Winmeen VAO Mission 100 VAO Mission 100 2018 6 | Paid Copy

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[ பகுதி – 6, 7 ]

பகுதி - 6

1. RtPld; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j jhtutpay; mwpQh; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; (fp.gp.1707-1778) tifg;ghl;baypd; gy;NtW gbepiyfis cUthf;fpdhh;. tifg;ghl;baypd; gbepiyfs; caphpdq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s xw;Wikfspd; mbg;gilfspy; mtw;iw thpirg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ. ypd;Nda]; jdJ Gj;jfkhd rp];nlkh Ner;RNu (Systema

Naturae) vd;w Gj;jfj;jpy;> mth; fz;lwpe;j caphpdq;fisg; gy FOf;fshfg; gphpj;J thpirg;gLj;jpdhh;.

2. ehk; caphpdq;fisg; ngahpLtjw;Fk;> tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> xg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; ypd;Nda]; tifg;ghl;bay; KiwiaNa jw;NghJ gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. tifg;ghl;baypd; kpfg;nghpa gbepiy cyfkhFk;. mjd;fPo; gy Jiz myFfs; gy;NtW gbepiyfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

3. tpyq;Ffis mtw;wpd; xj;j jd;ik kw;Wk; NtWghL Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Kjd; Kjypy; tifg;gLj;jpath; tpyq;fpaypd; je;ijahd mhp];lhl;by; Mthh;. (fp.K.384-322)

4. tifg;ghl;baypd; gy;NtW gbepiyfs; cyfk;> njhFjp> tFg;G> thpir> FLk;gk;> Nghpdk; kw;Wk; rpw;wpdk; MFk;.

5. caphpdj;njhFg;GfspilNa cs;s xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikg; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jjiy ePq;fs; fw;W mwpe;Js;sPh;fs;. ,e;jg; ghlg;gphpit (Taxonomy) lhf;]hdkp vd;W miog;ghh;fs;. ,r;nrhy;ypy; tUk; ‘lhf;]p];’ (Taxis) vd;w fpNuf;f thh;j;ijf;F thpirg;gLj;Jjy; vd;Wk;> ‘Nehkpah’ (nomia) vd;w thh;j;ijf;F Kiw vd;Wk; nghUs;gLfpwJ.

6. tifg;ghl;bay; vd;gJ caphpaypd; xU gphpT MFk;. tifg;ghl;baypy; caphpdq;fis ,dq;fz;lwpjy;> tpthpj;jy;> ngahpLjy;> tifg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpwJ.

7. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; vd;Dk; ];tPld; ehl;Lj; jhtutpay; mwpQh; jw;fhy tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. (fp.gp.1717-17798)



8. mikg;G epiy. tpyq;fpdq;fs; nry;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; nghUj;J xU nry; caphp> gynry; caphp vd ,U gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

9. rkr;rPh;j; jd;ik. Xh; caphpdj;jpd; mikg;G> tbtk;> caphpdj;jpd; ika mr;irr; Rw;wp mike;Js;s cly; cWg;Gfspd; mikg;ig cw;WNehf;fpd;> mt;Taphpapd; ika mr;R topahfr; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;w ve;j xU gpsTk; caphpia ,U rk $Wfshfg; gphpf;Fkhdhy; mj;jifa rkr;rPh; jd;ik Mur;rkr;rPh; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. i`l;uh.

10. mkPgh xOq;fw;w tbtKilaJ. ,it rkr;rPh;j; jd;ik mw;w caphpdq;fs; MFk;. Vnddpy; ika mr;R topahfr; nry;Yfpd;w ve;j xU gpsTk; ,U rk ghfq;fshf ,tw;wpd; cliyg; gphpg;gjpy;iy.

11. clw;Fop. clw;Fop vd;gJ clYf;Fs;Ns cs;s jputk; epuk;gpa FopahFk;. ,J nrhpkhd kz;lyj;ijAk; kw;w cWg;GfisAk; ntspg;Gw clw;RthpypUe;J gphpf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd clw;Fop> caphdj;jpd; eL mLf;fpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. clw;Fop ,ay;gpd; mbg;gilapy;> tpyq;Ffis %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. kz;GO Nghd;w caphpdq;fspy; cz;ikahd clw;Fop fhzg;gLtjhy; ,it clw;Fop cilait vdg;gLk;.

12. ehlhg;GO clw;Fopaw;w caphpdq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. Vnddpy;> ,tw;wpy; clw;Fop fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. cUisg;GO Nghd;w caphpdq;fspy; clw;FopahdJ cl;Gw mLf;fpw;Fk; eL mLf;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Nghyp clw;Fop vd;Wk; ,j;jifa clw;Fop nfhz;l tpyq;Ffisg; Nghyp clw;Fop cilait vd;Wk; $WfpNwhk;.

13. #opepiyapay; mwpQh; Mh.vr;.tpl;Nlf;fh; Ie;J cyf tifg;ghl;L Kiwapid cUthf;fp> midj;J caphpdq;fisAk; Ie;J cyf tifg;ghl;bd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jpdhh;.

14. JisAlypfs; - v.fh. flw;gQ;R> FopAlypfs;- v.fh. i`l;uh> jl;ilg;GOf;fs;-v.fh. ehlhg;GO> cUisg;GOf;fs;-v.fh.m];fhhp];> tisjirg;GOf;fs;-v.fh.kz;GO> fZf;fhypfs;-v.fh.fug;ghd; G+r;rp> nky;Ylypfs;-v.fh.ej;ij> Ks;Njhypfs;-v.fh.el;rj;jpu kPd;> KJF ehZs;sit.

