ngilizce Test zm teknikleriNEML DERS NOTLARI & P ULARIBUNLARI BLYOR MUSUNUZ?1Ders notlar sayfamzda sizler iin ngilizce snavlarnda iinize yarayacak nemli bilgiler ve kurallar vereceim. Aada bahsedeceklerimin tm kural olmasa da genellemeler dayanmaktadr. Bu kurallar (genellemeleri) verdiim derslerimde, notlarmda ve kitaplarmda kullanyorum. Burada vereceim rnekler ve anlatmlar terimlerden uzak ve anlalmas kolay olsun diye renci ders notu havasnda yazlmtr. NGLZCE'DE VRGL (,) DEN SONRA NELER GELEBLR? ounuz " Virgl" ile uraamam, zaten noktalama iaretleri ile aram iyi deildir" diyebilirsiniz. Ben bunu rencilerimden ok duydum. Hatta ne zaman bu konuyu asam " Hocam bo ver virgl, sen bize daha nemli konular anlat" derler.Ama kazn aya yle deil ! Virgl deyip gemeyin sakn. Virgl kullanm bilerek ok soru zebilirsiniz !!!Virgl bilgisi, Paragraf tamamlama sorular, cmle tamamlama sorular ve gramer sorular blmlerinde iinize ok yarayan bir bilgidir.ANA CMLEVRGLBALANAN CMLE & KELMEWe went out to see our boss,Cme ortas balalar (conjuncitons)but he did not see usso we saw him fire the lawyerfor we wondered what will happenor he was going to get angry with usand we started watching himyet he did not recognize usWe went out to see our new visitorsSIFAT CMLECKLER (ADJECTIVE CLAUSES)which suprised them.most of whom were from PolandWe went out to see our new visitorsZITLIK GSTEREN K BALA LEwhile others stayed in the classwhereas others stayed in the classK CMLE ARADA BR BALA OLMADAN (,) LE BALANAMAZ: YANLI We went out to see our boss, he did not see us.VRGL DEN SONRA ASLA "THAT" GELMEZ !Bu aslnda sfat cmleciklerinde kural olarak anlattmz bir dip nottur. Ama snavlarda ____ , that____ grrseniz hemen eleyin. BUNLARI BLYOR MUSUNUZ?2Ders notlar sayfamzda sizler iin ngilizce snavlarnda iinize yarayacak nemli bilgiler ve kurallar vereceim. Aada bahsedeceklerimin tm kural olmasa da genellemeler dayanmaktadr. Bu kurallar (genellemeleri) verdiim derslerimde, notlarmda ve kitaplarmda (NGLZCE SINAV TEKNKLER) kullanyorum. Burada vereceim rnekler ve anlatmlar terimlerden uzak ve anlalmas kolay olsun diye renci ders notu havasnda yazlmtr. NGLZCEDE DEVRK CMLELER - INVERSION Gnlk hayatta ve resmi yazmalarda devrik cmle yaps tercih edilmez. Basit ve dzgn sylemek dururken kimse devrik bir yap kullanarak kar tarafa bir eyler anlatmaya almaz. Devrik yap (Inversion) genellikle iir, makaleler, tiyatro oyunlar gibi sanatsal amalar iin kullanlr ve cmlelere farkl bir hava katar.Trkiye'de ise devrik yap (ngilizce) sadece akademik snavlarda soru olsun diye kullanlr. lk bakta zor gibi grnse de, karmza soru olarak kt zaman fark edip zmesi en kolay soru tipidir bana gre.RNEKLER:a) I have never seen snow beforeb) Never have I seen snow beforea ve b cmlelerinin anlamlar ayndr. Sadece dinleyiciye verdikleri hava farkldr. Snavda ise iki cmle ayn soruda olamaz! nk ikisi de doru cevap olur. DEVRK CMLELER NASIL YAPILIR ?ngilizce'de devrik cmleler OLUMSUZ ZARF (ADVERB) larn cmle bana getirilmesi ile yaplr. ZARFZAMANA GRE YARDIMCI FLASIL CMLENeverhave I seen snowRarely do I visit herSeldomdoesShe visit meScarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang.No sooner had he finished dinner, when she walked in the doorNot onlywashe a tecaher, but also....SO + SIFAT LE DEVRK CMLELERSo strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepareSUCH + YARDIMCI FLSuch is the moment that all greats traverse.Such is the stuff of dreams. NEML P UCU Bir cmlenin banda olumsuz zarf gryorsanz peinden YARDIMCI FL gelmesi gerektiini unutmayn.RNEK SORU ZM:_________________________________ when he lived in New York.A) Never had visited the Empire State Building : NEVER'DAN SONRA YARDIMCI FL VAR,ZAMAN DORU ANCAK ZAMAN CMLEC YOK, ELENRB) Never did he visit the Empire State Building : DORU CEVAP, YARDIMCI FL + ZAMAN DORUC) Never has he visited the Empire State Building : YARDIMCI FL VAR AMA ZAMAN YANLI (PAST OLMALI)D) Never visited he the Empire State Building : YARDIMCI FL YOK, ELENRE) Never he did visited the Empire State Building : YARDIMCI FL YANLI YERDE, ELENRNGLZCE OKUMA VE PARAGRAF SORULARINDA DKKAT EDLMES GEREKEN BALALAREer size verilen paragraf veya cmlede "that is", "in other words", "namely", "that is to say" balalar kullanlm ise daha nce verilen cmlenin aklamas verilmi demektir. Bu balalar grdnz zaman nceki cmle ile ilgili soru beklemelisiniz. Bu balalarn yardm ile sadece paragraf veya okuma sorular deil, ayrca verilen cmleyi en iyi tamamlayacak cmleyi bulma sorular da zlebilir. rnein eer bize "That is" gibi bir balatan nceki cmlenin ne olduu soruluyorsa soruyu zmek gayet kolaydr.rnek............................ That is, he was punnished to be executed.a) The murderer was sentenced to death.b) The murderer was arrestedBu balalarn Trke tam karlklar yledir: >> That is = yani... >> On other words = baka bir deile >> Namely = yani >> That is to say = diyeceim o ki, yani rnekler: - The murderer was sentenced to death. That is, he was punnished to be executed." sentenced to death = punnished to be executed" - All the newspapers were trying to influence the minister. In other words, they were trying to change his mind."influence the minister = "change his mind" - All the newspapers were trying to influence the minister. Namely, they were trying to change his mind."influence the minister = "change his mind" KPDS & DS SINAVLARINA TEK BAINA HAZIRLANMAKYazar Kendi kendinize alarak KPDS ve DS snavlarnda baarl olmak veya istenen puan almak korkulduu kadar zor deildir. Elbette bir retmen ile yaplan alma daha kolay olacaktr ancak, bu imkana sahip olmayanlar veya bir kursa gidecek vakti olmayanlar da doru eitim malzemesi ve yntem ile istediklerini elde edebilirler. NEREDEN BALAMALI? KPDS ve DS snavlarna girmek isteyenlerin ou kelime haznelerinin zayflndan ikayet ederler. Ancak kelime ezberlemeye balayarak snava hazrlk yaplmaz. 1) GRAMER ALIIN ngilizce seviyeniz Intermediate ve st ise kendi kendinize gramer alabilirsiniz. nce ngilizcede isim, sfat, zarf, fiil, zamir, clause gibi temel kavramlarn ne olduunu hatrlayn. Gramer almaya ondan sonra balayn. rnein, TIME CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE terimlerin ne anlama geldiini bilin. Sitemizde GRAMER TERMLER adl bir sayfa hazrlayacam ve yaknda yaynlayacam. HANG KTAP DAHA UYUGUN? Kitaplarda bir ok gramer kitab bulmak mmkn ancak tartmasz Cesur ZTRK hocann iki kitab bana gre ne kyor. FUNDEMENTALS OF ACADEMIC ENGLISH : Sadece Gramer Kitab - CESUR ZTRK SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO KPDS & DS : Gramer ve Snav hazrlk -- CESUR ZTRK NGLZCE DERS NOTLARI : GRMAER ZET VE P ULARI - AHMET AKIN Bu kitaplardaki konular sras ile takip edilmeli ve konu testleri zlmelidir. 2) SINAVI TANIYIN, SORU TRLERN BLN KPDS ve DS soru trlerini ve sorularn zm yollarn renin. Sizi neyin beklediini bilerek ve sorular nasl zmeniz gerektiini bilerek hareket etmek almanz kolaylatracaktr. Seenekleri elemeyi de renmeli ve bol bol uygulamalsnz. NGLZCE SINAV TEKNKLER : Bu kitap adndan da anlalaca gibi size teknikler vererek iinizi kolaylatrr. Kitapta verilen teknikler gerek KPDS sorular zerinde uygulanmtr. Snava hazrlananlarn teknik ve taktik asndan eksiklerini giderecek ve bak alarn deitirecek bir kitaptr. 3) OKUMA ALIMASI YAPIN Okuma almas yaparken dz metin deil paragraf sorular okumalsnz. KPDS'de her paragraf ile ilgili 5 soru soruluyor ve sorulardan baz yorum bazlar ise dorudan karm sorulardr. Okuma sorular ile ilgili teknik bilgileri P ULARI ksmnda bulabilirsiniz. HANG KTAP DAHA UYGUN ? Bana gre Hakk Mirici hoca'nnNGLZCE OKUDUUNU ANLAMA REHBER olduka iyi bir hazrlk kitab. Eer mmkn ise bu kitab almanz ve almalarnz bu kitap zerinden yapmanz neririm. Srekli paragraf sorusu zmek pek yeterli deildir nk deneme yanlma yolu ile renmek uzun sre alacaktr ve mutlaka bir retmen gerekir. 4) KELME ALIMASI YAPIN Kelime almas yapmann bir ok yolu var. Sitemizde KPDS ve DS 'de en ok kan kelimeler ve aklamalar adl anlatmlar bulabilirsiniz. Ama kelime renmek kolay, aklda tutmak ise zordur. Kelimeleri aklda tutmann yolu, onlarla ilgili metinler, cmleler okumak ve bir an sahibi olmaktr. Bu konuda uzman olmadm iin sadece bildiim ve beendiim kitap olanNGLZCE KELME DAARCIINI GELTRME REHBER 'ni neririm. 