a;ajhka g .e<fmk wdldrhg ilid ;snqKs' fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a isiqkg wkqÑ; mdGud,d yeoEÍug isÿ ùu wreuhla fkdù h' jd¾;dfjys fufia ioyka fõ' zzoaù;Sl mdi," úNd.h úiska úIhud,dj md,kh ùug bv fkdÈh hq;= h' tfia kuqÿ úNd. u.ska úIhud,dj lsishï ÿrlg md,kh fõ kï" tfia úh hq;af;a rfÜ wjYH;d iy ;;a;ajhka Wv ilia jQ úNd.hka u.ska muKla úh hq;= hZZ ^úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj XXIV, msgqj 47" 1943&' isiqka úNd.j,g iQodkï lsÍfï § Tjqkg fok f.or jev m%udKhg jvd jeä nj" jd¾;dfõ ie,ls,a,g fhduq ù we;' wêl f.or jev ksid isiqkaf.a ldhsl j¾Okh wvd, jk w;r" Tjqka f.a m%;sNdj iy YlH;d úkdY lr,hs' idudkH lshùu" úfkdaodiajdo" l%Svd" iudc wdY%h jeks fohska ,efnk wOHdmkfhka úYd, fldgila Tjqkg wysñ fõ' mqoa.,sl b.ekaùu ^áhqIka& iïnkaOfhka fufia

i|yka fõ' "foudmshka úiska jqjukdjg jvd" ksrka;rfhka u wkq.ukh flfrk" mdi,a f.or jev i|yd w;sf¾l wdOdrhla f,i mqoa.,sl .=rejreka fhdod .ekSu .ek wmf.a ;on, fkd i;=g m%ldY lruq' wjidkfha § tu.ska YsIHhd úiska lsis u ;udf.a hehs ye¢kaúh yels ks¾udKYS,s;ajhla fyda l=i,;djla

11

f.dvk.d .ekSug wfmdfydi;a fõ' thska uq,a mrud¾:h u

ke;sù hhs" (úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj XXIV, msgqj 48" 1943&' wNHdi úÿy,aj,;a" mdi,aj,;a" w;ayod ne,Sï iy m¾fhaIK l< hq;= hehs ldrl iNdj ks¾foaY lrk ,È' fï l%shd ud¾.h Èß .kajkq jia wOHdmksl m¾fhaIK WmfoaYl iNdjla msysgq úh hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lrk ,È' m¾fhaIK i|yd thg uQ,HdOdr iemhsh hq;= w;r" m¾fhaIK m%;sM, m%p,s; lsÍug;a wOHdmksl mqj;a iy f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍug;a ld¾hd, ld¾hdxYhla o msysgq úh hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lrk ,È' tu.ska fjk;a rgj, flfrk wOHdmk m¾fhaIKj, m%.;sh .ek oekqj;a úh hq;= w;r" m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM, tla /ia fldg tajd úáka úg m%ldYhg m;a l< hq;= fõ' wOHdmkfha wkd.;hg o m%fhdackj;a jeo.;a lreKq /ila o jd¾;dfõ wka;¾.; fjhs' th wdrïN jkqfha fi!LH wOHdmkfha jeo.;alu úia;r lsÍfuks' fi!LH wOHdmkh uQ,sl wjYH;djla f,i y÷kajd § we;' fuhska wdjrKh jk wfkla lafIa;% kï" Y%u mqyqKqj" ix.S;h iy Ñ;%" NdIdj iy idys;Hh" .Ks;h" iajNdj wOHhkh" iajdNdúl úoHdj" b;sydih iy N+f.da, Ydia;%h" iy mqrjeis Ndjh fõ' ;j o tu.ska" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%u" ksji iy mdi," .=rejrhd" úIhud,dfõ úúO;ajh" .eyekqq <uqka f.a wOHdmkh" mdi, iy m%cdj wdÈ fmdÿ lafIa;%hka o wdjrKh flf¾' fufia fuu ldrl iNd jd¾;dj wOHdmkh ms<sn| wog o" j,x.= lreKq ldrKd /ila wka;¾.; jQ fldaI .%ka:hls' oekqï ksOdkhls' wjdikdjlg wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka fuu woyia l%shdjg ke.Sug ;rï wjYH ld,hla n,fha fkd isáfha h' wNS; m%ydrlhl= jQ wdpd¾h lkakka.rfhda ndOl uev,Sfuys iu;a jQy' Tyqf.a wkqm%dma;slhkag úúO ndOl

12

uevmj;ajd f.k bÈßhg taug ;rï ;;a;ajhla fyda fm!reIhla fkd ;snqKs' fuu jd¾;dfõ wOHdmksl jákdlu i,ld ne,Sfuka" fuh wfmalaIs; iEu .=re mqyqKq mdGud,djla Wfoid ks¾ÈIag .%ka:hla f,i Ndú; l< hq;=hehs ks¾foaY lrñ' 1950 oYlfha § wOHdmkfha m%udKd;aul ÈhqKqjla ;snqK o" l%shd;aul lrk ,o tl u ixfYdaOkh jQfha" b.ekaùï udOHh f,i cd;sl NdIdj fhdod .ekSu h' fï iïnkaOfhka o" wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka" cd;sl NdId u.ska wOHdmkh Èh hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lr ;snqK o" bx.%Sish cd;Hka;r NdIdjla f,i w;ayer oeófï jqjukdjla m%ldY lr fkd ;snqKs' tfia jqj o cd;sl NdId m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexjQ wdldrh fya;=fjka" th bx.%sis NdIdj bf.kSu msßySug u. mEÿfõ h' th cd;sl ixj¾Okhg wk¾:ldÍ úh'

mYapd;a lkakka.r hq.fha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK

mdi,a mjrd .ekSu - 1960 - 1961 1960 oYlfha jQ b;d u jeo.;a isoaêh jQfha" WmlD; yd wd.ñl mdi,a yd .=re úoHd," wdOdr ,enQ mdi,a iy .=re mqyqKq úoHd, ^úfYaI fldkafoais& 1960 mk; hgf;a rchg mjrd .ekSu hs' fuu mk; hgf;a lsishï m<uqjk fyda fojk fY%aKshl mdi,l ysñlrefjl= tu mdi, .dia;= wh fkd lrk mqoa.,sl mdi,la f,i mj;ajdf.k hEug ;SrKhla f.k we;af;a kï ta yer wfkla ish¨ u mdi,a wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a l<ukdldß;ajhg k;= lrk ,È' mdi,a 48la yer wka ish¨ u tl yd fol fY%aKsj,g wh;a mdi,a rcfha l<ukdldß;ajh hg;g .eKqks' B<Õ j¾Ifha §" mdi,a l%shdldß;ajh ndOd wjysr bj;a lr .ekSï jia" WmlD; mdi,a iy wNHdi úÿy,a ^w;sf¾l fldkafoais& 1961 wxl 8 mk; u.ska" mdi,aj,g whs;s

13

ish¨ j;alï" rchg mjrd .kakd ,È' jhi wjqreÿ 5 - 14 olajd isiqka i|yd kj mdi,a wdrïN lsÍu fuu mk; u.ska ;ykï lrk ,È' fufia furg ;=< cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhl j¾Okhg wjYH moku ouk ,È' wdpd¾h lkakka.rfhda úreoaO mdlaIsl uka;%S flfkl= jqj;a" fhdackdjg iïmQ¾K iyfhda.h ÿkay' úfYaI ldrl iNdj iajd¾: idOkfha kshe¨Kqjkaf.a n,mEï fya;= fldgf.k rcfha wdOdr ,nk wd.ñl mdi,a È.g u mj;ajdf.k hEu ks¾foaY l< o" wdpd¾h lkakka.rfhda Bg úreoaO jQy' Tyq úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o w;=re ks¾foaYfha fufia i|yka lr we;'

"wOHdmkh wd.ñl md,khg k;= lsÍfï úIh iïnkaOfhka i|yka lr we;s woyia iy wjYH ;SrK ms<sn| uf.a úfrdaOh jd¾;d .; fkd l< fyd;a ud uf.a hq;=lu bIag lsÍug wfmdfydi;a jQ njla ug yefÕhs' uf.a fhduqj fþo 63"64"65 iy 67 hkafkys i|yka ks¾foaY iy ;;ald,Skj mejf;k wd.ñl mdi,a l%uh" tf,i u mj;ajd f.k hEug iyfhda.h foñka WodyrK f,i f.k yer olajd we;s ;¾l fj; h' fï lreKq 345 iy 347 fþo u.ska idrdxY fldg we;' olaI;d u; úNd.hl § by<ska idud¾:h ,;a wfmalaIlhkag jvd" lsishï wd.ñl ksldhlg whs;s wfmalaIlhl=g tu fya;=fjka jeä ukdmh u; .=re m;aùï ,nd §ug wd.ñl mdi,aj, l<ukdlrejkag bv§u i|yka jk 163 jk fþohg;a uu tlÕ fkd fjñ' fndfyda ld,hlg fmr 1911 § wmlaImd;S ksÍlaIlhl= wd.ñl mdi,a l%ufha we;s ÿ¾j,;d fmkakqï lr we;' Tyq bx.%Sis wOHdmk uKav,fha mdi,a ksÍlaIlhl= jQ fÊ' fÊ' wd¾' ì%Ê uy;d h' wd.ñl mdi,aj, lsishï ÈhqKqjla we;s ù ;sfnkjdg ielhla ke;' kuq;a fï l%uh u.ska W;amdokh lr we;s úúO wd.ñl m%cdjka w;r Èiajk ;r.ldß;ajh"

14

m%;sjdÈ;ajh" iy wm%ikak nj" fuu tal mdlaIsl ÈhqKqj u.ska iukh l< fkd yels h' ì%;dkH iïnkaOh wdrïN jQjdg miq wOHdmk l%ufha u;= ù we;s fy<d oelsh hq;= jQ;a ysxidldÍ jQ;a ,laIKhla kï - tu wjia:d fkd,eî hEfï m%jK;dj W.%ùu h' ysÕ iïm;a iy wvq ixúOdk Yla;sh jeks fya;+kaf.ka fmf<k iuyr wd.ñl fldgia" fndfyda lf,l isg widOdrKhkaa f.ka o" bÉPd Nx.;ajfhka o fmf<ñka isá;s' uf.a woyi kï" ´kE u ;rd ;srul wkd.; wOHdmkhla ù kï th iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksjy,a fmdÿ md,khla hgf;a úh

hq;= njhs ^úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj XXIV, msgq 138"139"

1943&'" wdpd¾h lkakka.rhka bÈßm;a l< ;j;a tla lreKla kï" iodpdr ixj¾Okhg wd.ñl miqìul wjYH;dj h' ;ud bf.k .kakd mdif,a wd.ug fjkia" wkq.dñlhka fyda wkH ksldhlg whs;s isiqka iïnkaOfhka lsj yelafla l=ula o@ wd.ñl mdi,a" mdif,a l<ukdldr;ek whs;s wd.ug muKla iSud flf¾ kï" tu.ska wkd.; mqrjeishka wd.ï wkqj fjkia lrkq ,efnhs' fuu.ska cd;sl tlÕ;dj" iqix.uh ydkshg m;a flfrhs' rcfha mdi, u.ska wd.ñl wOHdmkhla ,nd §ug

mlaIj Tyq l:d lrhs' "rcfha wOHdmkh hkq ta ksid u

foújre ke;ss wd;auhla" ukila ke;s wOHdmkhla fkd fõ'" fuu wd.ñl l%uh u.ska mqrjeishkaf.a /lshdjka iïnkaOfhka o n,mEï flf¾' .=rejrekaf.a úkh md,kh" /lshd wysñ lsÍu" wdÈh iïnkaOfhka o mdi,a l<ukdlrejka ,nd we;s n,hg Tyq úreoaO fjhs' iuyr l<ukdlrejka" .=rejrhl= ;u wd.u fjkia lsÍu fya;=fjka fyda fjk;a wd.ñlhl= iuÕ újdy ùu fya;= fldgf.k fyda fiajfhka my l< njg fpdaokd o we;' .=re wNHdi úoHd, wd.ñl mokula Wv ;ndf.k hEug o Tyq úreoaO úh' lsis u .=rejrhl=g fufia wd.ñl .=re mqyqKq mdi,lska mqyqKqj

