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ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ Հ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ Հ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ: ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀ` 8-ՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ “ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ”, “ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ”, “ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ Հ” ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀ ՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ`ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀ ՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ` ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀ: ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ Հ ՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ: ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ, ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀ` ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ ՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀՀ: November 11, 2014 Welcome to the final special edition of The Latest, highlighting topics that will be under discussion at the World Congress of Accountants 2014 , now underway in Rome, Italy. Today’s Viewpoint previews the session titledPromoting Fairness and Growth through Global Cooperation on Taxation (Session 2.8). Couldn't make it to Rome this year? Watch the live stream . Latest Viewpoint 1

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ՀԱՇՎԱՊԱՀԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՇՎԱՌՈՒՄ ԵՎ ԱՈՒԴԻՏ ՏԵՂԵԿԱՏՎԱԿԱՆ ԲՅՈՒԼԵՏԵՆ

ՀՀԱԱ կայքում ամենամսյա պարբերականությամբ կտեղադրվեն տեղեկատվական բյուլետեններ, որոնք թեմատիկ լայն ընդգրկմամբ կլուսաբանեն հաշվապահական հաշվառման և աուդիտի ոլորտին առնչվող միջազգային և տեղական նորությունները, կանդրադառնան ՀՀԱԱ զարգացումներին, անդամներին հուզող խնդիրներին:

Տեղեկատուի այս` 8-րդ համարում “Միջազգային փորձի լուսաբանում”, “Պրոֆեսիոնալիզմ”, “Հետաքրքիր է” խորագրերի ներքո Ձեզ ենք ներկայացնում ամփոփ տեղեկատվություն`ակնկալելով նաև Ձեր արձագանքները` կարծիքների, առաջարկությունների, հոդվածների տեսքով:

ՄԻՋԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ՓՈՐՁԻ ԼՈՒՍԱԲԱՆՈՒՄ

Այս խորագրի ներքո պարբերաբար կներկայացվեն նորություններ միջազգային կոնֆերանսների, մրցանակաբաշխությունների և այլ

միջոցառումների վերաբերյալ: Կտեղադրվեն նաև մասնագիտությանը վերաբերող հետաքրքիր, բազմաբովանդակ նյութեր, որոնցում

կներկայանա ոլորտի միջազգային փորձը` համակողմանի լուսաբանմամբ:

November 11, 2014

Welcome to the final special edition of The Latest, highlighting topics that will be under discussion at the World Congress of Accountants 2014, now underway in Rome, Italy. Today’s Viewpoint previews the session titledPromoting Fairness and Growth through Global Cooperation on Taxation (Session 2.8). Couldn't make it to Rome this year? Watch the live stream.  

Latest Viewpoint

Fairness in Taxationby Friedrich Roedler, Chair – FEE Tax Policy Group

Fairness in Taxation

by Friedrich Roedler, Chair – FEE Tax Policy Group | November 11, 2014 |

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Taxation is essential to the functioning of a society—indeed, it is a strong indication that “civilization” actually exists. Consequently, the manner in which tax is levied and administered has always been a vitally important question for society as a whole and this is truer today than ever before.

Governments are increasingly being held to account for their spending yet they are finding it difficult to maintain their tax base in the face of a dematerializing economy and increasingly mobile and sophisticated taxpayers.  Domestic and international rules on the taxation of cross-border profits have not kept pace with the fundamental changes brought about by globalization and new business practices in a digital environment where intangible assets and mobile capital become ever more important. Public perceptions and expectations as well as political dynamics have also changed drastically in a very short timeframe. At the same time, there is an intensive debate in the public about where the line between what is acceptable tax planning and what counts as aggressive and no longer socially acceptable tax avoidance should be drawn.  As a result there is now a commitment to international cooperation between governments to a degree never seen before in the area of taxation. The public debate on compliance and fairness in taxation has become rancorous in many countries, carrying the risk of reputational damage for tax payers (and the professionals advising them) even when they comply with the law.

This is an extremely complex subject and I believe that it should not be left to taxation authorities, taxpayers, their professional advisors and the public to decide what constitutes aggressive and undesirable tax avoidance/planning. It requires the acceptance by all relevant parties (legislators, taxation authorities, taxpayers and the profession) of their duties with a concomitant change in attitude to determine what constitutes responsible tax planning.

I believe that this change must start with the legislators as they are in control of the matter.  It should not be beyond the ingenuity of mankind to construct an integrated and fair taxation system, clear in its intention, logical and easy to understand.  If legislators do not wish their legislation to be misinterpreted or misused it must be drafted to clarify the intent and remove the opportunity for misinterpretation.

They also need to ensure that tax law applies equally to all tax payers. Governments lose credibility with their citizens, with a consequent reduction in tax morale, if the perception is that some sectors of society are above the law or that certain taxes are “optional” if one has sufficient resources and good advisors.

Moving on to taxation authorities, it is their duty to collect the tax intended by the legislation—no more, no less. If the amount of tax due is unclear from the law, then the law should be changed. Leaving it to be decided in court always creates uncertainty. 

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If taxation authorities want all taxpayers to abide by the legislation then all taxpayers should be, and be seen to be, equally targeted by administrative measures. Crucially, taxation authorities must recognize that the vast majority of taxpayers and their advisors are honest and have a genuine desire to fulfil their obligations. However, taxation systems are complex, mistakes will occur and tax authorities should not automatically assume that every failure to comply is deliberate and fraudulent.

Regarding taxpayers, their duty is to pay the amount of tax that is due according to the law—nothing more and nothing less. In order to do this they need to be able to correctly determine the amount of tax, which brings us back to the point regarding clear tax legislation.

