WEVE Eng101 SS15 Parallelism MisplacedDanglingMods PeerReviewArgument

8/20/2019 WEVE Eng101 SS15 Parallelism MisplacedDanglingMods PeerReviewArgument

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PARALLELISMMISPLACED & DANGLING MODIFIERS

PEER REVIEW ARGUMENT ANALYSIS

Eng 101 SS15


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What is Parallelism?

Using the same pattern of words to show that two

or more ideas have the same importance

Patterns fall into four areas:

Words and phrases

Forms

Clauses Lists


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Parallelism – Words & Phrases

Do not mix patterns with the –ing form (gerund) ofwords:

I like playing baseball, reading about sports, and

tacos.

I like playing baseball, reading about sports, and

eating tacos.


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Do not mix patterns of infinitive phrases.

Mary likes to shop, to read, and jogging.

Mary likes to shop, to read, and to jog.


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Balance parallel ideas presented as pairsEither…or neither…nor

not only…but also both…and whether…or

The teacher not only wants his students to keep quiet butalso to do the task.

The teacher wants his students not only to keep quiet butalso to do the task.

Thomas Edison was not only a prolific inventor but alsowas a successful entrepreneur.

Omit the second was


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Parallelism – Forms

Do not mix forms.The teacher said that he was a poor student because he

waited until the last minute to study for the exam,

completed his lab problems in a careless manner,

and his motivation was low.

The teacher said that he was a poor student because he

waited until the last minute to study for the exam,

completed his lab problems in a careless manner,and lacked motivation.


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Parallelism – Clauses

A parallel structure that begins with clauses must continueusing clauses.

The salesman expected that he would present his product

at the meeting, that there would be time for him to showhis slide presentation, and questions would be asked byprospective buyers.

The salesman expected that he would present his productat the meeting, that there would be time for him to showhis slide presentation, and that prospective buyers wouldask him questions.


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Parallelism – Clauses

Repeat function words to clarify parallels By, to, that, because

Our study revealed that left-handed students were

more likely to have trouble with classroom desksand rearranging desks for exam periods was useful.

Our study revealed that left-handed students weremore likely to have trouble with classroom desksand that rearranging desks for exam periods wasuseful.


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Parallelism – Lists

Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the sameform.

The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find

word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings,

and looking up irregular verbs.

The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to findword meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings,

and irregular verbs.


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Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers


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Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

Modifiers are words that describe other words ina sentence

Modifiers should be near the words they modify

Linda saw the White House flying over Washington, D.C.

Flying over Washington, D.C., Linda saw the White House.

Trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off the path.

While I was trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off

the path.


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Put limiting modifiers in front of the

words they modify Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly,just

These should appear in front of a verb only ifthey modify the verb

At first, I couldn’t even touch my toes, much less graspthem.

If they limit the meaning of some other word inthe sentence, they should be placed in front ofthat word.

The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.

The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.


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words they modify Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just

These should appear in front of a verb only if they

modify the verb

At first, I couldn’t even touch my toes, much less grasp them. If they limit the meaning of some other word in the

sentence, they should be placed in front of that word.

The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.

The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.


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words they modify If you just interview chemistry majors, your picture of the

student body’s response to the new grading policies will beincomplete.

We are only interviewing as opposed to any other options

If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student body’s response to the new grading policies will beincomplete.

We are only dealing with chemistry majors

If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student body’s response to the new grading policies will beincomplete.


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Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at

a glance what they modify

The soccer player returned to the clinic where he had

undergone emergency surgery in 2004 in a limousine

sent by Adidas.

He had surgery in a limousine??? Traveling in a limousine sent by Adidas, the soccer

player returned to the clinic where he had undergone

emergency surgery in 2004


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There are many pictures of comedians who have

performed at Gavin’s on the walls.

The comedians are performing on the walls?

On the walls are many pictures of comedians whohave performed at Gavin’s.

The robber was described as a six-foot-tall man with a

heavy mustache weighing 170 pounds. That’s a heavy mustache!!!

The robber was described as a 170-pound, six-foot-tall

man with a heavy mustache.


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A squinting modifier leads to ambiguity

The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally

questioned us about our latest slang.

Did they meet occasionally? Or did the questioninghappen occasionally?

The exchange students we occasionally met for coffee

questioned us about our latest slang. The exchange students we met for coffee questioned

us occasionally about our latest slang.


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Move awkwardly placed modifiers

A sentence should flow from subject to verb to

object without lengthy detours along with way

Upset by the bad call, a hot-tempered tennis

player who charged the umpire and tried to crackthe poor man's skull with a racket, the crowd

cheered Robbie.

Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie,

a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the

umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull

with a racket.


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Avoid awkward split infinitives

Infinitive = to plus base form of a verb (to think)

Split infinitive = modifier between to and verb (to

carefully balance, to completely understand)

When a long word or phrase appears betweenparts of the infinitive, result is usually awkward

The patient should try to if possible avoid going up and

down stairs. If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and

down stairs.


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Dangling Modifiers

Modifier fails to refer logically to any word in thesentence

Understanding the need to create checks and

balances on power, the Constitution divided thegovernment into three branches.

The document understood the need for checks

and balances?

Understanding the need to create checks and

balances on power, the framers of the Constitution

divided the government into three branches.


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Where vs. When

April the first is known as All Fools’ Day ______

people play practical jokes on each other.

The pound _____ Bella found me is in Kittanning.


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Which Vs. That

Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.

Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit

forgiveness.

There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.


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Which Vs. That

Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.

Restrictive Clause — That

A restrictive clause is just part of a sentence that youcan't get rid of because it specifically restricts some

other part of the sentence.

Here's an example: The words that sparkle restrict thekind of gems you're talking about. Without them, the

meaning of the sentence would change. Without them,you'd be saying that all gems elicit forgiveness, not justthe gems that sparkle. (And note that you don't needcommas around the words that sparkle.)


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Which Vs. That

Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit forgiveness.

There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.

Nonrestrictive Clause — WhichA nonrestrictive clause is something that can be left off without

changing the meaning of the sentence. You can think of a

nonrestrictive clause as simply additional information.

Explanation: Diamonds are always expensive, so leaving out the words whichare expensive doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. (Also note that the

phrase is surrounded by commas. Nonrestrictive clauses are usually

surrounded by, or preceded by, commas.)


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ENG101_SS15

Peer review Argumentative analysis


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Discuss sample essays

Read essays

In groups, use rubric criteria to rank essays from

worst to best


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Jigsaw!

Each group will have at least one member who

knows the essay of Student Five, Student Six,

Student Seven

Discuss essays

Rank essays from least effective to most

effective…write on board


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Each body paragraph should…

* Give answer (How does this element contribute to the

narrative?)

* Explain answer

* Give specific examples supporting answer

* Explain how the examples support the answer and

contribute to the narrative


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Peer Review Argumentative

AnalysisOn peer review sheet, writeReviewed by: (insert your name)

Summary author: (peer’s name)

Exchange essays.

Read the essay and complete the peer review sheet.

Give both to author (your peer).


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For Monday…

Essay #4 Argument Analysis final copy due

All mulligans (narrative, comparative, causal) due

Be prepared for grammar review

Documents

WEVE Eng101 SS15 Parallelism MisplacedDanglingMods PeerReviewArgument