KJnfYk;gw;wit - ,t;tif tpyq;Ffspy; cl;Gw KJnfYk;Gj;njhlh; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.



KJF ehZs;sit - ,it Fwpg;gpl;l tsh;r;rpf; fhyq;fspy; KJF ehizf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

15. tisjirg; GOf;fs; - ,j;njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j tpyq;fpdq;fs; midj;Jk; GOf;fs; MFk;. ,tw;wpd; cly; mikg;G ePz;l cUis tbtKilait. NkYk;> gy fz;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU fz;lj;jpYk; xj;j cWg;G mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F nkl;lhnkhprk; vd;W ngah;.

16. tpyq;F cyfj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa njhFjp fZf;fhypfs; MFk;. ,it fpu];Nl\ad;fs; (v.fh.ez;Lfs;> ,why;fs;)> g+r;rpfs; (v.fh. gl;lhk; g+r;rpfs;> fug;ghd; g+r;rpfs;)> muf;fpdpLfs; (v.fh. rpye;jpfs;> Njs;fs;)> kphpaNghh;Lfs; (v.fh.g+uhd;fs;> kutl;ilfs;)> Mh;j;NuhNghlh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izf;fg;gl;l fhy;fs; vd;gJ nghUs;.

17. nky;Ylypfs;. KJnfYk;gw;w caphpdq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit nky;YlypfSk;> fZf;fhypfSNk MFk;. ej;ij> ];yf; (Slug), fhk; (Calm) kl;b> Kj;Jr; rpg;gp> fZtha; kPd; (Squid), Mf;Nlhg]; Nghd;w caphpdq;fspd; cliy cw;WNehf;Fk;NghJ gytpjkhd tbtq;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ.

18. M];jpNuypah flw;Fstp my;yJ n[y;yp kPd; (ifNuhnef;]; gpshf;fhp) vDk; xU tif FopAlyp> cyfpNyNa kpf mjpf er;Rj;jpwd; nfhz;l tpyq;fhFk;. ,J 60 kdpjh;fisf; nfhy;Yk; mstpw;F er;Rj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

19. kPd;fs; Fsph; ,uj;j tpyq;Ffs;. ,it midj;Jk; ePhpy; tho;git. kPdpd; cly; glF Nghd;w mikg;GlDk; nrjpy;fshy; #og;gl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. JLg;Gfs; ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F cjTfpd;wd. kPd;fspy; Rthrk; nrTs;fs; %yk; eilngWfpwJ. ,r;nrTs;fs; vYk;ghyhd %b Nghd;w mikg;ghy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jw;F xg;gh;Fyk; vd;gJ ngah;. rpytif kPd;fshd Rwh kw;Wk; jpUf;ifkPd; (Rayfish)

Nghd;wtw;wpy; FUj;njYk;ghy; Md mfr;rl;lfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

20. ghY}l;bfs; ntg;g ,uj;j tpyq;Ffs; MFk;. ,tw;wpd; cly; gwitfspy; cs;s ,wFfisg; Nghyp;y;yhky; cNuhkq;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd; Njhypy; tpah;itr; Rug;gpfSk;> vz;nza;r Rug;gpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it khWgl;l gy;yikg;igf; nfhz;lit. ,j;jifa gy; mikg;Gf;F n`l;bNuhlhd;l; (Heterodont)

gy;yikg;G vd;gJ ngah;> ghY}l;bfspd; ,jak; ehd;F miwfisf; nfhz;lit. ghY}l;bfspy; ,jaKk; EiuaPuy;fSk; kw;w tapw;Wg;



gFjp cWg;GfspypUe;J jirahyhd cjutpjhdk; vd;w mikg;ghy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

21. ghukPrpak; xU nry; caphpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;. ghukPrpak; ,U rkg;gpsT Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ; ,k;Kiwapd; NghJ nry;ypd; eLtpy; xU gpsT Vw;gl;L> mJ cl;fUitAk;> irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk; ,U ghfq;fshfg; gphpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU jha; ghukPrpak; ,uz;L Nra; ghukPrpaq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.

22. i`l;Nuh mUk;Gjy; Kiw %yk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

23. Xh; caphp xNu xU ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;ig kl;Lk; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mJ xU ghy; caphp vdg;gLk; (unisexual organism). ,t;tif caphpapy; Mz; ghypdKk; ngz; ghypdk; jdpj;jdpahf ,Uf;Fk;. n`h;Nkhg;Nuhill; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,Ughy; caphpfs; tpe;jfj;ijAk;> mz;lfj;ijAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sd. ,Ughy; caphpfSf;F i`l;uh> ehlhg;GO Mfpad vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;.

24. ghukPrpak; Nghd;w xU nry; caphpfs; ghy; Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. ,uz;l ghukPrpaq;fs; mUfUNf te;J xd;wpize;J xU ghyj;ijg; Nghd;w njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;jp kugpay; gz;Gfisg; (genetic

material) ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

25. fZf;fhypfspy; ,sk; caphpapd; clk;igr; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; XL caphpapd; tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;gg; gbg;gbahf cjph;e;J Kjph; caphpahf khWfpwJ. ntl;Lf;fpspfspd; Kl;ilapypUe;J ntsptUk; ,sk; caphpf;F ‘epk;g;’ vd;W ngah;.