6) BOL BOL SORU ZN Gramer testleri zyorsanz nce konu testleri ile balayn. Bylece hangi konularda sorununuz olduunu anlayabilir ve derhal mdahale edebilirsiniz. En son tm konular ieren gramer tarama testleri zn. Sorular cevaplarken neden a deil? neden b deil , vs gibi sorularda sorup cevap verebildiinizden emin olun. Yani seenekleri doru eleyebildiinizi tespit edin. Baz sorularda doruyu bulmak ve baz sorularda ise yanl bulmak kolaydr. Siz her iki yntemi de kullanmaya aln. KPDS VE DS'YE HAZIRLANANLAR NNEML NGLZCE GRAMER KONULARIYazar Burada size Kpds ve ds snavlarna hazrlk yapanlarn en fazla zerinde durmas gereken gramer konular hakknda bilgiler vereceim. Bu snavlarda sadece gramer sorular % 30'luk bir dilime denk dse de, zellikle baz gramer konular zerindeki bilgi ve ett eksikliinden dolay okuma ve paragraf tamamlama sorularndan baarsz olunabilmektedir. KPDS ve DS snavlarna hazrlanan tm adaylarn ngilizce gramerinin inceliklerini bilmeleri beklenmektedir. Genellikle rencilerimiz ar detay ile uratklarndan yaknrlar, bu da gayet doal bir ikayettir. ngilizcede daha nce hi grmediiniz yaplar grecek ve bu yaplarn kurallarn bilmekle beraber tm istisnalarn' da renmeniz gerekecektir. Saylan / saylamayan isimler, miktar belirteci, sfatlarn sralamas gibi konularda belki biraz unutma lksnz var. Ancak aada srlayacam konularda OK Y OLMALISINIZ. NGLZCE SINAV TEKNKLER' adl kitabmda bir ok taktii bu bilgileri zerine kurdum.EN NEML GRAMER KONULARI >> Cmlelerde Zaman Uyumu>> Time Clause / Zaman Cmlecikleri>> Clause bilgisi>> Balalar ve Bala Trleri baz arkadalar peki Adjective Clause, Noun Clause nemli deil mi ? diye soracaktr. Cevabm tabi ki. Ancak ben bu yazda tm snav soru trleri etkileyen gramer konularn gstermek istedim.HANG KTAPTAN BU KONULARI ALIABLRM ? Elinizde bir gramer kitab varsa yukarda gsterdiim konularn olup olmadna baknz. leri dzey tm ngilizce gramer kitaplarnn bu konular geni bir ekilde aklamas beklenir.Ancak benim tavsiyem CESUR ZTRK - SYSTEMATIC APPROACH olacaktr. Cesur Hoca bu konular zerinde bol rnek vermi, Trke aklam ve dip notlar ile nemli noktalarn altn izmi. SADECE RENMEKLE OLMAZ ! Gramer kitabndan altnz konuyu 30 dakikada unutursunuz. Konular ve detaylar hatrlamak iin bol bol alakal sorular zmelisiniz. Greceksiniz sorular zdke ve hatalarnz bulduka sizde bu ite uzman haline geleceksiniz. PREPOSITIONS NEDR?Prepositions sanrm ngilizce renen, reten ve kullanan herkesin kabusudur. ngilizce'de preposition denen szck trn tek bana ezberlemek bir ie yaramyor nk preposition szck grubu birlikte kullanld szck ile beraber bir anlam ifade ediyor ounlukla. PREPOSITION NEDR? Prepositions aslnda temel olarak ismin halleridir. Yani -e,-de,-den halleri ngilizce'de Prepositions ile veriliyor. rnein:at school = okuldato school = okulafrom school = okuldan Yer tamlamalar ile birlikte kullanldklarnda problem yok genellikle. Yukardaki rneklerde de grld gibi prepositionlar isimlerin nnde kullanlr. Preposition denmesinin de sebebi budur zaten:PRE = NPOSITION= DURUM;YAN: PREPOSITION = NDURUM, NHAL (SMN)TRKE SONDAN EKLEMEL BR DL OLDUU N BZDE POST-POSITION VARDIR. PREPOSITIONS NERLERDE KULLANILIR ?YER TAMLAMALARI LEat the cornerin the gardenon the wallat the bus stopin Londonon the ceilingat the doorin Franceon the doorat the top of the pagein a boxon the coverat the end of the roadin my pocketon the floorat the entrancein my walleton the carpetat the crossroadsin a buildingon the menuat the entrancein a caron a pageZAMAN TAMLAMALARINDAat 3 o'clockin Mayon Sundayat 10.30amin summeron Tuesdaysat noonin the summeron 6 Marchat dinnertimein 1990on 25 Dec. 2010at bedtimein the 1990son Christmas Dayat sunrisein the next centuryon Independence Dayat sunsetin the Ice Ageon my birthdayat the momentin the past/futureon New Year's EveFL LE (PHRASAL VERBS)Fiillerin yanna bir preposition geldiinde fiilin anlam byk lde deimektedir. Hatat ou kelime tamamen anlam deitirmektedir.rnekler:Look : >> Look at>> Look for>> Look forward toAklamal Phrasal Verb Listesi:+ Phrasal Verbs - Seperable+ Phrasal Verbs - InseperableSIFATLAR LE PREPOSITIONSBaz sfatlardan sonra preposition kullanlr. ASLINDA GENEL KURAL HEP AYNIDIR. PREPOSITION + SM. Ancak hangi sfat ile hangi preposition'u kullanmanz gerektiini ezbere bilmeniz gerekiyor.EN SIK KULLANILANLAR:accustomed to afraid of answerable to attached toaware of capable ofdependent on different to doubtful about enthusiastic about excited about famous for quilty of interested in opposed to pleased with popular withproud of related to rich in satisfied with serious about similar to suitable tosuspicious of used to (= accustomed to)TM PREPOSITION KOMBNASYONLARINI EZBERLEMEYE ALIMAYIN. EN SIK KULLANILANLARI BLN VE BOL BOL OKUMA ALITIRMASI YAPIN.EZBERLEMEKLE BTMYORLAR MAALESEFYDS SORU SAYISI DAILIMI FILL-IN-THE BLANKS : (22 soru) 1-22. sorularda, cmlede bo braklan yerlere uygun den szck ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.CLOZE TEST : (10 soru) 23-27 28-32.. - sorularda, aadaki parada numaralanm yerlere uygun den szck ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.SENTENCE COMPLETION : (10 soru)33.-42. sorularda, verilen cmleyi uygun ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.BEST SUITABLE QUESTION : (4 soru)43.-46. sorularda, verilen cmlenin hangi sorunun cevab olduunu bulunuz.TRANSLATION (E-T) : (4 soru) 47.-50. sorularda, verilen ngilizce cmleye anlamca en yakn Trke cmleyi bulunuz.TRANSLATION (T-E) : (4 soru)51.-54. sorularda, verilen Trke cmleye anlamca en yakn ngilizce cmleyi bulunuz.PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS : (21 soru) (7 passages) 55-57 58-60 61-63 64-66 67-6970-72 73-75 .. - sorular, aadaki paragrafa gre cevaplandrnz. PARAPHRASE : (5 soru)76.-80. sorularda, verilen cmleye anlamca en yakn olan cmleyi bulunuz. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION : (5 soru)81.-85. sorularda, bo braklan yere parann anlam btnln salamak iin getirilebilecek cmleyi bulunuz.SITUATIONAL RESPONSE : (5 soru)86.-90. sorularda, verilen duruma uygun den cmleyi bulunuz.DIALOGUE COMPLETION : (5 soru)91.-95. sorularda, karlkl konumann bo braklan ksmn tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.REDUNDANT : (5 soru) 96.-100. sorularda, cmleler srasyla okunduunda parann anlam btnln bozan cmleyi bulunuz. CLAUSE - YAN CMLELERYan cmlelerin kullanm dilin daha etkili ve daha aklayc olmasn salar. Yan cmleler ile bir cmlede daha fazla bilgi verilebilir. Clause'lar trlerine gre cmlede farkl yerlerde ve ekillerde kullanlrlar . Yan cmleler (Clauses) u ekillerde kullanlmaktadr: SM CMLECKLER (Noun Clauses)Bir cmlede ismin veya isim tamlamasnn yerine kullanlrlar. Yani cmlenin znesi veya Nesnesi olarak kullanlrlar.That she killed her husband is not a secret anymore When she killed her husband is not a secret anymore Weather the woman killed her husband(or not) is still unknown. We know that she killed her husband. We couldn't understand why she killed her husband It is unknown if she killed her husband Everybody was interested in why she killed her husband. SIFAT CMLECKLER(ADJECTIVE CLAUSESSfat Cmlecikleri biri ismi nitelemek ve o isim hakknda daha fazla bilgi vermek iin kullanlrlar.Adjective clause olarak bilinen bu yap nitelenmek istenen ismin sonuna getirilir.The police arrested the woman who killed her husband The woman, who killed her husband, was arrested yesterday. Mrs. Anderson, who killed her husband, was arrested yesterday. The people, most of whom are her neighbors, gathered around the dead body. The police know the day when she killed her husband. The woman admitted the reason why she killed her husband. The woman was arrested in the building where she killed her husband. The building in which the woman killed her husband is now under police control. The woman whose husband was found dead in the building was arrested. Mrs. Anderson was arrested for killing her husband, which surprised everybody. ZARF CMLECKLERADVERB CLAUSESngilizce'de en geni Clause kategoirisi Adverb clause'kardr. Gramer kitaplarnn ou adverb clause'lar bir arada anlatmaz. Ayr ayr konular olarak anlatrlar. Ancak biz burada Adverb Clause'lar bir arada gstereceiz.SEBEP - SONU The man was injured because he had a terrible accidentZAMANAll The students stood up when the teacher entered the classYERThe woman was burried where her husband layBEKLENMEYEN SONUI passed all my exams although I did not studyAMAShe killed her husband so that she could get all the money herselfUSULThe boy seemed as if somebody teased him.ZITLIKWhere as mary is rich, John is poorKOULYpu will be hired if you meet all the qualificatinsBu liste size fikir vermesi iin bir zet tablo niteliindedir. Clause bilgisi olmadan ve clause'lar etkili kullanmadan ileri dzey bir ngilizce seviyesinden bahsedilemez. Clause konularn tek tek almalsnz ve bol bol soru zmelisiniz. KPDS VE DS SORU TPLERNE GRE SINIFLANDIRMA VE SORU SAYILARIKPDS ve DS snavlarna hazrlanmaya balamadan nce soru tiplerinin neler olduuna bakmal ve ona gre hazrlk yapmalyz. Bu tr ngilizce yeterlilik snavlarnda adaylara farkl blmlerde farkl soru tipleri sorularak, gramer bilgisi, kelime bilgisi, kavrama yetisi ve yorum yapma