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7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)

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I. .........29

1. .....................29

1.1. ..........................................................29

1.1.1. ..................................................................... 29

1.1.2. ....................................30

1.1.3. ..........................................................361.1.4. .... 381.1.5. ...................................................................44

1.1.6. ....................... 47

1.2. ................................................... 49

1.2.1. ............................................................. 49

1.2.2. ..........................................................531.2.3. ...........................................631.2.4. ..............................................66

.......................................................................................... 68

2. ...........................69

2.1. ................................................... 69

2.1.1. .............................................692.1.2. , ................................75

2.1.3. ..........76

2.1.4. .................................................................................. 77

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2.3. .................................................... 832.4. ................................................85


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7 . .......................................................................... 1777.2. .......................................................178

7.3. ............................................................ 186

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8.2.1. ......................................................2028.2.2. .................................................203

8.2.3. ......................................................2058.2.4. ........................................... 207

8.3. ..........................................................................210

8.3.1. ........................................2108.3.2. ......................................................................2118.3.3. ..............................2128.3.4. ............................219

8.4. ......................................2228.4.1. ........................................222

8.4.2. .... 2228.4.3. ....................................2268.4.4. ............................227

8.5. .............................................................................228

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8.6.2. ......................................................................2358.6.3. ............................237

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III. .................240

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9.1. ...................241

9.2. ....................................................................... 244

9.3. ....................247

9.3.1. ...................................................................... 2479.3.2. .................................................... 249

9.3.3. ...........................................................249

9.3.4. ...........................................................252

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10.1. ..................................................................... 25510.2. .............................................256

10.2.1. .....................257

10.2.2. ............. 262

10.3. -1000 ............ 269

10.4. -1000 .......................................... 272

10.4.1. ...................................................................27210.4.2. ...........276

10.4.3.

............................................................ 278

10.5. ................................................282

10.5.1. ...........................28210.5.2. ...............288

10.5.3. .................................291

10.6. -1000 .........291

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11.4.2. .......................................30911.5. ......................................................................................... 335

11.5.1. - .............................................335

11.5.2. ....................................346

12. ... 358

12.1. ..................................................................... 358

12.2. - ..................362

12.2.1. .........................................................362

12.2.2. ............................................................ 363

12.2.3. .................................................................365

12.2.4. .................................................... 367

12.3. ................................................................................. 370

12.3.1. ........................................... 370

12.3.2. ......................................... 373

12.4. .......................................................... 37512.4.1. .........................................................375

12.4.2. ............................................................ 376

12.4.3. .................................................... 377

12.4.4. ......................................................378

12.5. ....................... 379

12.5.1. ...........................................................37912.5.2. .......................................380

12.5.3. ...................................385

12.6. ..............................389

12.6.1. .........................................................389

12.6.2. ..............................................392

12.6.3. ......................................................39412.7. ................395

12.7.1. .........................................................395

12.7.2. ............................................................ 397

12.7.3. .................................................... 399

12.7.4. ..................................................... 401

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13.1.3. .................413

13.1.4. .............................418

13.1.5. .............................................422

13.2. .......................................................... 425

13.3. ................................427

13.3.1. ................................................................427

13.3.2. .... 429

13.4. .... 434

13.5. ...............................................437

13.6. . ........................................................... 444

13.7. .................446

13.7.1. ..........................446

13.7.2. .............................447

13.7.3. ..................................448

........................................................................................450

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14.1. .....................................................................451

14.2. .......452

14.2.1. .............................................................. 45214.2.2. ..........................455

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15.2.3. ........................................................................................ 500

15.3. .... 501

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15.3.3. ......................................................503

15.4. .................506

15.4.1. ................................................................506

15.4.2. .... 50715.4.3. .... 509

15.4.4. .......511

15.4.5. ............51315.5. ........................................514

15.5.1. ................................................................51415.5.2. ......................515

15.5.3. ............. 516

15.5.4. .........................518

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72/603

. , 104, 239U* 239 , .. -, , , .

, (-, , ). -, Sx. - 0, , , . , 0 - , . ,

235U 235U + 238U, , - .

, , , Sl0. 235U, -

( ). - ( va |), , .. , 2.1. 73

= V S , = |(0 . (2 .3)

(2.3) . , -


73/603

.

. 2.1 - , - .

