cu. chu unhin liu phn lc ch chim khong 6%th trngdu m. Sau y l mt s yu cu phm cht v cc i lng k thut cn c ca nhin liu phn lc:i lng (phng php xc nh)Gi tr

v dngTrong sut, sng

Tr s axit (ASTM D3242)0,015 mgKOH/g

Olefin (ASTM D1319) 5%V

Aromatic (ASTM D1319) 20%V

Lu hunh tng (ASTM D 1266) 0,30%

Lu hunh mercaptan (ASTM D 3227) 0,002%

Doctor test (ASTM D 235)Khng

ng chng ct (ASTM D 86)T10 204 C; T100 300 C

Nhit chp la (ASTM D 3828) 38 C

Khi lng ring 15 C (ASTM D1298)0,775 0,840 g/ml

Nhit chy (ASTM D 2386) -47 C

nht -20 C (ASTM D 445) 8cSt

Nhit chy di (ASTM D 2382) 42,8kJ/g

im khi (ASTM D 1322) 25mm

Tr s pht sng (ASTM D 1740) 45

n mn tm ng (ASTM D 130)2 gi 100 C, 1

bn oxy ho nhit (ASTM D 3214)P 25,0mmHg

Gm thc t (ASTM D 381) 7mg/100ml

Lng nc cho php (ASTM D 1094) 1b

dn in (ASTM D 2624)50-450 pS/m

Ch thch: ASTM: Phng php xc nh ch tiu tiu chun ca M ng c phn lc (CPL)lng c nhitto ra lc y theo nguyn l phn lc. Trong , c s bin ith nngnhin liu thnhng nngdng phn lc cami cht lm vic. Nh vy, CPL hot ng theo nguyn l canh lut ba Newton(i vi mi lc tc ng bao gi cng c mt phn lc cng ln, ni cch khc, cc lc tng tc gia hai vt bao gi cng l nhng cp lc cng ln, cng phng, ngc chiu v khc im t.). CPL c s dng rng ri trongmy bay phn lc,tn la, xe tng, tu thy v ccthit b v tr. CPL c hai loi c bn lng c phn lc khng khvng c tn la. Tuy nhin, trong Ting Vit, khi ni n CPL th li hay b hiu ngay lng c phn lc khng khdng trong ccmy bay phn lcv iu ny l khng ng. Mt CPL thng thng cbung chyvloa pht. Trong bung chy, xy ra qu trnh gii phng ha nng ca nhin liu v bin i n thnh nhit nng ca dng kh. Trong loa pht, th nng ca dng kh c bin i thnh ng nng ca n vi vn tc ln hn rt nhiu v kh dng kh c pht ra sau khi ra khi loa pht s to thnh lc y phn lc. Dng loa pht ph bin ngy nay ng dng trong cc ng c phn lc lLoa pht Laval.Xng my bayl nhin liu cch s ctancao, c s dng cho cc my bay, cng nh trong qu kh l cc t ua. Xng my bay trongting Anhc vit tt lAvgas- vit tt caAviation gasoline) phn bit vixng Mogas(vit tt caMotor gasoline) l cc loi xng s dng hng ngy cho t,xe my. Xng my bay ch c s dng trong cc my bay c s dngng c t trong, cc my bay phn lc v ccng c tuc bins dngkrsinlm nhin liu.Mc lc[n] 1Thuc tnh 2Chuyn i 3Tiu th 4Xem thm 5Lin kt ngoiThuc tnh[sa]Xng my bay c tnh bay hi thp hn so vixng Mogasv khng bay hi nhanh, y l thuc tnh quan trng s dng cccao ln. Nhng hn hp xng my bay ngy nay s dng cng ging nh khi chng ln u tin c s dng trong nhng nm khong 1950 - 1960. Ch s ctan cao thu c l nh s b sung catetraetyl ch(vit tt ting Anh: TEL), mt cht tng i c b ngng s dng cho t phn ln cc nc trong nhng nm 1980. Thnh phn du m chnh c s dng trong pha trn xng my bay lalkylat, n l hn hp ca cc loiizctankhc nhau, v mt s cc nh my lc du s dng creformat.Xng my bay hin nay c vi loi vi s phn bit theo nng chcc i trong