15

,eîfï §" fjk;a wd.ñlhka wdY%h lsÍug wjia:dj fkd ,efí' .=rejrhl=f.a w;HjYH ,laIKh jk" fjk;a whl=f.a woyia bjid ord isàug j;a" ta iïnkaOfhka idkqlïmdfjka ne,Sugj;a wjYH wdl,am wjfYdaIKh lsÍugj;a wjldY fkd ,efí' fufia rchg mdi,a mjrd .ekSu u.ska tl, wd.ñl mdi,a l%uh ksid m%p,s; j ;snQ iuyr wiudklï - widOdrKlï ke;s jqKs' ;j o ta u.ska taldnoaO cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla y÷kajd §ug;a u. ieliqKs'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu 1961 1961 §" iïmQ¾K wOHdmk l%uh u iudf,dapkh fldg" ,xldjg taldnoaO cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla ia:dms; lsÍug ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fÊ' B' chiQßh uydpd¾h;=ukaf.a iNdm;s;ajh hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiula rch úiskq msysgqjk ,È' fldñiu w;=re jd¾;dj 1961 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha §

ksl=;a l< w;r wjika jd¾;dj jdr m;%sld XVII - 1962 f,i 1962 § ksl=;a lf<a h' ks¾foaY u.ska idudkH wOHdmkfha ish¨ wxY wdjrKh úh' iuyr m%Odk wx. my; i|yka fõ'

• wksjd¾h mdi,a jhi - jhi wjqreÿ 6 isg wjqreÿ 14

olajd

• b.ekaùfï udOHh - mqrjeishka i|yd b.ekaùfï udOH - isxy, fyda fou<

• bx.%Sis - ffjl,amsl úIhhla f,i my fY%aKsfha isg y÷kajd §u

• mdi,a jHqyh - 1 - 8 olajd jQ fY%aKs we;=<;a lksIaG mdi, kñka ye¢kafjk fmdÿ uQ,sl mdi,la" wOHdmk idudkH fm< iy Wiia fm< i|yd fcHIaG mdi,a

16

j¾. 4ls' tajd kï lDIsl¾uh" bxðfkare úoHdj iy ;dlaIK úoHdj" úoHd iy l,d" jdKsc úoHdj iy udkj Ydia;%h

• mdi,a l,dm - l,dmhl <uqka wdikak fmdÿ m%d:ñl mdi,g m<uqj o" yelshdjka wkqj fojkqj fcHIaG mdi,lg

• wOHdmk wka;¾.;h - uQ,sl mdi,g fmdÿ úIh-ud,djla" fcHIaG mdi,g - ta ta úIh Odrd wkqj úIhud,d

• Y%u mqyqKqj - lsishï jevm,l w;aoelSula

• .=re jD;a;sh - n|jd .ekSï" mqyqKqj

• YsIH iqN idOkh - fi!LH myiqlï" Èjd wdydr

• úNd. - miajk fY%aKsfha YsIH;ajh wgjk fY%aKsfha § ,nd §u

• mdi,a ufkdaúoHd;aul fiajdj

• wOHdmk l<ukdldß;ajh

• mdi,a m%cd iïnkaO;d cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhlg fhdackd 1964 f,i kï flreKq Oj, m;%sldjla u.ska fuu ks¾foaY fndfyduhla kS;s.; lsÍug uyck u; o úuikq jia wOHhk uKav, m;%sldjla m%ldY l< o" j¾Ifha mej;s uyck Pkaofhka úreoaO mlaIh n,hg m;a jQfhka Oj, m;s%ldj thska wjidk úh'

m%;sixialrK fhdackd ( idudkH wOHdmkh iy ;dlaIKsl

wOHdmkh - 1966 w¨;a wdKavqj cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika jd¾;dj;a" 1963ys ;dlaIKsl wOHdmk fldñika jd¾;dj;a fol u i,ld n,d kj Oj, m;%sldjla flgqï m;a lf<a h' wgjk fY%aKsh

17

f;laa fmdÿ uQ,sl mdi,la ;sìh hq;= nj;a" ta wjêh wjidkfha f;dard .ekSï úNd.hlska" isiqka m%dfoaYSh m%dfhda.sl mdi,lg" lksIaG ;dlaIKsl mdi,lg fyda fcHIaG mdi,lg fhduq l< hq;= nj;a" ks¾foaY flreKs' úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;a ù" Wiia wOHdmkhla yeoEÍfï wjia:dj ,efnkafka oaù;Sl mdi,lg we;=<;a ùfï iqÿiqlï ,enQ YsIHhkag muKs'

wgjk fY%aKsh iu;a jQjka g muKla wOHdmkh ;jÿrg;a lrf.k hdug wjia:dj ,nd §fuka" Wiia wOHdmkhg we;s wjia:d lmd oeóula isÿ jk neúka" iuyr wxYj,ska úfrdaO;djla mek ke.=Ks' rchg Oj, m;%sldj wdmiq .ekSug isÿ úh' ta wkqj 1967 § uQ,sl mdi,a úNd.h 7jk fYa%Ksfha § meje;aùu;a" isiqka fcHIaG mdi,lg fyda ;dlaIKsl úoHd,hhlg fyda ,,s; l,d wdh;khlg fyda we;=¿ ùu;a jYfhka ixfYdaOkh lrk ,os' fï le<ô,s iys; lghq;= uOHhkays" jvd ys;lr l%shdj,shla wdrïN jQfha úIhud,d ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka .;a l%shdud¾.hka h' cd;Hka;r m%jK;d ie,ls,a,g f.k ks,OdÍka lKavdhula úiska l%ul%ufhka w¨;a mkakhl úIhud,d kùlrK y÷kajd foñka - m%:ufhka úoHdj iy .Ks;h hk úIhhka o miqj wfkla úIhhkays;a mqyqKqqjla .=rejrekag ÿkay' th miqj wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ÈhqKqjg ie,lsh hq;= wkaoulska odhl fjñka" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha u ksfhdað; wxYhla jYfhka úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh

^CDC) f,i j¾Okh úh'

wOHdmk mrsmd,kh ixúOdkfha lsishï fjkila we;s lsrSfuka" jeä fjñka mj;sk jev lghq;= bgq lr .ekSu bIagfõ hhs n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' 1960 jk;=re ish,q u mdi,a l<ukdlrKh i|yd j.lSu" wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j i;= úh' lafIa;% ks,OdrSkaf.a wdOdr we;sj wOHdmk

18

fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska u lrf.k hk ,È' wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j ta i|yd 1961 oS iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaIjreka hgf;a m<d;aj," tu m<df;a wOHdmk ld¾hd,;a wOHdmk ks,OdÍka hgf;a tu Èia;%slalfha Wm ld¾hd,;a msysgqjk ,È' 1966 § wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg taldnoaO lrk ,o w;r wud;HdxYfha f,alï wOHdmk wOHCI ckrd,a o úh' m%dfoaYSh wOHdmk ld¾hd, fomd¾;fïka;= njg Wiia lrk ,o w;r" iyldr wOHdmk wOHCIjreka fomd¾;fïka;=jl m%Odkshl=f.a n,iys; j wOHdmk wOHCI ;k;=rg Wiia lrk ,È' m%Odk wOHdmk ks,Odßka hgf;a mej;s Wm ld¾hd, tf,i u mj;ajdf.k .sh o" mdi,a mÍlaIljreka udKav,sl wOHdmk ks,Odßka jYfhka kj ks, kduhlska yoqkajk ,È' ixLHdj o jeä lrk ,È'

wOHdmk m%;sixialrK( 1972

1970 § jQ wdKavq fjki;a iuÕ kj ixfYdaOk fhdackdj,shla ilia lsÍfï l%shdj,sh wdrïN lrk ,È' fï wjêfha ;snq m%Odk; u m%Yakh jQfha ;reK ú/lshdj hs' fuhg m%Odk fya;=j f,i y÷kdf.k ;snqfKa wOHdmk l%ufha wvqmdvqlï h' wdKavqfõ mia wjqreÿ ie,eiafï fuh úfYaIfhka i|yka fldg yqjd olajd ;sìK' vâ,s ish¾ia uydpd¾h;=ud

we;=¿ ILO úfYaI{hka lKavdhula fuu m%Yakh yeoEÍug fhduq úh' idudkH uyck u;h jQfha wOHdmkh;a" /lshdj;a w;r fkd.e<mSula ;sfnk nj h'

1971 ;reK le/,a, yg.;af;a fï ikaêia:dkfha h' fï ksid n,OdÍyq wOHdmk l%uh ixfYdaOk lsÍfï l%shd ud¾.hg läkñka msúishy' le/,a, we;s jQfha wfm%a,a udifha h" udi folla we;+<; th uev mj;ajk ,È' blaì;sj

wOHdmk n,OdÍyq w,q;ska ixfYdaOk ie,eiaula ieliQy; l%shd;aul lsÍu 1972 ckjdß udifha mgka .ekSug kshñ; úh'

19

Oj, m;%sldjlaj;a" uyck u; idlÉPd lsÍulaaj;a ke;sj fï fhdackdj,sh läkñka ie,iqï flreK o" tys Okd;aul ,CIK fndfyduhla u Èiaúh'

1992 ixfYdaOkfha m%Odk ixrplhka (

1' mdi,a l%ufha jHqyd;aul fjkialï ---- w,q;a jHqyhg wkqj" m%d:ñlh wjqreÿ mfyka o" lksIaG oaù;Sh wjqreÿ y;frka o" fcHIaG oaù;Sh wjqreÿ follska o iukaú; úh' m<uq jirg we;=¿ lsÍu wjqreÿ 5 fjkqjg wjqreÿ 6 f;la §¾> lrk ,È' ta khska m%d:ñl wjêh wjidkfha § orejdf.a jhfiys fjkila fkdù h' tkï jhi wjqreÿ 11u úh' lksIaG oaù;Sh wjêh

wjidkfha § isiqyq fmdÿ wOHhk cd;sl iy;slh ^NCGE& úNd.hg fmkS isáh y' tu úNd.h iu;a jQjkag fcHIaG oaù;Sl mdGud,dj lrf.k hEug wjia:dj ;snqKs' wjqreÿ fol wjidkfha § Tjqkg bÈßm;a ùug ;snQ úNd.h jQfha" Wiia

cd;sl wOHdmk iy;slh hs ^HNCE&' tu m%;sM, Wv úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ lr .;a; o" we;=¿ ùug fmr Tjqka i|yd —ÈYdkq.; lsÍula ms<sfh, lrk ,È'

2' úIhud,d ixfYdaOk - tla tla wjêhg wod< úIhud,d isiqkaf.a jhia iSud wkqj ixfYdaOkh lrk ,È' m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ wka;¾.;h jQfha" wd.u" udOH NdIdj ^isxy, fyda fou<& fojk ni^f;jk fY%aKsfha isg&" .Ks;h" YdÍßl yd fi!kao¾hh l%shdldrlï" ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï iy mßir l%shdldrlï h' tfia jqj o" b.ekaùfï § ifudaOdk wdl,amhlska l%shdldrlï u; msysá b.ekaùfï l%uhla wkq.ukh l< hq;= úh'

lksIaG oaù;Sl wjêfhys fmdÿ úIhud,djg wka;¾.; jQfha wd.u" udOH NdIdj" fojk ni" .Ks;h" úoHdj" iudc wOHhkh" fi!kao¾hh" fi!LH iy YdÍßl wOHdmkh" m%d.a

20

jD;a;sh wOHhkh I" iy m%d.a jD;a;sh wOHhkh I iy II h' fjki jQfha w'fmd'i ^id'fm<& ;snq fN!;sl úoHdj" ridhksl

úoHdj iy Ôj úoHdj" fjkqjg NCGE Wfoid ifudaOdksl úoHdj úIhhla f,i y÷kajd §u h' tfia u b;sydih" N+f.da, Ydia;%h" m%cdpdrh fjkqjg iudc wOHhkh;a" ;dlaIKsl úIh fjkqjg m%d.ajD;a;sh úIh;a y÷kajd § ;snqKs' m%d.ajD;a;sh wOHhkfha kj;dj jQfha" ;u ;ukaf.a m%foaYj, ;snQ /lshd iïnkaOfhka bf.kSu fya;= fldgf.k tu.ska jD;a;shg wod< miqìï oekqu isiqkag ,eîu h' óg wu;rj isiqyq rfÜ iïm;a .ek o" cHdñ;sh iy hdka;%sl we£u o bf.k .;ay' úoHd,Sh uÜgfï úIhud,dj fldgia 3lska iukaú; úh'

• yr úIhhka

• ffjl,amsl úIhhka

• jHdmD;s jev yr úIhhka (

• m<uq ni ^isxy, $ fou<&

• fojk ni

• m%d:ñl$ uq,sl ixLHdhkh iy uq,sl l<ukdlrK isoaOdka;

• wfma ixialD;sl Wreuh iy Y%S ,xldfõ iudÔh wd¾Ól miqìu

• iudc úoHdfõ uq,sl isoaOdka; ffjl,amsl úIhhka" úIhOdrd y;rg fldgia lrk ,È'

• úoHdj

• jdKscHh iy jHdmdr wOHhkh

• iudc úoHdj

• NdId" udkj Ydia;% iy fi!kao¾hh ;uka f;dard .kakd tla Odrdjlska úIhhka folla

wOHhkh lsÍu wjYH úh'