yetenekleri zamanla doru orantl bir ekilde lclr.Dier makalelerde de belirttiim gibi, snava hazrlanrken her blm tek tek ele almal ve bu blmlerle ilgili soru trlerini zdkten sonra genel deneme snavlarna geilmelidir. Hangi blmde ne kadar baarl ve baarsz olduunuzu bilirseniz hem hazrlk aamasna nereye arlk vereceinizi belirlersiniz, hem de snav srasnda oyalanmamanz gereken ksmlar nceden biliyor olursunuz.KPDS ve DS Soru Trleri ve Saylar u ekildedir:SORU TPKPDS SORU SAYISIDS SORU SAYISIKELME BLGS8 (TM KELME SORULARI)8 (TM KELME SORULARI)GRAMER SORULARI1715CMLE TAMAMLAMA1012EVR - ngilizce / Trke53EVR - Trke / ngilizce53PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA65ANLAM BTNLN BOZAN CMLE65KARILIKLI KONUMA (DYALOG)65DURUMA UYGUN DEN FADEY BULMA6YOKE ANLAMLI CMLEY BULMA (RESTATEMENT)6YOKOKUMA VE ANLAMA PARAGRAF SORULARI2524TOPLAM 100 SORU80 SORUPARAGRAF SORULARININ ZM LE LGL TAKTKLER VE UYARILARParagraf sorularnda, klasik olarak bahsedilen ifadeler hep paragraf okuduktan sonra aklnzda oluturduunuz eyleri seeneklere yanstmanz olmutur. Ancak paragrafnda ayn gramer sorularnda olduu gibi kendine has kurallar vardr. Bunlar u balklar altnda toplayabiliriz: Paragraf okurken kelime gruplar olarak zarf, sfat ve fiillere dikkat etmemiz gerekmektedir. nk bizden istenilen bu kelime gruplarn ya e anlamls olur, ya ngilizce anlam olur ya da zt anlamlsnn olumsuz hali olur.rnek: Non-fiction stories are concerned with real events and characters.What is included in the non-fiction stories is not imaginary events and characters.The main function of fictional works is to entertain readers.Fictional works aim at enabling readers to spend their time joyously or pleasurably.Unknown things arouse great interest in us.We are interested in the things we are not familiar with. Snavlarda sorulan paragraf sorular, o sorular yazan kiilere gre deiiklik gsterebilir. zellikle kpds ve ds snavlarnda yneltilen paragraf sorular bunu aka ortaya koymaktadr. Dikkat edeceimiz tek nemli unsur, cmleleri okurken sadece cmleleri Trkeye evirmek deildir. renciler sadece Trkeye evirmektedir ancak bu cmleleri akllarnda yorumlamamaktadrlar. Yapmamz gereken ilem evirdiimiz cmleye demek ki ya da yani diyerek yorum yapmaktr. nk bu sorular yazarken retmen arkadalar da ayn eyi yapmaktadrlar. rnek verecek olursak;Both students and teachers can easily understand a play without necessarily watching it being played.One can understand from the passage that not only the students but also the teachers dont have to watch the performance of the play if they want to understand it. Parada verilen cmlede necessarily ifadesi bize oyunlar anlamak iin illaki onlarn sahnelenirken seyretmek zorunda olmadmz karmn salamaktadr. Dier nemli bir hususta, rencilerin srekli kelime almas yapmas gerekmektedir. Kelime almas nedir? Okunulan her materyalde geen zarf, sfat ve fiillerin sadece Trke anlamn ezberlemek deil, bu kelimelerin bizi asl nereye gtrdne dikkat etmemiz gerekmektedir. Bu yzden bir paragraf defteri tutmakta fayda vardr. Bu defterde, paralar konularna gre ayrmamz gerekmektedir. rnein, sanayi inklab ile alakal paray zetleyerek deftere yazlmal ve arkasndan bu parada geen kelimelerin listesi yaplmaldr. Bu sayede kelimeler aklmzda dosyalama sistemiyle kalacaktr ve ayn zamanda bu kelimeler ile ilgili aklmzda cmle kalacaktr. Bir kelimeyi tek bana ezberlememeliyiz. Paralarda verilen yzdelik dilimler ve rakamsal ifadeler de ok nemlidir. Trke paragraflarda paragrafn tamam ile ilgili sorular sorulurken biz bir tek kelimeye gre soru sorabiliriz. %100 all/whole/entire/complete%90 most/much/many%75 more than half%50 half%25 less than half%10 little, only a little, few, only a few, almost no%0 no/noneDikkat edecek olursak genellikle bu yzdelik dilimler paralarda verilir. Ve biz bunlar karlarnda yazan ifadelerle seeneklerde veririz.rnek: In the community of Arabian ghettos, women carry the 90 percentage of burden at home.In Arabian ghettos, there are few things that men do at home.Bu cmlede erkekler olmamasna ramen biz doru cevapta erkekleri veriyoruz nk evdeki sorumluluun yzde 90 nn kadnlar yapyorsa geriye kalan yzde 10 nunu da erkekler yapar karmn yapabiliriz. Sonu olarak cmle zerinde karm almas yapmak gerekmektedir. Aadaki cmlelerde karm almas yapabiliriz.While walking along the river, he saw berries in the water. He dived down for them, but was stunned when he unexpectedly struck the bottom. There he lay for quite a while, and when he recovered consciousness and looked up, he saw the berries hanging on a tree just above him. 1) As the writer of the paragraph implies (suggest) that, One can infer (determine) from the passage that, It can be easily inferred (suggested) from the passage that the man couldn`t get the berries upon the river because __________ .A) the berries are at the bottom of the river.B) the man was paralysed for having bombed his head on the bottom of the river.C) the man saw the berries reflected rather than actually floating in the water.D) he didn`t know how to swim in a river.E) he didn`t understand whether the berries were real or not.2) A star very similar to the sun is one of the nearest star to Earth. That star is Alpha Centauri, just 4.3 light-years away. Other than our own Sun, the nearest star to the Earth is a tiny red star, not visible without a telescope, called Proxima Centauri.It can be inferred from this passage that ____________ .A) Proxima Centauri is similar to the Earths Sun.B) Proxima Centauri is the furthest star to the Earth.C) Alpha Centauri is invisible from the Earth.D) Proxima Centauri is less than 4.3 light-years from the Earth.E) Proxima Centauri is larger than the star Alpha Centauri.3) A metal-worker of 3,000 years ago would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process used to cast titanium for jet engines.A) Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.B) The lost-wax method of casting is very old.C) Metal working has changed very little in 3,000 years.4) When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples, they dont mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade.A) Apple growers havent developed any new varieties in recent decades.B) Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time.C) New varieties of apples take many years to develop.5) Blood cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults.A) Blood cholesterol is no longer a problem for adults.B) Only children have a problem with blood cholesterol.C) Blood cholesterol affects both adults and children. Aadaki paralar znz.With William Shakespeare, English drama reaches its greatest heights. Despite many stories surrounding him, facts about his life are few. He was born in Stratford-on-Avon, where his birthplace has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in Britain. In 1582, he married Ann Hathaway, by whom he had three children. Of the next ten years of his life we know very little. For reasons unknown to us, he set off for London to become an actor and try his hand at play-writing. His attempts, apparently, were successful enough, for in 1598 he is referred to as one of Englands leading dramatists. 1) As is pointed out in the passage, William Shakespeare __________.A) obviously gained a great success in play-writing as a result of his endeavours in LondonB) departed from London in 1592 in order to try his chance at play-writingC) fell through his trials at play-writing in LondonD) realised his ambition to become a successful playwright but was not recognized by the criticsE) was exposed to many criticisms by the leading dramatists in those days2) One can easily understand from the passage that ____________.A) the presence of Shakespeare helped Stratford-on-Avon become the most popular tourist attractionB) Shakespeare couldnt take his place among pioneer dramatists though he made many attempts C) there are many rumours about Shakespeares life and much is unknown about himD) during the late 17th century, Shakespeare proved to become the most popular dramatistE) Shakespeare clearly got married more than once during his life-span3) Much of the passage is devoted to _______.A) the reasons why Shakespeare chose London to try his chance at play-writingB) the period of English drama in the early 15th centuryC) how Stratford-on-Avon became a tourist attractionD) the criteria Shakespeare took into consideration while writing his playsE) the biography of William Shakespeare and his contribution to English dramaDuring the second half of the 18th century, the stability of the Augustan Age was gradually lost in a period of social change and growing unrest. The Industrial Revolution was turning England from an agricultural nation