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• Formulating a research question is the challenging task for a researcher while initiating a systematic review. • This article explains the different frameworks available for formulating a high-quality research question which includes PICO, SPIDER, SPICE, ECLIPSE. • A well-formulated research question needs to have extreme specificity and preciseness that guides the implementation of the systematic review while keeping in mind the identification of variables and population of interest. Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
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WHAT IS THE FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
An Academic presentation byDr. Nancy Agens, Head, Technical Operations, Pubrica Group: www.pubrica.comEmail: [email protected]
In brief
Introductio
n PICO
SPIDER
SPICE
ECLIPSE
Conclusion
Outline
Today's Discussion
Formulating a research question is the challenging task for a researcher while initiating a systematic review. This article explains
the different frameworks available for formulating a high-quality research question which includes PICO, SPIDER, SPICE,
ECLIPSE. A well-formulated research question needs to have extreme specificity and preciseness that guides the
implementation of the systematic review while keeping in mind the identification of variables and population of interest.
In Brief
The first step in executing a Systematic Review is to formulate the research question.
Without formulating a well-focused research question, it can be challenging and time- consuming to identify suitable studies and search for relevant evidence.
Practitioners of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) often use a specialized framework, called PICO, to form the question and facilitate the literature search.
A systematic review question typically focused on narrow parameters and usually fitted into the PICO question format.
Introduction
PICO
P – Patient | Population | ProblemMost important characteristics of patients. Examples: Gender, age, and disease or condition.
I – Intervention or exposureMain intervention. Examples: Drug treatment, diagnostic and screening test.
C – Comparison or ControlMain alternative. Examples: Standard therapy, placebo, no treatment and gold standard.
O – Outcome measures
For quantitative systematic review question formation, PICO can be used along with the variant such as PICOS (S-Study design), PICOC (C-Context), and PICOT (T-timeframe).
Contd..
Table 1: Search Strategy
Contd..
Systematic review questions may be broad or narrow in focus, but it is essential to formulate the research question with care to avoid lacking relevant studies or collecting a potentially biased result set.
SPIDER
S – SampleA qualitative research study is not easy to generalize as the sample is preferred over a patient.
PI – Phenomenon of InterestRather than interventions, it looks at the reasons for behaviour and decisions.
D – DesignThe type of research through interview or survey.
E – Evaluation Outcome measures.
R – Research typeQuantitative, qualitative and mixed methods
SPICE
S – Setting (Where?)Based on the location or environment relevant to the research.
P – Perspective or Population (for Whom?) The type of people that are being studied.
I – Intervention (What?)The intervention, practice or treatment that
are used for evaluation.
C – Comparison (compared with what?)An intervention with which the author
compares the above comparator.
E – Evaluation (with what result?)The hypothetical result that is intended to
evaluate.
ECLIPSE
E – ExpectationImprovement, Information or Innovation.
C – Client groupAt whom the service is aimed.
L – Locationwhere is the service located?
I – Impact OutcomesP – Professionalswho is involved in providing or improving the service? Contd..
Se – ServiceFor which service are you looking for information.
Once you have a defined research question, it is essential to make sure your research is original, and it is not already addressed.
It can be identified through a thorough search in the systematic review databases (such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO, and Systematic Review Da ta Repository (SRDR)) and be sure to check with published reviews as well as registered protocols.
A well-designed research question is a starting point in conducting a high-quality systematic review, as it will determine the nature and scope of the systematic review, and there are several frameworks available for formulating a research questing and search for a new finding.
Once the research question formulation is done, it is very much necessary to check with the database to avoid repetition.
Conclusion
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