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Campaigns and Elections

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Types of Elections

Primaries

Parties choose the candidates who will run in the

general elections

States can also hold caucuses, in which members

meet and vote in the open

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Types of Elections

General elections

Determine who gets to hold office

Typically draws the most voters

Runoff elections

If a candidate does not win a majority in the

general election, some states hold a runoff

between the two highest vote-getters

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Types of Elections

Referenda

24 states allow citizens to vote on law directly

through holding a referendum

Held at the same time as an election

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Criteria for Winning

Majority vote: to win, the candidate must

receive at least 50% of the votes, plus one

Plurality vote (aka first-past-the-post): thecandidate with the greatest number of votes

wins

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Electoral Districts

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Electoral Districts

Congressional and state legislative districts

are typically drawn every 10 years in a

process known as redistricting

Most districts are gerrymandered to serve a

particular groups interest

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Electoral Districts

Gerrymandering

Packing: ramming many voters of one party into a

district to dilute their votes in other districts

Cracking: tearing up dense pockets of party voters

to dilute their votes in that district

Stacking: merging two districts of the same party

to force incumbents to run against each other

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Electoral Districts

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The Campaign Narrative

The formula: What is the problem? Who are

the villains? Who are the victims? Who are the

heroes? What is the common sense solution?

Republican narrative: heroes, villains, victims,

common sense solutions.

Democratic narrative: heroes, villains, victims,

common sense solutions.

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Electoral Districts

Congressional districts should be contiguous,

compact, and consistent with existing political

subdivisions

Race can no longer be the deciding criterion

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Ballots

Ballots can take many forms, and each state

makes its own.

Some differences among states are:

Party line voting

Electors, not the candidates names, listed first

Party affiliations not listed

Voting machines, paper ballots, punch cards, or

touch screens

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Electoral College

Because the average citizen was not trusted

to make the right decision in voting for

president, the Founders created the Electoral

College system.

Even today, citizens do not vote for president,

but rather for electors.

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Electoral College

Each state has a number of electors equal to

its number of U.S. Representatives and

Senators

All states but Maine, Massachusetts and

Nebraska allocate all electors to the popular

vote winner

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Distribution of Electoral Votes in the2008 Election

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WHO ARE AMERICANS?

Chapter 10

WHO SUPPORTED OBAMA IN 2008?

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WHO ARE AMERICANS?

Who Supported Obama in 2008?

Election Results by State Population

SOURCE: Mark Newman, Maps of the 2008 US presidential election results, www.personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/ (accessed 7/8/10).

John McCain (R)

Barack Obama (D)

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WHO ARE AMERICANS?

Who Supported Obama in 2008?

Election Results by State Electoral College Votes

SOURCE: Mark Newman, Maps of the 2008 US presidential election results, www.personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/ (accessed 7/8/10).

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Electoral College

The electors vote at their respective state

capitols the first Monday after the second

Wednesday in December.

If no candidate has a majority of the electoral

votes, the House decides the result, with each

state getting one vote.

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American Campaign TechniquesConquer the World

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Election Campaigns

Campaigns: efforts by political candidates and

their supporters to win the backing of donors,

political activists, and voters in their quest for

political office.

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Election Campaigns

The first step is to allow candidates to start

raising money and accepting donations.

Two methods:

form an exploratory committee

file papers announcing candidacy

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Election Campaigns

Staffing

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Election Campaigns

Primaries

Personality clash: candidates policies are roughly

the same

Ideological struggle: candidates policies differ

dramatically

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The 2008 Primaries

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Presidential Elections

Parties select their presidential candidates by

delegates sent from each state

GOP: winner-takes-all

DEM: proportional to state vote share

Most states hold primaries, but some hold

caucuses

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The primary season is earlier each election

States seek to be influential by voting early

Some states with late primaries are debatingabandoning them

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Early conventions selected the candidates

themselves

Primaries and caucuses were non-binding

Deals were cut in smoke-filled rooms

Party leaders wanted to determine candidates

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Contemporary party conventions

Ratify the decisions made in primaries

Enact any new rules for future delegate selection

Draft party platforms

Present candidates and the party platforms to

voters

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The General Election

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General Election Campaign

Labor-intensive v. media-intensive campaigns

Labor-driven campaigns

Volunteers campaigning door-to-door

Media-intensive campaigns

Goal is to get media attention

Few volunteers, lots of fundraising

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The Age of the Talk Show Campaign

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General Election Campaign

Free Media v. Paid Media

Free media: coverage by the press and visits to

talk shows

Reach wide audiences

Can be unpredictable

Paid media: advertisements purchased by

campaigns

Expensive

Message is controlled

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Average House and Senate CampaignExpenditures, 19802008

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How Voters Decide

Three main factors

Partisan loyalty

Issues and policy concerns

Candidate characteristics

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Influence Campaigns and ElectionsBefore You Cast Your Vote

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How Voters Decide

Most voters who identify with a party vote for

that partys presidential candidate

C C fid d

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Consumer Confidence andPresidential Elections

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How Voters Decide

Candidate Characteristics

Voters tend to prefer candidates who they see as

having characteristics similar to their own

F d l C i Fi

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Federal Campaign FinanceRegulation

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Figures for 2010

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Averages

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Presidential Averages 2000 v 2008

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Historical Pattern

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Sources of Campaign Funds

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Public Funding

Top Donors to 527 Committees

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Top Donors to 527 Committees,2008

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Implications for Democracy

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Public Opinion Poll

Which electoral system do you believe is best?

a) A plurality system

b) A proportional representation system

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Public Opinion Poll

Do you believe it is appropriate to use race and

ethnicity as criteria for drawing legislative district

boundaries?

a) Yes

b) No

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Public Opinion Poll

Do you believe the Democratic and Republican Parties

should adopt a national primary to select their

partys presidential nominees?

a) Yes

b) No

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Public Opinion Poll

Do you believe the Internet has made electoral

campaigns more democratic, less democratic, or

has had no effect?

a) More democratic

b) Less democratic

c) No effect

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Public Opinion Poll

Do you believe American political campaigns help

voters make decisions, or do they produce more

confusion than enlightenment?

a) Help voters make decisions

b) Produce more confusion

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Public Opinion Poll

Do you support or oppose laws requiring voters to

produce photo identification at the polls?

a) Strongly opposeb) Oppose

c) Support

d) Strongly support

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Public Opinion Poll

Do you believe there should be limits on the amount of

money candidates can spend on campaigns?

a) Yesb) No

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Public Opinion Poll

Do you believe there should be limits on the amount of

money individuals can contribute to campaigns?

a) Yesb) No

Chapter 10: Campaigns and

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Chapter 10: Campaigns andElections

Quizzes

Flashcards

Outlines

Exercises

wwnorton.com/wtp8e

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The 2008 Presidential Election

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The 2008 Presidential ElectionSeason

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Th El t l C ll

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The Electoral College

The General Election Campaign and

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The General Election Campaign andHigh-Tech Politics

The General Election Campaign and

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The General Election Campaign andHigh-Tech Politics

Th 2008 d 2010 El ti

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The 2008 and 2010 Elections

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Th 2010 El ti

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The 2010 Elections

Documents

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