into an industrial one, and large numbers of farm workers were forced to seek employment in the new factories in the towns, which often resulted in long hours and miserable working conditions for those who were lucky enough to find a job there and poverty and wretchedness for those who were not. The period of industrialisation brought wealth and prosperity to the country at large, but the enthusiasm with which it was received by some people was not shared by all.4) It is clear from the passage that during the transition from Augustan Age to Industrialisation period, ___________.A) the farmers didnt have any trouble adapting to the conditions of industrial ageB) both the employed and the unemployed suffered from the disturbance in one form or anotherC) a great majority of farmers were lucky to find a job in the factoriesD) the social unrest could be settled with the aid of new factoriesE) the rank of all the farmers was raised to a higher level5) It is suggested in the passage that between the year 1750 and 1799 ________.A) there happened an abrupt change in the social structure B) all people were leading their lives by working in the factories during the Augustan AgeC) the healthy system of the Augustan Age was spoilt step by step because of the alterations in the societyD) the farming-based system was available under the Industrial RevolutionE) many farmers were made redundant by the authorities under the Industrial Age rule6) The writer of the passage argues that _____.A) the abundance of money made all the people content in the Industrial AgeB) during the Augustan Age new factories were merely erected in EnglandC) the amount of unemployment was highly low during even early Industrial AgeD) not everybody was satisfied with the conditions of Industrial AgeE) a large number of people were made redundant in the late Industrial AgeIt started out to be a simple exploratory operation. Then, suddenly, the patients heart stopped. Her brain waves started levelling off. The medical team immediately began emergency treatment to try to start the heart again. At last the chief surgeon announced that the patient had died. Minutes later, much to almost everyones amazement, the dead patient came back to life. Her heart started, and her brain waves began to assume normal patterns. Later she told the doctors that she had been fully aware of everything that had happened while dead. She believed that she came back to life because she wanted so badly to live longer. She said death was not frightening, but she wasnt ready to go yet. The experts admit that they have no satisfactory explanations for these near-death experiences (NDE). 7) As it is pointed out in the passage, the astonishment of the surgeons during the operation ____________.A) was caused by the mere fact that the patients heart stopped beating B) is not an uncommon situation all over the worldC) is partly due to the revival of the patientD) turned into the feeling that some miraculous hand gave life to the dead patientE) was still lasting even though ten years passed after the date of the operation8) One can easily understand from the passage that only a few surgeons during the operation ________.A) were able to explain satisfactorily how the patient could turn back to lifeB) believed that the patient really died C) knew how to resurrect a dead bodyD) carried on the operation after the chief surgeon declared the death of the patientE) did not get surprised by the fact that the patient turned back to life from death9) It is clear from the passage that the experts ___________.A) do not have any explanations about the phenomenon of NDEB) were all relieved when the patient informed that death is not frighteningC) finally found out how to resurrect a dead person after that operationD) have some explanations about NDE that are not based on a reasonable stemE) all changed their prejudices about the phenomenon of NDEPerhaps you think of Pinocchio's Blue Fairy, the Good Witch of the West from The Wizard of Oz, or Peter Pan's Tinkerbell when you imagine a fairy. But in fact, fairies don't like to be seen by people at all. These tiny creatures can appear and disappear in the blink of an eye. You may never know if you've seen one or not! But you can be sure of one thing: there is a wealth of fascinating myth about these little people who can vanish at will.10) It is suggested in the passage that fairies ___________.A) want to appear in the sight of people in Peter Pans TinkerbellB) enjoy being observed by people very muchC) have existed from the very beginning of the universeD) are thought to be beneficial to human beings thanks to Pinocchio's Blue FairyE) are notorious for causing the sleeping patterns of people to be spoilt11) The writer of the passage tries to assure us that ___________.A) what is told about the presence of fairies is a certain reality B) there are many fallacies about fairies being able to disappear whenever they wantC) there is a lot of information about fairies, all of which can be regarded as accurateD) the unique resource about the fairies is available in The Wizard of OzE) fairies are known to be invaluable friends for the human being12) It is apparent from the passage that fairies __________.A) are striking creatures that move very slowlyB) are rather different from ghosts in that they want to help people very muchC) never refuse to accept any offer coming from childrenD) are creatures that are too small to be noticed E) have taken their places only in stories or filmsThe environment is something you are very familiar with. It's everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on the earththe air we breathe, the water that covers most of the earth's surface, the plants and animals around us, and much more. In recent years, scientists have been carefully examining the ways that people affect the environment. They have found that we are causing air pollution, deforestation, acid rain, and other problems that are dangerous both to the earth and to ourselves. These days, when you hear people talk about the environment, they are often referring to the overall condition of our planet, or how healthy it is.13) As it is stated in the passage, such problems as air pollution, deforestation and acid rain __________.A) constitute a jeopardy for not only the earth but also the human beings B) merely led to the extinction of some certain animal speciesC) prove how indifferent we have become to the innovations made by the scientistsD) are the most important issues that scientists are dealing with these daysE) have already deteriorated most of our environment very much14) It is implied in the passage that when influencing our environment, _________.A) we only place a harmful impact on the freshness of waterB) we effect important strides in the general condition of the earthC) we also give harm to the plants and animals around usD) we become responsible for the destruction of most of the vegetationE) fortunately, we do not induce much harm to other things in it15) This passage is mainly concerned with _________.A) how the water is being polluted by the peopleB) why some animal species have gone extinctC) what people mean while talking about the environmentD) the known condition of air we inhale nowE) the general meaning of the word environment and how it is affectedBasque language is the tongue of uncertain relationship spoken by close to a million people, most of whom live in North-East Spain and some of whom reside in South-West France. The language has eight dialects. Speakers of Basque are for the most part bilingual, and there are many Basques who do not speak the language. Basque is definitely not an Indo-European tongue. Some scholars believe it is descended from Aquitanian, which was spoken on the Iberian Peninsula and in South Gaul in ancient times. Other linguists think Basque is akin to the Caucasian languages and suggest that its speakers came from Asia Minor to Spain and Gaul c.2000 B.C.16) On reading the passage, we can easily say that ____________.A) Basque language is widely spoken by the people living in France B) there is no idea on the origin of Basque language approved by all the scholarsC) the number of people speaking Basque language was very high in the pastD) Aquitanian language is thought to have derived from Basque languageE) people living in South-West France no longer use the Basque language17) It is clear from the passage that _________.A) Caucasian languages are proved to be rather different from Basque languageB) more than one million people speak Basque language all over the worldC) Basque certainly takes the place in the