However, they also need to appreciate that tax evasion and fraud are not victimless crimes—if they are not paying their share they are robbing other taxpayers who have to take up the slack.

Tax avoidance is more complex, especially the vexed question of “aggressive” tax planning or avoidance. While this is not illegal, there is an increasing groundswell of opinion that it can be inappropriate, especially when based around “artificial” arrangements that defeat the purpose of the legislation. Like it or not, more and more people across constituencies see a moral dimension in taxation. 

Taxpayers rarely enter into such arrangements without consulting one of the several professions competing in the field of tax advice. Qualified professional accountants are prime providers of tax advice and the only one to abide by a global Code of Ethics.

It is often said by the accountancy profession that is in a difficult position—sandwiched between its duty to clients, who demand to pay the least tax possible (a duty confirmed by many Courts of Law), and taxation authorities expecting them to act as unpaid tax inspectors. Taxpayers have become increasingly litigious where they feel that their accountant has failed to provide them with appropriate advice, including advice on what could be perceived by others as aggressive tax avoidance schemes.

However, the profession should not feel sorry for itself. It plays a vital societal role for the smooth running of the tax systems in most countries, not least due to their complexity. The profession also provides invaluable assistance to taxation authorities in managing tax compliance and collection and in assisting policy makers in both determining the costs of their programs and in the creation of new tax legislation.

We should not waste any time bemoaning the present but rather concentrate our attention on doing the right thing and on the profession’s role in the future.

The profession does have a duty of care to their clients to act in their best interest. However, “best interest” should not solely to be measured in financial terms but also in terms of social impact—in practice, managing risk. This is not an abstract concept but rather the very real risk that, in a world of near instantaneous communication, reputational damage can lead to financial damage. One can debate endlessly whether “fairness” is a concept that should play a role in taxation—the current reality is that perceived “fairness” is playing a role in the future of taxation.  

The profession is proud of its ethical principles and in acting in the public interest. We seek to stand apart from other professions that do not meet our self-imposed high standards. We need to stand by these principles, and be seen to be doing so by the world in general.

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Consequently, the profession should lead the debate as to what is acceptable tax planning and what constitutes unacceptable tax avoidance. It needs to accept that being seen to participate in or promote “aggressive” tax planning could harm its reputation in the long term and possibly even lead to its licence to practice being revoked.  Finally, the profession must be forthright in its condemnation of tax evasion so that the general public is left in no doubt that tax evasion is not acceptable to the profession.

Friedrich Roedler is Chair of the Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE) Tax Policy Group. He will be chairing Promoting Fairness and Growth through Global Cooperation on Taxation (Session 2.8) at the World Congress of Accountants 2014  this November 12, in Rome, Italy. He will be joined by Bill Dodwell, Head of Tax Policy, Deloitte, UK; Stefano Marchese,  Member, International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants, Italy; Grace Perez-Navarro, Deputy Director, Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, France; and Rob Whiteman, Chief Executive, Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, UK.

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03 November 2014

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IFAC in the News

IFAC | 13 NOVEMBER 2014

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Developing a Nominations Strategy.

PRESS TRUST OF INDIA | 24 NOVEMBER 2014ICAI President K Raghu becomes IFAC board memberNew Delhi, Nov 24 (PTI) The president of chartered accountants body ICAI, K Raghu, has been elected to the board of International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).

ALL AFRICA | 5:39, 21 NOVEMBER 2014Anan Attains Full Membership of IFACNov 21, 2014 (Daily Trust/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX) -- The Association of National Accountants of Nigeria says it has been admitted into Full Membership of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News

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IFAC in the News

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Independent St Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News -Setting CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IRELAND | 7:17, 20 NOVEMBER 2014IPSASB issues finalised Public Sector Conceptual FrameworkThe International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) has issued its 'Conceptual

Framework for General Purpose Financial Reporting by Public Sector Entities' providing concepts that will underpin the development of ...Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News Boa

IFAC | 19 NOVEMBER 2014IESBA Releases 2013 Annual Report: Reinforcing Trust in the ProfessionThe International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants® (IESBA®, the Ethics Board) today released its 2013 Annual Report, Reinforcing Trust in the Profession.News

THE FINANCIAL EXPRESS (BANGLADESH) | 24 NOVEMBER 2014Appointment of truly independent, impartial professionals the main challengeBangladesh, Nov. 24 -- Speakers at a panel discussion have identified the 'formation of proposed Financial Reporting Council (FRC) with truly independent and impartial professionals as the main challenge to make it implementable and ...

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD | 10:26, 21 NOVEMBER 2014Significant upgrades to the IFRS Research Centre web pagesThe IFRS Foundation has today published significant changes and additions to the IFRS Research Centre web pages.The Research Centre is an important tool designed to support the IASB’s Research Programme, which draws upon a combination of ...

BUSINESS WIRE | 11:00, 21 NOVEMBER 2014Financial Accounting Foundation Appoints 7 New Members to the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory CouncilNORWALK, Conn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--November 21, 2014--The Board of Trustees of the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) today announced the appointed of seven new members to the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC).

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 20 NOVEMBER 2014

Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News

News that Matters to the Profession

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GASB Releases Preliminary Views on Lease Accounting and Fiduciary ResponsibilitiesThe Governmental Accounting Standards Board has issued two documents describing its preliminary views on lease accounting for state and local governments, and financial reporting for fiduciary responsibilities, as it solicits public ...

BUSINESS CREDIT MANAGEMENT | 19:00, 20 NOVEMBER 2014Finance providers still failing small businesses, says ACCA's global review of access to financeFinance providers must change the way they treat small businesses seeking support, or leave themselves wide open to disruption, claims a new report by ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) and Longitude Research.