26. nry;fs;. caphpdj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa nray;gLk; myF nry;fs; MFk;. gy gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G g+kpapy; Kjd;Kjypy; xU nry; caphpfs; Njhd;wpd. kpfr;rpwpa vspikahd xU nry; caphpdq;fs; ,d;Wk; g+kpap; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. jw;NghJ ,J Nghd;w 1000 j;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ntt;NtW tpjkhd xU nry; caphpdq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. Nkw;$wpa xU nry; caphpdf; $l;lq;fisg; GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. GNuhNfhpNahl;lh vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypw;F “Muk;gepiy cl;fU” vd;W nghUs;. GNuhNfhpNahl; caphpdq;fs; njspthd cl;fU kw;Wk; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfisg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> ePyg;gRkghrpfs; GNuhNfhpNahl;LfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. ,jd; kuGg; nghUs; xU nky;ypa E}ypio Nghd;w tbtj;jpy;> nry; rt;tpd; cl;Gwj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.



27. Ez;Nzhf;fpapd;wpj; jhtu nry;iyg; gw;wp mwpjy; vd;gJ KbahJ. fp.gp.1665,y; uhgh;l; `Pf; rPrh jf;ifapd; nky;ypa rPty;fis Muha;e;j NghJ mjpy; fhzg;gl;l kpfr;rpwpa mikg;Gf;Fr; nry; vd;W ngahpl;lhh;. Mz;ld; thd; Y}td; `hf; (1674) jhNd tbtikj;j vspa Ez;Nzhf;fp %yk; ghf;Bhpah> GNuhl;NlhNrhth Kjyhdtw;iw Muha;e;jhh;. ];fhl;yhe;J jhtutpayhsh; uhgh;l; g;nusd; midj;Jr; nry;fSk; cl;fUitg; ngw;Ws;sd vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. Gh;fpd;[p> nry;ypd; cs;Ns fhzg;gLk; capUs;s nghUSf;Fg; ‘GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;’ vd;W ngahpl;lhh;.

28. nry;ypDs; fhzg;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;Ng GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; nghjpe;Js;s xt;nthU mikg;Gk; nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. nry;ypy; cs;s caph;g;nghUs; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; MFk;. GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; nghJthf “caphpapd; ,aw;gpay; jsk;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

29. nry;ypy; cs;s midj;Jg; nghUs;fisAk; #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;w nky;ypa rt;T “gpsh];kh rt;T” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rt;T midj;J capUs;s nry;fisr; Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gLk;.

30. gpsh];kh rt;tpd; gzpfs;. ,J nry;Yf;F ntspNa vy;iyahf mike;J> nry;iy fhaq;fspy; ,Ue;J nry;iyg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nghUs;fis kl;Lk; Njh;e;njLj;Jr; nry;Yf;F cs;Ns Eiotij my;yJ nry;ypypUe;J ntspNaWtijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt> ,J “Njh;T flj;Jk; rt;T” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xNu nry;ypd; gy Ez;ZWg;GfSf;F ,ilNaAk; mUfpy; cs;s nry;fSf;F ,ilNaAk; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfs; flj;jg;gLtij mDkjpf;fpd;wd.

31. nry;Rth; vd;gJ gpsh];kh rt;tpidr; #o;e;J ntspNa fhzg;gLk; mLf;fhFk;. ,J nry;YNyh];> ypf;dpd; vd;w nghUs;fshy; MdJ. ypf;dpd; ePiu cs;Ns mDkjpf;fhj nghUshFk;.

32. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs; vd;gJ jl;LNghd;w gFjpfshd Nfhy;if clyq;fs;> tiy Nghd;W xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s Foy;fs;> Ez;Fkpo;fs; kw;Wk; fhw;Wg;igfisAk; ngw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpwdJ. Nfhy;if cWg;G Kjd; Kjypy; ‘fhkpy;Nyh fhy;[p’ vd;gtuhy; tpthpf;fg;gl;lJ.

33. iyNrhNrhk;fs; nghJthfr; nry;ypd; ‘jw;nfhiyg;igfs;’ my;yJ ‘nrhpf;Fk; igfs;’ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.



34. iklNlhfhz;l;hpaq;fs; nry;ypd; “Mw;wy; epiyaq;fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

35. xt;nthU gRq;fzpfKk; ,ul;;;ilr;rt;tpdhy; Md ciwiaAk; jsg; nghUisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cl;rt;T fzpfq;fspd; KO ePsj;jpw;\fk; Nynky;yhf;fshf mike;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpy gFjpfspy; Nynky;yhf;fs; jbj;J> ehzaq;fs; mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;w mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fpuhdhf;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

36. epA+f;spNahgpshrj;jpy; ,uz;L tpjkhd epA+f;spahh; mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epA+f;spNahy];> FNuhNkl;bd;.

37. epA+f;spa]; ciw my;yJ cl;fU ciw vd;w miof;fg;gLk; ,ul;ilr; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Xh; cUz;il tbt mikg;G “cl;fU” MFk;.

38. ghuk;ghpag; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l E}y; Nghd;W neUf;fkhfr; Rw;wpa FNuhNkl;bd; ,iofs; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; MFk;. ,it nry;gFg;gpd;NghJ kl;LNk njspthfj; njhpfpd;wd. xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhKk; ,uz;L FNuhNkl;bLfshy; Mdit. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; gphpAk;NghJ ,uz;L rNfhjhp FNuhNkl;bLfSk; Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy; ,izfpd;wd. ,g;Gs;spf;Fr; ‘nrd;l;Nuhkpah;’ vd;W ngah;. ,J ‘ifdl;NlhNfhh;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

39. xt;nthU DNA ,ioAk; gy kpy;ypad; epa+f;spNahilLfshy; MdJ. Xt;nthU epAf;spNahilLk; xU Ie;J fhh;gd; rh;f;fiu> xU gh];Ngl; njhFjp kw;Wk; xU iel;u[d; fhuj;jhy; MdJ. iel;u[d; fhuq;fs; ,U tifg;gLk;. gpa+hpd;fs;> gphpkpbd;fs;> mbidd;> Fthidd; gpa+hpd;fshFk;. Ijkpd> irl;Nlhrpd; gphpkpbd;fshFk;.

