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WIND ROSES FOR TeX DOCUMENTS
Alan Wetmoreアラン・ウェットモア
1
1Thursday, October 24, 13
OUTLINE
Wind and wind data
Wind roses
Using TikZ to draw
Setting the geometry
Building the charts
Still to do
2
2Thursday, October 24, 13
HOW DO WE QUANTIFY WIND
Wind is a vector quantity
Magnitude (speed) and Direction (direction wind comes from)
When speed is zero; there is no direction
BUT; we also have the case when the speed is non-zero and direction is “Variable”
3
3Thursday, October 24, 13
SOURCES OF THE DATA
Sources: WMO; World Meteorological Organization
NCDC; National Climate Data Center; Ashville, North Carolina
Formats
METAR; METeorological Aerodrome Report
Formal text format (147 columns) for “Hourly” observations
Direction 27--29; Speed 31--33; Gusts 35--37
4
4Thursday, October 24, 13
DESCRIPTIONS SURFACE HOURLY ABBREVIATED FORMAT
ONE HEADER RECORD FOLLOWED BY DATA RECORDS:
COLUMN DATA DESCRIPTION
01-06 USAF = AIR FORCE CATALOG STATION NUMBER 08-12 WBAN = NCDC WBAN NUMBER14-25 YR--MODAHRMN = YEAR-MONTH-DAY-HOUR-MINUTE IN GREENWICH MEAN TIME (GMT)27-29 DIR = WIND DIRECTION IN COMPASS DEGREES, 990 = VARIABLE, REPORTED AS '***' WHEN AIR IS CALM (SPD WILL THEN BE 000)31-37 SPD & GUS = WIND SPEED & GUST IN MILES PER HOUR 39-41 CLG = CLOUD CEILING--LOWEST OPAQUE LAYER WITH 5/8 OR GREATER COVERAGE, IN HUNDREDS OF FEET, 722 = UNLIMITED 43-45 SKC = SKY COVER -- CLR-CLEAR, SCT-SCATTERED-1/8 TO 4/8, BKN-BROKEN-5/8 TO 7/8, OVC-OVERCAST, OBS-OBSCURED, POB-PARTIAL OBSCURATION 47-47 L = LOW CLOUD TYPE, SEE BELOW49-49 M = MIDDLE CLOUD TYPE, SEE BELOW51-51 H = HIGH CLOUD TYPE, SEE BELOW 53-56 VSB = VISIBILITY IN STATUTE MILES TO NEAREST TENTH NOTE: FOR SOME STATIONS, VISIBILITY IS REPORTED ONLY UP TO A MAXIMUM OF 7 OR 10 MILES IN METAR OBSERVATIONS, BUT TO HIGHER VALUES IN SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS, WHICH CAUSES THE VALUES TO FLUCTUATE FROM ONE DATA RECORD TO THE NEXT. ALSO, VALUES ORIGINALLY REPORTED AS '10' MAY APPEAR AS '10.1' DUE TO DATA BEING ARCHIVED IN METRIC UNITS AND CONVERTED BACK TO ENGLISH.58-68 MW MW MW MW = MANUALLY OBSERVED PRESENT WEATHER--LISTED BELOW IN PRESENT WEATHER TABLE70-80 AW AW AW AW = AUTO-OBSERVED PRESENT WEATHER--LISTED BELOW IN PRESENT WEATHER TABLE82-82 W = PAST WEATHER INDICATOR, SEE BELOW84-92 TEMP & DEWP = TEMPERATURE & DEW POINT IN FAHRENHEIT 94-99 SLP = SEA LEVEL PRESSURE IN MILLIBARS TO NEAREST TENTH 101-105 ALT = ALTIMETER SETTING IN INCHES TO NEAREST HUNDREDTH 107-112 STP = STATION