group of Indo-European tongueD) the eight dialects of Basque language are rather different from one another E) a majority of Basques do not use their native language 18) One of the points made about the Basque language is that ___________.A) people speaking Basque language are cut off from the world in terms of communication B) people living in both North-East Spain and South-West France dislike speaking Basque languageC) we know for certain that it does not originate from Indo-European groupD) the origin of Basque natives is Spain and GaulE) the number of people who speak Aquitanian language is almost one millionIts easy to understand how a bird can fly its lightweight and has wings. But how does a huge airplane get off the ground? The planes engine pushes the plane forward. As it moves, air flowing around the wings creates lift. The lift increases as the plane gathers speed. The plane takes off once theres enough lift to overtake gravity. When the plane is in the air, thrust from the engines incessantly pushes the plane forward.19) The writer of the passage points out that ___________.A) speed is the main factor in enabling a huge airplane to flyB) only the engine helps an airplane to take offC) a airplane can take off even without speeding on the groundD) the flying of birds inspired the manufacturers to produce an airplaneE) all the birds dont need to speed up while on the ground20) According to the writer of the passage, ___________.A) nobody has extensively analysed how a bird can fly so far B) how a big airplane can fly cannot be explained as simply as how a bird can flyC) the way a bird can fly is entirely similar to the way an airplane can flyD) how a huge airplane can fly is still a mystery for everybodyE) all bird species are not subject to the phenomenon of gravity21) It is clear from the passage that while in the air, a plane __________.A) constantly feeds on the force of its engineB) does not benefit from its engineC) makes use of its engine on and offD) adjusts the power of its engine according to the amount of cloudsE) glides with the help of wings after stopping its engine1) NGLZCE TENSLER NASIL ALIILIR ? Bir Gramer kitabn elinize aldnzda nce gznz korkabilir. Grdm kadar ile hemen hemen herkesin aklna u sorular geliyor:>> Bu kadar fazla gramer konusu ierisinden hangileri ile balamalym? >> Hangi gramer konularna daha fazla arlk vermeliyim ?>> Hangi gramer kitab en iyisi? Bir tane kitap yeterli mi?>> Ben bu ii tek bama baaramam. En iyisi zel ders alaymBu sorular gibi aklnza gelen sorunlar eminim daha da fazladr. Kendi balarna ngilizce almak isteyenler iin hazrlam olduum "ngilizce Snav Teknikleri" kitabmdan baz alntlar yaparak sizlere yardmc olmaya alacaIM..Cloze Test sorular nasl zlr? lk nce bu soru trnn snavlara neden konulduunun cevabn renelim. Daha nceki snavlarda rencinin kelimenin doru halini bilip bilmedii sorulamyordu. Yani kelimenin sfat, zarf, fiil ve isim halini sorulamyordu. Gramerdeki belli bal yaplar sorulamyordu. rnein, gerund/infinitive, baz fiillerin zel durumlar (help sb to do sth, help sb do sth, help to do sth, help do sth) vb. Bu sorularda nemli olan unsur parann tamamn anlamak deildir. Boluun verildii cmleyi anlamak yeterlidir. Eer bize bala soruluyorsa iki ayr cmleyi de anlamak gerekmektedir. Bu sorularda yer alan kelime sorular this, that, these, those, the, another, other gibi kalplarn arkasndan gelen kelimeler sorulur. nk bu kelimeler bir nceki cmleye gnderme yapar. Baz kelimelerin birbirleriyle sk kullanm bize sorulabilir. Sfat cmleciklerinin daha farkl trleri bize sorulabilir. Boluktan sonra yer alan preposition (ilgeler)e dayal kelime sorular bize sorulabilir. Phrasal verbs konusunda eitli sorular sorulabilir. Many/some people think . . Others bize sorulabilir. Ancak para olarak yer ald iin aradaki cmleler uzun olabilir. Not only(just,merely,solely) .. but also / not only . but .. as well / not only . but . too / not only . but ya da neither . nor / either . or / both .. and yaplar sorulabilir. Ancak bu yaplarn arasnda kullanlan ifadeler uzun olabilir ve bu yzden cmleleri iyi takip etmek gerekmektedir. Bu sorunun bir dier zellii ok basit bir ifadeyi bile bize sorabilir ancak karmak bir formda sunarak bize sorar. Bu sorular rahat bir ekilde cevaplayabilmek iin bol bol para almas yapmamz gerekmektedir. Okuduumuz her cmleyi gramer ve kelime olarak incelemeliyiz. Aadaki cloze teste bir gz atalm.Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803- 1882 ) was a sage, not a scientist, but he was more keenly interested in the scientific advances of his day than is commonly realized . One of his early aspirations was to be "a naturalist", and he started his career (21).. a lecturer- essayist by giving talks on natural science, (22) one focused on the chemical composition of water. (23).. Emerson went on to make his mark primarily in the areas of literature, religion, philosophy and social reform,* he remained an eager lifelong student of both traditional and contemporary natural and social science. To date, however, this side of Emerson's thought and life (24) .only a handful of significant scholarly discussions. Emerson's life in science is the best of books (25).. this aspect of Emerson that have marked the bicentennial of his birth, and it is one that will endure. (2004 kpds cloze test)Tipik bir biografi paragraf. Bu tip paralarda sorulan kelime ve yaplar bellidir. Birbirlerine ok benzeyen paralar olduu iin sorulan sorularda aa yukar ayndr.21. a) more b) so c) such d) as [kariyerine konferans olarak balad]e) only22. a) describing b) including [ieren ifadesi arada on natural science olmasna ramen talks ifadesini nitelemektedir]c) considering d) intending e) defining23. a) although [Seeneklerde verilen tek iki ayr cmleyi birbirine balayan yap -e ramen] *buradaki virgl iki cmleyi birbirinden ayrmaktadr ve bu bala sadece balayabilir.b) therefore c) so that d) but e) since24. a) should attract b) is attracting c) will attract d) has attracted [to date u ana kadar anlam verir ve present perfect kullanm gerektirmektedir. Normalde gramer kitaplarnda bu yapy gremezsiniz ancak paralarda grebilirsiniz.]e)had attracted25. a) to b) for c) on [hakknda anlam veren bir preposition]d) with e) at Aadaki cloze testleri cevaplandrnz.Virtual Reality (VR) is the term used __(1)__ computer simulations of reality which are very __(2)__ to real-life experience. To enter VR, you __(3)__ a special headset, or head-mounted display (HMD) which allows you to see three-dimensional, computer-generated images. You also hear sound effects and wear a special glove, __(4)__, like the HMD, is connected to the computer. This glove allots you to __(5)__ the objects that you see and to have some sense of touch. 1) A) to describingB) to describeC) describesD) describingE) described2) A) differentB) sameC) distinctD) likeE) similar3) A) put onB) wear outC) call offD) do upE) add up4) A) thatB) whereC) whichD) whoE) when5) A) renderB) manipulateC) hinderD) emaciateE) depriveThe Romans built hundreds of miles of aqueducts that __(6)__ the population with a generous supply of fresh water, __(7)__ more than 200 million gallons a day for the city of Rome. The city provided public baths, toilets, and more than a thousand public fountains for the poor __(8)__ today direct pipelines __(9)__ the villas of the wealthy. Sewers and organized garbage collections made imperial Rome __(10)__ healthier than other cities of antiquity. 