40. nry;fs; %d;W Kiwfspy; gFg;gilfpd;wd. mit Neh;Kfr; nry;gFg;G (Vikl;lhrp];)> kiwKfr; nry;gFg;G (ikl;lhrp];) kw;Wk; Fd;wy; gFg;G (kpahrp];). xt;nthU KiwapYk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; gFg;giltjw;F Kd;dh; cl;fU gFg;G milAk;.

41. irl;Nlhgpshrk; gFg;giltJ irl;Nlhifd]p]; vdg;gLk;.

42. ePhpd; nrwpT mjpfkhd ,lj;jpypUe;J ePhpd; nrwpT Fiwthd ,lj;jpw;F xU rt;tpd; topNa ePh; %yf;$Wfs; flj;jg;gLk; epfo;r;rp rt;T+Lguty; vdg;gLk;. nry;Yf;F cs;Ns ePh; %yf;$Wfs; nry;Yk; epfo;r;rp cl;rt;t+Lguty; (vz;lh];kh]p];) vdg;gLk;. nry;ypy; ,Ue;J



ePh; %yf;$Wfs; ntspNa nry;Yk; epfo;r;rp ntspr;rt;t+L guty; (vf;]h];kh]p];) vdg;gLk;.

43. gUg;nghUs;fs; ,lj;ij milf;Fk;. mjhtJ gUg;nghUs;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fd msitg; ngw;Ws;sd. rpytw;wpd; fdmsT mjpfkhfTk;> rpy Fiwe;j fd msT ciladthfTk; cs;sd. ve;j xU nghUspYk; mike;Js;s gUg;nghUspd; msNt mjd; epiahFk;. vdNt> xt;nthU gUg;nghUSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epiw kw;Wk; fd msitg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

44. gUg;nghUs;fspd; tiffs;. ,aw;gpay; epiyapd; mbg;gilapy; jpz;kk;> ePh;kk;> thA vdTk;> ,iaG mbg;gilapy; jdpkk;> Nrh;kk;> fyit vdTk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

45. jdpkq;fs;. Ntjptpid %ykhf NkYk; gFg;Gf;Fl;glhj nghUs; “jdpkk;” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. J}aepiyapy; xU jdpkj;jpd; gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;s kpfr;rpwpa myNf mj;jdpkj;jpd; mZ vdg;gLk;.

46. ePh;kf; fhw;iwg; ‘gpd;df; fha;r;rp tbj;jy;’ Nghd;w ,aw;gpay; Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jpf; fhw;wpy; cs;s $Wfisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;f ,aYk;.

47. ,uz;L tifahd fyitfs; cs;sd. mit> xU gbj;jhd fyit> gy gbj;jhd fyit>

48. %d;W tifahd xUgbj;jhd fyitfs; cs;sd. jpz;k epiyikapyhd xUgbj;jhd fyit-v.fh.cNyhff; fyitfs;> ePh;k epiyikapyhd xUgbj;jhd fyit-v.fh.ePh;fye;j Myf`hy;. thA epiyikapyhd xUgbj;jhd fyit-v.fh. fhw;W.

49. jpz;k epiyapy; ,Ue;J xU nghUs; Neubahf thA epiyf;F khWtJ gjq;fkhjy; vdg;gLk;

50. xd;Wld; xd;W fyf;Fk; ,ay;Gila ePh;kq;fs; mlq;fpa fyitapy; ,Ue;J me;ePh;kq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpj;njLf;fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiw ‘gpd;d thiytbj;jy;’ MFk;. ,k;Kiwapd; mbg;gilj; jj;Jtk;> “,U ePhkq;fspd; nfhjpepiyfs; Fiwe;jJ 25K ntg;g epiyapyhtJ NtWgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;gjhFk;.



mwptpay; ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;

பகுதி - 7

1. vh;d];l; &jh;Nghh;L (181-1937) vh;d];l; &jh;Nghh;L vd;w gphpl;b\; ,aw;gpayhh; My;/gh Jfs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fjphpaf;f Ma;T %yk; mZf;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; <Lgl;lhh;. &jh;Nghh;L “mZf;fU ,aw;gpaypd; je;ij” vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. mZ mikg;G Muha;r;rpfhf 1908Mk; Mz;L Nehgy; ghprpidg; ngw;whh;.

2. &jh;Nghh;L mZf;nfhs;if. mZtpd; ikag;gFjpapy; kpfkpfr; rpwpa cl;fU ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. cl;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s ngUk;gFjp ntw;wplkhf cs;sJ. mZtpd; epiw> mjd; cl;fUtpd; epiwiag; nghUj;Js;sJ. cl;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s ntw;wplj;jpy; vyf;fl;uhd;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. vyf;l;uhd;fs;> cl;fUit tl;l tbt ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.

3. ePy;];Nghh; (1885-1962). nld;khh;f;fpy; cs;s Nfhgd; N`fdpy; ePy;];Nghh; 1885Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 7Mk; Njjp gpwe;jhh;. ,th; rpwe;j fhy;ge;J tPuUk; Mthh;. khd;nr];lh; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; &jh;Nghh;Lld; gzpahw;wpdhh;. Nghh; nfhs;if> etPd ,aw;gpayhd Fthz;lk; nfhs;iff;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. 1922,y; ,aw;gpaYf;fhd Nehgy; ghpirg; ngw;whh;.

