Writing Effective Work Proposals (有效撰寫英文工作提案)

8/14/2019 Writing Effective Work Proposals ( )

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Writing Effective Work Proposals

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Writing an effective work proposal

comprises the following parts:

Outlining the work proposal (part one): the background

():

Outlining the work proposal (part two): the action():

Writing the problem statement

Writing the hypothesis statement


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Writing the abstract (part one): briefly introducing the

background, objective and methodology (

):, Writing the abstract (part two): summarizing the anticipated

results of the project and its overall contribution to a

particular field ():

Writing the work proposal


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( example 1 ) Setting of work proposalOwing to

their lowest density among all metallic structural materials,magnesium alloys are highly promising for their diverse use in

the automotive, railway, aerospace, computer, communications

and consumer electronics industries. Work problem

However, these alloys have a low formability near room

temperature and are more expensive than plastics, aluminum,

steel and cast iron. Quantitative specification of problem

A situation in which the formability near room

temperature does not reach 20% elongation Importance of

problem limits commercial applications ofmagnesium and its alloys.


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(example 2 )Setting of work proposal

Process capability index is a highly effective means of

evaluating process performance. Work problem

However, conventional process capability indices can not

measure a non-normal distribution process accurately.

Quantitative specification of problemThe

inability to measure a non-normal distribution processaccurately Importance of problem leads to

error when comparing processes or selecting an

alternative supplier.


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(example 4 ) Setting of work proposal

Predicting the amount of residuals in ground watercontaminants has been extensively studied. Work problem

However, uncertain and insufficient hydrology

data make it impossible to accurately predict their

amount.Quantitative specification of problemAn error rate exceeding 20% Importance of problem

falls below R.O.C. environmental protection

standards.


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( example 5 ) Setting of work proposal An

increasing number of wafer fabs use a control chart to detect

assignable causes, making it extremely difficult for engineers to

effectively control the wafer process.Work problem

However, conventional control charts are designed for

manufacturing systems with only one source of variation, makingit impossible to control several independent sources of variation.

Importance of problemUsing such charts often leads

to ineffective and futile searches for assignable causes, thus

expending a considerable amount of manpower and capital.


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Consumer demand on the water supply in southern

Taiwan has significantly increased in recent years owing

to population and industrial growth, as well as elevated

living standards. Work problem Although the

reservoir supply in southern Taiwan can satisfy the

current water demand, increasing demands will soonsurpass the reservoirs capabilities. Importance of

problem Therefore, the lack of an effective

water distributed strategy for current reservoirs will lead

to frequent water shortages in southern Taiwan.


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Outlining the work proposal (parttwo): the action():Consider the following examples:


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(example 1 ) Work objective Based on the above,

we should develop a process capability index that adopts the

Clementsand Bootstrap methods to overcome such obstacles.

Anticipated resultsUsing Clementsmethod, theprocess capability index proposed herein can evaluate a non-

normal distribution process using conventional indices.

Additionally, by applying the Bootstrap confidence interval

estimator, the proposed process capability index can decreasethe error from sampling.


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Contribution to field Importantly, the

proposed process capability index allows engineers

without a statistical background to make decisionseasily and quickly when comparing manufacturing

processes or selecting an alternative supplier.


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(example 2 )Work objective Based on the

above, we should design an optimization model capableof effectively managing water resources for current

reservoirs in order to decrease the probability of water

shortages.Anticipated results The proposed

model can accurately reflect how multi-objectivescompete with each other and estimate the available

releases of multi-reservoirs, which is in contrast to

conventional water resource management models that

can not simultaneously do both. Contribution to field

Thus, the proposed optimization model can

provide a valuable reference for governmental authorities

when drawing up water resource-related management

strategies.


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(example 3 ) Work objectiveBased on the above, weshould develop an efficient response surface method capable ofoptimizing ordered categorical data process parameters sincesetting the process parameters in a continuous level leads tooptimization of the location and dispersion effects. Anticipated

resultsThe proposed method can more accuratelyestimate the location effect and dispersion effect of anoptimization procedure than conventional methods when solving

problems related to ordered categorical data quality. Contributionto fieldAdditionally, the proposed method contains

an optimization procedure with simplified calculations in orderedcategorical data for engineers.