PRESSURE IN MILLIBARS TO NEAREST TENTH114-116 MAX = MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN FAHRENHEIT (TIME PERIOD VARIES)118-120 MIN = MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN FAHRENHEIT (TIME PERIOD VARIES)122-126 PCP01 = 1-HOUR LIQUID PRECIP REPORT IN INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS -- THAT IS, THE PRECIP FOR THE PRECEDING 1 HOUR PERIOD 5
5Thursday, October 24, 13
THE BEGINNING OF EACH RECORD SURFACE HOURLY ABBREVIATED FORMAT
ONE HEADER RECORD FOLLOWED BY DATA RECORDS:
COLUMN DATA DESCRIPTION
01-06 USAF = AIR FORCE CATALOG STATION NUMBER 08-12 WBAN = NCDC WBAN NUMBER14-25 YR--MODAHRMN = YEAR-MONTH-DAY-HOUR-MINUTE IN GREENWICH MEAN TIME (GMT)27-29 DIR = WIND DIRECTION IN COMPASS DEGREES, 990 = VARIABLE, REPORTED AS '***' WHEN AIR IS CALM (SPD WILL THEN BE 000)31-37 SPD & GUS = WIND SPEED & GUST IN MILES PER HOUR
6
6Thursday, October 24, 13
SOME SAMPLE DATA USAF WBAN YR--MODAHRMN DIR SPD GUS
725090 14739 201205111200 280 14 ***
725090 14739 201205111254 300 14 24
725090 14739 201205111354 300 16 28
725090 14739 201205111454 300 14 23
725090 14739 201205111500 300 14 ***
725090 14739 201205111554 320 10 22
725090 14739 201205111654 290 18 24
725090 14739 201205111754 270 17 24
725090 14739 201205111800 270 17 ***
725090 14739 201205111854 300 21 33
725090 14739 201205111954 320 10 20
725090 14739 201205112054 *** 0 ***
725090 14739 201205112100 *** 0 ***
725090 14739 201205112154 990 6 ***
725090 14739 201205112254 100 6 ***
725090 14739 201205112354 130 8 ***
725090 14739 201205120000 130 8 *** 7
7Thursday, October 24, 13
WIND ROSES: WHAT THEY SHOW
Which direction the wind blows
How often from each direction; counting the records
The wind speeds in each direction; speed correlated with direction
We will ignore other more sophisticated uses that deal with other correlations for now.
8
8Thursday, October 24, 13
COMPASS ROSES
9
9Thursday, October 24, 13
WHAT NEXT? STRATIFY SPEEDRange of wind speeds forBeaufort Scale (miles per hour)
[0,1) ➤ B0 [1,4) ➤ B1 [4,7) ➤ B2 [7,11) ➤ B3 [11,17) ➤ B4 [17,22) ➤ B5 [22,28) ➤ B6 [28,34) ➤ B7 [34,41) ➤ B8 [41,48) ➤ B9 [48,55) ➤ B10 [55,64) ➤ B11 [64,...) ➤ B12
The Beaufort Scale was designed for sailors who certainly cared about wind more than most.
It is originally designed measuring speeds in nautical miles per hour (knots) but can be adapted to miles per hours (mph) or meters per second (mps)
Since my MET data is stored using mph; it makes sense to avoid too many conversions between units.