21

3' wOHdmk mßmd,kfha ixfYdaOk - 1971 jk f;la wOHdmk mßmd,k OQrdj,sh ieliS ;snqfKa" mdi,a mÍlaIljreka ^m%dfoaYSh wOHdmk ks,Odßka&" Èia;%slal mÍlaIljreka ^wOHdmk WmfoaYljreka&" iyldr wOHlaIjreka" ksfhdacH wOHlaIjreka iy wOHCIjreka tla m%j¾.hla f,i;a" mdi,a m%Odk wdpd¾hjreka iy wdpd¾hjreka ;j;a m%j¾.hla f,i;a h' ks,Odß iEu m%j¾.hlg u wOHdmk mßmd,kfha ish¨ fCIa;%hkays w;aoelSula ,nd §u i|yd" Y%S ,xld wOHdmk fiajh kñka jQ taldnoaO fiajhla we;s lrk ,È' miqj th Y%S ,xld wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajh jYfhka kï lrk ,È'

1972 § lrk ,o ixfYdaOkj,ska jEhï lrk ,oafoa jvd;a wod< úIhud,djla f.dv ke.Sug;a jevf,dalhg wjYH yelshd ÈhqKq lr .ekSug isiqkg wjia:d i,id §u;a h' fï fjkialï Okd;aul wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s Wv ilik ,È' úfYaIfhka u m%d:ñl wOHdmk ixfYdaOk" wOHdmk ms<sn| m%.;s.dñ woyia Wv ieliqKs' mßirfha wjYH;djkg .e<fmk mßÈ úIhud,dj kuHYS,S j mq¿,a lr.ekSfï ksoyi .=rejrekg § ;snqKs' lksIaG oaù;Sl wjêhg fmdÿ jQ úIhud,dj iEu mqrjeishl=g u wjYH jk mq¿,a idudkH wOHdmkhla imhd ÿks' fcHIaG oaù;Sl úIhud,dj idudkH fmdÿ fldgilska o" Wiia wOHdmkhg wj;S¾K jk isiqjl=g wjYH jk úIh úfYaIlrKh imhk fldgilska o iukaú; úh' Wiia wOHdmkhg we;=¿ ùug wfmdfydi;a jq úYd, isiq ixLHdjlf.a wjYH;d tu.ska bgqlrk ,È' úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ jk isiqkg lsishï ßla;hla ù kï" th mqrjd,kq jia mokï j¾Ihla o fhdackd ù ;sìKs'

flfia jQj o fï ixfYdaOk iïnkaOfhka úfõpk lsysmhla úh' mdi,a wjêh jhi 12 isg 11 olajd wvq lsÍu;a" m<uq fY%aKshg we;=¿ lsÍu jhi 6 lsÍu;a wOHdmkh Wfoid

22

jk jeh wvqlr .ekSfï m%h;akhla f,i úfõpkhg Ndckh jqKs' mdi,a wjêh wvq lsÍu fya;=fjka ,xldfõ iy;sl msgrg úYajúoHd, fkd ms<s.kakd ;;a;ajhlg m;afõ hhs" o iuyre wkqudk l<y' m%d.ajD;a;sh úIhhka yeÈkaùu jevjiï hq.hg hEula f,i o w¾:l;kh lrk ,È' uyck u; úuiSulska f;drj" wjYH uQ,H m%;smdok ke;sj läkñka fuu ixfYdaOk ye¢kaùu" ;j;a wvqmdvqjla úh' 1977 § fuhska iuyr úfõpk Pkao fõÈldj, idlÉPdjQ lreKq w;rg tla úh'

1977 § y÷kajd fok ,o fjkialï

uyck Pkaofhka úreoaO mlaIh n,hg meñKsfha h' Pkao fõÈldj, idlÉPd lsÍug ,lajQ lreKq .eUqre wOHhkhlska f;drj l%shdfõ fhoúKs' m<uq fY%aKshg we;=<;a lsÍfï jhi wjqreÿ myg wvq lrk ,È' w'fmd'i' ^id' fm<& iuyr úIh fjkialï iuÕ kej; tf,i u mj;ajdf.k hk ,È' ifudaOdksl úoHdj iy iudc wOHhkh fkd fjkia j ;nd .;a w;r" ;dCIKsl úIhhka kej; y÷kajd §u;a" m%d.a

jD;a;sh úIhhka w;ayer oeóu;a isÿ jqKs' mdi,a wjêh 6 + 3" 2

+ 2 jYfhka wjqreÿ 13g §¾> lrk ,È' jvd;a u ydkslr l%shdj jQfha úIhud,d kùlrKh iy .=re ixj¾Okh Wfoid jevigyka Èh;a l< úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh fn,ySk lsÍu h' fuu wdh;kfhys isá iuyr m%Odk ks,Odßka fjkqjg w,q;a uqyqKq f.kajk ,È'

rch úiska .kakd ,o m%;sm;a;suh ;SrKhla u; fï hq.fha § mdi,a .dia;= wh fkd l< mdi,aj,g wdOdr §u kej; we;s l< w;r 1981 wxl 65 mk;ska th kS;s.; lrk ,È' flfia jqj o 1980 jQ weu;s fjkialñka miqj jvd hym;a ;;a;ajhla Wod úh' fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak uy;df.a iNdm;s;ajfhka meje;a jQ wOHdmk ixfYdaOk ldrl iNdfõ jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' tfia u wdpd¾h {dk,sx.ïf.a

23

iNdm;s;ajfhka meje;a jQ ;dCIK wOHdmk ldrl iNdfõ jd¾;dj o tÉ' ã' iq.;md, o is,ajd uy;df.a iNdm;s;ajfhka meje;ajQ cd;sl wOqksl;aj mqyqKq ldrl iNdfõ jd¾;dj o ksl=;a flreKs'

1981 Oj, m;%sldj

by; i|yka jd¾;d ;=k mokï lr ilia jQ wOHdmkh i|yd ixfYdaOk fhdackd hkqfjka wOHdmk ixfYdaOk wka;¾.; Oj, m;%sldj m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' idudkH wOHdmkhg wod< m%Odk ks¾foaYhka(

1' idudkH wOHdmk woshr" m%d:ñlfha § wjqreÿ mylska o" lksIaG oaù;Slfha § wjqreÿ ;=klska o" fcHIaG oaù;Slfhys § wjqqreÿ ;=klska o" úoHd,hSh ;,fha § wjqreÿ follska o iukaú; úh'

2' mdi,a myiqlï w;r úIu;d wvq lr .ekSug o" ld¾hlaIu;dj" ;¾ldkql+, j j¾Okh lr.ekSug o" mdi,a

“m¾Io“ f,i ixúOdkh lrk ,È' “m¾Iohla“ hkq lsishï taldnoaO N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlg wh;a mdi,a iuQyhls' tu uq¨ m%foaYfha u wOHdmk wjYH;d iemhSï jia" tys we;s iïm;a Wmßuhg m%fhdackh .ksñka" th ixj¾Okh fldg" l<ukdlrKh lrkqfha tallhla f,ig h'

3' .=re fiajh - .=re fiajhg w¨;ska n|jd .efkk wh mdi,lg fhduq lsÍug m%:u mQ¾j fiajd mqyqKqjla fokq ,efí' Èia;%sla .=re fiajhla o ia:dms; flfrkq we;'

4' úIhud,d fjkialï( m%d:ñl úIhud,dj - ;u ksji yer mdi,g meñfKk

l=vd orejdg tu w;aoelSug wdOdr lsÍug;a" bÕs k¿j" rÕmEu" .ehSu" Ñ;% we£u iy iajNdj O¾uh ksÍlaIKh

24

lsÍu wdÈhg we;s iyc l=i,;d u.ska ;u ;ukaf.a fm!reIh m%ldY lsÍug;a wdOdr lsÍug wfmaCId lrk ,È'

lksIaG oaù;Sl wjêh ---- fï wjêfha fmdÿ úIhud,djg" m<uq NdIdj" wd.u" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis" úoHdj" iudc wOHhkh" fi!kao¾h wOHhkh" Ôjk l=i,;d" fi!LHh iy YdÍßl iy ldhsl wOHdmkh hk úIhhka 9la wh;a úh' Ôjk l=i,;d y÷kajd fok ,oafoa ;dCIKsl úIhh fjkqjg h' we.hSu i|yd wLKav we.hSfï ixl,amh y÷kajd ÿKs' wg jir wjidkfha § wLKav we.ehSïj, o" jdr wjidk úNd.j, o" m%;sM, taldnoaOj jd¾;djla iemhsh hq;= úh'

oaù;Sh fcHIaG wjêh ---- fuu wjêfha § o" idudkH wOHdmkhl wruqK tf,i u wjOdrKh flreKs' fuu wjêh wjidkfha meje;afjk úNd.h wjidk mÍlaIKhla jQfhka" ;dlaIKsl úIhhka u.ska jev f,djg wj;S¾Kh myiq lrjk ,È' mdGud,dj wjidkfha § isiqyq cd;sl uÜgfï úNd.hla jk w' fmd' i' ^id' fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isáh y' m<uq ni" .Ks;h" bx.%S%sis" úoHdj iy iudc wOHhkh cd;sl uÜgul § mÍlaId lrk ,o w;r" wfkla úIhhka mÍlaId lrkqfha Èia;%slal fyda m¾Io uÜgug h'

úoHd,hSh ;,h ---- fï wjêh úYaj úoHd,hSh fyda ;dlaIKsl uÜgulg fhduq lrjk úfYaI{ uÜguls' úIhud,dj yr iy úfYaIs; jQ hkqfjka fldgia follg wh;a úIhhkaf.ka iukaú; úh' yr fldgig wh;a jQ úIhhka jQfha ixialD;sl Wreuh" Y%S ,xldfõ iudÔh wd¾Ól miqìu" m<uq ni" bx.%Sis" m%cd uQ,H jHdmD;s u.ska ,nk Y%u w;aoelSï h' úfYaI úIhhka" úoHd iy l,d jYfhka Odrd folla hgf;a ixúOdkh lrk ,È' isiqkg tl Odrdjlska fyda Odrd foflka u úIhhka ;=kla f;dard .ekSug yels úh'

25

Oj, m;%sldj m%ldYhg m;a flreKq úg tu fhdackdj,sh wka;.dó YsIH l%shdldß;ajh úiska oeä f,i úfõpkh lrk ,È' fuu úfõpk fufyhjk ,oafoa foaYmd,k wfmalaId iy wNsfm%arKh úiska úkd" ienE fya;=ka úiska fkd fõ' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ie,iqï l< mßÈ fhdackdj,sh l%shd;aul lsÍug fkd yels úh'

fY%aKs jHqyhg;a" m¾Io mdi,a ixúOdkhg;a wod< fhdackd l%shd;aul flreK o" miqj fkdfhla ÈYdjkaf.ka t,a, jqKq úfrdaO;d ksid" th wfydais úh' m¾Io l%uhg wkqj flakaøSh mdif,a úÿy,am;sjrhdg mdi,a m¾Iofha u kshuqjdf.a N+ñldj i;= úh' Tyqf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha wfkla mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjrekag kdhl;ajh imhd foñka ish¨ iïm;a fnod yod .ekSu h' kuq;a we;a; jYfhka u isoaO jQfha Tyq ;u n,h taldêm;sfhl= f,i fhdod .ksñka" iïm;a fnod yod .ekSu fjkqjg iEu iïm;la u ;u mdi,g u nod .ekSu h' fuhska wfkla mdi,aj, uq,a .=rejreka fldamhg m;a úh' k.rdY%s; úYd, ckm%sh mdi,aj,g m¾Iofhka neyerj ;ks ;ksj talSh mdi,a f,i j¾Okh ùug bv i,ik ,È' miqj fïjd cd;sl mdi,a f,i kï lrk ,È' tu mdi,a uQ,Huh jYfhka iaffjÍh hk u;h miqj ksoyia wOHdmkh lmamdÿ lsÍula h hk fpdaokdjg u. mE§ h' wLKav we.hSï ksid .=rejrekaf.a jev nr wêl ù hhs" .=re ix.ï Bg iyfhda.h kqÿka y'

fuu fhdackdj,sfha Okd;aul m%;sM, folla úh' tajdkï 1985 § md¾,sfïka;= mk;la u.ska" cd;sl wOHdmk

wdh;kh ^NIE& wdrïN lsÍu;a mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh Wfoid cd;sl wOHdmk mSG wdrïN lsÍu;a h'

mdi,a l<ukdlrKh ÈhqKq lsÍu iïnkaOfhka mshjr lsysmhla u .kakd ,È' moaO;sfhys m%:u mqrel mdi,l uq,a .=rejrhd hehs wjfndaO fldgf.k mdi,aj,g n,h ,nd §fï

26

ie,eiaula Èh;a lrk ,È' l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd," wOHhk Wmldrl uOHia:dk f,i msysgqùug w;ayod ne,Sula lrk ,oafoa uq;a" th miqj w;ayrsk ,È' tu oYlh wjidkh jkúg" m¾Io mdi,a l%uh w;ayer" Èia;%slalhl u j.lSu" fldÜGdi wOHlaIjreka fj; mjrd fok ,È'