4. Xh; mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epiyahd tl;lg;ghijapy; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. ,t;tl;lg; ghijfs; Mh;gpl;Lfs; my;yJ $Lfs; my;yJ Mw;wykl;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

5. Xh; mZtpd; mbg;gilj; Jfs;fshtd. GNuhl;lhd;fs; ,it Neh;kpd;Rik cila Jfs;fs;. ,it Xh; mZtpd; cl;fUtpDs; cs;sd. vyf;l;uhd;fs;. ,it vjph;kpd;Rik cila Jfs;fs;. ,j;Jfs;fs; cl;fUit tl;lg;ghijfspy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. epa+l;uhd;fs;. ,it eLepiyahd kpd;Rikaw;w Jfs;fs;> ,j;Jfs;fs; cl;fUtpDs; cs;sd.

6. xj;j mZvz; kjpg;igAk; NtWgl;l epiw vz; kjpg;GfisAk; nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

7. INrhNlhg;Gfspd; gad;fs;. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; gy jdpk INrhNlhg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,uj;jNrhif Neha;f;fhd rpfpr;irapy;> ,Uk;G-59 INrhNlhg;G gad;gLfpwJ. Kd;fOj;Jf;foiy Neha;f;fhd rpfpr;irf;F> mNahbd;-131 INrhNlhg;G



gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nfhghy;l;-60 INrhNlhg;G> Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLfpwJ. fz; kUj;Jtj;jpy; gh];gu];-32 INrhNlhg;G gad;gLfpwJ. fhh;gd;-11 INrhNlhg;G %is Ez;zha;Tr; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

8. XU mZtpd; ntsptl;lg;ghijapy; (Mh;gpl;) ,lk;ngw;Ws;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; Ntjpg; gpizg;Gfspy; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

9. ghpkhzk; SI myF

ePsk; kPl;lh;

epiw fpNyhfpuhk;

Neuk; tpdhb

kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mk;gpah;

10. xU KO miytpw;fhd fhyk; (xU KOikahd Kd;> gpd; ,af;fk;) Crypd; miyTf; fhyk; (T) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Crypd; miyTf; fhykhdJ. mjd; tPr;irr; rhh;e;jpUg;gjpy;iy vdr; Nrhjidapd; %yk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Crypd; ePsj;jpd; ,Ukb %yj;jpw;F Neh;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fj;jpd; ,Ukb %yj;jpw;F vjph;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;

11.

Nkw;fz;l rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpr; Nrhjidr; rhiyapy; ePq;fs; jdp Crypd; miyTf; fhyj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;fyhk;. jdp Crypd; ePsk; (I) kw;Wk; miyTf; fhyk; (T) Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fk; g-If; fhzyhk;.

12. ,af;fj;jpd; tiffs;. ek; trjpf;fhf ,af;fj;jpid %d;W jiyg;Gfspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;. Neh;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;. nghUs;fs; jpirkhwhky; njhle;J xNu jpirapy; Neh;Nfhl;by; ,aq;Fjy;. tl;l



,af;fk;. nghUs;fs; tl;l ghijapy; ,aq;Fjy;. miy,af;fk;. nghUs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Kd;-gpd; ,af;fj;jpy; njhlf;fg; ghijia vjph;jpirapy; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. xOq;fw;w ,af;fk;. Nkw;$wpa tiffisr; rhh;e;J mikahj ,af;fk;.

13. Ntfk; vd;gJ njhiyT khWghl;L tPjkhFk; my;yJ XuyF Neuj;jpy; flf;Fk; njhiyT vdyhk;. SI mstPl;L Kiwapy; Ntfj;jpd; myF kPl;lh;/tpdhb MFk;. ,J xU ];Nfyhh; msthFk;. jpirNtfk; vd;gJ ,lg;ngah;r;rp khWghl;L tPjkhFk; my;yJ XuyF Neuj;jpw;fhd ,lg;ngah;r;rp vdyhk;. SI Kiwapy; jpirNtfj;jpw;fhd myF kPl;lh;/tpdhb MFk;. ,J xU ntf;lh; msthFk;. Mifahy; mstPL kw;Wk; msTld; jpiriaAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

14. KLf;fk; vd;gJ jpirNtf khWghl;L tPjkhFk; my;yJ XuyF Neuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jpirNtf khWghL vdyhk;. ,J Xh; ntf;lh; msthFk;. SI Kiwapy; KLf;fj;jpd; myF kP/tp/tp vd;Wk; kP/tp 2 vd;Wk; my;yJ kPtp -2

15. ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfs;. ,lg;ngah;r;rp kw;Wk; KLf;fk; Mfpatw;iw mwpa tiuglk; tiue;J rha;T> gug;G fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fg; gjpy; rpy rkd;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;j kjpg;Gfis mwpayhk;. %d;W ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfs; MdJ.

v = u + at

s = ut + ½ at 2

v 2

- u 2

= 2 as ,jpy; u vd;gJ njhlf;fj; jpirNtfk; v vd;gJ ,Wjpj; jpirNtfk; a vd;gJ KLf;fk; kw;Wk; s vd;gJ ,lg;ngah;r;rp.

16. ngUk; Cl;lj; jdpkq;fs; (Nkf;Nuh jdpkq;fs;) jhtu tsh;r;rpf;F mjpf msT Njitg;gLk; jdpkq;fs; ngUk; Cl;lj; jdpkq;fs; vdg;gLk;. fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d;> caph;tsp (Mf;]p[d;)> iel;u[d;> gh];gu];> fe;jfk;> nghl;lhrpak;> fhy;rpak;> nkf;dPrpak;> ,Uk;G Mfpait ngUk; Cl;lj; jdpkq;fs; MFk;.