6) A) enabledB) providedC) allowedD) allottedE) let7) A) includingB) includedC) having been includedD) having includedE) includes8) A) beforeB) soon afterC) untilD) whileE) when9) A) had servedB) serveC) servedD) were servingE) serves10) A) moreB) quiteC) muchD) fairlyE) prettyIn the early 19th century Sir Henry Morton made his fortune __(11)__ tea and coffee. He used his money to build up a magnificent private art collection. __(12)__ he died, in 1842, he __(13)__ all his paintings and sculptures in a small museum which was open to the public. In his last will and testament, he left money for the maintenance of the museum. __(14)__ the terms of the will, nothing in the museum must __(15)__ be sold and entrance to the museum must be free. 11) A) to importB) by importingC) importsD) having been importedE) imported12) A) Just beforeB) WhenC) After D) UntilE) Whereas13) A) putsB) had putC) is puttingD) putE) has put14) A) DespiteB) ThusC) AccordinglyD) According toE) Therefore15) A) neverB) by farC) everD) as everE) whatsoeverAristotle was born in Macedonia in 384 B.C., the son of a physician. __(16)__ a boy he was educated in that country as his father __(17)__ to the royal Court of the Macedonian king. At 17 he went to Athens __(18)__ he spent the next 20 years. He was Plato's pupil for the first few years. He was a member of the Academy but not __(19)__ in residence. In 342 he undertook the tutorship of Alexander, then 13 years of age, son of Philip, King of Macedonia. He continued this responsibility for three years __(20)__ time Alexander became regent of the Kingdom as his father was absent on military duties. When Alexander succeeded his father (335 B.C.), Aristotle continued as his counselor and friend. Aristotle returned shortly to Athens and created a new school and center of learning called the Lyceum.16) A) AsB) LikeC) ThoughD) SinceE) In spite of17) A) is attachedB) was attachedC) attachedD) has been attachedE) will be attached18) A) whenB) whichC) whoseD) at whichE) where19) A) continuousB) continuityC) continuouslyD) continuedE) continuing20) A) for whichB) whenC) whereD) at whichE) thatThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was established in May 1927 as a non-profit corporation to __(21)__ the art of movie making. In the first year, the Academy had 36 members, __(22)__ Douglas Fairbanks Sr as president. The first Academy Awards, now better known as the Oscars, __(23)__ at a private dinner in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, with less than 250 persons attending. Today, the Academy has over 6 000 honorary members - the Oscar Awards __(24)__ by more than a billion people on television. The first television broadcast of the Oscars took place in 1953 - on black and white TV, telecast throughout the US and Canada. Telecasting in colour begun in 1966, and __(25)__ 1969, the Oscars have been telecast throughout the world. By the mid-1990s it was telecast in over 100 countries.21) A) diminishB) swearC) verdictD) relinquishE) promote22) A) forB) withC) byD) onE) from23) A) presentedB) presentingC) was presentedD) were presentedE) are presented24) A) were viewedB) had been viewedC) viewedD) viewE) are viewed25) A) sinceB) for C) afterD) beforeE) withinCupid has always played a role in the celebrations of love. Those __(26)__ hearts are pierced by his arrows fall deeply in love. In Greek mythology he was known as Eros, the young son of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. To the Romans, he was Cupid, son of Venus. But where theres love, there often is jealousy. Venus was __(27)__ of the beauty of Psyche, a mere mortal, and ordered Cupid to punish her for being so beautiful. __(28)__, Cupid fell deeply in love and took her as his wife. As a mortal Psyche, she was forbidden to look at him. Eventually, her sisters convinced her to look at the handsome Cupid. As punishment, Venus demanded that she __(29)__ three difficult tasks, the last of which caused Psyche's death. Cupid found her lifeless on the ground and removed the eternal sleep from her body. The gods, __(30)__ by their love, then granted Psyche immortality.26) A) whoB) whoseC) whichD) whereE) that27) A) remarkableB) famousC) noteworthyD) humbleE) jealous28) A) ThereforeB) InsteadC) As a result of D) AlthoughE) Nevertheless29) A) performsB) performedC) performD) performingE) has performed30) A) movingB) to moveC) having movedD) to be movedE) movedIn the not-so-distant future, the hand tightening bolts during space structure assembly __(31)__ not be human. Tomorrow's astronauts will find themselves working __(32)__ in space with human-like robots called "Robonauts." And while the faceless machines might look a little strange, these Robonauts are really quite sensitive. Don't expect to see them making the rounds on the talk-show circuit discussing their feelings, __(33)__. Their kind of sensitivity is strictly high-tech. Now the technology bringing these Space-Age helpers to life __(34)__ also at work in some surprising places. One common element drives these innovations, __(35)__ on Earth and in space: sensors.31) A) mustB) mightC) had to D) should haveE) would32) A) at all costsB) over and aboveC) on and onD) side by sideE) from all accounts33) A) thoughB) althoughC) thusD) henceE) but34) A) areB) wasC) isD) wereE) had been35) A) eitherB) neitherC) not onlyD) notE) bothExperts believe that, with SAD, depression is __(36)__ triggered by the brain's response to decreased daylight exposure. No one really understands how and why this happens. Current theories __(37)__ what causes SAD focus on the role that sunlight might play in the brain's production of key hormones. Experts think that two specific chemicals in the brain, melatonin and serotonin, may __(38)__ in SAD. These two hormones __(39)__ regulate a person's sleep-wake cycles, energy, and mood. Shorter days and longer hours of darkness in fall and winter may cause increased levels of melatonin and decreased levels of serotonin, __(40)__ the biological conditions for depression.36) A) somewhatB) somehowC) somewhereD) nohowE) nowhere37) A) ontoB) fromC) onD) aboutE) within38) A) involveB) have involvedC) to be involvedD) be involvingE) be involved39) A) assistB) aidC) helpD) allowE) allocate40) A) creatingB) having createdC) createdD) to createE) createsCloze test cevap anahtar1.B2.E3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.E10.C11.B12.A13.D14.D15.C16.A17.B18.E19.C20.D21.E22.B23.D24.E25.A26.B27.E28.B29.C30.E31.B32.D33.A34.C35.E36.B37.D38.E39.C40.AVERLEN CMLEYE ANLAMCA EN YAKIN FADEY BULMAKAada rneklendirdiiim gibi bu soru tipinde sizden verilen cmleye anlam bakmndan en yakn olan seenein hangisi olduunu bulmanz isteniyor. Bir cmlenin benzer anlam yani tekrar ifade edilmesine " Restatement" denir.Tekrar ifade etmek yani restatement farkl ekillerde yaplabilir:>> Gramer yapsn deitirerek: rnein Active - Passive deiiklii yaparak>> E anlaml kelimleler kullanarak>> Benzer balalar kullanarak: r: Although yerine Eventhough kullanarak. >> Sadeletirmeler Kullanarak: r: If we do not hurry, we will be late = We had better hurry, otherwise we will be late ( IF yerine Otherwise)Yukarda verdimi maddelere daha fazla rnek verilebilir. Bu konularda detayl anlatmlar ileride sitede ve kitabmzda bulacaksnzNELER YAPMAK GEREKL>> Herley deiir ama TENSE DEMEZ !. Verilen cmle ile sizden istenen seenein zaman (TENSE) ayn olmak zorundandr. O zaman sorudaki zamanla rtmeyen seenekleri hemen eleyebilirsiniz.>> Sorunun sizden ne istediine dikkat edin " Anlamca En Yakn Cmle" isteniyor. Yani bire bir ayns istenmiyor. Bundan dolay verilen cmlenin tpa tp ayns seeneklerde olmayabilir. Kafanz karmasn.>> Bu soru tipi ile ba edebilmek iin kelime renmeniz gerekmiyor. Ancak gramer bilginiz iyi olmal. Adverb Clasue, Modal, Tense, Adjective ve Noun Clause'larn eitleri hakknda bilgi sahibi olmalsnz.Bu konularda zet ders notlarn yaknda sitede bulacaksnz.RNEK:1) Steven was accused of starting the fire that burned down the two factory buildings.A) It is certain that the fire that had burned down the two factory buildings was started by Steven.B) Although they had no proof, Steven was the one suspected of starting the fire which burned down the two factory buildings.C) The accusations against Steven were dropped after the two buildings burned down at the factory.D) They accused Steven after they had proof that the two factory buildings had been burned down. E) Steven denied the accusation that he had started the fire that burned down the two factory buildings.BR CMLENN ANLAMINI BULMAANA FKR BELRLEMEHer dilde olduu gibi ngilizce'de de her bir cmlenin bir ana anlam vardr ve buna ana fikir denir. Elbette ki cmlelerin ierisinde bulunan farkl yaplar bize olaylar, kiiler, bulunulan yer ve zaman hakknda ek bilgiler verir, ancak her zaman iin KM - NE YAPTI sorusunun cevab tektir. Yani basite tekrar etmek gerekir ise; bir cmlenin bir znesi ve o znenin yapt bir i vardr. nce bunu anlamak gerekir.Ana fikri bulmak deyince ilk nce aklnza paragraf sorular veya okuma paralar gelebilir. Ama ben size burada cmlelerin ana fikirlerini bulmaktan daha ok bahsedeceim. nk grdm kadar ile ngilizce renmek iin ura verenlerin ve snavlara hazrlananlarn ou cmle baznda skntlar ekmektedir. Ve bu sebepten dolay da, okuma blmlerinde baarsz olmaktadr.Yukarda da bahsettiim gibi karnzdaki cmle ne kadar uzun ve karmak grnrse grnsn, sonuta basit tek bir anlam vardr. Ek bilgi veren yaplar ayrt edebilmek iin ngilizce gramer eitiminizi tamamlamanz gerekir.rnek: a) The boy saw the manBasit zne ve yklem var. Ana fikir: ocuk adam grdb) The young boy saw the old man zne ve fiil de birer sfat var ama temel anlam ayn.Ana fikir: ocuk adam grdc) The naughty young boy saw the angry old manzne ve fiil de ikier sfat var ama temel anlam ayn.Ana fikir: ocuk adam grdd) The naughty young boy saw the angry old man in the roomCmlede ek olarak yer belirtilmi ama temel anlam ayn.Ana fikir: ocuk adam grdd) The naughty young boy saw the angry old man in the room yesterdayCmlede ek olarak zaman belirtilmi ama temel anlam ayn.Ana fikir: ocuk adam grdYukardaki basit rneklerde de grlebilecei gibi, bir cmlenin temel anlam ierisine katlan dier bilgilere ramen deimemektedir. Cmleye ierisine giren sfatlar, zaman zarflar ve yer tamlamalar bize ek olarak nerede, nezaman, hangi zne hangi nesne gibi bilgiler verirler.Dilerseniz rneimizi biraz daha karmak hale getirelim. Basit bir cmle "CLAUSE" yani YAN CMLELER ile zenginletirilir.e) The boy whom I met in class A saw the man whose mother lives next to usHE HIMzne de bulunan ismin sonuna ve nesnenin sonuna birer ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (SIFAT CMLEC/ YAN CMLE) getirerek isimler hakknda ek bilgi verilmi. Ancak temel anlam ayn.Ana fikir: ocuk adam grde) The boy whom I met in class A saw the man whose mother lives next to us in the house where a terrible murder took place several years ago.