: : ) ), ( )
: directional relay Directional relay Bus Bar-Generators
-Transformer Over Current Relay Relay (Fault) (Fault) Relay Relay
C.B directional relay -1 over current relay Instantaneous
directional relay -2 bus bar
: Bus Bar Differential Relay : Voltage Supervision Relay
: HVHRC : High Voltage High Rupturing Capacity fuse .
: (Generator protection)1-Overcurrent protection2-Under/Over
voltage3-Reverse power4-Loss of excitation5-Rotor Earth
leack6-Differencial Protection 7-Negative sequence current8-Netral
Point Voltage9-Out of Step10-over/under Frequency (speed)
: . :: ( Bus bars.. ) .: . : . . !!!
( - .... ) . ( ). ( ). . ( )
( ...) ( ). . . ( ) . ( ) . ( ). () . .
- . .
: 2 : 1 35 / 6 3 * 7070 / 12 3 * 150150/24 3 * 240
:
: soft starter .12.
: / / / /
: . ( 50)
: : ( ) *
:
: : :.1 : ( ) ( ) .2 .3 .4 () ( ).5 ..6 (Low Oil Level) .7 (Oil
Pressure Relief) ..8 4 .
: (Tertiary Winding) : Tertiary Winding , .: .1 : .2 ( ) :
.1 .2.34.
: Armoury Armoury Is.c isolating
: (Crona Discharge): :1. .2 .3 .4
: ( ) : .
: 1. . 2. (Look Out) 3. .
: (fusible ) : :1- AM .2- GL AM
: Bus Bar Protection Current Injection .
ATS (AC) Alternator ac rectifier matching ac to dc alternator ()
.
.
: () (Y): .
Neutral Over Current Relay (Buck up Earth Fault ) (E/F Relay )
(KV 33 (11 KV - .
: over currentE / F
: - - : Short (Link ) ( ) (Link ) -
456 :1- 2- .3- .
: harmonics - :-1 0110 3 -2 C.B -3 (UNDER VOLTAGES)-4 5- (Q)6-
7- 8- (- - ..........)9-
.... 3-PHASE 3 =
.1 .2-.3 ( (DVD-AUDIO/VEDIO AMPLHFIER.4 - ( discharge gas
lamps).5 - .6 ( (.7 ups system .8 detuned (VARLOGIC): . open delta
12 .. 2 open delta ( ) : ''Reclosing" Temporary ( 1)
: CLAMP METER 0 0: Knee Point Knee Point 10 % 50 %
Knee Point :
:
C.T.R = 300/5 , Is=5 A , 5 P 10 , 60 VA
Knee Point = 10*60 / Is = 10*60 / 5 = 120 Volt
5P10 10 [Accuracy Limit Factor ] Rated burdenVcallculated = (
ALF*Rated burden ) / In In = nominal secondary current
: ...1. . .2 / .3 / .4 _
: ... ( ( ... ( )
: pilot cable power cable pilot protection relay siemens relay
7SD600 as EMG. O/C with time delay pilot relay open delta DE/F
interposing VT interposing VT DE/F STAR/DELTA CONVERTER
: - DC RESISTANCE- POLARITY TEST- SATURATION TEST - mugger
test
: DIGITAL METER HOUR MTER MV DP 2 )V CONNICTION 3 WIRE PT)
METERS 4 WIRE PHASE VOLTAGE : 7 THE POWER OF RESISTANCE 3 W. 28 - 3
STAR CONNECTION ( - ) - (STAR / DELTA CONVERTER)
:
my question is if I have current transformer has facility to
change ratio from primary side and also from secondary side what is
the better side for changethe answer is according to what I want
where the advantage of primary side is maintaining ampere turnes so
burden will be maintaned without change but the disadvantage is
decreasing short circuit level. and the the opposite advantage and
disadvantage for changing ratio from secondary side
DCDB 10A
: , . 16
: Icu Isc IEC 947-2 : Icu () ( ) , Isc () Icu :Isc = 100, 75 ,
50 , 25 % Icu . Isc Icu . Isc = 100% Icu . SF6
(SF6) . , .
SF6 . . m^3 / 6.14 KG .1. 164.072. - 50.8 C3. C- 63.84. 45.46
C5. 73.193 bar 6. 0.725 g / m^37. -50.8C .........1.910g/m^3 .
.