xng. Do TEL l mt ph gia kh t, mt lng cc tiu ca n thng thng c thm vo nhin liu n t ch s ctan yu cu, v th thng thng trn thc t nng ca n thp hn mc cc i. Avgas 80/87: c t ch nht, cc i l 0,5gamch trn 1galng M, v n c s dng trong cc ng c ct s nnrt thp. Avgas 100/130: l xng my bay c ch s ctan cao hn, cha ti a 4 gam ch trn 1 galng M, hay 1,12 gam/lt. Avgas 100LL: cha ti a 2 gam ch trn mt galng M, hay 0,56 gam/lt, v l xng my bay ph bin nht. 100LL (LL trong ting Anh lt ch) c to ra thay th cho Avgas 100/130.Trong qu kh, cc loi xng my bay khc cng c s dng trong qun s, chng hn nhAvgas 115/145. Lu rng ch s ctan ca xng my bay khng th so snh trc tip vi cc ch s ctan ca xng Mogas, do cc ng c th nghim v phng php th c s dng xc nh ch s ny trong hai trng hp l khc nhau. i vi xng my bay, s u tin (nh hn) lcp trn ngho, v s th hai (ln hn) lcp trn giu. i vi xng Mogas, ch s "ctan" thng thng c biu din nh lch s chng n, n l trung bnh ca ch s ctan, da trn cc nghin cu v phng php th ng c, hay (IR+IM)/2. h tr phi cng xc nh nhin liu trong my bay ca h, cc cht nhum mu c thm vo nhin liu. 80/87 c mu , 100/130 c mu xanh lc, v 100LL c mu lam, trong khi nhin liu my bay phn lc, JET A1, l trong sut hay vng nht th khng c nhum mu.Chuyn i[sa]Rt nhiung c my baycahng khng dn dngc thit k hot ng vi ch s ctan 80/87, xp x bng tiu chun cho t ngy nay. Vic chuyn i trc tip sang hot ng bng nhin liu t l tng i ph bin v c p dng thng qua quy trnhchng nhn b sung dng(STC). Tuy nhin, cc hp kim s dng trong cc kt cu ng c my bay l qu c v ng c b mn cc van l vn tim n trong vic chuyn sang dng xng Mogas. Rt may l lch s ca cc ng c chuyn i sang Mogas chng minh rng rt t cc vn v ng c xy ra khi dng xng Mogas. Vn ln hn pht sinh ra t khong p sut hi cho php qu rng ca xng Mogas v t ra mt s ri ro cho nhng ngi s dng trong hng khng nu s cn nhc trong thit k h thng nhin liu khng c xem xt k. Xng Mogas c th bay hi trong cc ng ng dn xng v sinh rakha hi(cc bong bng kh trong ng dn) lm cho ng c thiu xng. iu ny khng phi l chng ngi khng th vt qua c, nhng yu cu n thun l kim tra k lng h thng cung cp xng m bo vic che chn hp l, trnh nhit cao v s tn ti ca p sut va v s lu thng trong ng dn xng.Ngoi vn v kha hi, xng Mogas khng c cc cht theo di cht lng nh xng my bay. gii quyt vn ny, mt loi nhin liu my bay c bit n nh l 82UL c gii thiu. Nhin liu ny thc cht l xng Mogas c b sung cht theo di cht lng v hn ch cc ph gia thm vo.Tiu th[sa]Nhng nh tiu th ln ca xng my bay ngy nay nm Bc M,c,Brasilvchu Phi(ch yu lNam Phi). Cn rt t ngun cung cp ngoi nc M.chu u, xng my bay c gi qu cao v th ton b ngnh hng khng dn dng ang dn chuyn sang s dngdu diesel, l nhin liu r tin hn, ph bin hn v c mt s u im1. 3A - 3DARRAY Sao chp thnh dy trong 3D2. 3DO -3DORBIT Xoay i tng trong khng gian 3D3. 3F - 3DFACE To mt 3D4. 3P - 3DPOLY V ng PLine khng gian 3 chiu

