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Whose Camino Is It?: Franco, Santiago, and the
Way of St. James
Lynn Talbot Roanoke College
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Battle of Clavijo – 844 CE
• King Ramiro I • Dream in which St. James appeared and
promised victory in battle against the Moors
• Santiago Matamoros • Voto de Santiago – tribute to the
Cathedral in Santiago
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Juan Carreño de Miranda – 17th C. https://www.wikiart.org/en/juan-carreno-de-miranda/santiago-en-la-batalla-de-clavijo
20th century Spain
• Monarchy (1902 – 1931) • Monarchy and Military Dictatorship (1923 –
1930)
• Second Republic (1931 – 1939) • Secular state, St. James removed as patron saint
• Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939) • St. James reinstated as patron saint
• Franco Dictatorship (1939 – 1975)
• Constitutional Monarchy (1975 – present)
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Battle of Brunete (1937)
• July 21, 1937 – St. James reinstated as patron saint of Spain by Franco
• July 25, 1937 – Franco’s forces are victorious • Franco commented publicly that the
night before the final battle he had dreamed about St. James
• “The Apostle has granted me victory on his feast day.”
• Santiago Matarrojos
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Archivo Histórico Militar Arturo Reque Meruvia “Alegoría de Franco y la Cruzada” 1948-49
https://www.flickr.com/photos/iesluisvelez2006-2007/8611161396
Mural – Monastery of Guadelupe, 1972
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Francisco Franco • Astute manipulator • Goal: regain Spain’s former imperial glory
• Ferdinand and Isabel • Santiago
• Political party – Movimiento – pulled together differing supporters – monarchists, Carlists, Falange, army, church
• Santiago de Compostela • United the political and religious ideas of the
dictatorship • Mass gatherings – political spectacle with religious
overlay • Pilgrimage as destination
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without
attribution
1938
La Vanguardia – “historic photo”
National Pilgrimage of the Falange to Santiago
La Vanguardia 25 August 1943
1954
ABC 27 July 1954
La Vanguardia 27 July 1954
1954
1954 http://manelodaxurreira.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
The Falange
• Fascist party – founded in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera – similar to Italian Fascism
• José Antonio executed at the beginning of the Civil War
• Franco unified the Falange with other political groups and closely controlled them during and after the Civil War
• The Falange developed youth organizations to instill party values in Spanish youth
• Frente de Juventudes (1940 – 1960) • Organización Juvenil Española (OJE) (1960 -)
1948 http://elcalamoafilado.blogspot.com/2012_07_01_archive.html
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Marcha-Peregrinación de la OJE 1965 http://www.laoje.org.es/camino/65/documentos/documentos_65.htm
OJE 1965
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Economic Development
• 1954-1973 • Growth of tourism – package tours to Spanish
coastal areas • Ministry of Information and Tourism – search
for more “cultural” destinations as an alternative (early 1960s)
• Camino de Santiago – as a motorized route • Improved infrastructure • Tourist brochures • Signage along the route • Pilgrim “card”
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
Created for 1965 Holy Year; reused in 1971
Non-governmental efforts
• Growing interest in Spain and Europe about the pilgrimage route in late 1940s and 1950s
• 1943 – book prize announced for “Las peregrinaciones jacobeas”
• 1950 - La Société Française des Amis de Saint Jacques de Compostelle
• 1957 – Walter Starkie: The Road to Santiago
• In 1960s and 1970s, interest grew in reviving the route for walking pilgrims
• Los Amigos del Camino de Santiago de Estella • Elías Valiña Sampedro
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without
attribution
http://www.sasua.net/estella/articulo.asp?f=santiago2
1963
Los Amigos del Camino de Santiago de Estella - 1962
1971
Elías Valiña Sampedro – Parish Priest in O Cebreiro
Father of the yellow arrow
Recent Efforts
Sociedade Anónima de Xestión do Plan Xacobeo
• Organized in 1991 to plan for Holy Year 1993 • Created to promote the Camino de Santiago in
Galicia • Albergues • Monte de Gozo
All Materials in this presentation are the work of Lynn Talbot and cannot be used without attribution
2016 278,041
Vestiges of the Spanish Civil War
Albergue – Puente la Reina
Azofra
Villambistia
Logroño - Cathedral
Santiago de Compostela Praza da Quintana – across from the Puerta Santa
Between Villafranca Montes de Oca and San Juan de Ortega
Caldas de Reis – Camino Portugués
Whose Camino Is It?