(SF6) .
> 2SF6 + 524 Kcal-------- S2 + 6F2
, ( , , , ( , )) ( 500 C ) S2F, F.F2,F4 F10 . (SO2F2) (SOF2) . .
( SF6) . .
.
. ( - - ) Electrical arcing) ) . (SF6 ) . .1-Sulphured
Hydrogen2-Sulfuric Anhydride 3-Hydroflouric Acid
SF6 .
-----------------------------------------------------------
SF6. ----------------------------- (SF6) ( with stand voltage) .
(Break down voltage ) . . ( withstand voltage) ,(partial pressure
of moisture ) . ( Dew point of moisture) ( SF6) . . .
SF6.
. 1- ( withstand voltage) Dew point of moisture)) SF6)) .2- .
.
* SF6 .------------------------------------------ 1- . 2- . 3-
(Rubber sealing) . * SF6.
---------------------------------------------- : / ./ ( nitrogen
purring ) . / ( ( O-ring ./ . (SF6) :-1- (sealing) .2- (SF6) . 3-
.
. --------------------------------------------- (SF6) . 12 / 2 .
. 400 KV 2 KW -22 C .
* . ----------------------------------------------- ( (SF6 ((O-
ring ((O- ring ((O- ring (Silicon rubber) . ((O- ring (neoprene)
.
(DEW POINT )
(DEW POINT ) (Hygrometer ) ( ppmw ) (15 ) }PPmw = PPmv x ( mw.
water / mw.gas){PPmw = PPmv / 8.1 -----------PPmw ---------- PPmv
---------- mw water ---------- = 18mw gas ---------- = 146.05
SF6
. . (ON) (OFF) . (ON) (ON) .
a () . .
b (auxiliary switch) . 100 , , , . : DIN VDE 0100, part 410,
section 6.1.2 :- ( PEN TN ) .- ( )- - - - . lighting current
arresters
1.
1- 2- 3- 4- 5-
: : ( -) ( ) ( )
: : Economic efficiencyThermal efficiencyOperational
efficiencyEnergy efficiency ( heat rate factor )Capacity factorLoad
factor
: ( , ) : . . .
: : :-* * ( )* : : Generation of Electrical Energy
. :
:
. . . ( ) . .
: 1) 1.5
2) 2.5
3) 4
- 3-Phases X MW 3- Phase 1-phase 1 Phase X MW 3-Phase 1.5XMW
ac --dc
2- AC DC :- - DC 1000 V 1000 & A , 1 MW , Brushes Spark
Short Circuit . AC ( 600 - 1000 ) MW . - DC .
:
:
220
1 - over speed ( n2 =n1* ( f2 / f1 2 - blocking (
I2=I1*(F2/F
-
-
:
:1- : () .
2- : ()
Surge Arrester
( ) . :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
16 30
1. "" . .
2. ().
3. .
4. .
5. -- .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. . 10 20 .
10. . .
11. .
12. .
13. . . = + + (10-20) .
14. .
15. . .
16. .
17. . .
18. .
19. . .
20. .
21. 120 .
22. .
23. " " .
24. " " .
25. " " . .
26. "" . ( / 100)
27. " " .
28. " ( )" . .
29. "" .
30. FCAN " ." .
31. FCBN " ." FCAN .
32. .
33. .
34. Telsa .
35. . . . 60 . .
36. .
37. 3 - . '.
38. .
39. . (120 2 60 ).
40. () .
41. .
42. .
43. .
44. .
45. .
46. .
47. .
48. busswork.
49. . .
50. " " . (1 = 1000 1000)
51. .
52. .
53. .
54. .
55. . I2R ( ) .
56. . ' . .
57. .
58.
59. .
60. ( ) . .
61. . .
62. . .
63. 2 - 3 3 4 .
64. .
65. () .
66. .
67. . ( )
68. .
69. () .
70. .
71. .
72. .
73. / .
74. .
75. .
76. RCBN -- .
77. .
78. .
79. .
80. . .
81. ( ) .
82. .
83. / (). .
84. .
85. . .
86. () () .
87. () () .
88. .
89. .
90. . : 105 150 180 220
91. .
92. ( ) ( ).
93. .
94. . .
95. : (1) (2) -- (3) (4) -- (5) -- . : () -- () -- () -- :
().
96. ( ) .
97.
98. . .