17. Ez; Cl;lj; jdpkq;fs; (ikf;Nuh jdpkq;fs;) jhtu tsh;r;rpf;Ff; Fiwe;j msNt Njitg;gLk; jdpkq;fs; Ez; Cl;lj; jdpkq;fs; vdg;gLk;. khq;fdPR> jhkpuk;> khypg;bdk;> Jj;jehfk;> Nghuhd;> FNshhpd; Mfpait Ez; Cl;lj; jdpkq;fs; MFk;.

18. ,aw;if cuk; vd;gJ xU fhpkg; nghUshFk;. jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffspd; fopTg;nghUs;fs; rpijf;fg;gl;l ,J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.



19. gad;gLj;jg;gLk; caphpg;nghUs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,aw;if cuq;fisf; gpd;tUkhW tifgLj;jyhk;.

kf;fpa cuk; kw;Wk; kz;GOj; njhOcuk;. jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fopTfis kz;GOf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpijj;Jj; jahhpf;fg;gLk; cuk; kz;GO njhOcuk; vdg;gLk;.

gRe;jhs; cuk;. rzy;> nfhopQ;rp Nghd;w nyFkpd]; jhtuq;fs; %yk; gRe;jhs; cuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jhtuq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;tiu tsh;f;fg;gl;L> gpd; kz;zpy; mg;gaph;fs; ed;F fyf;Fk; tz;zk; coT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gRe;jhs; jhtuq;fs; kz;zpw;Fj; Njithad rj;Jf;fshd iel;u[d;> gh];gu]; Nghd;wtw;iw kz;zpy; Nrh;f;fpd;wd.

20. ,aw;if cuq;fspd; gad;fs;. ,aw;if cuk; kz;zpd; ePiuj; jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; jpwid mjpfhpf;fpwJ. gaDs;s Ez;Zaphpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ. kz;zpd; jd;ikia (texture)

Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.

21.

nraw;if cuq;fspd; tiffs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

iel;u[d; cuq;fs; A+hpah> mk;Nkhdpak; ry;/Ngl;> mk;Nkhdpak; iel;Nul; Nghd;wit

gh];gu]; cuq;fs; (fdpkr; rj;Jf;fs;)

jdp #g;gh; gh];Ngl;> bhpg;gps; #g;gh; gh];Ngl; (Kk;ka #g;gh; gh];Ngl;)

nghl;lhrpa cuq;fs; (rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs;)

nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul;> nghl;lhrpak; FNshiuL

fyg;G cuq;fs; iel;Nuhgh];Ngl;> mk;Nkhdpak; gh];Ngl;>

il mk;Nkhdpak; gh];Ngl; (DAP)

22. ePhpy; fiue;Js;s mjpfg;gbahd cur;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf ePhpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; mjpf msT Myfhf;fs; tsh;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ePhpy; thOk; caphpdq;fs; ,wf;f NehpLfpwJ. ,jw;F a+l;NuhgpNf\d; vd;W ngah;.

23. capUs;stw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; cuq;fs; caphp cuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. caphp cuq;fspd; Mjhuk; ghf;Bhpah> ePyg;gRk;ghrp (raNdhghf;Bhpah) kw;Wk; g+Q;irfs; MFk;. caphp cuq;fs; kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;fj; jFe;j



tifapy; NkYk; khRgLj;jhj jhtu Cl;lg;nghUs;fs; MFk;. ,it kz;zpd; jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. iuNrhgpak; kw;Wk; raNdhghf;Bhpaq;fshd mdgPdh kw;Wk; eh];lhf; Nghd;wit nghJthd caphp cuq;fs; MFk;.

24. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tpij> jhtu tiffis cUthf;FtNj fyg;gpdkhjy; vDk; KiwahFk;. khWgl;l [Pdhf;fk; nfhz;l ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,dq;fisf; fyg;G nra;J> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tiffis cUthf;Fk; KiwNa fyg;gpdg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;. tpUk;gj;jF gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l ngw;Nwhh;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;jy; %yk; tpUk;gj;jF gz;Gfis xNu caphpapy; nfhz;Ltu KbAk;.

25. fyg;gpdr; Nrh;f;if fPo;fhZk; tiffspy; eilngwyhk;. tiffSf;fpilNa fyg;G (,uz;L ntt;NtW tiffSf;F ,ilNaahd fyg;G). rpw;wpdq;fSf;fpilNa fyg;G (xNu Nghpdj;jpd; ,uz;L rpw;wpdq;fSffpilNaahd fyg;G). Nghpdq;fSf;fpilNa fyg;G (NtWgl;l Nghpdq;fSf;fpilNaahd fyg;G)

26. ghypd; Cl;lr;rj;J kjpg;G.

mlq;fpAs;sg; nghUs;fs; nray;

fhy;rpak; vYk;Gf; fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G

itl;lkpd; D fhy;rpak; tsh;rpijkhw;wj;ijj; J}z;Ljy;

Gujk; jirfs; fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; rPh;nra;jy;

ngl;lhrpak; ,uj;j mOj;jj;ijg; guhkhpj;jy;

itl;lkpd; B 2 nry;fspd; tsh;rpijkhw;wk;

itl;lkpd; B 4 nehjpfspd; nray;ghLfs;

itl;lkpd; B 12 ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fspd; Kjph;r;rp

27. ntz;ikg; Gul;rp. lhf;lh;. tp.Fhpad; vd;gtiu ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd;W $Wthh;fs;. ntz;ikg; Gul;rp (White Revolution) vd;gJ Gjpa Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l fhy;eilfisg; gad;gLj;jp ghy; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;FtjhFk;. lhf;lh;. tp. Fhpad; Njrpag; ghy;ts Nkk;ghl;Lf; fofj;jpd; epWtdj; jiyth; Mthh;. ,f;fofk; cyfj;jpNyNa



kpfg;nghpa ghy; cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lk; (Operation Flood) xd;iw tbtikj;J nray;gLj;jpa ngUikAilaJ.