As we prepare the statistics of our wind measurements we will group using these bins10
10Thursday, October 24, 13
SOME EXAMPLES FROM THE WWW
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11Thursday, October 24, 13
SOME EXAMPLES FROM THE WWW
12
12Thursday, October 24, 13
BOSTON EXAMPLES
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
N
NE
EW
NW
Wind�RoseBoston�1918
31�ч�B7�<��39��ͲͲ 0.3%
25�ч�B6�<��31��ͲͲ 0.3%
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13�ч�B4�<��18��ͲͲ 14.4%
8�ч�B3�<��13��ͲͲ 44.5%
4�ч�B2�<��8��ͲͲ 28.4%
SE
S
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1�ч�B1�<��4��ͲͲ 6.3%
B0�<��1��ͲͲ 0.0%
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010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340350 Wind�Rose
Boston�2012
31�ч�B7�<��39��ͲͲ 0.2%
25�ч�B6�<��31��ͲͲ 1.2%
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13�ч�B4�<��18��ͲͲ 22.2%
8�ч�B3�<��13��ͲͲ 38.8%
4�ч�B2�<��8��ͲͲ 21.5%
1�ч�B1�<��4��ͲͲ 4.5%
B0�<��1��ͲͲ 4.7%
13�ч�v4�<��18��ͲͲ 0.1%100
110
120
130
140
150
160170
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200
210
220
230
240
250
260
8�ч�v3�<��13��ͲͲ 0.2%
4�ч�v2�<��8��ͲͲ 0.4%
1�ч�v1�<��4��ͲͲ 0.2%
•1918: Babe Ruth’s last year with
the Red Sox; 8 Directions
recorded twice a day (731)
• 2012: Automated Data; 36
directions recorded hourly
(8699)13
13Thursday, October 24, 13
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90, scale=0.35,
every node/.style={scale=0.6}]
\coordinate (c1) at (0,0);
\draw (c1) circle(45 mm);
\foreach \direction/\label in {%
0/N, 45/NE, 90/E, 135/SE,
180/S, 225/SW, 270/W, 315/NW}%
{\node[fill=green!10] at ( -\direction : 45mm) {\label}; }
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
A WIND ROSE USING: TikZ
N
E
S
W
N
NE
E
SE
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30�
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14
14Thursday, October 24, 13
WHAT ANGLES MIGHT WE NEED TO USE?
15
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E
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72�
144�216�
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SE by E
SE
SE by S
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S by ES
S by W
SSW
SW by S
SW
SW by W
WSW
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W
W by N
WNW
NW by W
NW
NW by N
NNW
N by W
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15Thursday, October 24, 13
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.5] \coordinate (c1) at (0,0); \draw[fill=blue!50] % Calm winds ( (c1) + (0:25mm) ) arc (0:360:25mm);
\draw[fill=green!60] % South winds; slow % initial=247.5, final=292.5 ( (c1) + (247.5:25mm) ) arc (247.5:292.5:25mm) -- % reversed ( (c1) + (292.5:50mm) ) arc (292.5:247.5:50mm) -- cycle;
\draw[fill=yellow!80] % South winds faster ( (c1) + (247.5:50mm) ) arc (247.5:292.5:50mm) -- ( (c1) + (292.5:75mm) ) arc (292.5:247.5:75mm) -- cycle
\draw[fill=yellow!80] % North winds faster % initial=22.5, final=112.5 ( (c1) + (67.5:25mm) ) arc (67.5:112.5:25mm) -- ( (c1) + (112.5:50mm) ) arc (112.5:67.5:50mm) -- cycle; \foreach \pcent in {10,20,...,100}{ \draw (0,0) circle (\pcent mm); % Label radii \draw (0,\pcent mm) node[left,fill=white] {\pcent};}\end{tikzpicture}
CONTINUING A WIND ROSE
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
16
16Thursday, October 24, 13
LABELS AND RINGS AND RADII
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90, scale=0.55] % center c1 \coordinate (c1) at (0,0);
\draw[fill=blue!50] % radius=25mm, initial=0, final=360 %([shift={(0:3mm)}]c1) arc (0:90:3mm) ($(c1) + (0:25mm)$) arc (0:360:25mm);