PRIVATE EQUITY MANAGER | 20 NOVEMBER 2014GPs catch break with ‘pushdown accounting’"Following new rulemaking from FASB, private equity firms may no longer need certain portfolio companies to apply the pushdown accounting method post-acquisition.

PAKISTAN PRESS INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICES | 20 NOVEMBER 2014ICAP organizes conference on Public Financial Management (PFM) on Nov 24- 25The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP) will organize a two-day conference on Public Financial Management (PFM) here on November 24 and 25.

ACCOUNTANCY AGE | 18 NOVEMBER 2014CIPFA endorses public sector reporting evolutionIIRC and CIPFA push initiative to to drive more sustainability and transparency into public sector reportingINCREASED TRANSPARENCY and sustainability reporting in the public sector could be a step closer, following the launch of a ...

BUSINESS DAY | 18 NOVEMBER 2014New exam for CAs aims to mend professionTHIS week about 2,000 students around the country will be sitting their final board exam, the last barrier before they can enter the professional world as a South African chartered accountant — CA (SA). But this year, the final professional ...

ALL AFRICA | 18:04, 18 NOVEMBER 2014Advances in Ethiopia's Accountancy Infrastructure, Regulation [analysis]Nov 18, 2014 (Addis Fortune/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX) -- Corruption, mismanagement of public resources and accounting irregularities are huge challenges in developing countries such as Ethiopia. A strong accountancy profession ...

For additional information or questions on this newsfeed, please [email protected].

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01 December 2014

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 21 NOVEMBER 2014IFAC and MOSAIC Launch Site to Support Global Accounting Profession DevelopmentThe International Federation of Accountants and the donor signatories of MOSAIC

(Memorandum of Understanding to Strengthen Accountancy and Improve Collaboration)

launched the MOSAIC website last week at the World Congress of Accountants in Rome to

support the global accounting profession worldwide.

IFAC | 25 NOVEMBER 2014Ethics Board Proposes Strengthened Guidance for Professional Accountants in BusinessThe International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants® (IESBA®, the Ethics Board) today released

for public comment the Exposure Draft (ED), Proposed Changes to Part C of the Code Addressing

Presentation of Information and Pressure to Breach the Fundamental Principles.

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 25 NOVEMBER 2014Ethics Board Proposes Stricter Guidance for AccountantsThe International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants has proposed tougher rules to

discourage accountants from providing misleading financial information about businesses.

BUSINESS RECORDER | 1 DECEMBER 2014

Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News

News that Matters to the Profession

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IFAC in the News

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Debt-to-GDP is a flawed indicator of govt liabilities: Chairman, CIPFALast week, the UK-based Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA), the world's

only professional accountancy body dedicated to public finance, signed a MoU with the Institute of

Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), ...

ALL AFRICA | 9:07, 1 DECEMBER 2014

FG Highlights Benefits of IFRS Adoption

Dec 01, 2014 (This Day/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX) -- The federal government has said the

adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) will enable investors make appropriate

investment decisions in Nigeria.

THE FINANCIAL EXPRESS (BANGLADESH) | 30 NOVEMBER 2014Auditors alone cannot ensure quality of financialsBangladesh, Nov. 30 -- The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) awards

membership to the qualified Chartered Accountants of high competence through rigorous useful

education and trainings who will be able to meet the ...

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD | 8:25, 30 NOVEMBER 2014Trustees welcome conclusions of the Effects Analysis Consultative GroupThe Trustees of the IFRS Foundation today welcomed the conclusions of a report prepared for them by an

independent group of experts on how the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) could

strengthen how it assesses and reports the ...

THE TIMES OF INDIA | 29 NOVEMBER 2014At 50,000, 22% of CAs in India are womenCHENNAI: The number of women seeking to get into the number-crunching profession of chartered

accountancy (CA) has taken a big leap in the past couple of years. Female enrolments to the Common

Proficiency entrance test (CPT) for the CA ...

STRAITS TIMES | 26 NOVEMBER 2014What Greek accounting woes can teach AsiaASIA should care about Greece, because it offers two important lessons. One, that "Greek accounting"

triggered the European crisis and weakened an important trading partner to Asia. Two, that weak Greek

government financial management and ...

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INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF PAKISTAN | 25 NOVEMBER 2014ICAP and CIPFA to deliver first class public financial management in PakistanThe Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP) and the Chartered Institute of Public Finance

and Accountancy (CIPFA) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the two

institutions on November 24, 2014 ...

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 24 NOVEMBER 2014AICPA to help prepare Colombian CPAs for IFRS standardsThe AICPA announced today a large step forward in collaborating with the Instituto Nacional de

Contadores Públicos (INCP), Colombia’s largest member organization representing public accountants,

as the South American nation prepares ...

ACCA | 24 NOVEMBER 2014Upskilling public sector and government finance professionals essential for economic development and public accountability, says global accountancy bodyACCA’s new certificate is designed to equip finance professionals working within the public sector with

the right skills to deal with the challenges ahead ...

CIMA | 24 NOVEMBER 2014

2014 CIMA Salary Survey resultsCIMA has created a new online tool which allows members and students to calculate average salaries

according to different career factors. The calculator uses data from the 2014 CIMA salary survey and

complements the full findings ...

CGMA MAGAZINE | 21 NOVEMBER 2014

Pope Francis on the role of accountants in societyIn an address in Rome to

participants of the World Congress of Accountants, Pope Francis reminded accountants that their work is

a service to the community and encouraged accountants to use this perspective, along with their creativity

... For additional information or questions on this newsfeed, please [email protected].