-

. - . ( , - ) 7VreH= < v/ X/ >. ( ) Na =

= < > . - :

=K eJ ( N a + ) = < , ,>/{< > + ). (2.36)

,

( ), - (2.3 , ) (.. , ).

, 50 ,

. , , , 74 2.


74/603

2.1. 75

, - . k -


75/603

. 0 ,

, \i . -, = 1.80; = 1.03; = 0.71; 0 = 0.79; = 0.97; =

= 0.99, = 1.8 1.03 0.71 0.79 = 1.04 ; = 1.04 0.97 0.99 == 1.00.

, (2.3), .

2.1.2. v3j,

235U

: = (v5a ,V )/(aV + 8(1 5)), (2.4)

v5, v8 , 235U 238U; / 235U; , 8 235U, 238U;5 , .. 235U 235U 238U: 5=N5/ (Ns + NH).

VT ^ :

50/85)/ (2 46) 76 2.

= 5+ 8= = ( 5+ (1 - 5) 8).

680 , 2.8 . 235U ~ 2.08; ()

, 5=Ns/ N s= 0.714102, 1.34.


76/603

, , ,

( , 1000), (2.4 ) . ,

.

2.1.3.

,

238U , ( ~ 1 238U). , , , 238U.

, 238U ,

238U 238U. 238U , . = 1.

. , 238U . Xs , , ,

2.1. 77

(2.5 ) , - |i . = 1.28.

Xs, , ,


77/603

1000, , 238U, 238U.

1+ 0 .0 2(#8/), (2.56) NH . Ng/ NH NU/ N H.

2.1.4.

238U,

. , 238U, : 238U , , .

238U. , (. . 1). , ,

78 2.

. . ( . 1 238 / 8


78/603

; 1 =270 .)

() .

= (\|/), (2.7)

v= VuP.il /(^ ( ); () ;

. , .. F3aM= Vv = V =N8I^ / ( N 3aM(fr ) ;aM). / 8 238U . (

) , . : , , ,

238U , , ; , . , , 238U 2.1. 79

2.1.5.

, , 0


79/603

= / (Aon + + () > (2.8)

. ;

; - .

:

0 = (oa5N5+o*Ns) / ( o a5N5+ * Ns + + I,oakNk), (2.86)

* Nk : (, , ,

, . .). , , . , , , .

. 2.2, 2 , , .

, ,

80 2.


80/603

. 2.2.

= (Ps + 8 / {(5!+ 8 .8) +(2.8)

+ . .- ;1).

3, ; V3, VT ; , , - .

:

0 = 1/{1 + 303 3/[ (55+ 88) ]} (2.8)

(2.8) d = 3/ , , , ,

, . , 1/v 2.2. ^ 81

, , , . - - .


81/603

- . - - . - -

-, , .

(2.3)

. =|0= (0) = ^. (2.8) (2.4)

(2.8)

,= ( , , ) / { ? FtPuc" + .

(235U), 5(/) , 239 241, , .

2.2.

82 2.

N3aM/N u V3aM/V u . . 2.3 0, 0 N3aM/N u .


82/603

, , :

< o = K J V u. (2.9)

. , N3aJ N , ' == N 3aJ N u = ( ^ / ) = ( / )> -

, . , , , ,

' 1. (N3aM/N u)onT , ( k j mdx. , N3au/N u ( ,

.).

2.3. 83

0 < 0, - > , - , .

2 1


83/603

. 2.1 .

2.1

(N /N)v 7 ' ( )V 00 / (V /V)v ' ' ( * - ) -

,0 2.5 0.84 1.4 2


84/603

135 149Sm, . .

(2.3), (2.4) (2.8)

, V5 / =^ -------^ ~ - (2.10)(1 + 08+10/)

(2.10) v5= 2.42; c^/cf = 582/683 = 0.85. , 5= 0.712% = 1.03 = 0.71, =1 ,


85/603

. .

%2

- (L2), ( I J (Vy

02( )

-

R ; .

, [1/2]. , %2

. Bq, , .

( ) : ( ) , ..:

(2.12)

= (2.405/i?)2+ ( / )2, (2.13)

86 2.

. -

:

P = l / { \ + L2Bl). (2.15)


86/603

:

, (2.14) (2.156) .

, . (2.15) ( ) .

1. (

) (.. ]), , .

2. ( ) , .. ( ) / (.. %2).

,

, .

, .