13 jk ixfYdaOkh hgf;a wOHdmkh úuOH.; lsÍu

13 fjks wdKavql%u ixfYdaOkh 1987 § kS;s.; lr m<d;a iNd msysgqjk ,È' wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg ;snQ fndfyda l%shdldrlï m<d;aj,g úuOH.; lrk ,È' fuu ixfYdaOkfha ,ehsia;= 1 Wm.%ka:h 111 hgf;a m<d;a mdi,aj, ish¨ l<ukdldß;ajh ta ta m<d;a iNd fj; mjrk ,È' rchg ;snQ mdi,a 9732ka 9370la m<d;a ks,Odßka g wh;a jQ w;r" flakaøia:dkhg - wud;HdxYhg - ysñjQfha 342la muKs' wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg mejreK l%shdjka jQfha" m%;sm;a;s ieliSu" ixúOdkh" cd;sl úIhud,d ieliSu" .=re wOHdmkh" úNd." fm<fmd;a ieliSu yd fnod yeÍu;a h' wud;HdxYh

úiska 1AB iy 1C mdi,aj,g m%Odkdpd¾hjreka m;a l< hq;af;a" rdcH fiajd fldñiï Wmfoia u; h'

m<d;a i|yd kj m<d;a wOHdmk l<ukdlrK jHqyh;a wdrïN lrk ,È' m<d;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd," fldÜGdi wOHdmk ld¾hd,j,ska th iukaú; úh' mdi,a 1000l l<ukdldß;ajh Wfoid" fujka ixLHdjl úia;rd;aul jHqyhla wjYH oehs hkak m%Yakhls' lsishï moaO;shl fndfyda

;, fyda uÜgï ;sfí kï" thska ;SrK .ekSu mud flf¾; ld¾hlaIu;dj ÿ¾j, flf¾' m%cd;ka;%jd§ m%;sm;a;s wkqj m¾hka;hg n,h mejÍu m%.;s.dó ,laIKhla jk kuqÿ wdrïNfha isg u m<d;a iNd l%shd lr we;s wdldrh wfmalaIdjkaf.ka fndfyda ÿria jQ nj fmfka' fuu úuOH.;

27

lsÍu ksid meyeÈ,sj fmfkk ixisoaê folla fõ' tajd kï" mßmd,kh i|yd u jeh YS¾Ihka" by< hdu;a foaYmd,k weÕs,s .eiSï jeäùu;a fõ'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu - ixfYdaOk - 1997

1988 - 1989 ld,h ;=< ol=fKa fojk ;reK le/,a, we;s úh' th uev meje;aùug;a wk;=rej rch" fujekakla we;s ùug fya;= j. úNd. lsÍug;a" ta ms<sn| ks¾foaY lsÍug;a ckdêm;s fldñiula m;a lf<a h' fldñiu" ;reK wiykhg uQ,sl fya;=j jYfhka y÷kd.kafka wOHdmkh hs' wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s mlaI foaYmd,kh u; ;Skaÿ fkd l< hq;= njg;a" wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s mlaI udreùï .ek fkd i,ld È.gu l%shd;aul l< hq;= njg;a" ks¾foaY lrk ,È' tl u mlaIh ;=< o" weu;s fjkiaùï u.ska fjkialïj,g Ndckh ù we;s ieá fmkajd ÿkafka h' rch úreoaO mlaIfha woyia o úuid" cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla ieliSu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu m;a lsÍug ;SrKh lf<a h' ta wkqj 1991ys wxl 19 ork mk; u.ska cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu msysgq jk ,os' oaú mdlaIsl fmdÿ iïuq;shla wkqj fldñika iNdfõ idudðlhka o" f;dard .;a fyhska" th fyd| fmr ksñ;a; h' fufia jßka jr m;a flfrk fldñiï iNd fjkqjg rchg wOHdmk lghq;= iïnkaOfhka Wmfoia §ug iaÓr uvq,a,la msysgqjk ,È'

1992 § uyck u; úuiSfuka wk;=rej fldñiu ;u

m<uq jd¾;dj ^ieis jd¾;d wxlV, 1992& m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' fuu jd¾;dfjka" wOHdmkhg wod< wruqKq iuQyhla ilia lrk ,È' fuu cd;sl wruqKq lrd t<öug wjYH jk

m%fõYhla f,i l=i,;d iuQyhla o y÷kd .;af;a h' “udkj

ixj¾Okh Wfoid wOHdmkhg o¾Ykhla ^2003&“ m%ldYkfhys iq¿ fjkialï lrk ,È' fuys i|yka j we;s wruqKq iy l=i,;d" m%;sm;a;s ilikakkag o" úIhud,d ie,iqï

28

lrkakkag o" ud¾f.damfoaYh imhd we;' 1995 § “cd;sl

wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg ke.Sfï Wmdh ud¾.hla” hkqfjka m%ldYkhla fldñiu úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,È' fï m%ldYkh my; i|yka lafIa;% i,ld ne,Sug fhduq lr ;snqKs'

• wOHdmk m%fõY wjia:d j¾Okh lsÍu

• wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh

• .=re jD;a;sh

• wOHdmkfha ;dlaIKsl iy m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d

• wOHdmkfha l<ukdlrKh iy iïm;a iemhSu'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiï mkf;ys fldkafoais wkqj fuu m%ldYh ckdêm;sg ms<s.kajk ,È' ta wkqj tys we;s fhdackd i,ld n,d" l%shdfõ fhoùfï ie,eiaula ieliSu i|yd ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldhla m;alrk ,È' ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldh fuu ks¾foaY úNd. lsÍu i|yd wkqldrl iNd 12la m;a lf<a h' fï wkqldrl iNd 12 úiska

bÈßm;a lrk ,o ks¾foaY “idudkH wOHdmk ixfYdaOk -

1997” jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a úh' 1997 j¾Ih ckdêm;s úiska wOHdmk m%;sixialrK j¾Ih f,iska kï lrkq ,ÿj" m%;sixialrK l%shdfõ fhoùfï j¾Ih 1998 ckjdß udifhka wdrïN úh'

jhi wjqreoq 5 - 14 olajd wksjd¾h mdi,a wjêh ;=< orejkaf.a mdi,a hEu id¾:l lsÍu Wfoid" wksjd¾h meñKSfï ksfhda. kS;s .; lrk ,È' fï i|yd mdi,a meñKSfï ldrl iNd" .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdi uÜgñka o" wëlaIK ldrl iNd fldÜGdi f,alï ld¾hd, uÜgñka o" mssysgqjk ,È' udOH jHmdr ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula we;s l< fyhska" mdi,a fkd .sh orejka úYd, ixLHdjla úêu;a mdi,aj,g iy fkdúêu;a wOHdmk uOHia:dkj,g we;=¿ lr.kakd ,È'

29

m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha mj;akd jHjydrhkag iq¿ jYfhka fjkialï tl;= lrk ,È' mia wjqreÿ m%d:ñl wjêh uQ,sl jYfhka my; i|yka wdldrhg fldgia 3lg fnok ,È'

uQ,sl m<uqjk wjêh - fY%aKs 1 - 2 ( bf.kqu( wjOdrKh -l%Svd fufyhùfuka bf.kqu flfrys h' uQ,sl fojk wjêh - fY%aKs 3 - 4 ( bf.kqu( l%shdldrlï iy

úêu;a ffY,shl bf.kqula uÕska

uQ,sl f;jk wjêh - fY%aKs 5 ( bf.kqu( úêu;a jQ bf.kqï jev i|yd wjOdrKhla fhduq lrñka iy Bg ;=vq fok l%shdldrlï

m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ úIhhka jQfha" m<uq ni" .Ks;h"

wd.u iy mdßißl l%shldrlï h' mdßißl l%shdldrlïj,g úoHdj" ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï" fi!kao¾hh" fi!LHh iy YdÍßl l%shdldrlï wkql,kh lrk ,È' Bg wu;rj woyia

yqjudrej Wfoid l%shdldrlï mokï jQ jdÑl bx.%sis ^ABOE& y÷kajd fok ,È' fuu úIhud,dj o" cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu úiska y÷kdf.k ;snQ l=i,;d ÈhqKq lsÍug WÑ; mokula i|yd ie,iqï lrk ,oaols' fuu jevigykg jdishla ;sìK'

tkï “m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iy m%d:ñl .Ks;h Wfoid mßmQ¾K jHdmD;shla²²² hkqfjka kï flreKq jevigyk hgf;a tlai;a

rdcOdksfha úfoaY wdOdr ^DfID& ,nd .ekSug yels ùu h' kshuq mokula Wv fuu m%d:ñl ixfYdaOk .ïmy Èia;%slalfha l%%shdjg kexjQ w;r" B<Õ j¾Ifha § th uq¿ rgg u jHdma; lrk ,È'

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oaù;Sl ;,fha §" oaù;Sl fcHIaG ;,fhka tla j¾Ihla wvq lsÍfuka" oaù;Sl lksIaG wjêh jir 4lg §¾> lrk ,È' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka lksIaG oaù;Sl wjêh 6jk fY%aKssfha isg 9jk fY%aKsh olajd §¾> jQ w;r" w' fmd' i' ^ id' fm<& mdGud,dj j¾I follg wvq úh' Ôjk l=i,;d fjkqjg" ;dlaIKsl iy m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d hkqfjka kj úIhhla wdrïN lrk ,È' mdi,a mdol we.hSï u.ska wLKav we.hSï Yla;su;a lrk ,È' w' fmd' i' ^id' fm<&g úµdj iy .Ks;h Wfoid nyq úIh ks¾foaYhla fhdackd jqj o" miqj th m%Yak m;% folla jYfhka fjkia lrk ,È' w' fmd' i' ^Wiia fm<& úIhhka 4" 3 olajd wvq lrk ,È' i;aj úoHdj iy WoaNso úoHdj" Ôj úoHdj f,i fjkia l< w;r .Ks;fhys úIh ks¾foaY lsysmhla fjkqjg" Wiia .Kss;h iy ixhqla; .Ks;h jYfhka úIhhka folla y÷kajd fok ,È' úYajúoHd,hhg we;=¿ ùu i|yd idudkH fmdÿ m%Yak m;%h iu¾: ùu wksjd¾h lrk ,È' Wiia fm<g ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdjla o ;sìh hq;= hehs fhdackd jqKs' fuh úfYaIfhka u jev f,dalhg we;=¿ jk l,d Odrd isiqkag wdrlaId oe,la iemhSu i|yd úh'

fhdackd lrk ,o wfkla fjkialï w;r" mdi,a mdol

l<ukdlrKh ye¢kaùu" .=re wOHdmkh Yla;su;a lsÍu" .=re ld¾h idOkh we.hSu" iy .=re jD;a;sh úêu;a lsÍu Wfoid jD;a;sl WmfoaYl uKav,hla msysgqùug o fhdackd úh'

1998 § ms<s.;a cd;sl úIhud,d m%;sm;a;sh wkqj" úIhud,d pl%h wjqreÿ 8lg iSud úh' ta wkqj úIhud,dj m%;sfYdaOkh lsÍug;a" wjYH fjkialï l%shdfõ fhoùug;a" úia;d¾: fufyhùulg lghq;= ie,iqï lrk ,È' tfia jqj o kdhl;ajfha fjkila ksid" fhdað; fjkialï w;ayßk ,È'

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wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s i|yd úfoaY wdOdr wdh;kj, n,mEu

2004 j¾Ifha § cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu “udkj ixj¾Okh i|yd wOHdmkhg oelaula Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH

wOHdmkh Wfoid cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjlg fhdackd” ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2004&" hkqfjka m%ldYkhla bÈßm;a lf<a h' miq wjêfha wOHdmk ixfYdaOk i|yd jk fhdackd fuys wka;¾.; ù ;snqKs' fï jkúg úYd, jYfhka msgrgj,ska wruqo,a ,enqKs' f,dal nexl=j;a" wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j;a ta w;r jeä u m%odk ,nd ÿks' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu úiska lrk ,o iuyr ks¾foaY l%shd;aul lsÍug Tjqyq W;aiql jQy'

f,dal nexl=j fhdackd l< mßÈ" “wOHdmk wdxYsl ixj¾Ok

rduqj iy jevigyk” ^ESDFP& ilia lsÍug wOHdmk wud;HdxYh tlÕ úh' tys m%Odk; u lafIa;% my; oelafõ'

1' uQ,sl iy oaù;Sl wOHdmkhg idOdrK m%fõYhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu

2' wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsÍu 3' wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;dj iy iïm;a fnod yeÍfï

idOdrK;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu 4' wOHdmk md,kh iy fiajd iemhSu Yla;su;a lsÍu