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08 December 2014

IFAC | 4 DECEMBER 2014IFAC Website: Now Mobile Friendly and Available in 80 LanguagesThe IFAC website is now mobile friendly, having undergone a series of adjustments over the last few months.

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 5 DECEMBER 2014IESBA Offers Web-based Ethics Code for AccountantsThe International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants has introduced a Web-based version of its Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants for the first time.

BUSINESS LINE (THE HINDU) | 12:12, 7 DECEMBER 2014Good days ahead for accountants, says ICAI chiefKochi, December 7:The convergence of Indian accounting practices with the International Financial Reporting Standards, set to begin in the next financial year, will give a boost to FDI inflows to the country, says K. Raghu, president of the ...

THE WALL STREET JOURNAL ONLINE | 18:48, 5 DECEMBER 2014Accountants Increasingly Use Data Analysis to Catch Fraud; Auditors Wield Mathematical Weapons to Detect CheatingWhen a team of forensic accountants began sifting through refunds issued by a national call center, something didn’t add up: There were too many fours in the data. And it was up to the accountants to figure out why.

THE HINDU | 5 DECEMBER 2014Don’t compromise on integrity: GovernorHYDERABAD,ANDHRA PRADESH Governor E.S.L. Narasimhan on Thursday asked aspiring Chartered Accountants not to compromise on their personal and professional integrity, mainly because the profession as such carried a lot of trust and faith.

CFO.COM | 5 DECEMBER 2014Another Look at Auditor NightmaresThe PCAOB will take a second crack at a proposal to require an auditor to reveal the thinking behind troublesome audit opinions.Following intense controversy about its plan to expand the auditor’s report on corporate financial statements, ..

Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News

News that Matters to the Profession

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IFAC in the News

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ACCOUNTING TODAY | 5 DECEMBER 2014Audit Firm Rotation Leading to Lower Audit Fees in EuropeThe Public Company Accounting Oversight Board is finding that the push toward mandatory audit firm retendering and rotation is leading to lower audit fees in Europe, sparking audit quality concerns..

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 4 DECEMBER 2014FAF, FASB and GASB Draft Strategic PlanThe Financial Accounting Foundation and the two standard-setting boards it oversees, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board, have created a draft strategic plan of their vision, mission and ...

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 4 DECEMBER 2014CAQ Highlights Risks for Upcoming Audit CycleThe Center for Audit Quality has published a member alert to help auditing firms address risks on audits on upcoming audits, highlighting some that officials with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Public Company Accounting ...

FEI DAILY | 3 DECEMBER 2014SEC Chief Accountant Has a Fourth Alternative on IFRSIn remarks at a U.S. Chamber of Commerce conference Wednesday, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chief Accountant Jim Schnurr said he is considering ‘another possible alternative’ for the use of International Financial Reporting Standards by U.S. public companies.

BUSINESS CREDIT MANAGEMENT | 19:00, 3 DECEMBER 2014Small Business Boost? ACCA SME Expert Comments on the Autumn Statement's Deals for SMEsResponding to the Autumn Statement's SME focus, Manos Schizas, Senior Economic Analyst at ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants), comments:

FINANCIAL POST | 8:19, 2 DECEMBER 2014Chartered accountants show they can get alongOTTAWA – Kevin Dancey recalls his experience running the Canadian division of accounting firm PwC — with 400 partners — as being like “herding cats.”

ACCA | 2 DECEMBER 2014Protecting children’s rights “is good for business”, says global professional body for accountants“No business can risk overlooking the rights of children”, says Rachel Jackson, ACCA’s sustainability expert.

CITY AM | 2 DECEMBER 2014Watchdog to shame worst bank auditorsTHREE banks and three auditors have failed a set of tests set by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), which reviewed their audits, it said today.

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 2 DECEMBER 2014

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IASB Expands Outreach to Investment FirmsThe International Accounting Standards Board has launched a new program in tandem with some of the largest financial firms in a bid to elicit closer ties with investors and investment firms.

CPA IRELAND | 1 DECEMBER 2014CPA Ireland Launch Business Guide to Starting your own BusinessThis guide was published to provide advice to both Start-Ups and SMEs on the essential legal, tax and accountancy considerations that must be considered when starting a business.

CDSB | 30 OCTOBER 2014CDSB updating corporate reporting framework to include environmental informationCDSB launched consultation inviting comment on the second and final draft of its reporting framework.

For additional information or questions on this newsfeed, please [email protected].

15 December 2014

IFAC | 12 DECEMBER 2014IFAC’s Statements of Membership Obligations Published in SpanishThe International Federation of Accountants® (IFAC®) today published its Statements of Membership Obligations (SMOs) 1-7 (Revised) in the Spanish language.

IFAC | 11 DECEMBER 2014Keith Bowman Named IAESB Consultative Advisory Group ChairKeith B. Bowman has been appointed Chair of the Consultative Advisory Group (CAG) to the International Accounting Education Standards Board™ (IAESB™), effective January 1, 2015.

Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News

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IFAC in the News

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THE WALL STREET JOURNAL ONLINE | 19:58, 14 DECEMBER 2014

SEC: Accounting Board Is Dragging Feet; Commission Officials Chastise PCAOB for Lack of Progress on New RulesThe Securities and Exchange Commission is clashing with federal auditing regulators over their priorities, suggesting they haven’t moved quickly enough to enact rules on how auditors do their jobs.

THIS DAY LIVE | 1:51, 15 DECEMBER 2014ANAN Urges FG to Explore Opportunities in Non-oil SectorsThe President of the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN), Alhaji Sakirudeen Labode has urged the federal government to look inwards for alternative means of funding the budget following the slide in crude oil prices.