,

(2.156)

2.5. 87

( = In (2 /)). -, - , , 2 = L2 + . ,, - (2.156),


87/603

= 1 + 2 2). (2.17)

, -, () .

R (R+ 8) ( + 5), 5 5, , - .

2.5.

,

, , .

(.. ) -

(r,z)= 0cos ( z / ) / 0(2.405 /R ), (2.18)

0 ; / 0 .

, 88 2.

, .. - , - q( q = = Nv e5Gf ) (,z). / 3= / =

= / 3


88/603

/ 3. Kv = q0/qcp, q0 - ; qcp . qQ (, -

, , , .). , , , . K Y -

:Kv = :.

Kv- 3.64, .. - 3.6 ! . -,

( ) (. 2.5).

q0. 1.6%

. q0. , 2.4 3.0%. , 0 < < 0 . , r0< < R 2 4% 2.5. 89


89/603

. 2.5.

- . , .

300...400 . , 1% .

0.6% . 1.4%, , . 2.0%, , . 90 2.

, - . , - , .

-


90/603

( 3.6,4.0,4.4 5.0%) . .

1. . ., . . . .: , 1989.

2. . . . .: , 1981.

3. . .

. .: , 1981.

4. . ., . . . .: , 1984.

5.Iliffe . .An Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory. Manchesteruniversity press 1984.

6. / . . , . . , . . . ,- . . . .: , 1617 2000 .

7. . ., . ., . .

-440. .: , 2000.

3

(

).


91/603

) .

, .. , ( ).

, .

, (, ), .

, ( ) . 8 = 5(1/ ). ,

:

= 2^ { , - 2)/ \ 2, (3.1)

2, , 1 2 2. ,

, .. = 1, :

= ( - 1 ) / . (3.16)

92 3.

- ( . . 1).

/ 104, (1 (), .


92/603

, - , (, - 0.1... 100 . .

. 7i, () ,,

= 5 > , .

/=1

-

: dCj = CjXidt. ( ,

, , . 1$ = 1, .

3.1.

N{t) [1], . :

dN =( Jjv + y % + s . (3.2)dt | ' v '

3.1. .. 93

/ ; ., () ;(5, / ; ( - ; - , = // ; / - ; (/) ;


93/603

( )S(t) .

( - ) (3.2) :

, :

1) = 1( = 0), .. , (S = 0). , ( ) ;

2) < 1 ( < 0) S * 0,

. , (3.3). = 1

N = SA/p,

= SA/N.

:

(3.3)

(3.36)

(* , l ) j + S = 0. (.)

94 3.

, t= 0 = 0. , t= 0 - t> 0 ( 0 < 0< , 0< 0).


94/603

:

+ ]

(/)=2^(),0, (3.4)j =1

,

= + ^,/( + ,( )./

(3.4) Nj

. , Tj= 1/, ( ).

, (.. =6). ,

(3.5) , . 0< 0

. , 0 < 0< , , 0 . N( t) = N0exp(t /T0) 0, . : / = 1/(1 + .0), ( 3.1. . 95

/ 108 10~3 . 3.1.


95/603

, .

. 3.1. /

, ,

. :

] = ( + )/ ( )/ . (3.5)

96 3.

- (0 < 0< , , , ) . 3.2.


96/603

. 3.2. N 0 < 0 0.

, 2, 118 4.

\ 2) / \ 1) = 2( 71)/2( 2). (4.7)

- , 2, , [B2dM2/dT ]n>0. (4.1 ) , ( , ), -


118/603

), . , 2 -

. 2 , , - .

(4.1) = const

= [1/0 (dQ/dT)\n + [1/ ( / )] |[ lMdq>/dT)\n| [B2dM2/d T ]n.

, , = /( ) (4.8).

= /( ) = /( ).

, , . , 4.2. 119

4.2.3.

( U 02 ), -

. , - 350...400 , 1500 ( )


119/603

( ). - -

. - , , - -

, . -

Wp - G .

p w.

1% ( 1 ) . ( )

a w= dp/dWp. (4.9)

120 4.

, . 4.3.


120/603

. 4.3.

, (

), .

. .

, 0 < 0< ( (G=const) , . - ( -

4.2. 121

. 4.4 ( , -, ). . (

W2 7,) - 0 - W2 W, =(%/(00).


121/603

, - AW( 10%) 0( , 50 - ). 10%, .. , -, -

( ). - ( ) - .

122 4.

), (G=const) . , .