99. . ( ) .
100. - () . .
101. 3 - . .
102. . .
103. () ( " "). .
104. .
105. . .
106. . .
107. " " " " . .
108. "" " " .
109. . .
110. "" . .
111. () () 5-20 . 208 230 240 110 120 240 277 . . 120 240 480 12
16 24 32 48. 50 10000 . . .
112. . . . .
113. . .
114. - . . -- 10 .
115. 12 16 24 32 48 . .
116. 4 2 2 . . .
117. . . .
118. .
119. -- . 22 208 230 . : = ( ) / 1000= (230V 4167 ) / 1000 =
9.58
120. = ( 1000) / = ( 1000) / 173 = ( ) / 1000 = ( 1.73) /
1000
121. 3 -- . - 3 . 3 - 4 - . 3 - 3 - ( ) .
122. 3 - 4 3 3 -- "" 4 - . 4 - .
123. ' ' "" . .
124. . .
125. 60 - - 50 '' 60 - 60 50 . 50 - 60 .
126. 4 - . .
127. . . .
128. 208 240 . . 480 240 . 480 240 . .
129. . . 10KVA 35dB 75kVA 50dB.
130. 75 .
131. .
132. . ( ) . N.E.C. 450-4 " 600 " . () () .
133. 450-4 . : " 450-4 -- 600 () . 600 . 125 . . : 9 125 . 9 167
.() - . . " : 1kVA BKN4EA 120 240 12 24 . 208 230 . 958 9580. . =
9580 = 46 208 . 9 -- nonadjustable 125 .. = 46 125 = 575 . 450-4 ()
. 240-6 N.E.C.. = 60 .
134. . . 1000 . .
135. .
136. . .
137. . 10 20 .
138. . . .
139. . . . 30 . . " " . .
140. . . .
141. . . . .
142. / () . 10000 20000 . . . . . . . . / " ". 20 ' ' . 2100 600
. . . / .
143. / / / ( 20 ). . .
144. " " / / / . 3 . . 1200 480V 1600 600V . .
145. () ( " "). 600 .
146. : . . : . .
147. 600 . . 250VA 750kVA.
148. . . '' .
149. . .
150. 60 . . .
151. . . .
152. . . . .
153. . . .
154. . 25 . .
155. (TP1) . . 1-1996 " ". .
156. . 115 80 . 20 35 150 . .
157. . . : .
158. 5kV . .
159. . . 2 . 150 60 200 30 .
160. .
161. 750kVA 25 . . 46 25 .
162. . . . .
163. . . 2 1 / 2 5 . : 480V 504V. +5 .
164. 60Hz 50 60Hz 50Hz . 50Hz 60Hz.
165. 120/240V 120V 3 - . 120V . . .
166. . . . " ". . .
167. . . 6kVA 3kVA " " . . - . energization. .
168. . I2R .
169. . .
170. ( ) .
171. ( ) "" . . . .( : 500kVA .)
172. .
173. 60Hz . (3) C57 - 12-01.
174. 7200 60 .
175. . . . +20 . ( : 500kVA .)
176. . . () ( )
177. 1 . .
178. 1 - . .
179. 2 ( ) .
180. 2 - 2.
181. 3 . .
182. .
183. .
184. 3R 3 . . .
185. 3R 3R . .
186. 4 4 . . ( : )
187. 4X 4 . .
188. 12 . . ( : )
189. . . ' . . "" .
190. . '' '' . . .
191. . . ' . . . .
192. . . 600 2500 . .
193. .
194. . . . 20 . .
195. . . . . .
196. ( ) . 60hz . 60 2 120Hz (60 2) 3 180 . . . . . .
197. . . ( -- 3 9 15 phasors 21 ). .
198. 60Hz. . 4 7 20 13 30 . 4 50 . 13 100 .
199. . . . . .
+ / -5 nominal.These . . : . 20 . 10 100 . equipmento 600 6000
100 / 1000000 . () ( ). Misregistration '' .
200. . . . . $ 1500 -- . / 6000 $ 30000 $
1: 1: ( - )2- 3-
2: 2: . :-1. .2. 3. .
3: 3: () . .
4: : 125, 75 , 25, 20 , 12.5 ,10 ..4: (0.8) . ( )
(..)125-10075-6025-2020-1612.5-1010-8
5: 5: , :-- - - - - 66, 33. - .