BUSINESS DAY | 15 DECEMBER 2014FRC sees fair value accounting enhancing financial statement reliabilityFinancial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRC), the body that is saddled with the responsibility of setting accounting standards in Nigeria, sees fair value accounting as an essential guidance that will enhance financial statement ...

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD | 10:31, 14 DECEMBER 2014New Japanese, Russian and Spanish translations available onlineThe IFRS Foundation is pleased to announce the publication of the following translations:Japanese 2014 Red Book. The publication is available in print from our Web Shop.

ALL AFRICA | 7:34, 13 DECEMBER 2014Code of Conduct Long OverdueDec 13, 2014 (The Herald/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX) -- WE welcome the announcement by the Office of the President and Cabinet regarding the drafting of a code of conduct for Vice Presidents, Ministers and Deputy Ministers.

ISLAMIC FINANCE NEWS | 11 DECEMBER 2014Region's Finest Talent in Accountancy, Finance RecognisedDec. 11 -- Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales issued the following news release:The region's best and brightest in accountancy and finance were celebrated last night at the fourth annual Middle East Accountancy & ...

ACCA | 10 DECEMBER 2014To fix the banks we need to embed ethics in finance – and that means a new role for the regulatorACCA roundtable discussion on ethics in finance shows how regulators and industry need to work together to bring about change ...

FARS NEWS AGENCY | 10 DECEMBER 2014

News that Matters to the Profession

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United States : Abu-Ghazaleh Joins the List of World s Most Prominent Chartered AccountantsHE Dr. Talal Abu-Ghazaleh, Chairman of the International Arab Society of Certified Accountants (IASCA) was included in the British Journal of International Accounting list of the world s most prominent accounting figures.

BUSINESS WIRE | 10:00, 9 DECEMBER 2014IMA Appointed to International Integrated Reporting CouncilIntegrated Reporting Needs a U.S. Strategy, Says Leading Management Accounting AssociationMONTVALE, N.J.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--December 09, 2014—

MIA | 9 DECEMBER 2014MIA and CIMA Committed to raising the number of professionally qualified Accountants in MalaysiaThe Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) have signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) which provides for a three year renewable collaboration to increase the number of accountants with professional qualifications in Malaysia.

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 9 DECEMBER 2014IASB and FASB Look Beyond ConvergenceOfficials from the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board spoke about the path forward on harmonizing U.S. GAAP with International Financial Reporting Standards as the two boards near the end ...

GULF TIMES | 9 DECEMBER 2014Malaysia : ACCA introduced Cert IPSAS to benchmark finance professionalsBuilding financial skills, capability and capacity for the public sector is a main aspect of economic development and public accountability, stated ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) as it launches the Certificate in ...

PCAOB | 8 DECEMBER 2014PCAOB Announces 15 New and Reappointed Standing Advisory Group MembersThe Public Company Accounting Oversight Board today announced 15 new and reappointed members to its Standing Advisory Group (SAG), bringing the total membership to 42.

ALL AFRICA | 2:37, 6 DECEMBER 2014Nigeria: ICAN, Cameroon's Onecca Sign MOU to Certify AccountantsThe Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Ordre National des Experts Comptables du Cameroun (ONECCA) to help train and certify professional accountants in Cameroon as well ...

For additional information or questions on this newsfeed, please [email protected].

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22 December 2014

BALKANS.COM | 18 DECEMBER 2014Accountants and auditors play a central role in building an environment of transparencyOn November 10, more than 160 leaders of accountancy profession from over 60 countries gathered in Rome on the occasion of the World Congress of Accountants.

IFAC | 19 DECEMBER 2014Call for Applications for the IPSASB Chair IssuedThe Call for Applications: Chair of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board® (IPSASB®) was issued today, seeking an exceptional individual to serve as IPSASB Chair beginning January 1, 2016.

IFAC | 17 DECEMBER 2014The IAASB Continues Focus on Audit Quality and Strengthening Public Confidence in Financial Reporting in Its New Strategy and Work PlanThe International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board® (IAASB®) today released its Strategy for 2015–2019: Fulfilling Our Public Interest Mandate in an Evolving World and its Work Plan for 2015–2016: Enhancing Audit Quality and Preparing for the Future.

IFAC | 16 DECEMBER 2014International Accounting Bulletin Honors IAASB Chairman for Lifetime AchievementThe International Accounting Bulletin (IAB) recently presented its 2014 Lifetime Achievement Award to Prof. Arnold Schilder, chairman of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board® (IAASB®).

IFAC | 15 DECEMBER 2014

Independent Standard-Setting Boards in the News

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IFAC in the News

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IAESB Finalizes Standard on Professional Competence of the Audit Engagement PartnerThe International Accounting Education Standards Board™ (IAESB™) today published International Education Standard™ (IES™) 8, Professional Competence for Engagement Partners Responsible for Audits of Financial Statements (Revised).

ALL AFRICA | 4:08, 19 DECEMBER 2014

Obasanjo Commends Anan for Attaining Full Membership of IFACDec 19, 2014 (The Guardian/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX) -- A former President, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, has commended the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN) for attaining the full membership of the International ...

DAILY FT | 18 DECEMBER 2014CA Sri Lanka launches Code of Ethics For Professional AccountantsIn its continuing efforts to ensure chartered accountants comply with the highest standards of professional ethics, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (CA Sri Lanka) recently launched the 2014 edition of the Code of Ethics ...

ACCOUNTING TODAY | 18 DECEMBER 2014

FASB Releases 2015 GAAP Taxonomy in XBRLThe Financial Accounting Standards Board said Thursday the the 2015 GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy is now available, although it is pending final acceptance by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

ASSOCIATION OF CHARTERED CERTIFIED ACCOUNTANTS (ACCA) | 19:00, 17 DECEMBER

2014Northern Ireland finance minister says innovative reform is needed to tranform the public sectorA reform of public sector services is needed to deal with the pressures of austerity measures and to manage the politics of finance – cutting services alone is not enough. That was the key conclusion of the sixth International Public Sector ...