. . 4.4. . 4.5.


122/603

, < aw > . , .

. 4.5. W 0<

. 4.2. 123

, . - , . - , -

. ,

,


123/603

, - -. - .

. - -

. - , , , - .

.

, . a w , , , . a w 124 4.

, - , - .

,

, - - .


124/603

-. - - , - . - -

. - . , , , .

. , . - 30%, - 5%. . - 5

5.1. .

, .


125/603

,

. ,

, .. 235U 238U, Ns(t) Ng(t) ( )

dN5( t ) / d t = - c 5aN5(t)


126/603

- . , ,

1 1 3 , 55 , q, / 3,

q =0.32 10- ( } 5 ). (5.3)

W

- q W=qV. . , - q= const 5 , , -, -

- 5. q - const .

235U. , :

= (0)/(1 of (0)/). (5.4)

5.1. . 127


127/603

. 5.1. W{t), = (/)

235U Ns(t)

( ) .

, , .

, . QK= Wt, , - t, , W, ,

,, ( ):B = Q K/m m =W t/rnm . (5.5)

( ) 128 5.

, , 2 ,, - 0 , , . . (5.5) .

, ( . ) (235U):1 = 1.2 235U. , , 20%, ,


128/603

, , .

3...5% 3...5 40...55 /, . - , , -

. -

, . ( . . 1) , - = 1...200. , .

, . -

, . 235U 250 , . :

5.1. . 129

i- ; i- ; .

, -

N) . (/) - .


129/603

. /

: / 235U (, ) p tCf Ns ;

/ -

(/ 1) 7\ _, ~1 ;

7V,. /' Xr Nr , /' .

/ ( z >82) ' .

/ XjNr , ^ /

dNt/d t = Pi


130/603

pm = e ps(a/5/oe5)SJ.1 ,. (5.86)

, , / , . & - .

5.2.

, . ,

, 235U, 238U ( ( , )) 239. 239 240 241. , 232Th , 233U.

, , :

5.2. 131

, - 235U, , , 239 233U, .

-

( ), ( ), . , , .


131/603

( ), (). - .

- ( )

, - dNm/ dt dNBMr/dt:

= ( |d N J d t |) / ( |dNBblT/d tI) =dNBJ d N Bur (5.9a)

. 5.2 Pu 235U 4500 / = 4,5 /. , - - , - .

. 5.3 235U Pu 1000. , 235U , Pu.

132 5.


132/603

. 5.2. 235U

5.2. 133

, , - . = ( 8)/( 5+ >).

, - 238U, 239. - 239 , , -

, 240. , - 241, 242.


133/603

, 238U ,

239"242, . ( ), - . :

= ( 8+ 40) + 41), (5.96)

8 40 238U 240 ; 41 24| 242 .

,

Nm - NBbtr :

=Nm/N BblT= ( ,/ ,)("*/ ), (5.9)

, , ,

. iVBb,r , . (235 239),

134 5.

, .

, . > 1 -

- . ( - ), - ( )


134/603

( , ).

, .. , , .

- . , -

, , . 5.1. 5.1

, %

, - / -239 -240 -241 -242

0.5 99 1^*** 95 5

60* 60 24 12 4

120** 35 35 20 10

* PWR-Pu - . ,

.

** 5.2. 135

- < 1 ( 0.5...0.6, - 0.7...0.8), - 238U, 239 , 3%. -

, 0.8...0.9. - 3...5% 30...40 / - Pu 0.15...0.20 /( ) = 0.4...0.55/( )


135/603

/( ). , 235U,

= (8/ 5)((1 )/) + 2,08(1 > 0.57. ( 1.05... 1.1) , .

- . - > 2.

- = 1.1... 1.2, = 1.4...1.6. ( > 1) . - 136 5.

. , , 5... 10 .

,

. - . -

1.2 235U 1 , 0 15 235U


136/603

, 0.15 235U , 236U. , -

- 6 236U /t , 235U. 236 . - ( , )

237Np.

241242243 243244245/^ : Am, Cm,Bk Cf. 1/, ( ,

.) - ( ) , .

- ,

, .

5.3. Sm 137

, - .

, 34 (!) .

, .

-


137/603

(

, ), - , , 1/3 2/3 . -

, ( Pu =0.2%), - .

, - . -

( 0) cos(2?.z), , , e[z] = 0[1 cos(z)]. ,

, , , .

5 3 Sm 138 5.