6: 6: 50 / .
7: 7: : (8%) : (7%) : (7%) : (7%) : (9%) : (12%) : (10%)
8: 8: ( - ....) .
9: 9: 1- 2- 3-
10: 10: :-- - - ( ) 65% 1150. 620. 53% .
11: 11: 000 .
12: 12: .( 7000 . 10% )
1: 1: ( - )2- 3-
2: 2: . :-1. .2. 3. .
3: 3: () . .
4: : 125, 75 , 25, 20 , 12.5 ,10 ..4: (0.8) . ( )
(..)125-100
5: 5: , :-- - - - - 66, 33. - .
6: 6: 50 / .
7: 7: : (8%) : (7%) : (7%) : (7%) : (9%) : (12%) : (10%)
8: 8: ( - ....) .
9: 9: 1- 2- 3-
10: 10: :-- - - ( ) 65% 1150. 620. 53% .
11: 11: 000 .
12: 12: .( 7000 . 10% )
1-- ( ) ( )2 -- DIRECTIONAL RELAY . directional relay bus
bar-generators -transformer over current relay relay (fault)
(fault) relay relay C.B. directional relay :1 -- over current relay
Instantaneous directional relay--2 bus bar3 -- BUSBAR DIFFRENTIAL
RELAY. voltage supervision relay4 -- HVHRC : High Voltage High
Rupturing Capacity fuse .5 -- ( ...) ( ). . . ( ) . ( ) . ( ). () .
. - . .6 -- 7 -- 1-soft starter2- 8 -- . ( 50) .9 -- (Tertiary
Winding) Tertiary Winding , .10 -- -- 1 .-- 2 ( look out)-- 3 . 11
-- ?1 -- .2 -- ( )3 -- ( )4 -- ( )12 -- .-- 1 2 -- open delta 12 3
-- .. 13 -- 456 :1 -- 2 -- .3 -- .14 -- ?? Open delta 15 -- () (Y)
16 -- ??ATS (ac) alternator ac rectifier matching ac to dc
alternator () . .17 -- Armory Armory Is.c isolating 18 --What is
the IP standard "Protection degrees of enclosures IP ex. IP 543 "5"
dust "4" "water or "liquid "3" mechanical impact mechanical
impact19 -- ANSI DEVICE NUMBERS :NO.2 MEANS TIME DELAYNO.21 MEANS
DISTANCENO.25 MEANS SYNCHRONISM-CHECKNO.27 MEANS UNDERVOLTAGENO.30
MEANS ANNUNCIATORNO.32 MEANS DIRECTIONAL POWERNO.37 MEANS
UNDERCURRENT OR UNDERPOWERNO.38 MEANS BEARINGNO.40 MEANS FIELDNO.46
MEANS REVERSE-PHASENO.47 MEANS PHASE-SEQUENCE VOLTAGENO.49 MEANS
THERMALNO.50 MEANS INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENTNO.51 MEANS AC TIME
OVER CURRENTNO.59 MEANS OVER VOLTAGENO.60 MEANS VOLTAGE
BALANCEMEANS PRESSURE (MECHANICAL PROTECTION) NO.63NO.64 MEANS
APPARATUS GROUNDNO.67 MEANS AC DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENTNO.68 MEANS
BLOCKINGNO.69 MEANS PERMISSIVENO.74 MEANS ALARMNO.76 MEANS DC OVER
CURRENTNO.78 MEANS OUT-OF-STEPNO.79 MEANS AC RECLOSINGNO.81 MEANS
FREQUENCYNO.85 MEANS CARRIER OR PILOT-WIRENO.86 MEANS LOCK OUTNO.87
MEANS DIFFERENTIALNO.94 MEANS TRIPPING20 -- .21 -- : 2000Hz 30mA
50-60 3-5 .- 50 60 .- 40 1000 30 13 500 .- .- : ( ) .- .-
fibrillation .- .- - Let Go Current .- 50 65 110 30 60 .- .- .22 --
Ir - IL - Io.c - Ioff - Is.c -InL : Ioff , InL,IL,Ir,Io.c,IS.C23 --
: fire fitting : : ( ) 24 -- - () - () ( (25 -- - - - - 26 --
connected load ? demand loadconnect load connect load . demand load
connect load factor diffarcity factor .27 -- recepticals bye 3 wire
not 2wire as Egypt hot and neutral only short . . ground short
ground . :Recovery voltage: .Resitriking voltage: .Transient over
voltage: .First phase to clear the fault: (3Phase short circuit) .