A5. A - ARC V cung trn7. AA - AREA Tnh din tch v chu vi 18. AL - ALIGN Di chuyn, xoay, scale10. AR - ARRAY Sao chp i tng thnh dy trong 2D11. ATT - ATTDEF nh ngha thuc tnh13. ATE - ATTEDIT Hiu chnh thuc tnh ca Block

B14. B - BLOCK To Block15. BO - BOUNDARY To a tuyn kn16. BR - BREAK Xn 1 phn on thng gia 2 im chn

C17. C - CIRCLE V ng trn18. CH - PROPERTIES Hiu chnh tnh cht ca i tng20. CHA - ChaMFER Vt mp cc cnh22. CO, CP - COPY Sao chp i tng

D23. D - DIMSTYLE To kiu kch thc24. DAL - DIMALIGNED Ghi kch thc xin25. DAN - DIMANGULAR Ghi kch thc gc26. DBA - DIMBASELINE Ghi kch thc song song28. DCO - DIMCONTINUE Ghi kch thc ni tip29. DDI - DIMDIAMETER Ghi kch thc ng knh30. DED - DIMEDIT Chnh sa kch thc31. DI - DIST o khong cch v gc gia 2 im32. DIV - DIVIDE Chia i tng thnh cc phn bng nhau33. DLI - DIMLINEAR Ghi kch thc thng ng hay nm ngang34. DO - DONUT V hnh vnh khn35. DOR - DIMORDINATE Ta im38. DRA - DIMRADIU Ghi kch thc bn knh40. DT - DTEXT Ghi vn bn

E42. E - ERASE Xo i tng43. ED - DDEDIT Hiu chnh kch thc44. EL - ELLIPSE V elip45. EX - EXTEND Ko di i tng46. EXIT - QUIT Thot khi chng trnh48. EXT - EXTRUDE To khi t hnh 2D

F49. F - FILLET To gc ln/ Bo trn gc50. FI - FILTER Chn lc i tng theo thuc tnh

H54. H - BHATCH V mt ct55. H - HATCH V mt ct56. HE - HATCHEDIT Hiu chnh mat cat57. HI - HIDE To li m hnh 3D vi cc ng b khut

I58. I - INSERT Chn khi59. I -INSERT Chnh sa khi c chn66. IN - INTERSECT To ra phn giao ca 2 i tng

L69. L- LINE V ng thng70. LA - LAYER To lp v cc thuc tnh71. LA - LAYER Hiu chnh thuc tnh ca layer72. LE - LEADER To ng dn ch thch73. LEN - LENGTHEN Ko di/ thu ngn i tng vi chiu di cho trc75. LW - LWEIGHT Khai bo hay thay i chiu dy nt v76. LO LAYOUT Tao layout77. LT - LINETYPE Hin th hp thoi to v xc lp cc kiu ng78. LTS - LTSCALE Xc lp t l ng nt

M79. M - MOVE Di chuyn i tng c chn80. MA - MATCHPROP Sao chp cc thuc tnh t 1 i tng ny sang 1 hay nhiu i t-ng khc82. MI - MIRROR Ly i xng quanh 1 trc83. ML - MLINE To ra cc ng song song84. MO - PROPERTIES Hiu chnh cc thuc tnh85. MS - MSPACE Chuyn t khng gian giy sang khng gian m hnh86. MT - MTEXT To ra 1 on vn bn87. MV - MVIEW To ra ca s ng

O88. O - OFFSET Sao chp song song

P91. P - PAN Di chuyn c bn v92. P - PAN Di chuyn c bn v t im 1 sang im th 294. PE - PEDIT Chnh sa cc a tuyn95. PL - PLINE V a tuyn96. PO - POINT V im97. POL - POLYGON V a gic u khp kn101. PS - PSPACE Chuyn t khng gian m hnh sang khng gian giy

R103. R - REDRAW Lm ti li mn hnh107. REC - RECTANGLE V hnh ch nht108. REG- REGION To min110. REV - REVOLVE To khi 3D trn xoay112. RO - ROTATE Xoay cc i tng c chn xung quanh 1 im114. RR - RENDER Hin th vt liu, cy cnh, n,i tng

