World War II: Setting the stage

Totalitarianism Government that takes ____________ control over every aspect of life...public & private Led by charismatic ______________! Economic problems & __________________________ opened the door for totalitarian

regimes to gain power…o Fascism: Italy, ________________ (Nazism) & Spaino Communism: Soviet Uniono Militarism: ___________________

Largest war in _________________ history

Involved countries, colonies, & territories around the entire world

By the end, over __________ million were dead

It lasted from 1939 until 1945

Germany lost land to surrounding nations War reparations : o Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S.o Germany pays ___________________ (modern day equivalent)o Germans are bankrupt, embarrassed, guilt ridden, and

______________________Desperate people turn to desperate ________________________!!!!

CausesWWI & the Treaty of VersaillesAppeasementRise of Totalitarianism

The Rise of Totalitarianism

What Was WWII?

WWI & the Treaty of Versailles

FASCism

Political movement that emphasizes loyalty to the ____________ and obedience to its leader

___________________ serves the state

Extreme _____________________ (all others are inferior)

Extreme militarism ______ Party (opposition banned!) Anti-democratic (democracy is for

the weak) _______________________: support

private property & distinct classes

Fascist Leaders Maintain Control Through…

Heavy ________________

______________ Police Propaganda & youth

__________________ Racism

Mussolini (“il Duce”) (1922-1943)

Constitutional monarchy

(democratic!) Major __________________problems,

resentment & social unrest Mussolini founded Fascist Party &

vowed to give Italy strong ________________________

Gained support from __________________________ who feared a communist revolution would take place

October 1922, 30,000 _____________ marched on Rome

King handed over power to ________________________

Hitler (“der Fuhrer”)(1933-1945)

Weimar Republic (democratic!) Major ____________________ problems,

resentment & social unrest National Socialist German Workers Party

(___________________) begins to grow and gain support

1923: Tries to _____________________ in Munich – fails! While in jail, writes __________________ (My Struggle)o Germans “Aryans” were ______________

raceo Called Treaty of Versailles an outrage o Germany needed ____________________ –

“living space” Growing support from __________________ for

fascism;1932 - Nazis were the largest political party

1933 – Hitler appointed __________________ by President Hindenburg; Used secret police to eliminate opposition; Dictator – 1934: Creates a totalitarian

Communism under Stalin (1929-1953) Under Stalin, ___________________

controlled all aspects of citizens lives ____________________________ – to industrialize &

develop Soviet Union’s economy Seized ___________________ & created collective

farms ALSO…strong ______________________ Youth ________________________ Secret police; ________________________ & loss of

civil liberties Purges of opposition; _______________ persecutionHey – that sounds a lot like fascism! In theory, fascism & communism are on

opposite ends of political spectrum; in practice, they are VERY similar!

Major differences?o Fascism = private property & social classeso Communism = no private property and no

How & Why Did Fascists Rise to Power?Fascism in Italy Fascism in Germany

Communism in the Soviet Union

Emperor Hirohito (1926-1989)

Emperor was a ______________ of state power

Influenced by ________________ (military leaders)

Extreme ___________________ Wanted to solve Japan’s

economic problems by foreign ________________________

GOAL = __________________ (included a conquered China)

Militarism in Japan

Spanish civil war

1931: Spain becomes a republic 1936: General ____________________ leads rebellion Hitler & Mussolini help Franco & his fascists No formal support from _________________ for Republicans 1939: Franco wins civil war; Franco becomes Spain’s fascist

_______________ Hitler used Spanish Civil War as a “practice round” What does

this mean?