(E) rneindeki cmlenin sonuna uzun bir yer tamlamas ekleyerek yer ve o yerde olan ek bir olay hakknda da NOUN CLAUSE kullanlarak bilgi verilmi. Ama temel anlam ayn.Ana fikir: ocuk adam grdrnekler ok daha fazla ekilde artrlabilinir. Cmle ierisine "accidentally gibi bir zarf yerletirilebilinir veya daha karmak grnen gramer yaplar eklenebilir ama unutmayn ki temel anlam hep ayndr.NEREDEN BALAMALIYIM ?1) Gramer renin. Bunu sylemekten holanmyorum ama GRAMER (Dil Bilgisi) almadan cmlelerin iinden kmazsnz. Ama tm almanz da ngilizce gramer eitimi zerine kurmayn!2) Kelime renin. Kelime renmeyi bilmek bile ayr bir bilim bence. Bu konuda size nerebileceim bir teknik yok maalesef. Ama unu diyebilirim ki, her grdnz kelime grubuna saldrmayn. nce temel fiilleri renin, sonra sfatlar ve temel isimleri. Daha sonra kelime hazinenizi sfat ile gelitirebilirsiniz.Kimileri cebince kelime kartlar tar, kimileri evde her gn on kelime ezberler, kimileri web sitelerini kullanr ve kimileri de CD'lerden kelime renmeye alr. Hangisi daha iyi bilemiyorum. Belki de hepsi. Bu konuda deneyim ve fikir sahibi olanlar bizimle paylan.Bildiim bir ey var ki kelime renmek zaman ve birikim iidir. Daha nce bir ka kez karnza farkl cmlelerde kmam kelimeleri aklnzda tutmanz mmkn deildir. Hafza setleri bu konuda farkl almalar sergilemektedirler. Kullanmadm iin bir yorum yapmayacam.SINAVLARA HAZIRLANANLAR N BAZI NERLERSnav tarihi yaklatka ister istemez biraz gerilim yayorsunuzdur. KPDS.ORG editr olarak elimden geldii kadar sizlere tavsiyelerde bulunup yol gstermeye alacam. Aada bahsettiim nerili ltfen okuyun:Gramer ile ok fazla uramaynGramer almak size puan ve birok soru tipi ile urarken zaman kazandrr. Bu yzden nemlidir. Ama tek bana size en fazla 20 - 30 puan getirir. Bundan dolay sadece gramer odakl bir hazrlk evresi geirmeyin.Test tekniklerini mutlaka aln ve uygulayn.ngilizce test tekniklerini ve snavn blmlerine gre ip ularn bilmezseniz sknt yaarsnz. . ngilizce eitim alanlarn ve maalesef ngilizce eitim verenlerin faknda olmadan yaptklar ey sadece konular zerinde almak ve ondan sonra da soru zmeye almaktr. Bu kesinlikle yanl bir yntemdir. RNEK SORU ZMLERDaha nce KPDS'de km Sorular zerinde almalar YapnKonu ve strateji almas yaptktan sonra km tm KPDS sorular zerinde aln. Sorular kendiniz zn ve aklamal zm veren kitaplardan faydalann. Bu konuda hangi kitaplardan yararlanabileceiniz kitap tantm blmnde verilmitir.Gireceiniz Snavn Yapsn TanynSizden sorularda ne isteniyor, ka tane soru tipi var, okuma sorular kaa ayrlyor gibi bilgileri mutlaka bilmelisiniz. Gireceiniz snav teknik olarak tanmalsnz. Unutmayn ki size eitim verecek kii de bu bilgilere sahip biri olmal ve sizi tpk bir antrenr gibi snava hazrlamaldr.Kelime ezberlemekle vakit kaybetmeyin ! Genellikle adaylar girecekleri snava 2 ay kala almaya balarlar. Bu saatten sonra akademik kelimeleri isteseniz de tam olarak renemezsiniz. Snavlarda salt kelime sorular zaten 10u gemez. Bundan dolay sadece kelime ezberlemeye almak, zaman boa kullanmaktr.Sorulara baktnzdan daha fazla seeneklere bakn. Bazen doru cevab arayacak, bazen de sadece yanl cevaplar eleyeceksiniz. Kesinlikle yanl olduuna emin olduunuz seeneklerin stn karalayn ve gz nnden kaldrn.Paragraf Sorularndan KorkmaynOkuma sorular veya paragraf sorularnda zor olan para deil, seeneklerin birbirine yakn olup olmaddr. Size bir bakta ok uzun ve ok zor grnen bir parann sorular belki de ok basittir. Genellikle paragraf ya da metin uzun ise Bu Zor Bir Para diye dnp brakyoruz. Halbuki, para ne kadar uzun ise, konu hakknda o kadar ok bilgi sahibi oluruz.PARAGRAF VE OKUMA SORULARI N NERLERTm snavlarda adaylarn en ok ekindikleri blmlerden biri okuma sorular ya da paragraf sorular diye adlandrlan ksmdr. Bu durumun aslnda bir ka temel nedeni var:>> Kelime bilgisi yetersizlii>> Soru kklerini tanmamak>> ngilizce okuma deneyiminin olamamas>> klar elemeyi bilmemek>> Paragrafta nereye bakacan bilmemek>> Zaman Kullanma becerisinin olmamams>> Psikolojik nedenlerBu nedenlerin iinde en kolay veya en zor yenilebilinecek olan PSKOLOJK NEDENLER'dir bence. TOEFL, KPDS, DS ya da hazrlk atlama gibi snavlara girecek adaylara tavsiyem, bir sr paragraf test zmeye balamadan nce, bu sorularn nasl zlmesi gerektiini renmeye almanzdr.Bulunduunuz ehirde bir dil kursu ya da zel eitim veren uzman bir kii mutlaka vardr ve bu konuda yardm almanz gerekmektedir.Paragraf ve okuma ksmlarnda size nerebileceklerim unlardr:KPDS ve DS'de " Aadaki sorular paragrafa gre cevaplaynz" ksmlar vardr. Bu blmde yapmanz gerekenler yledir:METN OKURKEN :>> nce sorular okuyun ve size ne sorulduunu bilin :Sorularn tamamn aklnzda tutamazsnz ama paragraf ile ilgili bir fikriniz olacak ve size ne sorulduunu az ok bileceksiniz.>> Paragrafta bilmediiniz kelimelerle vakit kaybetmeyin>> Grdnz balalarn altn izin (Therefore, because, However...)>> Ana fikre odaklann, detaylara taklmaynSORULARI OKURKEN BLMENZ GEREKENLERParagraf ve Okuma sorularnda 2 tip soru tr vardr.1) Direkt Bilgi sorular: Ne zaman, Kim, Nerede, Hangi vb. Bu sorularda yorum yaplamaz ve direk metinden cevaplar bulunabilir. (bu sorular kamaz)rnek Soru Kkleri: According to the writer/ author,... According to the passage It is stated in the passage that... It is argued in the passage that... It is suggested in the passage that The writer author/ points out that... The author argues that... The writer explains that... The writer suggests that The writer is of the opinion that... The passage explains that... The passage makes the point that... The point made in the passage is that... One essential point made in the passage is that... The writer makes the point that... It is pointed out in the passage that... It is explained in the passage that... It is suggested in the passage that... It is obvious from the passage that... It is clear from the passage that... As (it is) pointed out in the passage,... As (it is) mentioned in the passage,... As explained in the passage that... We see in the passage that...2) Yorum Sorular: Bu sorular sizi uratracak olanlardr. Yorum yaparak seeneklerden hangisinin doru olduunu soran soru trdr. (Anlamyorsanz vakit kaybetmeyin)rnek yorum Soru Kkleri: One understands from the passage that... One infers from the passage that... One can/ may conclude from the passage that... One can/may infer from the passage that... The author concludes that From the passage we undewrstand that... From the passage we learn that... We learn from the passege that... We can undewrstand from the passage that... We can infer from the passage that... As (it) can be understood from the passage... As we learn from the passage... As we can understand from the passage... It can be inferred from the passage that... It is understood from the passage... The passage implies that It is implied in the passage that It is shown in the passage that..3) Ana Fikir Sorular: Parann en genel cmlesi onun ana fikridir. Ana fikir sorularnn genellikle geni zamanda olduuna dikkat ediniz ( p Ucu)Ana fikir Sorularna rnekler: The passage is mainly concerned with... The pasage largely deals with... The main concern of the passage... The main subject of the passage... The main idea of the passage is that... Tha main point of the message is that... Tha main argumant of the passage is that... The passage describes... The passage emphasizes... The passage gives a general account of... In this passage, the writer has set out...Yaknda bu blmde altrmalar bulacaksnz...Umarm imdilik bu bilgiler iinizi grr. Paragraf sorularndan korkmanza gerek yoktur. Sadece onlara nasl yaklaacanz bilmeniz yeterli.PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA SORULARI NASIL ZLR?Paragraf tamamlama sorular snavlarda bana gre rahata puan toplayabileceiniz blmlerden biridir. Asla "benim ngilizce seviyem yeterli deil, ben anlamam" fikirine kaplp bu soru blmn bo brakmayn.Aksine biraz dikkat ederek ve seenekleri eleme yoluna giderek doru cevaplar bulabilirsiniz. Unutmayn ! Sizden tm paragrafn evirisini yapmanz beklenmiyor.. yapmanz gereken ey, sizden istenilen boluu seeneklerden hangisinin dolduracan bulabilmek. Temel okuma tekniklerini edinerek ve seenekleri eleyerek bu ksmda baarl olmamanz iin hi bir neden yoktur.