2006 § wud;HdxYh úiska ie,iqï lrk ,o wOHdmk

wdxYSh ie,iqug moku imhk ,oafoa fuu f;audjkaf.ka h' fuu ie,eiau hgf;a" rch;a f,dal nexl=j;a" wdxYsl m%fõY

ie,eiaug ^SWAp& tlÕ úh' tu.ska ,efnk uqo,a m%odkhka rcfha whjeh f,aLkh u.ska u wOHdmk wdxYsl j¾Ok rduqj g ,ndfok ,È' tf;la mej;=K l%uh jQ fjk fjk u jHdmD;s tall wdrïN lsÍu w;yer ouk ,È' fï u.ska foaYSh uÜgñka" rchg;a m%odkh ,nd fok ldrld§kag;a" ms<s.;a o¾Yl u; iïmQ¾K wOHdmk wdxYsl ie,iqu" tl;= j

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wëlaIKh lsÍug wjia:dj ie,isKs' fufia tu.ska wOHdmk ie,iqï wëlaIKh i|yd jvd;a ld¾hlaIu hdka;%Khla ìys

úh' tfia jqj o wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j fï SWAp l%uhg tlÕ kqjQfhka th fmr mej;s jHdmD;s l%uh u.ska u ;u wdOdr ,nd ÿKs'

fuu ms<sfj< hgf;a ie,lsh hq;= iyNd.s;ajhla olakg ,enqfKa h' mdi,a fkd.sh <uhs úYd, ixLHdjla úêu;a mdi,aj,g iy idlaIr;d uOHia:dkj,g we;=¿ lsÍu" l=i,;d j¾Okhg fhduq jQ úIhud,d ixfYdaOk" úoHd.dr" ikaksfõok iy f;dr;=re uOHia:dk" mdi,a mqia;ld, jeks by< .=Kd;aul fhoùï i|yd wruqo,a fhduq lsÍu" mdi,a ixj¾Okh i|yd jevigyka ye¢kaùu" imqrd,Sfï ie,iqïlrKhla f;dard .ekSu" iy jvd;a hym;a uqo,a f.ùï iy mshùug;a h' 2012 § fuu jev igyk wjidkj;a u" B<Õ wÈhr jk 2012 - 2016g o fuf,i u fuu ixúOdkd;aul jev igyk ie,iqï fldg we;'

wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iudf,dapkh - 1960 - 2006

oeka uu fï tla tla ixfYdaOk ldrld§ka úiska ta ta wjêj, ilia lrk ,o wruqKq iy l%shdfõ fhdojk ,o Wmdh ud¾. ms<sn| uf.a woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug leue;af;ñ' ixfYdaOkhka ys iEu wjêhla mqrd u Èfjk wruqKq fol jQfha" iudkd;au;djh iy .=Kd;aul nj h' iudkd;au;dj hkafkka woyia lrkqfha" idudÔh wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka fyda l=,h fyda" wd.u fyda" j¾.h fyda" ie,ls,a,g fkd f.k iEu orejl=g u tl iudk wjia:d imhd §u h' wOHdmkh iemhSu mq¿,a lsÍfuka fuh ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlg wm úiska uqÿkam;a lrf.k we;' ksoyia wOHdmkh ,ndfok mdi,a cd,h u.ska iïmQ¾K rg u wdjrKh lr we;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka rfÜ ieug m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSu iïmQ¾K;ajhg u

33

meñK we;' jeäysá idlaIr;dj 94%ls' oaù;Sh we;=<;a lsÍu

90%ls' wm rgg iudk tal mqoa., wdodhula we;s wfkla rgj,g jvd wm by< Ôjk .=Kd;aul njla N=la;s ú¢kq olakg ,efí' fkdñf,a b.ekaùug wur; j" ks¾ÈIag fmd;a" mdi,a ks, we÷ï" fi!LH idhkh" m%d:ñl isiqkg Èjd wdydrh" wvq wdodhï iys; mjq,aj, olaI isiqkag YsIHdOdr wdÈfhka iukaú; isiq iqn idOl fhdackd fm<la o we;' tfia jqj o" .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhg ieug m%fõYhla ;sfí oehs hkak kï iel iys; h'

.=Kd;aul nj idudkHfhka ks¾jpkh flfrkqfha m%fhdackhg iqÿiq nj Wv h' wOHdmkfhka wfmalaId lrkqfha" mdi,a moaO;sfha m%.ukh lrd isiqkayg m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchl mqrjeishka f,i id¾:l Ôú;hla .; lsrSug yels ùu h' mdi,ska msgjk YsIHhdf.a id¾:l;ajh ñkssh yelafla §¾> ld,hl wejEfuka miqj neúka" jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka l%shdj,sh h' wOHdmk{hka úIhud,dj flfrys uy;a ie,ls,a,la olajkqfha tneúks' orejl=f.a wkd.;h yev .kajkafka" úIhud,dj" wka;¾.;h iy b.ekaùfï úêl%uhhka u; h' wOHdmk ixfYdaOk hkq wjYHfhka u" úIhud,d ixfYdaOk fõ'

fï iïnkaOfhka ixfYdaOk ldrld§ka úiska Wmfhda.S lr.kakd ,o Wmdh ud¾. ljf¾ o@ tla Wmdh ud¾.hla jQfha mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< we;s lrk ,o fjkialï h' idudkHfhka" idudkH wOHdmk wÈhr m%d:ñl" oaù;Sh jYfhka wÈhr follg fnokq ,efí' m%d:ñl wÈhr jir 5la fyda 6la jk w;r oaù;Sl wÈhrg ;j;a jir 6la fyda 7la wh;a fõ' mdi,a jHqyh ixúOdkh lrkqfha fuu uQ,sl m%;sIaGdjg .e<fmk mßÈ h'

34

úfYaI ldrl iNdfõ ks¾foaY wkqj" m%d:ñl wÈhrg j¾I 6l mrdihla ;snqKs' 5jk fY%aKsfhys § th oaù;Sh" fcHIaG iy m%%dfhda.sl mdi,a jYfhka fldgia ;=klg fjka lsÍu

ks¾foaY lr ;snqKs' ta l%uhg wkqj <uqka 5%la úYajúoHd, iy wfkl=;a Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj,g we;=¿ ùug bvlv i,ik Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkhla ,ndfok oaù;Sl mdi,aj,g we;=¿

fjhs' 15%la nyq;dlaIKsl wdh;k iy ld¾ñl úoHd,j,g we;=¿ ùug wjYH" ;dlaIKsl iy jdKscH keUqrejla we;s

wOHdmkhla imhk oaù;Sl mdi,aj,g we;=¿ fõ' 80%la muK isiqka ixLHdjla m%dfhda.sl mdi,aj,g we;=¿ fõ' úfYaI ldrl iNdj u.ska lrk ,o ks¾foaYhkaf.ka jvd;a u úfõpkhg ,la jQ fhdackdj fuh úh' ;¾l lrk ,oafoa isiqjl= fhduq l< hq;af;a" Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkhg o" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjlg o hk ;SrK .ekSug jhi wjqreÿ 11 ,dnd, jeä njhs' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka OdrdlrKh w;ayer oeóug isÿ úh'

1961 § cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 8jk fY%aKsh olajd fmdÿ lksIaG mdi,la o" wk;=rej oaù;Sl mdi,a Odrd 4la o" ks¾foaY lf<a h' fuh iq¿ fjkialï iys;j l%shd;aul lsÍug rch tlÕ ù ;snqKs' kuq;a rch fjkia ùu;a iuÕ u th tfia bgq fkdjqKs' 1966 Oj, m;%sldj u.ska úúOdx.SlrKh 7jk fY%aKsfha § l< hq;= njg fhdackd lr ;snqKs' th 1968 § l%shd;aul lrk ,o uq;a 1972 ixfYdaOk u.ska fjkia úh'

tu j¾Ifha § jHqyh 5 + 4 + 2 f,i fjkia lr ;snqKs' th

kej; 1977 oS 5 + 3 + 3 + 2 f,i fjkia lrk ,È' 1981 fhdackd" fï l%uh u tf,i u mj;ajd .ksñka úIhud,d ;dlaIKsl ixrplh Yla;su;a lf<a h' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu 9jk fY%aKsh olajd uQ,sl mdi,la o" oaù;Sl mdi,a fY%aKs 10-13 olajd o úh hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lf<a h' moaO;sfha úúO;ajh i,ld ne,Sfuka" cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu o woyia

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lf<a N+f.da,Sh idOl iy ck.yk >k;ajh i,ld n,d fjkialï we;s l< yels nj h'

fjk;a rgj, mdi,a jHqyhka mÍlaId lsÍfï § fmkS hkafka tajd ;Skaÿ ù we;af;a ft;sydisl idOl u; nj h' ì%;dkHh iy hg;a úð; jYfhka meje;s rgj,aj, we;af;a" uQ,sl jYfhka m%d:ñl iy oaù;Sl wOHhk jhi wjqreÿ 11 § fn§ we;s jHqyhls' hqfkiaflda ks¾foaYh jQfha" tla jy<la hg" wksjd¾h mdi,a wOHdmkh iemhSu h' ta i|yd 7 fyda 8 fyda fY%aKsh f;la uQ,sl wOHdmkh iemhSu" wdrïNl mdi,la u.ska ,ndÈh hq;= nj h' wOHdmkfha úúOdx.slrKh úh hq;af;a miqj nj h' úúO wd.ñl iud.ï yd rch u.ska o ie,iqïlrKfhka f;drj mdi,a wdrïN lr we;s ,xldj jeks rglg wjYH jkafka" iudk m%fõYhla yd msßuysk Wmßu iïm;a Ndú;h o ;yjqre jk mßÈ tu moaO;sh idOdrKSlrKh lsÍu h' fuh l< hq;= j ;snqfKa 1961 § wdOdr ,nk mdi,a rchg w;am;a lr .ekSu;a iuÕ h' th fndfyda ixfYdaOlhka úiska fhdackd lr ;snqKs' úfYaI ldrl iNdj tla oaù;Ssh mdi,la i|yd m%d:ñl mdi,a .Kkdjla ;sìh hq;= hehs fhdackd lf<a h' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNdj 1961 § mdi,a l,dm mssysgqúh hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lf<a h' wOHdmk ixfYdaOk ldrl iNdj 1979 § fhdackd lf<a mdi,a ixlS¾K msysgqùu h' 1981 § Oj, m;%sldj" mdi,a lsishï ld¾hhla Wv mokï lr m¾Io mdi,a msysgqjQfha h' kuq;a th miqj w;ayßk

,È' 1998 ixfYdaOk “mdi,a mjq,a” iE§u fhdackd lf<a h' oeka rch oaù;Sl mdi,a 1000l=;a" m%d:ñl mdi,a 5000l=;a" we;s lr,Sfï l%shdj,shl kshe<S isà' flfia jqj o fuh iïmQ¾K rg u wdjrKh jk fia l< hq;= h' fï u.ska iEu orejl=g u m%d:ñl mdi,l .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla o mQ¾K úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wjYH myiqlï we;s oaù;Ssl mdi,la o iaÓr jYfhka ,efnk nj ;yjqre úh hq;= h'

36

mdi,a moaO;sh foi iqmÍlaIdldÍj ne,Sfï § mdi,a øeùlrKhlg m;afjñka we;s nj fmfka' f,dl= mdi,a md,kh lr .ekSug W.yg jk muKg ;j ;j;a úYd, fjñka o" fmdä mdi,a ;j ;j;a l=vd ù jid oeófï ;;a;ajhla lrd wefoñka o we;s nj o fmfka' 2013 mdi,a ix.kKh g wkqj isiqka 50g wvq mdi,a 1614 o" 51-100 w;r isiqka we;s mdi,a 1516 o we;' oaù;Sl f,dl= mdi,aj, isiqka ixLHdj by< f.dia" f,dl= mdi,a md,kh lr .ekSug wmyiq ùfï ;;a;ajhla lrd t<U we;' fY%aKs 1 isg 11 olajd

meje;afjk IIjk j¾.fha mdi,a 4230la we;' fï mdi,aj, 6 fY%aKsfha isg 11 fY%aKsh olajd we;s oaù;Sl wxYh i|yd isiqka we;=<;a lsÍï b;d w,am fõ' fï iEu wjia:djl u msßjeh by< w;r" wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj my< uÜgul mj;S' tneúka lsis u orejl=g m%fõYh wysñ fkd jk" wd¾Ól jYfhka m%dfhda.sl jk" mdi,a úpdrj;a lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' wfkla w;g 3000g jeä isiq ixLHdjlf.ka ieÿï ,;a mdi,a 77la we;' fïjd l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï § m%Yak ks¾udKh ù we;' iEu isiqjl=g u fjka fjka jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu W.yg ùfuka isiqka w;r yqol,d njg m;a ù we;ehs hk yeÕSu we;s ù ;sfí' Bg;a jvd fuhska iuyr mdi,a jrm%ido ,enQjkaf.a uOHia:dk njg m;a j we;' ksoyi ,eîug fmr