Path to World War II: Aggression & appeasementJapanese aggression

Japan needs _______________, especially iron & coal

1931: invade/conquer __________________, a province of China; China protests to the _________________________

League orders Japan to return Manchuria Japan _________________ from the League of

Nations! 1937: Japanese troops march into China’s

capital city, ______________________ ___________ tens of thousands of captured

soldiers and civilians and ___________ Chinese women in what is known as Rape of Nanjing

Italian aggression

1935: Italy attacks _______________

Ethiopian Emperor appeals to League of Nations for ___________

League condemns attack, but members do ______________________

1936: Italy __________________ Ethiopia

Hitler makes a move! Soon after becoming chancellor, Hitler

begins rearming Germany, ________________ the Treaty of Versailles

League only issues a mild condemnation 1936: Hitler moves troops into the

______________________ (demilitarized zone formed as a buffer between FR/Germany)

League of Nations does ___________! Turning point towards war!

o Strengthened Hitler’s ____________& prestige

o France & Belgium now _________to attack

o Encouraged Hitler to _______________ his expansion

Building the Third Reich Wanted the land of neighboring

nations as part of __________________________ (Empire)

Needed resources & “__________________” (living space)

1st target: Austria - Most Austrians ___________________unification with Germany

1938: Germany entered Austria; faced NO ____________________________

Official union (Anschluss) Next Czechoslovakia : Demands ________________________

(western border region of Czechoslovakia)

be given to Germany

HITLER VIOLATES TREATY!

Hitler wants Poland!

6 months later takes the ___________ of Czechoslovakia! Next…sets his sights on _________________; But first… What could happen if Hitler attacked Poland? Hitler’s Predicament? Solution? Nonaggression Pact (1939)

o Germany & Soviet Union: Agree not to go to war _______________ each othero Hitler & Stalin also promise to ________________Poland between them

Sept 1939 Hitler invades Poland & utilizes ___________________, or “lightning war”o Sudden & massive attack that _____________________ air and ground forceso France & Great Britain ____________________ on Germanyo Hitler takes most of ___________________; Stalin invades from the east & takes

overWorld War II has begun!!…

APPEASEMENT Czechs ask France & G.B. for help 1938: ___________________ Conference Meeting of Germany, Fr, Britain & Italy

(Czechs not invited! The _____________________Agreement: Allowed Hitler to have Czechoslovakia as

his “last territorial demand” Policy of Appeasement : granting

concessions to maintain _________________

Chamberlin (Great Britain’s PM) believes peace has been made…BUT…

Who Will Stop Hitler?

HOW DID WWII

START?

World War II: Axis aggressionThe Fall of France

France & Great Britain stood by __________________ while Germany _________________ Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium; “Sitzkrieg”

French & British troops were trapped by Germany’s rapid advance; 300,000 French & British troops were _______________ at beaches of Dunkirk to Great Britain

June 14, 1940: German enter Paris & France ________________________ Germans occupy Northern France Vichy France: __________________ government set up in Southern France;

Willingly ______________________ with Nazi Germany General _______________________ led the government in exile – Free French French _______________ fighters continued to try to ______________ German

occupation of France with assassination & sabotageThe battle of britain

Britain is basically all alone! Winston Churchill = PM; Vows to never ___________________ Hitler plans invasion of Britain Summer 1940 Germany began a massive

___________________campaign Sept: the “Blitz” (bombing) of __________________ (57 consecutive

nights!) Luftwaffe (German Air Force) v. the ____________________________

(RAF) British use RAF, ________________, & code-breaking to resist the

America’s Supporting role

FDR = President U.S. wants to remain _______________ &

avoid war, but FDR wants to strengthen Allies to resist Germany

Cash & Carry : Allowed Allied nations to buy __________________________ from the United States

Provisions:o Required to pay in ________________o Required to transport the goods on

their ____________________ Lend-Lease Plan: lend war

equipment/goods to any country fighting against ____________________

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

Tripartite Pact (1940): Military ___________________

of the AXIS Powers Nazi __________________,

Fascist _______________ & ____________________ Japan

(Affirmed right of every nation to “receive the space to which it is entitled & pledged to cooperate to reach that goal as well as to come to one another’s aid if attacked)

World War II: Axis powers on the attackAxis powers attack north africa!