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(example 4 ) Work objectiveBased on the

above, we should develop a processing method capable

of producing materials in a required shape at a relatively

low cost directly from wrought products. Anticipated

resultsThe proposed processing method can

increase the elongation of magnesium alloys by over

20% through means of significantly reducing costs andtime.Contribution to fieldThus, the

proposed processing method can significantly

contribute to the role of magnesium alloys in the market

of structural materials.


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(example 5 ) Work objectiveBased on the above,we should construct an efficient quality control process

capable of detecting assignable causes concealed behindmultiple characteristics and multiple readings in amanufacturing system with several sources of variation.Anticipated results The quality control processcan markedly reduce the number of false alarms incurred

by assignable causes , thus saving considerable manpowerand capital. In addition, the quality control process

proposed herein can appropriately detect small shifts inproduction phase and identify different sources ofvariation.Contribution to fieldIn doing so, an

engineer can rapidly adjust the manufacturing system tosolve related problems and enhance wafer quality.


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(example 6 )Work objective Based on the above. we

should develop an efficient hypothesis testing procedure for

PCIS, capable of assessing the performance of operational cycle

time (OCT) and delivery time (DT) for VLSI. Anticipated results

The proposed procedure can monitor the OTC and

delivery times to enhance the competitiveness of suppliers.

Contribution to fieldThe proposed procedure can be

used to construct a testing procedure of PCIs of OCT and DT for

suppliers.


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Writing the problem statementConsider the following examples:


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( example 1 )Setting of work proposal

Engineers heavily emphasize applicability and the accuracy

when using a process capability index to evaluate how aprocess performs. Work problemHowever, using

conventional process capability indices to evaluate a non-

normal distribution process often leads to inaccurate results.

Additionally, calculating a point estimator with samplingdata leads to inaccurately estimating the process capability

index of process population. Although sampling more data

can increase the accuracy of an estimator, such an approach

would be costly and time consuming.


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Importance of problemAbove limitations

would cause engineers to to error when comparing

manufacturing processes or selecting an alternative

supplier. Project need Therefore, a process

capability index must be developed that adopts the

Clements and Bootstrap methods to overcome these

obstacles.


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(example 2 ) Setting of work proposal Owing to their lowest density among all metallic structural

materials, magnesium alloys are highly promising for their

diverse use in the automotive, railway, aerospace,

computer, communications and consumer electronics

industries. Work problemHowever, these alloys

have a low formability near room temperature and are

more expensive than plastics, aluminum, steel and cast iron.


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Quantitative specification of problem A

situation in which the formability near room temperaturedoes not reach 20% elongation Importance of problem

limits commercial applications of magnesium

and its alloys. Project needA processing method

must therefore be developed, capable of producing

materials in a required shape at a relatively low costdirectly from wrought products.


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(example 3 )Setting of work proposalEnterprises trade with each other by carefully considering

business ratings to reduce investment risks. Work problem

However, conventional mathematic models have

difficulty in discriminating between multiple ranks.

Quantitative specification of problemA

prediction accuracy of only 60% among departed modelsImportance of problemexposes traders to

unnecessarily high risks. Project needTherefore,

a flexible and accurate neural network structure must be

developed that applies artificial intelligence in fuzzy theoryto business ratings and bankruptcy prediction.


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(example 4 ) Setting of work proposal Demands on

the water supply in Taiwan have skyrocketed owing to the island's

increasing population and elevated living standards.Work problem

Eventually, the current reservoir supply will be insufficient if

current demands from personal and industrial use persist. Importance

of problemConsequently, this surging demand will lead

to the increased drilling of new wells to locate groundwaterresources, which is extremely expensive. Project needAn

optimal operating model must therefore be developed, capable of

choosing an effective monitor well to adequately control a

groundwater system.


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Importance of problemUsing such charts

often leads to ineffective and futile searches for assignablecauses, thus wasting a considerable amount of manpower

and capital. Project need Therefore, an efficient

quality control process must be developed, capable of

detecting assignable causes concealed behind multiple

characteristics and multiple readings in a manufacturing

system with several sources of variation.


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Predicting the amount of residuals of ground watercontaminants has been extensively studied. Work

problemHowever, their amount cannot be

predicted accurately Quantitative specification of

problemwhen errors exceeding 20% ascaused by uncertain and insufficient hydrology data

make it impossible to accurately predict their amount.