ÈiajqKq ‘oaúldr;ajh' kej; m%o¾Ykh ù we;' fï iuyr mdi,a" mfya YsIH;ajh iu;a jQ isiqka Ndr fkdf.k" mdi,g we;=¿ lsÍfï úê úOdk W,a,x>kh lrñka isiq wenE¾;= mqrjk nj .re wOHdmk weu;s;=ud o i|yka lf<a h'

mdi,a moaO;sfha wfkla wvqmdvqj kï" úoHd úIh Odrdj bf.kSfï myiqlï o we;s mdi,a msysgd we;s widOdrK

ms<sfj< h' Wiia fm< úoHd mka;s we;s 1AB mdi,laj;a ke;s wOHdmk fldÜGdi 73la we;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka

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úoHd,hSh uÜgfï § 50%g jeä isiq ixLHdjlg l,d Odrdj yeoEÍug isÿ fõ' mdi,a 1000 msysgqùfuka fuu úIu;dj u. yef¾ hehs wfmalaId l< yels h' ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdjla wdrïN lsÍu o ;j;a m%YxikSh mshjrls'

wOHdmk m%;sixialdrlhka úiska" wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd ,o wfkla Wmdh ud¾.h kï úIhud,dj m%;sfYdaOkh lsÍu h' cd;sl úIhud,d m%;sm;a;sh wkqj úIhud,dj m%;sfYdaOkh l< hq;af;a wjqreÿ wfgka wgg h' iEu jrl u lrk ,o ixfYdaOk hgf;a isÿù we;af;a" moaO;sh tfyka fufyka mQÜgq lsÍu;a" úIhhka w;kg fu;ekg udre lsÍu;a h' wka;¾.;hg w¨;a ud;Dld tl;= lsÍu;a muK h' kuq;a jvd;a jeo.;a jkqfha b.ekaùfï úêl%ufha fjkils' bf.kSu l%shdldrlï u; mokï j isiq flakaøSh úh hq;= fõ' miq.sh Y;j¾I folyudrl ld,hla ;=< u wOHdmk{hka úiska fuh wjOdrKh lr we;' w¨;ska tl;= lrk ,o tl u wx.h jQfha f;dr;=re ikaksfõok yd ;dlaIKfõoh y÷kajd §u h' m%d:ñl wxYh yer wfma mka;s ldurj, tl u f,i tl u wdlD;shlg b.ekaùu flfrhs' fï mka;s ldur oekqu fnod yßk l¾udka;Yd,d yd iudk h' isiqka" j¾;udk iudcfha id¾:l;ajhg w;HjYH .eg¨ ksrdlrKh" ks¾udKYS,s;ajh" W;amdok l%u Yla;sh" wka;¾mqoa., l=i,;d" kdhl;ajh iy ixfõoS nj jeks uDÿ l=i,;d j¾Okh lr fkd .kS' fujka bf.kSfï ixialD;shla È.g u fufia mej;Sug tla fya;=jla kï we.hSï l%uh h' mdi,a mdol we.hSï y÷kajd § ;snqK;a ;j u jeo.;a jkafka" úúO úNd.j,g ,nd .kakd ,l=Kq

;rd;sru h; uÜgu h'

iEu orejl=f.a u wNsm%dh ù we;af;a" úNd.h iu;a ù úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ ùu h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ;r.ldÍ nj W;aikak ù we;' mqoa.,sl b.ekaùï mdi,a moaO;shg

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iudka;rj l¾udka;hla njg m;aù we;' fuu wNsfhda.hg uqyqK §ug úNd. l%ufha fjkila w;HjYH fõ' mdi,a mdol we.hSï Yla;su;a l< hq;= h' m%isoaO úNd.j, §" iudkHfhka oekqu úNd. lsÍu mÍlaIdjg Ndckh lsÍu fjkqjg oekqu Wmfhda.S lsÍu mÍlaIdjg Ndckh lsÍfuka m%Yak j¾.h fjkia l< hq;= h' jHqyd;aul fjkialï o wjYH fõ' w'fmd'i'^id' fm<& g ,nd§ we;s jeo.;alu wvq úh hq;= h' wo Èk Ydia;%sh iqÿiqlula f,i w'fmd'i' ^id' fm<& g lsis u jákdlula ke;' fiajdodhlhka b,a¨ï lrkqfha w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& iy;sl h' my< uÜgfï /lshd Wfoid cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï iy;sl jvd;a fhda.H fõ' tneúka w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h mdi,a uÜgñka meje;aúh yels h' tfia;a ke;akï 1981 § Oj, m;%sldj fhdackd l< mßÈ" wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jg;a m<d;g;a tlaj th meje;aúh yels h' túg w' fmd' i' ^Wiia fm<& úNd.h" úoHd,hSh wÈhr wjidkfha § mj;ajkq ,nk idOk úNd.hla njg m;a fõ' th úYajúoHd, m%fõY úNd.hla fkd úh hq;= h' j¾;udk oy;=ka wjqreÿ mdi,a wjêh jir 12lg wvqfldg" 12ys fY%aKsh wjidkfha § tu úNd.h meje;aúh yels h' hïlsis uÜgulg w' fmd' i' ^Wiia fm<& úNd.h iu¾: isiqkag úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ ùu i|yd mokï mdGud,djla w;HjYHfhka yeoErsh hq;= fõ' úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ lsÍu wNsfhda.;d mÍlaIKhl m%;sM, u; úh yels h'

wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid" .=rejrhl= úiska ;SrKd;aul jev fldgila bgq flf¾' tneúka" .=rejreka n|jd .ekSu" mqyqKq lsÍu iy rdcldßfhys fhoùu b;d u jeo.;a fõ' .=rejreka fiajhg n|jd .ekSu isÿ lrkqfha wjYH;dj mokï fldgf.k fyda" b,a¨ïlref.a iqÿiqlï fyda fhda.H;dj u; fkdj" úfgl fjkia úl,amhla j;a ke;s WmdêOdßhdg /lshd imhd§fï wjYH;dj u; h' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" nyq;rh" b.ekaùu jeks jD;a;shl idudðlhka ùug iqÿiafida fkd fj;s' Tjqka rdcldßfha

39

fhdojkq ,nkafka o" mdi,aj, we;s wenE¾;= wkqj fyda" wjYH úIhhka wkqj fyda fkd fõ' iuia; .=re isiq wkqmd;h 1(17 jqj o" fndfyda .ïno mdi,aj, m%udKj;a .=re ixLHdjla ke;' .=re mqyqKq wdh;k fndfyda ;snqK o" thska fokq ,nk mqyqKqfjys .=Kd;aul nj" wfmalaIdjka f.ka fndfyda ÿria j

we;' fiajdia: .=re mqyqKqj “Èh we,a,l” wdlD;sh wdldrfhka l%shd;aul jqj o" .=re wdl,amhka ys fjkila olskakg ke;'

w,q;ska y÷kajd fok ,o" mdi,a mdol .=re ixj¾Okh ^SBTD& ixl,amh" Yla;su;a l< hq;= h' .=rejrekaf.a Ñ;a; ffO¾hh b;d u my;a wählg jeà we;' ffoksl jYfhka .;a l< .=rejrekaf.ka 1$3la mdi,g fkd meñfKa'

“.=relu” ms<s.;a jD;a;shl uÜgulg f.k tau w;HjYH h' ta i|yd kshu mqyqKqjla" úfõ;khla" iy fiajfha jD;a;sl;ajh;a wjYH fõ' Wmdêhla ,enQ ´kE u mqoa.,hl=g id¾:l .=rejrfhl= úh fkd yels h' wkd.; .=rejreka wOHdmkfõ§ Wmdê mdGud,d jeks mdGud,d u.ska mqyqKq l< hq;= h' ksjerÈ ud¾.hla Tiafia" j;auka cd;sl wOHdmk mSG" Wmdê m%odkh lrk wdh;k njg m;al< hq;= h' wfkla .=re mqyqKq wdh;k" .=re uOHia:dk fyda fiajdia: .=re mqyqKq wdh;k njg m;al< hq;= h' j¾;udkfhys b;sßj we;s kqmqyqKq WmdêOdÍkaf.a mqyqKqj wjika jQ úg" wOHdmkfõ§ WmdêOdÍka iemhSu ms<sn|j úYajúoHd,fha wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h' fõ;kh .ek i,ld ne,Sfï § rdcH fiajfha wvqfjka u jegqma ,nk ldKavh .=rejreka nj fmkS hhs' fõ;kh j¾Okh lrkjd fia u Tjqka úiska wjxl fiajhla ,nd §u o iy;sl lsÍug Tjqka wëlaIKh lsÍu o Yla;su;a l< hq;= h' fhdackd lr we;s mßÈ jD;a;Sh WmfoaYl iNdjla msysgqùfuka Tjqkaf.a jD;a;slNdjh Woa§mkh l< yels h'

40

l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOfhka wOHdmk fldÜGdi" l,dm" fomd¾;fïka;= jYfhka wud;HdxYfha OQrdj,s jHqyh ;=< fndfyda ixfYdaOk l%shd;aul fldg ;snqKs' tkuqÿ wOHdmksl lghq;= jYfhka wOHdmkh ,ndfok ia:dkh jk mdi, fjkialïj,g Ndckh ù we;af;a u| jYfhks' md¾,sfïka;=j úiska" mdi,a ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu i|yd mk;la iïu; lr we;' kuq;a th l%shd;aul fkd fõ' mdi,a mdol l<ukdlrKhg fhduqjk fjkialï u¢ka u| wdrïN fldg we;;a" tajd ;SrKd;aul id¾:l wjidkh olajd f.k hEu wjYH fõ' fï ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;s lsÍfuka iqÿiq jd;djrKhla iQodkï lsÍu o wjYH fõ'

wOHdmk ixfYdaOkj, id¾:l;ajhg odhl jk idOl

fï ld,h ;=< n,fha isá iEu rchla u wOHdmk moaO;sh ixfYdaOkh lsÍug m%h;akhla oerefõ h' wOHdmk myiqlï iemhSfuys Tjqka iEfyk ÿrlg id¾:l ù we;' rfÜ iEu wiaila uq,a,la u wdjrKh flfrk mD:q, mdi,a cd,hla we;' ixj¾Okh jQ fyda ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk fyda fjk;a ´kE u rgla yd ixikaokh lsÍfï § b;du;a by< u by< .=re YsIH wkqmd;h Y%S ,xldjg we;s nj fmfka' tkuq;a" moaO;sfhka ìysjkakka ;=<" u;= ù tk f.da,ShlrKh jQ ;dlaIKsl iudchl id¾:l Ôú;hla .; lsÍug wjYH l=i,;d iy wdl,am ,ndf.k ;sfí o@ .=Kd;aul udkfha WÑ; nj fmkakqï lrkqfha fu;eka ys h'

OECD wOHdmk{hl= jQ fgd¾iagka yqika IIEP,

hqfkiaflda ^meßia& wdh;khka ys md,l uKav,j, wdrïNl iNdm;s úh' Tyq tu ;k;=f¾ jir 17la muK fiajh lf<a h' Tyqg wOHdmk ie,iqï" l<ukdlrKh" ;=,kd;aul wOHdmkh

ms<sn| mD:q, m<mqreoaola ;sìK' Tyq IEA wdh;kfha iNdm;s

41

f,i o lghq;= lf<a h' “wOHdmkh f.da,Sh ´kElula” ^1990&" hk m%ldYkfhka wOHdmk ixfYdaOk Wfoid Wmfhda.S fldg.; yels m%;sm;a;s yd kS;s Í;s ud,djla iQ;% .; lf<a h' fuu kS;s mÍlaId fldg" tu.ska fldmuK ÿrg Y%S ,xldjg hula bf.k .; yels oehs i,ld ne,Su jà'

Tyq wdrïN lrkafka" wOHdmksl ixfYdaOk i|yd úYajhg u fmdÿ rgdjla ke;s nj wjOdrKh lrñks' ft;sydisl" ixialD;sl iy wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka" ráka rgg o" tla tla rg ;=< o" tliudk fkd fõ'( tneúka iEu tlla u iqúfYaI f,i" i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' tfia jqj o" ixfYdaOk i|yd .kakd Wmdh ud¾.hla f.dv k.d .ekSug yels jk fmdÿ kS;s Í;s lÜg,hla we;' fgdaiagka yqfiaka m%ldY lrk m%Odk m%;sm;a;s flfrys wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

1' wOHdmk ixfYdaOk idudÔh ixfYdaOkfha u tla fldgils - wOHdmk ie,eiau f.dvke.sh hq;af;a o" l%shd;aul l< hq;af;a o" idudÔh - wd¾Ól fjki keu;s úYd, rduqj ;=< h' wOHdmksl ixfYdaOkhkag idudÔh wd¾Ól fjkialïj, wdfoaYlhla f,i l%shd l< fkd yels h'