 PAKISTAN OBSERVER | 17 DECEMBER 2014ACCA Pakistan opens new officeThe Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) strengthened its position to promote the accounting and finance profession in Pakistan by opening their office in Peshawar in impressive ceremony attended by Provincial Minister ...

THE WALL STREET JOURNAL | 16 DECEMBER 2014

News that Matters to the Profession

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CFO Journal: Audits to Get Wider Review --- Accounting Watchdog Outlines Shift, With Eye on Big Data and CybersecurityHelen Munter, the director of registration and inspections for the government's audit watchdog, didn't mince words about the problem areas in corporate audits.

BUSINESSDAY (LAGOS, NIGERIA) | 18:00, 16 DECEMBER 2014FRC in anxious wait for financial statements of buyers of bridge banksFor buyers of Enterprise Bank and Mainstreet Bank, the bridge banks, it is important to know that the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is expecting to see their financial statement by the end of next year.

GHANA GOVERNMENT PORTAL | 8:07, 16 DECEMBER 2014The Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Launches Faculty System In AccraThe Faculty system— six Faculties in all, each headed by a Dean and a Vice Dean— as approved by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana (ICAG), has been established at the Accountancy village in Accra.

PUBLIC FINANCE INTERNATIONAL | 15 DECEMBER 2014CIPFA and Bangladesh accountancy institute agree partnershipCIPFA has deepened its efforts to strengthen public financial management in Bangladesh, signing a memorandum of understanding with the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh.

For additional information or questions on this newsfeed, please [email protected].

ՊՐՈՖԵՍԻՈՆԱԼԻԶՄ

Այս խորագրի ներքո կտեղադրվեն հաշվապահության և աուդիտի ոլորտին առնչվող գիտական-վերլուծական հոդվածներ, օրենսդրական դաշտում իրականացված փոփոխությունների մեկնաբանություններ, մասնագիտական դիտարկումներ, առաջարկություններ: Էջի պատրաստմանն իրենց մասնակցությունը կարող են բերել հաշվապահության և աուդիտի ոլորտի բոլոր պրոֆեսիոնալները:

2014թ. նոյեմբերի 28-ին տեղի ունեցավ Համաշխարհային բանկի FIRST նախաձեռնության ծրագրի շրջանակներում մշակված կորպորատիվ ֆինանսական հաշվետվողության ոլորտի ռազմավարության ու գործողությունների ծրագրի արդյունքների և առաջարկների քննարկում, որին մասնակցում էր նաև Հայաստանի հաշվապահների և աուդիտորների ասոցիացիան

Armef News-ի անդրադարձը

ՇՐՋԱԴԱՐՁԱՅԻՆ ՓՈՓՈԽՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ Է ՍՊԱՍՎՈՒՄ

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Այդ են վկայում կորպորատիվ ֆինանսական հաշվետվողության և աուդիտի ոլորտում բարեփոխումների նպատակադրումները:

 Նպատակը` ներդրումների ներգրավում, Կապիտալի, արժեթղթերի շուկայի զարգացում

 ՀՀ ֆինանսների նախարարությունը շարունակում է ապահովել կորպորատիվ ֆինանսական հաշվետվողության և աուդիտի ոլորտում բարեփոխումների շարունակականությունը` ներդրումների գրավչությունն ու տնտեսավարող սուբյեկտների համար փոխառու միջոցների հասանելիությունը բարձրացնելու նպատակով: Այդ համատեքստում ՀԲ-ի FIRST նախաձեռնության ծրագրի շրջանակներում մշակվել է կորպորատիվ ֆինանսական հաշվետվողության ոլորտի ռազմավարությունն ու գործողությունների ծրագիրը:

 Կատարվածի արդյունքներն ու առաջարկները քննարկվել են այսօր` նոյեմբերի 28-ին կայացած աշխատաժողովին:  ՀՀ ֆինանսների նախարարի տեղակալ Վախթանգ Միրումյանը կառավարության և իր անունից շնորհակալություն է հայտնել ՀԲ-ին` նման կարևորագույն գործում ցուցաբերած մեծ աջակցության համար: Նա նշել է, որ այս նախաձեռնությունը մեծապես կարևորվում է ոլորտի քաղաքականության պատասխանատուի` Ֆինանսների նախարարության համար:  «Պետք է տեղեկացնեմ, որ Ֆինանսների նախարարությունը հարկային, ֆինանսական հաշվառման բնագավառում ՀԲ-ի հետ ունի բազմակողմ համագործակցություն: Հարկային վարչարարության ՀՀ արդյունավետության առաջմղման ծրագիրը մենք բավական