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Importance of problemAn error rate exceeding

20% falls below R.O.C. environmental protectionstandards. Project need Therefore, a NAPL

simulator model must be developed that contains several

parameters acquired by experimental data.


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Writing the hypothesis statement

Consider the following examples:


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(example 1 ) Objective of work proposalAn

appropriate evaluation model capable of selectingnaturalgas bus brands can be developed. Methodology to achieve

objective To do so, natural gas bus

brands can be selected via the proposed model by

performing cost effectiveness analysis. Each criterion can

also be evaluated under cost and effectiveness categories.Two methodologies of multiple attribute decision making

(MADM), technique for order preference by similarity to

ideal solution (TOPSIS) and analytic hierarchy process

(AHP), can then be used to rank all viable alternatives tobus systems from a complete perspective.


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Anticipated resultsAs anticipated, the ranking

methodology can provide a more objective outcome withweights of related decision groups than other ones. The

ranking methodology can also provide a more flexible

procedure in terms of an outcome's complexity. Moreover,

the ranking outcome can allow decision makers to identifythe order preferences between alternatives. Contribution to

field The proposed model can also evaluate

how cost and effectiveness of all viable alternatives to bus

systems are related. Furthermore, the proposed model can

provide a valuable reference for government when

selecting the brands of bus systems.


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(example 2 ) Objective of work proposalThe

critical behavior of a binary symmetrical mixture can be

elucidated using the collective variables method.Methodology to achieve objectiveTo do so,

a functional of the grand partition function of the model of a

binary symmetrical mixture can be constructed in the vicinity

of the vapor-liquid and mixing-demixing critical point.Calculating the grand partition function can then be reduced

to that of the partition function of a three-dimensional Ising

model in an external field. Next, for a hard-sphere square-

well symmetrical binary mixture, the thermodynamic

characteristics can be calculated as a function of microscopicparameters.


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Anticipated results As anticipated, adopting

the collective variables method can allow us to quantify thenon-universal critical characteristics of hard-sphere square-

well binary symmetrical mixture. Contribution to field

Moreover, the proposed method can reveal how

thermodynamic functions depend on microscopicparameters in the vicinity of binary symmetrical mixture

critical points, thus clarifying how microscopic parameters

influence macroscopic critical behavior.


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(example 3 ) Objective of work proposal

The RSOE mechanism can be investigated and, based on that data, atheoretical model can be constructed. Methodology to achieve

objective To do so, the preliminaryexperimental data can be obtained by measuring voltage-current

characteristics (VIC), voltage-capacity characteristic (VCC) and

capacity-modulated spectra for barrier structures at differentirradiation doses. The needed parameters can then be derived from

the data obtained. Additionally, the Hall investigations can be

undertaken to considerbulk effects. The changes of parameters can

be analyzed and synthesized as well.


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Anticipated results As anticipated, low-dose

radiation processes can be clarified and the II-VI barrierstructures parameters can be achieved as well.Contribution

to fieldThus, the range/number of the RSOE

objects can be increased and the RSOE mechanisms can be

distinguished.


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(example 4 ) Objective of work proposalA

GIS-based architecture containing an automatic reporting

service through handheld mobile devices can be designed.

Methodology to achieve objectiveTo do

so, GPS module can be used to obtain the coordinate of

the PDA user. The coordinate can then be transmitted tothe back-end server through a wireless network and used

as the filter to query the database. Next, query results can

be sent back to the PDA, triggering an event to inform the

PDA user.


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Anticipated results As anticipated, the novel

architecture can automatically page PDA users through

their handheld mobile devices when desired informationbecomes available. Moreover, the architecture allows PDA

users to access information with their geographic position

functioning as a filter.Contribution to field

Furthermore, the architecture proposed herein canhopefully reach commercialization in PDA software.


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Writing the abstract (part one):

briefly introducing the background, objective and

methodology( ):,Consider the following examples:


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(example 1 )Setting of work proposal A

decision-making environment is increasingly complex,

Work problem accounting for why conventional

evaluation models are concerned only with economic

factors and neglect those factors that can not be evaluated

by money. Such negligence may lead not only to anincomplete evaluation, but also to selection of an

inappropriate scheme by decision makers. Work objective

Therefore, this study presents a novel evaluation model

capable of selecting natural gas bus brands.