28. nts;spg; Gul;rp. jFe;j Kiwapy; Nfhop tsh;g;gpd; %yk; rkPgfhyq;fspy; Kl;il cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F nts;spg; Gul;rp vd;W ngah;.

29. gwit ,dq;fis Kl;ilf;fhfTk;> ,iwr;rpf;fhfTk; tsh;j;J ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;tNj gwitg; gz;izahFk;. gwit tsh;g;gpy; Nfhop tsh;g;G 90% vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.

30. ,e;jpa kPd;Jiwj; jfty;fs;. nkhj;j kPd; cw;gj;jp – cyfj;jpy; 3tJ ,lk;. fly; kPd; cw;gj;jp – cyfj;jpy; 6tJ ,lk;> ePh; caphptsh;g;G – cyfj;jpy; 2tJ ,lk;. kPd; njhopw;Jiwapd; gq;F-Xuhz;bw;F 13000 Nfhb &gha; md;dpa nryhtzp.

31. ePh; caphp tsh;g;G – ePh; caphptsh;g;G vd;gJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l #oypy; jhtuk;> tpyq;Ffis tzpf Nehf;f Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; KiwahFk;. ,J ,why; tsh;g;G> kl;b tsh;g;G> kPd; tsh;g;G> Kj;J rpg;gp> ez;L tsh;g;G Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.

32. NjdP tsh;g;G. mwptpay; mbg;gbilapy; NjdP> Njd;> nkOF Nghd;w nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiwf;Fj; NjdP tsh;g;G vd;W ngah;. NjdPf;fs; r%f mikg;Gld; thOk; caphpdq;fshFk;.

33. cs;ehl;Lj; NjdP ,dq;fs;. Vgpv]; ,z;bfh-nghJthd ,e;jpaj; NjdP. Vgp]; lhh;Nrl;lh-ghiwj;NjdP. Vgp]; GNshhpah-Fl;bj;NjdP.

may;ehl;Lj; NjdP ,dq;fs;. Vgp]; nkyp/g;uh-,j;jhypaj; NjdP. Vgp]; Mlk;Nrhdp-njd;Mg;hpf;fj; NjdP.

34. NjdPf;fspd; nra;jpg; ghpkhw;wk; (eld Kiw). G+e;Njd; 100 kP tistpw;Fs; ,Ug;gij tl;l eldk; njhptpf;fpwJ. mirT eldk; ePz;l njhiyitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. eld mirTfs; G+e;Njd;> #hpaDf;F ve;j jpirapy; cs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Nkw;$wpa eld mirTfis tpsf;fpajw;fhf 1973,y; fhh;y; thd; g;hp\; vd;gth; Nehgy; ghpirg; ngw;whh;.

35. Y}[; fhy;thdp (1737-98) vd;w ,j;jhyp ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j cs;sikg;gpay; Nguhrphpah;> ,Uk;G rl;lq;fspy; gpj;jis Crpapdhy; nghUj;jg;gl;l ,we;JNghd jtisapd; fhy;fs; RUq;Ftijj; jw;nrayhff; fz;lhh;. jtisapd; jir mirtpdhy; cz;lhFk; kpd;rhuk; jirr; RUf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W fhy;thdp epidj;jhh;.



kpd;rhuk; jir miritj; J}z;Lk; vdf; fhy;thdp md;W rhpahf epidj;jpUe;jhh;. Mdhy;> me;j ,U NtWgl;l cNyhfq;fspd; J}z;Ljypdhy; kpd;rhuk; J}z;lg;gl;L> mjd; tpisthf euk;G> jirfisr; RUq;fr; nra;jd.

36. kdpj vYk;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if. kdpj clypy; 206 vYk;Gfs; cs;sd. mit> mfr;rl;lfj;jpy; 80 vYk;Gfs;> ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfj;jpy; 126 vYk;GfSkhf cs;sd. mfr;rl;lfj;jpy; jiy vYk;Gfs; 28ck;> KJnfYk;gj; njhlhpy; 26 vYk;GfSk;> khh;giwapy; 25 vYk;GfSk;> 1 `aha;L vYk;G vd vYk;Gfs; cs;sd.

37. czTg; ghijapd; gzpfs;. czit cl;nfhs;Sjy;> czitr; nrhpj;jy;> czit cl;fpufpj;jy;> czT jd;kakhjy;> fopit ntspNaw;Wjy;.

38. neg;uhd;. rpWePufj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa xU kpy;ypad; Ez;zpa ne/g;uhd;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j ne/g;uhd;fs; rpWePufj;jpd; mbg;gilr; nray; myF MFk;. rpWePufq;fs;> EiwaPuy;fs;> fy;yPuy;> Njhy; ,ize;J fopT cWg;Gfshfr; nray;gLfpd;wd.

39. tyJ Vl;hpak;. Nkw;ngUQ;rpiu. fPo;g;ngUQ;rpiu> nfhNuhdhp rpiu. tyJ ntd;bhpf;fps;-EiuaPuy; jkdp> ,lJ Vl;hpak;-EiuaPuy; rpiufs;. ,lJ ntz;bhpf;fps;-kfh jkdp.