Resitriking voltage . 1.5 .Symmetrical fault: . :3phase fault3phase
to ground faultAs Symmetrical fault: . :Single phase to ground
faultTwo phase to ground faultPhase to phase faultZero sequence
impedance: (Fault current If) (Fault) (Neutral point) (, ,...... ).
Source impedance .Inductive type voltage impedance: , 110V .Out off
phase switching: , , Short circuit 2phase .29 --- Over load ?? Over
current 10 % 25 %. 1000 200 1200 40 240 . . . 10 - 25 % . . Over
current 50 % . ( ) .30 --- .1 - Vacuum Circuit Breaker 1000000000 /
1 Torr 36 .2 - Oil Circuit Breaker .3 - SF6 Circuit Breaker 1100 .
SF6 .
31 : 1 - single line diagram- 2 wiring diagram3 - --4 5 - - 6 -
7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 32 - 1 2 - 3 - 4 - - 5 6- 33 - 1 : - 2 : - 3 :
- 4 : 34 : :- 1 - 2 . 400 /1 400 /5 66000 /100 66000 /110 11000
/100 11000 /110 .35 : - 1 - 2 - 3 1 5 100 110 36 rated burden 37
5p20 , 30 VA Name plate p p 5 Accuracy class p ALF 20 30 . 5 % 20
30 VA 5P X 3p 6p CL KL class class 0.5 class 2 20 n .38 : - 1
(continuity)- 2 1000 10 20 - 3 - 4 - 5 10 % 50 % .6- = 39 S2 , S1 K
, L In = ( ) 40 41 - 65 95 50 70 100 42 ( ) 2 43 44 : - 1 11 . - 2
- 3 ( )- 4 45 : 1 1 1 ,2 66 . 66 . .46 : 11 . : -- 1 - 2 - 3 ( )- 4
11 . - 5 11 . - 6 - 7 47 11 . - 1 -- 2 - 3 -4 - 5 - 6 - 7 -8 - 9 -
10 - 11 12 - 13 48 - 1 - 2 -3 4 - - 5 6 - 7 - 66 . 11 .8 - 11 . - 9
1 ,2 66 . 49 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 6 - 50 66 . 220 . 51 1 - 2 - 3 - -
4 - 5 - 6 - 7 -8 52 - ( 53 - ( , ) . . .54 -- Frequency load
shedding When the load increase ------------------the frequency
decreasewhen the load decrease ------------------the frequency
Increase Frequency Governor speed governor / stability frailer :
How the voltage affect by Reactive Power??55Answer: The voltage
affects directly with the reactive power in the power systems so if
the reactive power increased the voltage increase and vise versa
when the reactive power decrease the voltage decrease.56 -- 3 = ()/
3 . . phase . .--57 load bank resistor UPS ( LOAD BANK RESISTOR ) .
STANDBY58 -- () . ( ) .59 -- governor under voltage n f . air
superheated steam torque . .60 - zero sequence current .61 -- """"
(()) . . ( 62 -- BURDEN BURDEN . BURDEN Volt Ampere Name Plate 15VA
30VA Accuracy 5P20 Cl 0.5 63 -- . ( ) , 1 -- 2 -- 64 --
64 -- . . . : . 600 : 18 1733 : 1800 . : 1831 20 ( ) : 1865 ..65
-- :1. .2. .3. .4. . " " ELCB . " " MCB . " " ELCB 66 -- electric
field , magnetic field (electric field) (magnetic field) (magnetic
field) electric field) 67 -- 90 V=Vmcos(wt) I(t)=imsin(wt) 90
I(t)=-imsin(wt)I(t)=imcos(wt+90)68 -- short (open circuit) 69 --
(KNEE POINT) . (KNEE POINT) .70 -- fuse&CB CB FUSE FUSE &CB
( PROTECTION COORDINATION)71 -- Faults Fault In Electrical Power
System:1- Multi-phase Short Circuit "High Current will flowa-
Balanced three phase Faultb- Single Phase - to - ground Faultc-
Double phase to ground Faultd- Phase to phase Fault Single Phase -
to - ground Fault 80 % .
\ 1