** NOT: KPDS, DS, TOEFL veya snav hazrlk kurslarna gidiyorsanz mutlaka " OKUMA TEKNKLER" eitimi verip vermediklerini renin ve bunu nasl yaptklarn sorun *****Paragraf Tamamlama Sorularnda ilk nce dikkat etmeniz gerekenler:>> Zaman Uyumu: boluktan nce ve sonra zaman uyumuna bakmalsnz.>> This, that, these gibi iaret sfatlarna dikkat edin>> Because, eventhough, but, gibi balalara dikkat edinRNEK 1.... sorularda, bo braklan yerlere, parann anlam btnln salamak iin getirilebilecek cmleyi bulunuz . (KPDS MAYIS 2003)In Japan, the brighter economic picture of the first 6 months of 2002 failed to carry over into the second half of the year. ___________. This was no doubt influenced by rising unemployment which is now at a record high.a) External demand supported Japan's exporters to some degree, but the domestic market was at a low ebb.b) The year 2003 will doubtless be another difficult year for the Japanese economyc) Recovery looks like being slowd) This uncertainty gave rise to a cut in interest ratese) Once global investor confidence returns, equity markets will, in all likelihood, start to perform well againzm:lk nce birinci cmlenin ve ikinci cmlenin zamanlarna bakn (TENSE) , bizden PAST istiyor. Bundan dolay sadece A ve D seenei doru cevap olabilir. te size 5 saniyede 2 k ... Sonra This = ? diye dnn, bize TEKL AD lazm. O da A Seeneinde olduu iin DORU CEVAP A'dr diyoruz.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RNEK 2 (KPDS MAYIS 2003)A recent survey carried out by the UK lecturers' union shows that almost a quarter of respondents rate their academic freedom as limited, poor or non-existent. ___________. In 30% of cases, that pressure had come from the organization paying for the research. a) Researchers in every sector know that they must get positive results into journalsb) Most worrying is the results of this loss of integrity on medical researchc) Some researchers said they had been pressurized to alter results, delay their publication or even bury themd) The public loss of confidence in science has reached serious proportions and must be faced squarelye) Those with access to the truth are too often those with most to gain from avoiding itZM:Bu soruyu 10 saniyede zebilirsiniz.. Sadece fiillerin zamanlarna bakmanz yeterlidir. lke cmle past, son cmle past, ve tabiki ikinci cmlede past olmaldr. Seeneklerde tek past cmle C olduu iin dnmeden iaretleyin.CEVR SORULARI NASIL ZLReviri sorular snavlarda en ok puan toplayabileceiniz blmdr nk zaten cmleler evirlmi olarak seeneklerin arasnda hazr beklemektedir. Bu nedenden dolay kelime sknts da ekilmez.eviri sorularn zerken dikkat etmeniz gerekenler unlardr:>> Zaman uyumuna dikkat edin. Verilen cmledeki fiilin atln izin>> ngilizcedeki VERB Trke'de cmle sonundaki Yklem, eylem, Fiildir. Onu bulun>> Active - Passive (Etken - Edilgen Uyumuna) bakn>> To be ( am, is, are, was, were) = - dr, dir , idiRNEK 136.-40. sorularda, verilen ngilzce cmleye anlamca en yakn Trke cmleyi bulunuz. (KPDS Mays 2003)36. At the 1994 Brussels NATO summit a "partnership for peace" programme was formally launched, enabling the old Warsaw Pact members and former Sovlet republics to take part in a wide range of military cooperation with NATO.a) Eski Varova Pakt yeleri ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetleri, 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde kabul edilen "bar iin ortaklk" program sayesinde NATO ile askeri alanda ok kapsaml ibirlii yapma olana buldular.b) Eski Varova Pakt yelerinin ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinin NATO ile geni kapsaml askeri ibirlii yapmalarn salamaya ynelik "bar iin ortaklk" program, ancak 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde resmen hayata geirilme olana buldu.c) 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde ilk kez nerilen "bar iin ortaklk" program, eski Varova Pakt yelerine ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri alanda sk bir ibirlii yapma olana salamay amalyordu.d) 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde, eski Varova Pakt yelerine ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile geni kapsaml bir askeri ibirlii yapma olana salayan "bar iin ortaklk" program resmen yrrle kondu.e) "Bar iin ortaklk", ilk kez 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde resmen kararlatrlp yrrle konan ve eski Varova Pakt yeleri ile nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri ibirlii olana salayan geni kapsaml bir programdr.zm:Verilen cmledeki fiil PASSIVE oldugu iiin, bizde cmle sonunda passive aryoruz ve tabiki tek seenek D.ANLAMI BOZAN CMLEY BULMA SORULARI NASIL ZLRCmleleri sraya sokma sorular bir ok snavda karmza kan bir blmdr. lk bakta biraz karmak grnse de aslnda zm yine son derece kolaydr. Yapmanz gereken sorularn nasl zldn bilmek ve bol bol rnek soru zmek. Aadakilere dikkat ederseniz bu sorular ok daha rahat ve hzl zebileceinizi greceksiniz:>> Ana fikri bulun. Ana fikir her zaman " EN GENEL CMLE" dir.>> Balalara dikkat edin. Hi bir paragraf but, so, and, Further.. gibi balalarla balamaz.>> This, that, these, those ile paragraf balamaz.>> This, that, these, those gibi iaret sfatlarnn karl var m yok mu , buna bakn.RNEK 1 ( KPDS 2006, MAYIS)58. 63. sorularda, cmleler srasyla okunduunda parann anlam btnln bozan cmleyi bulunuz. 58. (I) It used to be argued that, once there were just two major companies involved in civil-aircraft manufacturing, aircraft prices would rise. (II) There are few engineering tricks left that could give one or other a technological edge. (III) That theory has been thoroughly discredited. (IV) The best indicator of new-aircraft prices the average price per seat on flights has been declining for several years. (V) This is due, of course, to the brutal competition between the two rivals. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V ZM"That Theory" nc cmlede ne ile alakal diye bakmak gerekiyor nce. kinci cmlede alakal bir terim ve anlam olmad iin birinci cmleye bakarz. lk cmledeki anlam destekledii iin, yani oradaki iddiay bir teori olarak dnebileceimizden dolay DORU CEVAP B dirRNEK 2 ( KPDS 2006, MAYIS)59. (I) The most popular talk show on Arab TV is The Opposite Direction. (II) The show is hosted by Faisal al-Kasim, a forty-two-year-old with glasses. (III) The chance to take part in the regions first experiment with free journalism was one that could not be missed. (IV) Al-Kasim moderates while two guests debate a topic of his choosing; viewers join in by telephone, fax and e-mail. (V) No other Arab television personality is as controversial, as despised or as revered as al-Kasim.A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V ZMCmlelerde birbiri ile ilgili olan tamlamalar ve terimleri kaln olarak iaretledim. Bu ekilde bakldnda sadece 3. cmlede balantl kelimeler ve tamlamalar olduunu gryoruz.GRAMER (DL BLGS) SORULARI ZERKEN NELERE DKKAT ETMEL?Gramer sorular zlmesi en kolay olan blmlerden biridir nk sizden her konu iin belli konularn detaylarn ve kurallarn bilmeniz istenmektedir. lk bakta okmu gibi grnen gramer konular ve kurallar aslnda hi de o kadar fazla deildir.Her dilde belli bal kurallar vardr ve bu kurallar snrldr. Gramer snrl kurallarla, snr sayda cmlenin kurulabildii bir sistemdir aslnda. ncelikle gramer eitimi alrken dikkat etmeniz gereken hususlar unlardr:>> altnz konuda hangi belli bal yaplar kullanlyorsa bilin, ayrca ne tr yaplar kullanlamaz, bunlarda mutlaka bilin. nk sorular bu ekilde oluturulmaktadr. rnein tense alyorsanz " By the time" hangi tenslerle kullanlr sorunsunu cevabn bilin ama ayn zamanda " By the time " grnce nelere elemeniz gerektiini de mutlaka bilin ve seeneklerde hemen eleme yapn.>> Verilen soruda nce seeneklere bakn. Bu hangi gramer konusunda sorulduunu nceden biliyor olursunuz.>> Gramer blmnde ok hzl olmalsnz. Seenekleri elemeye mutlaka nceden alm olun. Bu ksm hzlca geip, paragraf sorularna ve Close test ksmna alk vermelisiniz.>> nceden bol bol gramer testi zn. nce her konu iin tek tek ama sonra kark gramer testleri zn.DKKAT :Gramer sorusu zerken kelime anlamna taklyorsanz YANLI YOLDASINIZ demektir ! Gramer sorularn zmek iin cmleyi anlamak gerekmez.