( ). - ( - , ). -

. - . -

(, 105Rh, 1311,140 .). -


138/603

) ,

, - . , , 135 I49Sm.

, :

1) ( 35 , );2) ( 135

30...40 , 149Sm 8... 10 );3) -

( );

4) , |35 149Sm .

, .

5.3.2.

.

5.3. Sm 139

=Pi =0,061). , 1351 135, . , 1351, .


139/603

. 5.4.

-135 *= 2.5 106 . . 135 , .

135 ( (1/2)= 9,2 )

136, 0,16 .

(5.7). , 135,


140/603

). , -

() 135 - 1351.

(5.11) (5.116) , - 1351 (7V,CT), , 135 :

* = (PxeOfN5 + A., TV,01)/( + ^). (5.12)

. ,

5 1014/( 2 )), >-

^= ( + Pi)0>5 / , (5.13)

. , .. N1

5.3. Sm 141


141/603

. 5.5. 135

135 . , .

, , , 1351 135 . ,

235U.

, - 135 - 235U , ..

142 5.

, qXe, 135 , - 135

: =


142/603

qXe . -, = 1, Nv = Ns. - 5%.

, -

. -, 235U , , (5.13), NXe , -, - ( ) ^ = /( )

. , .

. 5.6 - 1000 - (1 ) (2 ) .

, - 135 , ,1 = /( ) - 5.3. Sm 143


143/603

. 5.6. -1000 ( /) (2)

(5.11) (5.116). - iVXe(0 - NXe(t) ~ 1 ( X,/)). .

135 - (t**) , - 95% N . - NXe(t), 7* 30 .

- t* 149Nd---->149 ------- >149Sm + ---->150Sm ( ).

2 53 .1

, 149Sm - (3 149Nd 149 ( -

/?Nd = = 0.013). 149Nd 149 , - . 149Sm , - 150Sm.


144/603

50S .

, 149 235U, . - ( 149 149Sm), (5.7).

149 XPmNPm - 149Sm, 149Sm - .

:dN?m/ dt= of 5 XPmNPm,

(5.15)dNSm/d t= X PmNPm- ^ N Sm0 .

A,Pm= 0,357 105 1 149 . , 149Sm , ( 5.3. Sm 145

. (5.15) , - :

( ), - 149 - . 149Sm ,


145/603

. - .

149Sm

I49Sm ps"

, , , , .

149 149Sm (5.16). :

pSm= - ( o ! mNSm/ o 5aN5) Q ^ . (5.17)

Psm = (/ )/,0 (5.18)

146 5.

, 149 . NPm ( ), -

NPm=0,957Vp", - - ty. (5.19) , - / = 120 10 .


146/603

, , - .

. 5.7 NPm(t)

, -

, . - NSm , 7VS" .

. 5.7. -

, , . < 1014 ./( 2) Sm / -

/ys=2,21015/ . (5.20)

> 1014 2) (5.20) .

5.3. Sm 147


147/603

. 5.7. I49Pm 149Sm : 1 = 1014 2 ); 2

= 5 1013 2 ).

5.3.3. Sm

,

. , , :

( );

100% WHOM( ) ;

100% WHOU( ) 50% WHOM;

148 5.

- ^, 48 , ( t= /, / ), . 5.8.

( ) - . - - . ( ( 1/2) = 9.2 > ( 1/2), = 6.7 ),


148/603

( ( 1/2) 9.2 ( 1/2), 6.7 ),

( t< tx,.. 0 9... 12 ) - |35 ( - |351), 135 - (t= tx), 135 , 135 , .

5 8 |35 5.3. Sm 149

20...60 ( ), - , .. . - .

-

( , - ,35 ). - , 20...30 ( 135 , ), -


149/603

),

, .

- , , , - , ( ).

, . 5.8, - , -

. , 135 - , , , t . .

:

C r = x e ^ ) x e A . +(5.21)

+ ( - / 150 5.

, , - , -. , -

. , - , .. < 0.


150/603

tBcr, .. , . - , .. , > > 0. /( ), .. . . 5.8, ta cr tBCT - :

;

, .. ; , ..

40 ( ).

( /d t t= 0) . - - 135 5.3. Sm 151

50%, 1351 135 .

,

.


151/603

. 5.9. ( /) 100%-

100 50%

100

50% 50 100%. - , - , .. .

, - , - . -

152 5.

- .

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