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Methodology to achieve objectiveNaturalgas bus brands are selected via the model by performing cost

effectiveness analysis. Each criterion is also evaluated under cost

and effectiveness categories. Two methodologies of multiple

attribute decision making (MADM), technique for order preference

by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and analytic hierarchy

process (AHP), are then used to rank all viable alternatives to bus

systems from a complete perspective.


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Despite their extensive use in solving problems related to

ordered categorical data quality, Work problemconventional scored methods are unnecessarily complex

and inaccurate in terms of estimating the dispersion effect.

Work objectiveTherefore, this work develops an

efficient response surface method capable of optimizingordered categorical data process parameters since setting

the process parameters in a continuous level leads to

optimization of the location and dispersion effects.


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Methodology to achieve objectiveThis

novel method with simplified calculations in mean and

standard deviation of ordered categorical responses is used

to estimate the location and dispersion effects.

Additionally, regression models are used to correlate the

location effect in terms of the controlled factor levels with

the dispersion effect in terms of the controlled factor levels.

An optimal level combination of process parameters is alsoobtained using the dual response surface methodology.


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(example 3 ) Setting of work proposalAlthough process

quality and delivery time have received increasing emphasis in

industry, Work problem conventional process capability

indices (PCIs) are unable not only to objectively assess quality and

delivery time but also to identify how PCIs and yield rate are related.

Work objective Therefore, this work presents an efficient

hypothesis testing procedure for PCIs, capable of assessing theperformance of operational cycle time (OCT) and delivery time (DT)

for VLSI.


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(example 4 ) Setting of work proposal Whileionizing irradiation stimulates material damage, the radiation-stimulated

ordering effect (RSOE) is found in various materials. For instance, low-

dose electron and X-ray irradiation enhance parameters in III-V and Si.

Work problemHowever, the RSOE mechanisms in II-VI

semiconductors remain unknown, thus making it impossible toimplement process applications capable of increasing the efficiency of

barrier structures. Work objective Therefore, this workinvestigates RSOE in II-VI semiconductors and constructs a related

model


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. Methodology to achieve objective

Voltage-current characteristics (VIC), voltage-capacitycharacteristic (VCC) and capacity-modulated spectra for

barrier structures are measured at various irradiation doses,

thus providing the preliminary experimental data. Based on

that data, the control parameters are then derived.Following Hall experiments to consider bulk effects, the

parametric changes are analyzed and synthesized.


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Writing the abstract (part two):summarizing the anticipated results of the

project and its overall contribution to a

particular field():Consider the following examples:


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(example 1 ) Main resultsTheoretical results

indicate that the proposed model clarifies dielectric

phenomena manifesting itself in the sequence of phase

transition and disappearance of the ferroelectric phase

under hydrostatic pressure.Contribution to field

Results in this study demonstrate that the proposedmodel accurately describes systems with more than two

equilibrium positions on a site, thereby extending

conventional order-disorder models to a wider class of

materials.


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(example 2 ) Main resultsAnalytical results

indicate that the proposed method can be used to estimate the

marginal dimension of an order parameter, thus corresponding

to experimental data found in pertinent literature.Contribution

to fieldMoreover, applyingseveral theoretical

renormalization group methods for obtaining of marginaldimension estimation, in addition to the currently available

one in previous literature, yields accurate results for a weakly

diluted O (m)model, thus providing a complete picture of its

critical behavior.


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(example 3 ) Main results Experimental

results indicate that the proposed method accurately

estimates the location effect and dispersion effect of an

optimization procedure in terms of solving problems

related to ordered categorical data quality. Contribution to

fieldMoreover, the proposed method provides

an optimization procedure with simplified calculations in

ordered categorical data for engineers.


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(example 4 ) Main resultsExperimental results

demonstrate the feasibility of using the studied PCIs to

investigate and evaluate the suppliersperformance of DT

and OCT, thus forming the basis of assessing and choosing

suppliers. Contribution to field Moreover,

PCIs can be used in uniform standards to assess the

performance of DT and OCT for VLSI.


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Writing the work proposal

Consider the following examples:


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(example 1 )Setting of work proposalWiththe global trend of dividing work of products and a shorter product life

cycle, the build to order(BTO) model is gradually replacing the buildto forecast(BTF) model. Process quality and delivery time have

received increasing emphasis in the highly competitive electronics

industry. Additionally, many statisticians and engineers such as Kane,

Kotz, and Pearn et al. have proposed process capability indices(PCIs)

to assess the effectiveness of a process.