______________ & ________________ attacked French and British land holdings in North Africa

Summer 1942: German forces under Erwin Rommel (aka “the Desert Fox”) drive ________________ out of Libya

Axis forces in Balkans

Hitler invades _____________ countries to set up bases for attacking Soviet Union

Uses _______________________ to get Hungary, Romania, & Bulgaria join Axis powers

Yugoslavia & _____________ resist but ___________________ quickly

Operation barbarossa

Hitler’s plan for ___________________ of Soviet Union Hitler needed _________________________; oil & grain Planned a 3-pronged attack on the Soviet Union: Leningrad,

Moscow, Stalingrad Stalin responded with the _________________________ policy Russian _____________+ Soviet counterattack = German

___________

HITLER INVADES

SOVIET UNION!

Japanese aggression in asia

Japan attempted to take Dutch & French colonial land holdings in the ____________________ The United States responded with a _______________________ against Japan (cuts off oil

shipments)

PEARL HARBOR Dec 7, 1941 Japanese bombers attacked the US Pacific fleet based

in ____________________ 2 hours = most US ___________________________ destroyed & more than

2,300 people killed; BUT…aircraft carriers not in port! Dec 8, 1941: FDR declares war!

JAPANESE VICTORIES Japanese attack ___________________________ defended by U.S.; Fall to Japanese in 1942 Japan captures Hong Kong Singapore, Dutch East Indies, & Burma – sets sights on India Japanese forces treat conquered peoples & POWs ____________________

“A Day That Will Live in

Infamy”

Axis powers

Germany - HitlerItaly - MussoliniJapan - Hirohito/Tojo

allied powersGreat Britain – ChurchillSoviet Union – StalinUnited States – RooseveltGovernment in Exile - “Free French” - DeGaulle

WWIIBelligerents

World War II: Allied Advance

Stalin’s Request: Starting in December 1941, Stalin kept asking the Allies to launch an invasion to open up a 2nd front in the West…Why?...but Allies take their

American victories in the pacific The Allies Strike Back (April, 1942) U.S. bombers attack __________________; Shows that Japan is ________________ (psychological move!)

Battle of the Coral Sea : (May 1942) Air battle ; Allied forces successfully _________________ the Japanese advance on

________________ Significance: For the first time since Pearl Harbor a Japanese invasion had been

___________________!

Battle of Midway : (June 1942 Americans _______________________________; knew where they were headed… Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers & 332 planes; The “avengement of Pearl Harbor” _________________________ in the Pacific! Led to a new ___________________ for the Allies; Douglas MacArthur: American

___________________ in the Pacific; Plans to “Island hop” past strongholds & attack weaker Japanese islands to get closer to Japan

Turning points

War in the Desert: north Africa The German advance in North Africa

was led by _____________________, the “Desert Fox”

British surprise attack at El Alamein forces Rommel to _______________

Americans land in 1942 under General ____________________________________

Rommel’s Afrika Korps ______________ by British & American tanks

By May 1943, the Allies _________________

Battle of Stalingrad

Prolonged German ___________________ to take industrial city

Initially, Germany gained control of _____ of the city

However…the Germans had severely underestimated the Russian ______________!

Neither Stalin nor Hitler would allow troops to ____________________

Russian forces were able to launch a counteroffensive & ___________________ the German army

Cut off _____________________ & forced their surrender! (Soviets start pushing west!)