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արդյունավետ իրականացնում ենք և մեծ հույս ունենք նաև, որ ինչպես ներկա, այնպես էլ առաջիկա համագործակցության շրջանակներում մենք կարող ենք այս նախաձեռնությունը հաջողությամբ առաջ տանել»,- ասել է Վախթանգ Միրումյանը:  Նա այդ ծրագրերի իրականացումը կարևորել է երկրում գործարար միջավայրի բարելավման, ներդրումների իրականացման, կապիտալի և արժեթղթերի շուկայի զարգացման ապահովման տեսանկյունից: Նշելով, որ բոլոր դեպքերում առաջին ազդակը կամ կարգավորիչ գործիքը հարկային և մաքսային գործիքներն են` փոխնախարարը հույժ կարևորել է նաև ֆինանսական հաշվետվողությունն ու աուդիտի համակարգը: Նրա խոսքով` երկրում ներդրումների ներգրավման, կապիտալի, արժեթղթերի շուկայի զարգացման տեսանկյունից մեծապես կարևորվում է նաև այն հանգամանքը, թե որքանով է ֆինանսական հաշվետվողության համակարգը կամ աուդիտի գործող համակարգն ապահովում ֆինանսական հաշվետվությունների թափանցիկության անհրաժեշտ պայմաններ, որքանով է երաշխավորում ֆինանսական հաշվետություններով արտացոլված տվյալների արժանահավատությունը: «Այս տեսանկյունից` Ֆինանսների նախարարությունը, սկսած դեռևս 2008թ., իրականացրել է որոշակի գործողություններ` հիմնված մասնավորապես ՀԲ-ի պատրաստած հայտնի զեկույցի վրա, որը կոչվում է Հաշվապահական հաշվառման և աուդիտի ստանդարտների պահպանման զեկույց: Ես կուզենայի նշել, որ այս նախաձեռնությունը, որ իրականացնում ենք, լինելով շարունակությունը այդ զեկույցում ներկայացված տպավորությունների ու առաջարկների, նաև շրջադարձային փոփոխություն է ենթադրում առհասարակ ֆինանսական հաշվետվողության և աուդիտի դաշտում, քանի որ նպատակադրումներն են այդ վկայում»: Անդրադառնալով նպատակներին` ՀՀ ֆինանսների փոխնախարարը նշել է, որ առաջնահերթ է հաշվապահական հաշվառման և աուդիտի միջազգային չափանիշներին համապատասխանող օրենսդրության մշակումն ու ընդունումը: «Օրենսդրությունը, մասնավորապես` հաշվապահական հաշվառման ստանդարտները մեր երկրում կիրարկվում են: Խոսքը վերաբերում է պետական լիազոր մարմնի և մասնագիտական կազմակերպությունների միջև գործառույթների արդյունավետ վերաբաշխմանը, որպեսզի մի կողմից` մասնագիտական կազմակերպություններն իրենք հանդես գան որպես կարգավորիչ, մյուս կողմից` պետությունը, այս գործառույթը վերապահելով մասնագիտական կազմակերպություններին, բավարար լծակներ ունենա վերահսկողություն իրականացնել և հասկանալ, թե արդյուք վերջիններս իրենց վերապահված գործառույթներն իրականացնում են միջազգային ստանդարտներին համապատասխան»:  Որպես երկրորդ կարևոր ուղղություն` նշվել է հաշվապահների և աուդիտորների որակավորման համակարգը: «Այս ուղղությամբ մեկ քայլ արդեն կատարվել է: Մասնավորապես` գաղտնիք չէ, որ աուդիտորների որակավորման աշխատանքը վերապահված է մասնագիտական կազմակերպությանը, և առաջիկա քաղաքականության ուղղություն լինելու այս տեսակետն ու այս ուղղությունը զարգացնելը»:  

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Փոխնախարարը հատուկ շեշտել է, որ կրթության համակարգում պետք է միջազգային կրթական ստանդարտներին համապատասխան մասնագիտական կրթություն ապահովվի: Դա հատկապես կարևոր է, որովհետև, ըստ Վախթանգ Միրումյանի, անհրաժեշտ է համալսարանական կրթությունն ապահովել այն ծրագրային ուսուցմամբ, որն ընկած է կրթական հաշվետվությունների միջազգային ստանդարտների և աուդիտի միջազգային ստանդարտների մշակման հիմքում: «Նախաձեռնություններն ու հավակնոտ ծրագրերը շատ են, բայց շատ կարևոր է ձեռք բերվածը պահպանելն ու դրանց շարունակականությունն ապահովելը: Այս ծրագիրը պարունակում է այն միջոցներն ու եղանակները, որոնք հնարավորություն են տալու քաղաքականություն իրականացնող մարմնի և համապատասխան շահագրգիռ, այդ թվում նաև միջազգային, կազմակերպությունների օժանդակությամբ իրականացնել մեր քաղաքականության ընդհանուր մոտեցումները»,- ասել է պրն Միրումյանը` վստահեցնելով, որ դա կհաջողվի:  ՀՀ ֆինանսների նախարարության հաշվապահության և աուդիտի մեթոդաբանության բաժնի պետ Կարեն Ալավերդյանի խոսքով` աշխատաժողովը, ըստ էության, ՀՀ ֆինանսների նախարարության և Համաշխարհային բանկի արդյունավետ համագործակցության հերթական օրինակն է:  «Կորպորատիվ ֆինանսական հաշվետվողության և աուդիտի ոլորտում բարեփոխումները բավական երկար պատմություն ունեն: Վերջին տարիներին այդ բարեփոխումներն իրականացվում են անընդհատ: Այս աշխատաժողովն, ըստ էության, դրանց շարունակականությունն ապահովելու հերթական քայլերից մեկն է: ՀԲ-ն մշակել է բարփոխումների միջնաժամկետ և երկարաժամկետ գործողությունների ծրագիր, որում նշված են հիմնական ուղղություններն ու հերթականությունը, որոնք կիրականացվեն` վերջնական նպատակներին հասնելու համար: Ըստ էության` սա նաև վկայում է Ֆինանսների նախարարության և մասնագետ հանրության միջև ձևավորված վստահություն, և դա կարտահայտվի մասնագիտական նոր կառույցի ստեղծմամբ, նաև պետության կողմից կարգավորման որոշ գործառույթներ մասնագիտական կառույցին փոխանցելու միջոցով»: 

ՀԵՏԱՔՐՔԻՐ Է История возникновения и развития аудита

Аудитор  - древняя профессия. Латинское слово auditor означает «слушатель»   (audit (лат.) – он слышит; auditio (лат.) – слушание).