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Work problemAlthough quality performance

has received considerable attention and many evaluation

methods have been developed, manufacturing and

delivery time have seldom been discussed. Additionally,

conventional process capability indices (PCIs) are unable

not only to objectively assess quality and delivery time but

also to identify how PCIs and conforming rate of DT andOCT are related. Utilizing point estimators of the PCIs is

generally an inaccurate means of estimating the real PCIs

for suppliers.


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Importance of problemTherefore, the lack of

an effective performance index and an objective testing

procedure will lead to inefficiency and a high overhead

cost. Furthermore, if firms do not perform well in terms of

quality and delivery, they will lose their market

competitiveness. The outcome will also delay the

scheduling of firms production, even damaging the

advantage of some customers.


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Work objectiveBased on the above, we should

construct an effective performance index (PCIs) and develop an

objective hypothesis testing procedure for PCIs, capable ofassessing the performance of operational cycle time (OCT) and

delivery time (DT) for VLSI. Quality performance index is also

used to assess the performance indices of operational cycle time

and delivery time of VLSI.


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so, the PCIs of OCT and DT can be defined and, then, the

UMVU (uniformly minimum variance) estimators of thestudied PCIs can be derived under the assumption of a

normal distribution. Next, the above estimators can be used

to construct the one-to-one relationship between the PCIs

and conforming rate of DT (or OCT). Finally, a hypothesis

testing procedure of PCIs can be developed.


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Anticipated resultsAs anticipated, thishypothesis testing procedure allows firms to assess the

performance indices of operation cycle time (OCT) and

delivery time (DT) of VLSI, thereby increasing thecompetitiveness of suppliers. Based on the performance

indices of operational cycle time (OCT) and delivery time

(DT), the corresponding tables of the excessive time limit

rate of OCT are also provided for manufacturing VLSI andDT based on a supplier's schedule. These tables confirm

the required performance index (i.e.PCIs) value for

manufacturers. Moreover, the hypothesis testing

procedure of performance index is adopted to assess

whether the performance of OCT and DT satisfies the

firms requirements.


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Contribution to fieldThis work can provide a

testing procedure of PCIs of OCT (DT) and the

corresponding table of PCIs versus conforming rate of DT

and OCT for suppliers. In addition to investigating the

performance of operational cycle time(OCT) of an

individual manufacturing step for VLSI, the testing

procedure can be used to assess the delivery time on

schedule to satisfy customer requirements.


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Work problem Conventional evaluation models

are generally concerned only with economic factors and

neglect factors that can not be evaluated by money.

However, large investment programs have many intangible

factors that can not be valued, such as the satisfaction of

related groups and potential environmental impacts. In

addition to an economic criterion, for example, whenevaluating different brands of a bus system, many criterion

are still available such as the level of pollution made by

bus and the driving abilities of a bus.


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Importance of problem Adopting theconventional models likely causes decision makers to

select an inappropriate scheme. For governmental

investment decisions, implementing an inappropriate

scheme will incur large social costs and loss of resources.

Work objective Based on the above, we shoulddevelop an efficient evaluation model capable of selecting

natural gas bus brands. This model allows us to evaluate an

appropriate number of criteria under cost and effectiveness

categories.


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so, natural gas bus brands can be selected via the model by

performing cost effectiveness analysis. Each criterion can

also evaluated under cost and effectiveness categories.

Two methodologies of multiple attribute decision making

(MADM), technique for order preference by similarity toideal solution (TOPSIS) and analytic hierarchy process

(AHP), can then be used to rank all viable alternatives to

bus systems from a complete perspective.


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Anticipated results As anticipated, the

proposed model can evaluate exactly how cost and

effectiveness of all viable alternatives to bus systems are

related. The evaluation results can provide us not only

with economic information on all viable alternatives to bus

systems, but many other comparative situations.


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Contribution to field The proposed model can

also provide a valuable reference for government when

selecting the brands of bus systems. The ranking

methodology can provide a more objective outcome with

weights of related decision groups than other ones. The

ranking methodology can also provide a more flexibleprocedure in terms of an outcome's complexity. Moreover,

the ranking outcome can allow decision makers to identify

the order preferences between alternatives.


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Writing Effective Work Proposals (有效撰寫英文工作提案)