40. kdpj ,jak;> cs;sPlw;w> ehd;F miwfNshL $ba jirahy; Md cWg;G. ,J $k;G tbtkhdJ. ,jaj;ijr; Rw;wp ,ul;ilr; Rthpdhy; Md ciw cs;sJ. mjw;Fg; nghpfhh;bak; vd;W ngah;. nghpfhh;ba rt;tpw;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjp nghpfhh;ba jputj;jhy; epug;gg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J ,jaj;ij mjph;r;rpapypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ. ,Ujak; khh;G miwf;Fs;> ,uz;L EiuaPuYf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s kPbah];bdk; vd;w gFjpapy; itf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ.

41. ,jaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; thy;Tfs;. %tpjo;thy;T. tyJ Vl;hpaj;jpw;Fk;> tyJ ntz;bhpf;fpSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. <hpjo;T thy;T. ,lJ Vl;hpaj;jpw;Fk;> ,lJ ntz;bhpf;fpSf;Fk; (kpl;uy; thy;T) ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;. miur;re;jpu thy;T. EiuaPuy; jkdp Gwg;gLk; ,lj;jpYk;> kfhjkdp Gwg;gLk; ,lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

42. ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rpWePufk; Ntiy nra;fpwJ. xt;nthU rpWePufj;jpYk; Vwf;Fiwa xU kpy;ypad; ne/g;uhd;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; 4>50>000 ne/g;uhd;fs; gzpGhpAk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk caph; tho KbAk;. ,jaj;jhy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ,uj;jj;jpy; Ie;jpy; xU gFjp xt;nthU epkplKk;



rpWePufj;ij milfpwJ. mjhtJ 1.250 ypl;lh; ,uj;jj;ijr; rpWePufk; ngWfpwJ.

43. kdpj ,uj;jk;. ruhrhp kdpjd; clypy; 4 Kjy; 5 ypl;lh; ,uj;jk; cs;sJ. ,uj;jk; xU gha;k ,izg;Gj;jpR. ,J clYf;Fj; Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisAk;> Njitapy;yhj fopTfisAk;> thAf;fisAk; flj;Jtjd; %yk; cly; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;f cjTfpwJ. ,uj;jj;jpy; vhpj;Nuhirl;Lfs;> YAf;Nfhirl;Lfs;> jpuhk;Nghirl;Lfs;> jput gpsh];kh Mfpad cs;sd.

44. gpsh];kh vd;gJ ,uj;j nry;fSf;F ntspNa fhzg;gLk; jputkhFk;. ,J ,uj;jpj;jpy; 55% fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpsh];kh fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;l ntsph; kQ;rs; epw jputkhFk;.

45. vhpj;jpNuhirl;Lfs;. (rptg;gZf;fs;) ,it rptg;G epwKila ,UGwKk; Fopahd jl;LfshFk;. kdpjr; rptg;gZ cl;fU mw;wJ. ,J `PNkhFNshgpd; vd;w Rthr epwkpiag; ngw;W ,Ug;gjpdhy;> rptg;G epwKilajhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,e;j thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F (caph;tsp kw;Wk; fhpakpy thAitf; flj;Jtjw;F) cjTfpwJ. xU fd kpy;yp kPl;lh; ,uj;jj;jpy; 5 kpy;ypad; ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; tho;ehs; 120 ehs;fs;. ,it fy;yPuypYk;> kz;zPuypYk; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

46. YAf;Nfhirl;Lfs; (nts;isaZf;fs;) WBC nts;isaZf;fs; epwkw;w> xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;l kw;Wk; cl;fU cs;s nry;fs;. rptg;gZit ,izj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ ,it vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwe;jit. Mdhy;> mstpy; nghpait. xU fd kpy;ypkPl;lh; ,uj;jj;jpy; Rkhh; 8000 nts;isaZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nts;isaZf;fs; 5 tifg;gLk;. mit. NkhNdhirl;Lfs;> ypk;/g;Nghirl;Lfs;> epa+l;Nuh/gpy;fs;> <];Ndh/gpy;fs; kw;Wk; NgN]h/gpy;fs;. nts;isaZf;fs; Neha;f;fpUkpfsplk; Nghuhb cliy ghJfhf;fpd;wd.

47. EiuaPuy;fs; ,ul;ilr; Rtuhy; Md ciwahy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j ciwf;Fg; GSuh vd;W ngah;. ,uz;L ciwf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s gFjp GSuy; miw vdg;gLk;. me;j miw GSuy; jputj;jhy; epug;gg;gl;L cs;sJ.

48. Kjd;Kjypy; tpe;J nry;iyf; fz;lwpe;J tiue;jth; Mz;ld; thd; Y}td;`hf; (1632-1723)



49. itl;lypd; rt;T. mz;lj;ij xl;bf; fhzg;gLk; nky;ypa xspGFk; jd;ikAila rt;T. Nrhdh ngYrplh. itl;lypd; rt;tpw;F mLj;jgbahff; fhzg;gLk; jbj;j xspGFk; rt;T. nfhNuhdh NubNal;lh. ntspg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;> ghypf;fps; nry;fshy; cUthd jbj;j ciw.

50. ghy; Ruj;jy;. gpwg;gpw;F gpd; Kjy; Kiwahfj; jhapd; ghy; Rug;gpapypUe;J Ruf;Fk; ghy; rPk;ghy; vdg;gLk;. ,J Gujk;> gy;NtW Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs;> Mz;bgahl;bf;]; (Ez;Zaph; vjph; nfhy;ypfs;) Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sNjhL Foe;ijf;F Neha; vjph;g;Gj; jpwid cUthf;FfpwJ. gpl;a+l;lhp `hh;Nkhdhd GNuhyhf;bd; ghy; Ruj;jiyj; J}z;LfpwJ.

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