\draw[fill=green!60] % initial=247.5, final=292.5 ! That’s West! ($(c1) + (247.5:25mm)$) arc (247.5:292.5:25mm) -- % reversed ($(c1) + (292.5:50mm)$) arc (292.5:247.5:50mm) -- cycle;
\draw[fill=yellow!80]Notice that the angles are centered on 270 ($(c1) + (247.5:50mm)$) arc (247.5:292.5:50mm) -- % , reversed ($(c1) + (292.5:75mm)$) arc (292.5:247.5:75mm) -- cycle;
\foreach \pcent in {10,20,...,100}{%\draw (c1) arc[radius = \pcent mm, start angle= 0, end angle= 0]
\draw (c1) circle (\pcent mm); \draw (\pcent mm, 0) node[left,fill=green!20] {\pcent};} \draw (c1) circle(100 mm);\foreach \direction/\label in {% 0/N, 45/NE, 90/E, 135/SE, 180/S, 225/SW, 270/W, 315/NW}% {\node[fill=green!10] at ( -\direction : 100mm) {\label}; }
\end{tikzpicture}
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
17
17Thursday, October 24, 13
LABELS AND RINGS AND RADII
8 Directions
Three wind speed bins
18
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
18Thursday, October 24, 13
THE CNETER
Rings ( % )
Central Beaufort Zero
36 Wind Directions
Beaufort One
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
19
19Thursday, October 24, 13
EXAMPLE: BEGINNING
20
\pgfmathsetmacro{\MaxRad}{0.5}\pgfmathsetmacro{\HalfAngle}{5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90, scale=50.5] \coordinate (c1) at (0,0); % center c1\def\Bzero_N{0.16} \draw[fill=blue!50] % Beaufort Zero ($(c1) + (0:\Bzero_N mm)$) arc (0:360:\Bzero_N mm);
\draw (c1) circle(\MaxRad mm);\pgfmathsetmacro{\lastradius}{\Bzero_N}% Beaufort 1\def\BiN{0.30} \def\BiNi{0.31} \def\BiNii{0.27} \def\BiNiii{0.26} \def\BiNiv{0.32} \def\BiNv{0.28} \def\BiNvi{0.29} \def\BiNvii{0.22} \def\BiNviii{0.38} \def\BiNix{0.31} \def\BiNx{0.30} \def\BiNxi{0.24} \def\BiNxii{0.32} \def\BiNxiii{0.30} \def\BiNxiv{0.40} \def\BiNxv{0.34} \def\BiNxvi{0.29} \def\BiNxvii{0.28} \def\BiNxviii{0.27} \def\BiNxix{0.29} \def\BiNxx{0.28} \def\BiNxxi{0.44} \def\BiNxxii{0.28} \def\BiNxxiii{0.23} \def\BiNxxiv{0.25} \def\BiNxxv{0.23} \def\BiNxxvi{0.21} \def\BiNxxvii{0.19} \def\BiNxxviii{0.22} \def\BiNxxix{0.23} \def\BiNxxx{0.24} \def\BiNxxxi{0.21} \def\BiNxxxii{0.23} \def\BiNxxxiii{0.30} \def\BiNxxxiv{0.32} \def\BiNxxxv{0.32} \def\BiNxxxvi{0.29}
\foreach \direction/\thisradius in { 0/\BiN, 10/\BiNi, 20/\BiNii, 30/\BiNiii, 40/\BiNiv, 50/\BiNv, 60/\BiNvi, 70/\BiNvii, 80/\BiNviii, 90/\BiNix, 100/\BiNx, 110/\BiNxi, 120/\BiNxii, 130/\BiNxiii, 140/\BiNxiv, 150/\BiNxv, 160/\BiNxvi, 170/\BiNxvii, 180/\BiNxviii, 190/\BiNxix, 200/\BiNxx, 210/\BiNxxi, 220/\BiNxxii, 230/\BiNxxiii, 240/\BiNxxiv, 250/\BiNxxv, 260/\BiNxxvi, 270/\BiNxxvii, 280/\BiNxxviii, 290/\BiNxxix, 300/\BiNxxx, 310/\BiNxxxi, 320/\BiNxxxii, 330/\BiNxxxiii,340/\BiNxxxiv, 350/\BiNxxxv}{%
\draw[fill=green!60] $(c1) + (-\direction-\HalfAngle:\lastradius mm)$) arc (-\direction -\HalfAngle: -\direction +\HalfAngle:\lastradius mm) -- % reversed ($(c1) + (-\direction +\HalfAngle:\thisradius mm)$) arc (-\direction +\HalfAngle:-\direction -\HalfAngle:\thisradius mm) -- cycle;}
\foreach \pcent in {0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5}{ %Draw the percent rings, labels \draw [color=darkgray] (c1) circle (\pcent mm); \draw (\pcent mm, 0) node[left,fill=green!20] {\pcent}; } %end foreach
\end{tikzpicture}
20Thursday, October 24, 13
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
ADDING BEAUFORT 2 DATA
21
0� 10�
20�
30�
40�
50�
60�
70�
80�
90�
100�
110�
120�
130�
140�
150�
160�
170�180�190�200�
210�
220�
230�
240�
250�
260�
270�
280�
290�
300�
310�
320�
330�
340�350�
0.25%
0.5%
0.75%
1.0%
1.25%
1.5%
1.75%
21Thursday, October 24, 13
LABELS AND RADII AND RINGS, OH MY!