Древнеримские управляющие в 11 веке до н.э. назначали чиновников казначейства, обязанных контролировать бухгалтерию провинций и устно отчитываться об этом.

 Во Франции баронами ежегодно устраивались публичные чтения счетов своих владений перед аудиторами, а в Англии актом Парламента король Эдуард 1 дал право баронам назначать аудиторов для проверки счетов.

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Историки полагают, что составление отчетов восходит примерно к 4 000 г. до н.э., когда древние цивилизации Ближнего Востока начали создавать высокоорганизованные государства и налаживать хозяйственную деятельность.

Ряд форм внутреннего контроля того времени описан в Библии, содержание которой, по общему мнению, охватывает период между 1800 г. до н.э. и 95 г. н.э. Конкретно Библия касается вопросов двойной охраны имущества, необходимости нанимать компетентных и честных работников, ограничения доступа и разделения обязанностей.

Государственная система династии Чжоу (1122 - 256 гг. до н.э.) в Китае включала тщательно разработанный бюджет и аудит всех правительственных департаментов.

     В Афинах 5 века до н.э. Народное Собрание контролировало доходы и расходы государства, а его финансовая система включала правительственных аудиторов.

     В Римской республике государственные финансы находились под контролем Сената, а государственный бюджет проверялся штатом аудиторов под наблюдением казначея.     В англоязычных странах самые древние из дошедших до нас учетных документов и упоминаний об аудите - это архив Казначейства Англии и Шотландии, датируемый  1130 годом.

     В Х111 веке встречаются упоминания об аудиторах и аудите как в Англии, так и в Италии, а французское сочинение об управлении имуществом, написанное в том же столетии, рекомендовало ежегодно проводить аудит счетов. Лондонское Сити подвергалось аудиту по крайней мере уже в 1200-е годы, а в начале ХIV столетия в числе выборных должностных лиц назначались аудиторы..

     В старину в Великобритании проводился аудит двух типов:

- в городах аудит осуществлялся публично, в присутствии правящих должностных лиц и граждан и заключался в слушании отчетов, которые читал вслух казначей;

-  вторым типом аудита была детальная проверка счетов уплат управляющих финансами крупных поместий по «дебету и кредита» с последующей «аудиторской декларацией», то есть устным отчетом перед владельцем и советом управляющих данного поместья.

 Оба типа аудита, практиковавшиеся в Великобритании вплоть до Х111 века, в первую очередь были направлены на обеспечение подотчетности государственных и частных должностных лиц в отношении вверенных им средств. Целью этих видов аудита не являлась проверка качества счетов, за исключением тех случаев, когда неточности могли сигнализировать о наличии обмана.

     В конце ХVII века в Шотландии был принят закон о запрете определенным должностным лицам служить в качестве городского аудитора, тем самым в Западном мире было введено понятие независимости аудитора.

     Исторической родиной аудита считается Англия, где с 1844 года выходит серия законов о компаниях, согласно которым правления акционерных компаний обязаны приглашать не реже одного раза в год специального человека для проверки бухгалтерских счетов и отчета перед акционерами.

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Возникновение аудита связано с разделением интересов тех, кто непосредственно занимается управлением предприятием (администрация, менеджеры), и тех, кто вкладывает деньги в его деятельность (собственники, акционеры, инвесторы). Несмотря на такой прогресс, в аудиторской практике лишь во второй половине Х1Х столетия профессиональный аудитор сделался важной составной частью делового мира.

Профессия бухгалтера–аудитора появилась в прошлом веке в акционерных компаниях Европы, когда акционеры, кредиторы и налоговые службы были  вынуждены  искать стороннего независимого специалиста, который мог бы дать объективное заключение о финансовом состоянии предприятия.

 До рубежа ХХ века независимый аудит в Соединенных Штатах Америки строился по английской модели. Она предполагала детальные исследования данных, относящихся к балансу. Это был так называемый «счетоводческий аудит», так как три четверти рабочего времени аудитора уходило на подсчеты и составление бухгалтерских книг.

              Постепенно американский аудит развился в «тестовый аудит», когда процедуры начали приспосабливаться к быстро расширяющемуся американскому бизнесу, представители которого считали, что британский стиль проверки подсчетов и переносов требует много времени и средств. Аудиторы использовали методы тестирования, собирали свидетельства у партнеров по бизнесу, большое внимание уделялось оценке активов пассивов.

    Первое в США постановление об аудите, подготовленное Американским институтом бухгалтеров-экспертов (ныне Американский институт дипломированных присяжных бухгалтеров  -  AICPA) по просьбе Федеральной комиссии по торговле, было опубликовано в 1917 году и посвящено  «аудиту баланса».  Пересмотренное издание вышло в 1929 году под названием  «Проверка финансовых отчетов». И хотя в нем по – прежнему главное внимание определялось аудиту балансов, но уже подробно шла речь о счетах прибыли и убытков, что связано с растущим интересом к результатам операций, подчеркивалась важность внутреннего контроля.

     Особое развитие аудит получил после глубокого экономического кризиса 1930 – х годов, выполняя функции защиты и порядка в интересах как индивидуального предпринимательства, так и экономики различных страх.

     Мировой экономический кризис 1929  - 1933 гг. усилил потребность в услугах бухгалтеров  -  аудиторов.    

     После второй мировой войны 1939  -  1945  гг. без аудита уже невозможно представить экономическую деятельность как в мире в целом, так и в отдельных странах, в частности.

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