INvasion of Italy July 1943: The Allies launched an ___________________________ from North Africa Capture it from Italians & Germans; Mussolini was ________________ by the Italian gov’t Sept 3, Italy surrenders but Hitler sends in troops, controls ______________________ and

puts Mussolini back in charge By June 1944: Allies enter ________________; Germans keep fighting in N. Italy until war is

over Italian fighters find ____________________ – shoot him & hang his body

Stalin is still waiting for an invasion of France…but FDR & Churchill decide to

The end of the warD-Day

June 6, 1944: Allied forces launched a ____________________________of German -occupied France at ___________________(Operation Overlord)

Largest ___________________ attack in history; Heavy casualties, but invasion is successful Within a month, ______ million Allied troops were stationed in Europe Allies quickly __________________: August 25, 1944 & begin to make their way across

Europe While the U.S. & Great Britain were pushing west, Russian troops advanced into eastern

Europe and Germany Liberated ________________________

Battle of the bulge

A desperate Hitler ordered one last ____________________ as Allies close in on both sides

German failure! Germans __________

By spring of 1945, Allied armies approach Germany from ____________________: Soviets from the East, Americans, etc…from the West

Soviets finally ___________________ Berlin in April 1945

Hitler _____________________ with Evan Braun (April 30, 1945)

One week later on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day) the Germans _____________________

War in Europe is over!!

Allies move to retake Philippines in 1944 Face kamikazes: Japanese pilots who fly

_______________________________ 1945: Americans capture Iwo Jima &

Okinawa Japan suffers huge ___________________ Advisors warn Truman invasion of Japan

will cost many lives Manhattan Project: secret program to

develop the __________________________

August 6, 1945: Little Boy, Hiroshima, _____________

deaths August 9, 1945: Fat Man, Nagasaki,

_____________ deaths August 14, 1945: _______________________

(V-J Day)

Yalta Conference (February 4, 1945) The BIG THREE: Roosevelt, Churchill & Stalin Meet to discuss the terms of German surrender Stalin also agreed to join in the war against

______________ within 90 days of Germany’s defeat U.S. President FDR dies on April 12, 1945;

Replaced by ___________________

Meanwhile…

Victory in Europe!! Victory in Japan!!

The aftermath

Europe

Allies divide Germany & Berlin into ___________________ of military occupation

Would be occupied by the US, Soviet Union, Great Britain & France

Helps start the ________________________ Nuremburg ____________ are held in Germany to try

the people responsible for the war Many are executed and jailed for _______________ &

crimes against _________________

Japan

____________________________ takes charge of U.S. occupation of Japan

________________ Japan & brings military leaders to trial for war crimes

Democratizes (creates a gov’t elected by people)o Japanese people adopt new ____________________o Emperor stays, but loses powero Japan becomes a ___________________________________o Article 9 – Japan cannot make ___________

MacArthur puts __________________reforms in place U.S. occupation ends in 1951 U.S. & Japan become __________________!

The Holocaust: Steps to Genocide 1933 -1945

What Was the Holocaust? holocaust (noun): Greek word meaning “sacrifice by fire” The Holocaust (proper noun): The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic,

state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately _________________ Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators

Genocide (noun): The crime of destroying a group of people because of their ethnic, national, racial, or religious identity

STEP 1: You cannot live among us as Jews Anti-Semitism (noun): Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group “The Nuremberg Laws” turned prejudice & discrimination into systemic racism EXAMPLES : Lost the right to ___________; deny couples the right to ___________; required to carry

__________________ cards; required to wear the yellow “_____________________” Nov 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht ( Night of the Broken Glass ) Nazis attack Jewish _____________ businesses & synagogues; Jews ___________, injured &

arrested

STEP 2: You cannot live among us Jewish Refugees : Nazis try to force Jewish _____________________ After admitting tens of thousands of Jewish refugees, France, GB, and the U.S.

____________their doors Jewish Ghettos: After emigration plan failed to get rid of all of the Jews, Hitler ordered Jews in all

countries under his control to be ___________________to designated cities Ghettos: __________________________________

STEP 3: You cannot live THE FINAL SOLUTION : The code name for the planned _______________________ of the

Jews of Europe Jews were rounded up & sent to concentration/labor camps By 1942, Nazis built extermination camps (“death camps”) with _____________________

that could kill as many as 6,000 people a day Around 6 million European Jews died in the death camps and Nazi massacres; less than

4 million survived