\foreach \direction in {%%\foreach \direction/\label in {% 0,10,...,350}{% % 0/N, 45/NE, 90/E, 135/SE, 180/S, 225/SW, 270/W, 315/NW}{% \draw[rotate=-\direction,color=lightgray] (0,0.5mm) -- (0,\MaxRad mm); \node[fill=green!10] at ( -\direction : \MaxRad mm) {\direction ${}^\circ$};% \node[fill=green!10] at ( -\direction : \MaxRad mm) {\label};
}
%Draw the percent rings and label
\foreach \pcent in {0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0,1.25,1.5,1.75}{ \draw [color=darkgray] (c1) circle (\pcent mm); \draw (\pcent mm, 0) node[left,fill=green!20] {\pcent \%};}\end{tikzpicture}
22
22Thursday, October 24, 13
Degree labels
Second Ring of winds
Radial Direction lines
0� 10�
20�
30�
40�
50�
60�
70�
80�
90�
100�
110�
120�
130�
140�
150�
160�
170�180�190�200�
210�
220�
230�
240�
250�
260�
270�
280�
290�
300�
310�
320�
330�
340�350�
0.25%
0.5%
0.75%
1.0%
1.25%
1.5%
1.75%
23
23Thursday, October 24, 13
% Beaufort 2\def\BiiN{0.80} \def\BiiNi{0.76} \def\BiiNii{0.70} \def\BiiNiii{0.59} \def\BiiNiv{0.81} \def\BiiNv{0.72} \def\BiiNvi{0.63} \def\BiiNvii{0.74} \def\BiiNviii{1.15} \def\BiiNix{0.94} \def\BiiNx{0.72} \def\BiiNxi{0.69} \def\BiiNxii{0.96} \def\BiiNxiii{1.08} \def\BiiNxiv{1.13} \def\BiiNxv{0.91} \def\BiiNxvi{0.71} \def\BiiNxvii{0.81} \def\BiiNxviii{1.20} \def\BiiNxix{1.52} \def\BiiNxx{1.51} \def\BiiNxxi{1.46} \def\BiiNxxii{1.18} \def\BiiNxxiii{1.06} \def\BiiNxxiv{0.72} \def\BiiNxxv{0.65} \def\BiiNxxvi{0.61} \def\BiiNxxvii{0.55} \def\BiiNxxviii{0.78} \def\BiiNxxix{0.77} \def\BiiNxxx{0.91} \def\BiiNxxxi{0.57} \def\BiiNxxxii{0.65} \def\BiiNxxxiii{0.74} \def\BiiNxxxiv{0.95} \def\BiiNxxxv{0.94}
\foreach \direction/\thisradius\lastradius in {%
0/\BiiN/\BiN, 10/\BiiNi/\BiNi, 20/\BiiNi/\BiNii, 30/\BiiNiii/\BiNiii, 40/\BiiNiv/\BiNiv, 50/\BiiNv/\BiNv, 60/\BiiNvi/\BiNvi, 70/\BiiNvii/\BiNvii, 80/\BiiNviii/\BiNviii, 90/\BiiNix/\BiNix, 100/\BiiNx/\BiNx, 110/\BiiNxi/\BiNxi, 120/\BiiNxii/\BiNxii, 130/\BiiNxiii/\BiNxiii, 140/\BiiNxiv/\BiNxiv, 150/\BiiNxv/\BiNxv, 160/\BiiNxvi/\BiNxvi, 170/\BiiNxvii/\BiNxvii, 180/\BiiNxviii/\BiNxviii, 190/\BiiNxix/\BiNxix, 200/\BiiNxx/\BiNxx, 210/\BiiNxxi/\BiNxxi, 220/\BiiNxxii/\BiNxxii, 230/\BiiNxxiii/\BiNxxiii, 240/\BiiNxxiv/\BiNxxiv, 250/\BiiNxxv/\BiNxxv, 260/\BiiNxxvi/\BiNxxvi, 270/\BiiNxxvii/\BiNxxvii, 280/\BiiNxxviii/\BiNxxviii, 290/\BiiNxxix/\BiNxxix, 300/\BiiNxxx/\BiNxxx, 310/\BiiNxxxi/\BiNxxxi, 320/\BiiNxxxii/\BiNxxxii, 330/\BiiNxxxiii/\BiNxxx, 340/\BiiNxxxiv/\BiNxxxiv, 350/\BiiNxxxv/\BiNxxxv}{%