2' ixfYdaOk tla Èklska l%shdfõ fhoúh fkd yels h -

wOHdmksl wdh;k" úfYaIfhka u mdi,a “l=iS; lñka iy ;o wdh;ksl orovqlñka fmf<k ia:dk fõ' wOHdmksl jHqyhka iy mqreÿ §¾> ld,Sk iïm%odhkaf.ka yev .eiqfKa fjhs' fï yev.eiaùfï l%shdj,sfha § tu iïm%odhhka ld,hd úiska

f.!rjhg md;% lrkq ,enqfõ fjhs'” md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska w¨;a mk;la f.k tafuka moaO;sh fjkia fkd fõ' l¾;D iaùvka ráka WodyrKhla imhhs" 1940 § ldrl iNd folla" fhdackd ie,iqï lsÍug wjqreÿ oyhl=;a" tu jevigyk kshdukh lsÍug ;j;a wjqreÿ 10l=;a" th ls%hdfõ fhoùug ;j;a wjqreÿ 10l=;a .; l< y' iïmQ¾K l%shdoduhg wjqreÿ 30la .; jqKs'

42

m%;sM, id¾:l úh' Tyq tu rfgka u whym;a f,i l%shdfõ fhojqKq ixfYdaOkhlg WodyrKhla imhhs' ixfYdaOkh Wiia wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka h' 1968 § wêldßh m;a lrk ,È' 1973 § jd¾;dj msg lrk ,È' 1975 § fhdackd ;SrKh lrk ,È' 1977 § fhdackd l%shdfõ fhdojk ,È' uq¨ pl%hg u wjqreÿ 10la .;jqKs" kuq;a th wid¾:l úh' wOHdmksl ixfYdaOk l%u l%ufhka l%shdfõ fhoúh hq;= h'

3' iïm;a wjYH fõ - iïm;a hkq uQ,Huh iy udkj jYfhka fldgia folu h' ixj¾ê; rgj, wOHdmkfha iaj¾Kuh hq.h jQfha" 60 oYlfha;a 80 oYlfha uq,a ld,fha § h' fï ld,j, wOHdmkh Wfoid ork ,o úhou YS>%fhka jeä úh' tal mqoa., wdodhu fuka fo.=Khla úh' wOHdmkh i|yd wdfhdackh hkq" ÿria: ld, laIs;schla iys; jHdmdrhls' wOHdmk moaO;sfha ksuehqïj, odhl;ajh ñKsh yelafla" wdfhdackfhka miq oYl lsysmhl wejEfuks' udkj iïm;a mqyqKq lsÍug;a" iïm;a i|yd f.ùï lsrSug;a" WmlrK iy øjHj,g;a" há;, myiqlïj,g;a uqo,a wjYH fõ' kuq;a tys ,dN m%fhdack rgg ,efnkafka miqj h'

4' uOHu wdKavqj iy m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï iyNd.s;ajh jeo.;a u idOl fõ - idudkHfhka wOHdmksl ixfYdaOk wdrïN lrkqfha uOHu wdKavqfõ uÜgfuka h' th iïm;a o" úfYaIfhka u wjYH jk uQ,Huh iïm;a o imhhs' fujka ueÈy;aùï" jHqyd;aul fjkialï lsÍfuka o" wdikak udhsfï ixúOdkj,g wjYH uQ,Huh wdOdr iemhSfuka o" wOHdmk moaO;sfha fmdoq rduqfjys fjkila lsÍug iu;a fõ' fuh l< hq;af;a ish¨ iïnkaO ldrldoSkaf.a woyia Wmfoia iuÕ h' mq¿,a m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka tlÕ;djla we;s jqKq miq m%dfoaYSh uÜgfuka ta iïnkaOfhka wNsfm%arKh iy lemùu we;s lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' ixfYdaOk l%shdfõ fhoùfuys § lafIa;%fhys kshq;= jQjkaf.a Wmßu iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSfuka

43

id¾:l;ajh <Õd lr.; yels nj w;aoelSfuka fmkS f.dia we;'

5' wOHdmk m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okh wjYH fõ ---- uQ,sl ie,iqu lsÍu" l%shd;aul lsÍu" m%;sM, we.hSu jeks iEu wÈhrl § u m¾fhaIK lsÍu u.ska wOHdmksl ixfYdaOkhkays ixj¾Okhg Wmldr fnfyúka w;afjhs' iïmQ¾K o;a; ixÑ;hla uOHu jYfhka mj;ajd f.k hEu wëlaIKh i|yd o" l%shdud¾.h jro ksjro lsÍu i|yd o" w;HjYH fõ' wruqKq bIag ù we;s oehs fidhd ne,Su msKsi úfYaIs; jQ wOHhk wjYH fõ' wh jeh ie,iqïlrKh i|yd uQ,Huh f;dr;=re wjYH fõ' fuu f;dr;=re ksjeros ;Skaoq .ekSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh iy m<d;a uÜgñka ,nd .ekSug wjldY ie,ish hq;= h'

wfma rg foi wdmiq yeÍ n,k úg wmg fmkS hkafka iEu wjia:djl § u ixfYdaOk mlaI foaYmd,kfha fldgila jQ njhs' md,k n,h we;s n,Odßkaf.a woyia Woyia u; ukdmhka wkqj fjkialï we;s lrk ,È' wOHdmk

wud;HdxYfha f,alï OQrh biqÆ tï' ã' ã' mSßia uy;d “In the

Pursuit of Governance” ^2002& kue;s Tyqf.a u;l igykaj, fujka isoaêhla i|yka lrhs' mdi,a ks, we÷ï fkdñf,a iemhSug ;Skaÿj .kakd ,oafoa Bg wod< uQ,Huh ne£u .ek lsisjla fkd oek fmdf,dkakrefõ m%isoaO /iaùul § h' fuh isÿjQfha cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk iufha § h' tl u rcfha weu;s fjkia ùu fya;=fjka m%;sm;a;s fjkia jQ wjia:d o we;' ;reK lghq;= ms<sn| fldñiu cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s ie,eiau i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiula msysgq ùu ks¾foaY lf<a tu ksid h' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiula m;a lsÍfuka miqj o" wOHdmk ixfYdaOk foi n,d we;af;a" tajd mlaI m%;sm;a;s f,i h' úreoaO mlaIh ieuúg u rch úiska f.fkk ,o fhdackdj,g úreoaO úh'

44

B<Õ Pkaohg fmr m%;sM, fmkajkq jia ixfYdaOk ie,iqï fldg läkñka l%shd;aul lsÍu ;j;a wvqmdvqjls' m%udKj;a iQodkulska f;drj ixfYdaOk l%shd;aul lsÍu" wid¾:l;ajh iaÓr lrjkakls' úIhud,d ixfYdaOk i,ld n,uq' iudc wOHhkh" b;sydih" N+f.da, úoHdj" iy m%cdpdrh fjkqfjka y÷kajd ÿka l, tu úIhhka ;=k u yodrd ;snQ .=rejreka úr, úh' tys m%;sM,h jQfha b;sydih .=rejrhl=g iudc wOHhkh ndr ÿkaúg" b;sydih ksid ^YsIHhdg& N+f.da, Ydia;%h iïnkaOfhka mdvq ú|Sug isÿ úu h' Èß.ekaùulska f;drj wl%uj;a mqyqKqjlska" .=rejreka w¨;a úIhhka yeoEÍug fmd,Ujd .; fkd yels h' ;j;a kso¾Ykhla f,i WoaNso iy i;a;aj úoHdj fjkqjg Ôj úoHdj wdrïN lsÍu bÈßm;a l< yels h' úIhhka foflys u ksmqK;djhla .=rejrekg fkd ;sìK' l%shdfõ fhoùug m<uq .=re iQodku fkd ;sfnk úg m%;sM, iïmQ¾K fkd fõ' wOHdmkfha fjkialï iïnkaOfhka foudmsfhda fndfyda fihska ixfõ§ fj;s' tneúka fjkialï we;s l< hq;af;a w;HjYH kï muKs' ixfYdaOk ms<sn| wjÈhla we;s lsÍu;a" fmdÿ iïuq;shlg t<öu;a wjYH fõ' tfia ke;skï" md,lhka" orejkaf.a wkd.;h mrÿjg ;nd ;ukaf.a w;a;fkdau;sl woyia l%shdfõ fhoùug ork m%h;akhla f,i" wOHdmk ixfYdaOk fmkShEu je,elaúh fkd yels h'

;j;a ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= wx.hla jkafka iïm;a iemhSu h' 1960 oYlfha §" wOHdmkhg tal mqoa., wdodhfuka

5%lg wdikak m%;sY;hl=;a" jd¾Isl whjefhka 15%lg wdikak jQ uqo,l=;aa fjka flreKs' kuq;a 1977ka miq th tal

mqoa., wdodhfuka 2%g;a" jd¾Isl whjefhka 8%g;a wvq úh'

wo th tal mqoa., wdodhfuka 1'86 o" whjefhka 7% o fõ' ;¾lh ù we;af;a jd¾Isl uqo,a fjka lsÍï jeä ù we;s nj;a" tal mqoa., wdodhu fldgila f,i rcfha wdodhu o my;

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f.dia we;s nj;a" há;, myiqlï Wfoid rcfha úhoï by< f.dia we;s nj;a h' m%udKj;a fkd jk uqo,a fjka lsÍï iy uqo,a .,dhEu ms<sn| we;slr we;s iSud wOHdmkh i|yd flfrk úhoï flfrys wys;lr f,i n,md we;' iSñ; uqo,a jvd;a ksisf,i m%fhdackhg f.k ke;' wjYH;djg jvd ixLHdjla .=re m;aùï ,nd §u tl kso¾Ykh ls' tfia u wjYH fkd jk mdi,a mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd ork úhou o ;j;a kso¾Ykhls' rchg wjYH iïm;a ,nd §ug fkd yels kï" tla úi÷ula úh yelafla fmdÿ mqoa.,sl yjq,lg ta iïnkaOfhka wjia:dj ie,iSu hs' ffO¾hu;a lsÍu hs' mqoa.,sl b.ekaùï u.ska ,nk m%;s,dN fï ÈYdk;sh fmkakqï lrkafkls'

wOHdmkfhys ld¾hlaIu;dj;a idM,Hh;a flfrys n,mdk ;j;a idOlhla iïnkaOfhka" úpdrlhka lsysm fofkl= ;u woyia mjid we;' ta n,mEu úia;r lr we;af;a foaYmd,kSlrKh hkqfjks' wOHdmk mßmd,kfha §¾>ld,Sk m<mqreoaola we;s Ydia;%{hl= o" jD;a;slfhl= o jQ wdp¾h wdkkao .=ref.a" miajk iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r

wkqiaurK foaYkh mj;ajñka fufia mejiS h' “iEu wjia:djl § u" m%n, ndOlhla jQfha" wOHdmkh wfkla ish¨ lafIa;%hkag jvd foaYmd,ksl jYfhka ixfõ§ ùu h' miq.sh ld,h ;=< Oj, m;%sld iïnkaOfhka we;s jQ újdo ;=fka u m%;sM,h jQfha" mQ¾K wOHdmk mk;la ye¢kaùu lvdlmam,a ùu h' foaYmd,k fl<sìu Wfoid wmg lrkakg isÿ jQ úm¾hdih wfma cd;sfha jvd;a u ÿlaL odhl l;dka;rh

jkjdg iel ke; ^msgqj 134&'” cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu ;u 2003 m%ldYfhka ^udkj ixj¾Okh Wfoid wOHdmkhg

oelaula& fufia mjihs' “fï ;;a;ajh j<lajd ,Sug by< u uÜgul foaYmd,k wêIaGdkh;a wjYH fõ' foaYmd,kSlrKh wOHdmk moaO;sfhka ;=rka lrk ;=re" m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOk" jHqyd;aul iy ixúOdkd;aul fjkialï" fï lsisjlska

46

moaO;sfha jeàu j<lajd ,sh fkd yels h' foaYmd,k mlaI ish,a,l u kdhlhka tlaj" wOHdmk moaO;sfhka foaYmd,k weÕs,s .eiSï ;=rka lsÍug tlÕ úh hq;= h' cd;sfha hym; i|yd m%uqL;d mokula Wv fï iïnkaOfhka taldnoaO m%ldYhla fldg wruqKq bgq lr .ekSï jia" meyeÈ,s ms<s;=rla Èh;a l< hq;= h ^msgqj243&' ysgmq wOHdmk f,alïjrhl= jQ

tßla fÊ' o is,ajd uy;d fufia mjihs' “jHqyd;aul iy ixúOdkd;aul ÿ¾j,;d m%Yakfha fldgila muKs' moaO;sfha wld¾hlaIu;dj iy m%;sM, rys; nj we;s lrjk m%Odk odhl;ajh we;af;a fjk;a m%Njhl h' th fndfyda fokd okakd kuq;a fujka jd¾;djkays tjka fohla i|yka fkd fõ' th kï moaO;sfha iïmQ¾K wKil wh;a wka;

foaYmd,kSlrKh hs” ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2004 wOHhk ud,dj 24 - wOHdmkfha l<ukdlrKh&

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNdj msysgqùfï § u;=jqKq taldnoaO tlÕ;dj fndfyda l,la hk;=re tf,i fkd meje;aùu wdNd.Hhls' oeka wms uq,a ;ekg u fmr<d meñK isáuq' tfia jqj o" tla ߧ f¾Ldjla we;' iEu mlaIhl u iyNd.s;ajh we;s j" fhdackdj,shla ilia lsÍu i|yd wdrïNl mshjr ;eîug wOHdmkh ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= WmfoaYl ldrl iNdj iu;a ù we;' tla mlaIhla yer wfkla ish¨ u mdlaIslhka fuu ,shú,a,g w;aika ;nd we;' rfÜ jD;a;slhkaf.a j.lSu jkafka" fï fhdackd Wv" cd;sl

ixjdohla f.dv kÕd .ekSu h; iïuq;shlg t<öfuka wk;=re j rfÜ wkd.; mrïmrd fjkqfjka th cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla f,i l%shd;aul lrùu h' wdpd¾h lkakka.rhkaf.a m%;sm;a;s ksid m%;s,dN ,enQjkaf.a N+ñldj úh hq;af;a th h'

ia;=;shs !

