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What Is Life?
Powerpoint 파일은 Biology (Campbell and Reece) 에서
고려대학교 생명과학대학 신정섭02-3290-3430
[email protected]://biotech.korea.ac.kr/lab/jsshin
Order
Evolutionary adaptation
Responseto theenvironment
Reproduction
Growth anddevelopment
Energyprocessing
Regulation
Fig. 1-3
Fig. 1-3a
Order
Fig. 1-3b
Evolutionaryadaptation
Fig. 1-3c
Responseto theenvironment
Fig. 1-3d
Reproduction
Fig. 1-3e
Growth and development
Fig. 1-3f
Energy processing
Fig. 1-3g
Regulation
Fig. 1-4
The biosphere
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Ecosystems
Organs and organ systems
Cells
Cell
Organelles
Atoms
MoleculesTissues
10 µm
1 µm
50 µm
Fig. 1-4c
The biosphere
Fig. 1-4d
Ecosystems
Fig. 1-4e
Communities
Fig. 1-4f
Populations
Fig. 1-4g
Organisms
Fig. 1-4h
Organs andorgan systems
Fig. 1-4i
Tissues50 µm
Fig. 1-4j
Cells
Cell
10 µm
Fig. 1-4k
1 µm
Organelles
Fig. 1-4l
Atoms
Molecules
Fig. 1-5
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Heat
Heat
Cyclingof
chemicalnutrients
Producers(plants and other photosynthetic
organisms)
Chemical energy
Consumers(such as animals)
(a) Wings
(c) Neurons
(b) Bones
Infoldings ofmembrane
Mitochondrion
(d) Mitochondria0.5 µm100 µm
Fig. 1-6
Fig. 1-6a
(a) Wings
Fig. 1-6b
(b) Bones
Fig. 1-6c
(c) Neurons
100 µm
Fig. 1-6d
Infoldings ofmembrane
Mitochondrion
(d) Mitochondria0.5 µm
Theme: Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function
• The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life
• All cells:
– Are enclosed by a membrane
– Use DNA as their genetic information
• The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
25 µm
Fig. 1-7
• A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus
• By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles
• Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic; plants, animals, fungi, and all other forms of life are eukaryotic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1 µmOrganelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Cytoplasm
Membrane
DNA(no nucleus)
Membrane
Eukaryotic cellProkaryotic cellFig. 1-8
Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA
• Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA is the substance of genes
• Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
DNA Structure and Function
• Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes
• DNA is inherited by offspring from their parents
• DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
NucleicontainingDNA
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents
Embryo’s cells withcopies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents
Fig. 1-9
• Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix
• Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-10
Nucleus DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA
• Genes control protein production indirectly
• DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a protein
• An organism’s genome is its entire set of genetic instructions
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-11
Fig. 1-12Outer membraneand cell surface
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
• Advances in systems biology at the cellular and molecular level depend on
– “High-throughput” technology, which yields enormous amounts of data
– Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data
– Interdisciplinary research teams
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-13a
Excess Dblocks a step
(a) Negative feedback
Negativefeedback
D
D D
D
C
B
A
Enzyme 1
Enzyme 2
Enzyme 3
–
Fig. 1-13b
Excess Zstimulates a step
(b) Positive feedback
Z
Positivefeedback
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 6Z
Z
Z
Y
X
W
+
Fig. 1-14Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
The Three Domains of Life
• The three-domain system is currently used, and replaces the old five-kingdom system
• Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea comprise the prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-15(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
KingdomPlantae
Kingdom Animalia
Fig. 1-15a
(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
Fig. 1-15b
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• The domain Eukarya includes three multicellular kingdoms:
– Plantae
– Fungi
– Animalia
• Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called Protista, though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-15c
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Fig. 1-15d
Protists
Fig. 1-15e
Kingdom Fungi
Fig. 1-15f
Kingdom Plantae
Fig. 1-15g
Kingdom Animalia
Unity in the Diversity of Life
• A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example:
– DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms
– Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-17
• Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
• Darwin made two main points:
– Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors
– Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”
• Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and diversity
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-18
Fig. 1-19
• Darwin observed that:
– Individuals in a population have traits that vary
– Many of these traits are heritable (passed from parents to offspring)
– More offspring are produced than survive
– Competition is inevitable
– Species generally suit their environment
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Darwin inferred that:
– Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
– Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits
• In other words, the natural environment “selects” for beneficial traits
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-22
COMMONANCESTOR
Warb
ler fin
ch
es
Inse
ct-e
aters
See
d-e
ater Bu
d-e
ate
r
Inse
ct-e
aters
Tree
finc
he
s
Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca
Sharp-beakedground finch Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostrisMangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactusground finchGeospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finchGeospiza scandens
Small ground finchGeospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finchGeospiza fortis
Large ground finchGeospiza magnirostris
Gro
un
d fin
che
s
See
d-e
aters
Cac
tus
-flow
er-
ea
ters
Fig. 1-23