\draw[fill=blue!40] ($(c1) + (-\direction-\HalfAngle:\lastradius mm)$) arc (-\direction -\HalfAngle: -\direction +\HalfAngle:\lastradius mm) -- % reversed ($(c1) + (-\direction +\HalfAngle:\thisradius mm)$) arc (-\direction +\HalfAngle:-\direction -\HalfAngle:\thisradius mm) -- cycle; }
24
24Thursday, October 24, 13
BEAUFORT 3; VARIABLE WINDS
Adding Beaufort 3, 4, 5, and 6 will be just like adding Beaufort 2
We added the variable winds that were coded as 990 (the red dot in the center)
0� 10�
20�
30�
40�
50�
60�
70�
80�
90�
100�
110�
120�
130�
140�
150�
160�
170�180�190�200�
210�
220�
230�
240�
250�
260�
270�
280�
290�
300�
310�
320�
330�
340�350�
0.25%
0.5%
0.75%
1.0%
1.25%
1.5%
1.75%
25
25Thursday, October 24, 13
DRAWING THE VARIABLE WINDS THE BEAUFORT ZERO WINDS
26
\def\Bzero_N{0.03} \draw[fill=red!50] % Variable winds 990 ($(c1) + (0:\Bzero_N mm)$) arc (0:360:\Bzero_N mm);
\pgfmathsetmacro{\minlastradius}{\Bzero_N}\def\Bzero_N{0.16}
\draw[fill=blue!40] ($(c1) + (0:\minlastradius mm)$) arc (0:360:\minlastradius mm) -- % reversed ($(c1) + (360:\Bzero_N mm)$) arc (360:0:\Bzero_N mm) -- cycle;
26Thursday, October 24, 13
BOSTON 2012
Here is the data from 2012 in Boston
Need some better colors
Still need a legend or key
0� 10�
20�
30�
40�
50�
60�
70�
80�
90�
100�
110�
120�
130�
140�
150�
160�
170�180�190�200�
210�
220�
230�
240�
250�
260�
270�
280�
290�
300�
310�
320�
330�
340�350�
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2%
2.5%
3%
3.5%
4%
4.5%
5%
5.5%
27
27Thursday, October 24, 13
GETTING CLOSEWe are almost complete.
We have our wind statistics reasonably displayed on a polar plot; everything is in the “right” order
But; the scale; rings, and arcs are obscured; let’s draw them last!
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
5
10
15
20
25
28
28Thursday, October 24, 13
PUTTING THE LINES ON THE “TOP”
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
5
10
15
20
25
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
5
10
15
20
25
29
29Thursday, October 24, 13
CLOSER YET?Still to do
We need a legend
Generalize a bit more; reusable macros
Is it robust? How can we break it?
Automate data ingest
csvsimple ?
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
5
10
15
20
25
30
30Thursday, October 24, 13