47

References

Centre for Research and Development. (2003). Education and Culture:

Three Speeches by Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara. Maharagama: National

Institute of Education

Centre for Research and Development. (2003). Dogged Perseverance

Coupled with Fearless Advocacy. Maharagama: National Institute of

Education

Eric J. de Silva. (2004). Management of Education Sectoral Education

Review, Study Series No. 23. Sri Lanka: National Education Commission

Eric J. de Silva. (2013). Politics of Education Reform and Other Essay.

Nugegoda: Sarasavi Publishers

Guruge, A. W. P. (1992). Control of Education: Implications for Quality

and Relevance Dr.C.W.W.Kannangara Memorial Lecture 5. Maharagama:

National Institute of Education

Jayasuriya, J. E. (1977). Educational Policies and Progress During British

Rule in Ceylon.1796-1948. Colombo: Associated Educational Publishers.

Jayasuriya, J. E.(1969). Education in Ceylon Before and After

Independance1939-1969 Colombo: Associated Educational Publishers

Jayaweera, S. (1988). Educational Policies and Change from the Mid

Twentieth Century to 1977 – Occasional Papers in Education.

Maharagama: National Institute of Education

Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs. (1964). Proposals for a

National System of Education. Colombo: Government Press

Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs. (1969). Education in Ceylon - A

Centenary Volume. Colombo: Government Press.

Ministry of Education. (1973). Medium term Education Development Plan

1973-1977. Ministry of Education Mimeographed.

Ministry of Education. (1979). Report of the Education Reforms Committee

– Relevance in Education Colombo: Government Press

Ministry of Education. (1981). Education Proposals for Reform – General,

University and Tertiary. Sri Lanka: State Printing Cooperation

48

Ministry of Education. (2006). Education Sector Development Framework

and Programme. Battatramulla: Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka

Ministry of Education. (2012). The National Strategic Plan for the General

Education Sector (ESDFP- 2012 to 2016). Battatramulla: Ministry of

Education, Sri Lanka

National Education Commission. (1992). First Report of the National

Education Commission – S.P V of 1992. Sri Lanka: Department of

Government Printing

National Education Commission. (1995). An Action-oriented Strategy

Towards a National Education Policy Mimeographed.

National Education Commission. (2003). Envisioning Education for Human

Development – Proposals for a National Policy Framework on General

Education in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka: National Education Commission

National Institute of Education. (2001). Reforming Education Unfinished

Task. Maharagama: Centre for Research and Development, National

Institute of Education

Peiris, M. D. D. (2002). In the Pursuit of Governance. Stamford Lake

Publications

Sessional Paper XXIV. (1943). Report of the Special Committee on

Education. Ceylon: Government Press.

Sessional Paper XXVI. (1962). Final Report of the National Education

Commission- 1961. Ceylon: Government Press

Sessional Paper 1. (1990). Report of the Presidential Commission on Youth.

Sri Lanka: Department of Government Printing

The World Bank. (2005). Treasures of the Education System in Sri Lanka.

South Asia Region: Human Development Unit

The World Bank. (2011). Transforming School Education in Sri Lanka.

South Asia Region: Human Development Unit

49

foaYlhd ms<sn| j '''''''

wd¾' tia' ueo.u uy;d 1960 § fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fhka Wmdêh ,nd" .=rejrhl= jYfhka wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jg ne÷fKa h' tu úYajúoHd,fhka u 1962 - 1963 oS wOHdmkh ms<sn| mYapd;a Wmdê ämaf,daud ,nd .;a Tyq" mdi,l úÿy,am;s moúhg m;a úh' wk;=rej udKav,sl wOHdmk ks,Odßhl= f,i wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajhg ne÷Kq Tyqg" m<d;a wOHdmk wOHCI" wOHdmk wud;HxYfha cd;sl mdi,a wOHCI f,i Wiia ùï ,enqKs'

ueo.u uy;d 1976 § úfoHdaoh úYajúoHd,fha iudc ixLHdkh ms<sn| ämaf,daudjla ,nd .;af;a h' 1978 - 1979 § ms,smSkfha f,dia nefkdia úYajúoHd,fhka jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh ms<sn| o¾Ykm;s Wmdêh ,nd .;af;a h' 1983 - 1984 § fI*,aâ úYajúoHd,fhka wOHdmk úoHdj ms<sn| úoHdm;s Wmdêhla ,nd .;af;a h'

ueo.u uy;d kshñ; ld,hg fmr rcfha fiajfhka úY%du .sfha" ud,Èjhsk rcfha udf,a msysá wOHdmk uOHia:dkfha m%Odkshd f,i m;aùula Ndr .ekSu i|yd h' tu ;k;=f¾ jir 5l fiajhg miq Tyq Y%S ,xldjg meñKsfha h'

1995 § cd;sl wOHdmk fldñifï f,alï f,i lghq;= lsÍug wdrdOkd ,en" tu ;k;=f¾ 1999 olajd fiajh lf<a h' 1997 - 1998 wOHdmk ixfYdaOk ilik ,oafoa;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,oafoa;a fï ld,h ;=< § h' Tyq ta iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a jev fldgila bgq lf<a h' fuu ixfYdaOk l%shd;aul lsÍu Wfoid m;a lrk ,o ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldfha iudðlhl= f,i o Tyq fiajh lf<a h'

1999 § fuu ixfYdaOk fufyhùu i|yd wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wOHCI ckrd,a f,i Tyq" wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg

50

le|jkq ,eî h' tu ;k;=frys rdcldß l< Tyq miq j 2007 jk ;=re wud;HdxYfha m%Odk WmfoaYl f,i lghq;= lf<a h'

hqfkiaflda" whs'î'B'" hqksfi*a" idla iy f,dal nexl=j jeks wdh;k uÕska ixúOdkh lrk ,o iïfï,k" cd;Hka;r iïuka;%K úYd, ixLHdjlg Tyq Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ksfhdað;hd f,i iyNd.S ù we;'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha Tyqf.a §¾> fiajd ld,h ;=<" Tyq Y%S ,xldfõ újD; úYajúoHd,hh" fld<U úYajúoHd,fha fkfrla wdh;kh" fld<U úYajúoHd,fha Ôj ridhk úoHdj" wkql Ôj úoHdj" Ôj ;dCIK úoHdj wdh;kh" jD;a;Sh mqyqKq wêldßh jeks wdh;kj, md,l uKav, iNslhl= f,i lghq;= fldg we;'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka úY%du .sh Tyq" f,dal nexl=fõ;a" f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha;a" WmfoaYlhl= f,i lghq;= fldg we;' j¾;udkfhys Tyq cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha Ydia;%sh lghq;= uKav,fha iudðlhl= jk w;r" wOHdmkh ixj¾Okh Wfoid Y%S ,xld wOHhk m%j¾Ok ix.ufha iNdm;s;ajh o Wiq,hs'

51

iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wkqiaurK foaYk ud,dj

01' uydpd¾h fÊ' B' chiQßh' ^1988&' wOHdmkfha m%cd;ka;%SlrKh(

wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=udf.ka bgqjQ fiajh'

02' uydpd¾h iaj¾Kd chùr' ^1989&' wOHdmk wjia:d jHdma; lsÍu- fkdksñ l¾;jHh'

03' uydpd¾h fla' ví,sõ' .=Kj¾Ok' ^1990&' w;S;h ms<sn| lkakka.r o¾Ykh - hg;a úð; md,k iufha wOHdmkh wd.u" ixialD;sh yd iudch'

04' foaYnkaÿ fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak' ^1991&' wOHdmkh" ksoyi /l.ekSu msKsi úh hq;= h( ksoyia wOHdmkhg kj w¾:l:khla'

05' foaYudkH" l,dlS¾;s wdpd¾h wdkkao ví,sõ' mS' .=ref.a 1992 wOHdmkh fufyhùfï n,h( wod< nj yd ;;a;ajh flfrys we;s wdNdIh'

06' uydpd¾h Ô' t,a' mSßia' ^1993&' cd;sl ixj¾Okhg mokula jQ lkakka.r m%;sixialrK'

07' uydpd¾h ,laIauka ch;s,l' ^1994&' iajdëk;ajh Wfoid wOHdmkh - ixj¾Okh" fm!oa.,sl ksIaGdjka yd iudc m%uqL;djka iïnkaO .eg¨'

08' uydpd¾h ví,sõ' wdßhodi o is,ajd' ^1995&' cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla ms<sn| ixl,am'

09' uydpd¾h pkaød .=Kj¾Ok' ^1996&' Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh n,jka; lsÍfï fuj,ula o@ ke;fyd;a iudc ip,;dj ,nd .ekSfï WmlrKhla o@

10' ã' ta' fmf¾rd' ^1997&' bf.kSu yd b.ekaùu i|yd wjYH ksoyi'

11' isjkkaÈkS fodf¾idñ' ^1998&' yskaÿ iuhjd§ wOHdmkh iy wdpd¾h lkakka.r wOHdmk o¾Ykh'

12' wdpd¾h fm%auodi Wv.u' ^2001&' hg;a úð;jdoh" f.da,ShlrKh iy wOHdmkh'

52

13' uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl' ^2002&' uxikaêhlg t<U we;s NdIdjla( isxy, NdIdfõ j¾;udk ;;a;ajh .ek úu¾Ykhla'

14' uydpd¾h ta' ã' ù' o tia' bkaør;ak' ^2003&' wOHdmkh iy ixj¾Okh( iS ví,sõ ví,sõ lkakka.rhkaf.a N+ñldj'

15' iqis,a isßj¾Ok' ^2004&' Y%S ,dxlsl iudch yd rdcH m%;sks¾udKhg lkakka.r odhdoh iïm;la yd mdGhla jYfhka

16' weï' iS' mdkaÜ' ^2005&' újD; mdi,a wOHdmk ixl,amh" mßKduh yd Ndú;h ^bkaÈhdkq mßhdf,dalh&'

17' ckdêm;s kS;S{ tÉ' t,a' o is,ajd' ^2006&' nyq ixialD;sl iudchla ;=< Y%S ,dxlsl wkkH;djl bÈß ie,eiaula m%;sYaGdmkh lsÍu'

18' wdpd¾h ta' Ô' yqfiaka biauhs,a' ^2007&' ckj¾. w;r wOHdmkfha iu wjia:d iy Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdjf.a wOHdmkh ms<sn| m%;HfõlaIKhla'

19' uydpd¾h kdro j¾KiQßh' ^2008&' j¾;udk ikaO¾Nh ;=< lkakka.r Wreuh'( Wiia wOHdmkh ms<sn| rdcH N+ñldj'

20' uydpd¾h ldf,da f*dkafiald' ^2009&' lkakka.r wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, fkdksñ l¾;jH mQ¾Kh lsÍu'

21' uydpd¾h .dñKS iurkdhl' ^2010&' Y%S ,xld úYaj úoHd, wOHdmkfha .eg¨ yd wNsfhda. ms<sn| iuia;djf,dalkhla'

22' uydpd¾h ta' ù' iqrùr' ^2011&' wdpd¾h lkakka.r ksoyia wOHdmk fhdackd yd áhqIka jHdmdrfha mYapd;ald,Sk jHdma;sh'

23' wdpd¾h Ô' î' .=Kj¾Ok' ^2012&' lkakka.r oelau( wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wNsfhda.'

24' uydpd¾h ta' fla' ví,sõ' chj¾Ok' ^2013&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska oekqu flakaøSh jQ mqrjeis .=Kdx. imsreKq wOHdmkhla lrd'