S115. S - StrETCH Ko di/ thu ngn/ tp hp i tng116. SC - SCALE Phng to, thu nh theo t l120. SHA - SHADE T bong i tng 3D121. SL - SLICE Ct khi 3D123. SO - SOLID To ra cc a tuyn c th c t y125. SPL - SPLINE V ng cong bt k126. SPE - SPLINEDIT Hiu chnh spline127. ST - STYLE To cc kiu ghi vn bn

128. SU - SUBTRACT Php tr khi

T129. T - MTEXT To ra 1 on vn bn131. TH - THICKNESS To dy cho i tng135. TOR - TORUS V Xuyn136. TR - TRIM Ct xn i tng

U139. UN - UNITS nh n v bn v140. UNI - UNION Php cng khi

V142. VP - DDVPOINT Xc lp hng xem 3 chiu

W145. WE - WEDGE V hnh nm/chm

X146. X- EXPLODE Phn r i tng151. XR - XREF Tham chiu ngoi vo cc File bn v

Z152. Z - ZOOM Phng to-Thu nh

to ra phm tt cho 1 lnh no ta thc hin nh sau:

Vo menu Tool - chn Customize - Edit program parameters (ti y th cc bn cng s thy danh sch lnh tt)Vd : Lnh COPY : lnh tt l CO/CP by gi mun i ch khc : OC/PC chng hn (lu l khng c trng vi cc lnh c)- th tm dng lnh COPY trong danh sch - xa CO/CP - thay bng OP/PC - sau Save - dng lnh Command: g lnh REINIT - CHN pgp FILE - OKLc ny bn g OC/PC l lnh copy.

Rt cng tay!!! ng c tuc bin phn lc(ting Anh-Turbojet engine, vit tt -TurboJet;ting Nga- , vit tt -) l kiu c nht cang c phn lcni chung v n ngy nay vn tip tc s dng, pht trin. Hai k s,Frank WhittleAnh QucvHans von Ohainc, c lp pht trin khi nim v loi ng c ny t cui thp k1930. My bay chin u, c trang b ng c phn lc, ln u tin c a vo s dng nm1944, giai on cuiChin tranh th gii th hai.Mt ng c turbin phn lc thng c dng lm ng c y chomy bay. Khng kh c a vo bn trong nhng my nn quay thng qua ca ht kh v c nn ti p sut cao trc khi i vo bung t. y khng kh trn vinhin liuv c t chy. Qu trnhchyny khin nhit kh tng ln rt nhiu. Cc sn phm chy nhit cao thot ra khi bung t v chy quaturbin lm quay my nn. D qu trnh ny lm gim nhit v p sut kh thot ra khi turbin, th nhng tham s ca chng vn vt cao hn so vi iu kin bn ngoi. Lung kh bn trong turbin thot ra ngoi thng qua ng thot kh, to ra mt lc y phn lc ngc chiu. Nu tc phn lc vt qu tc bay, my bay s c clc ytin v pha trc. Tc lung kh pht ni chung ph thuc vo tc bay, y cng l l do cc my bay mun c tc vt m, hin nay phi s dng loi ng c ny. Cc ng ctuabin phn lcto c vng quay ln, nhit lm vic cao nn i hi cng ngh ch to c bit.Mc lc[n] 1Ca ht gi 2My nn 3Bung t 4Turbin 5ng thot kh 6Lc y thc 7T l lc y trn nng lng 8Nhng ci tin chu trnh hot ng 9Ngun 10Xem thmCa ht gi[sa]

An animation of an axial compressor. The darker colored blades are the stators.

Biu th hin hot ng lung li tm ca mt ng c turbin phn lc. My nn hot ng nh giai on turbin v y kh i nhanh hn, buc n phi chy song song vi trc y.

Biu th hin hot ng ca dng kh quanh trc trong ng c turbin phn lc. y, my nn cng hot ng nh turbin, nhng dng kh vn song song vi trc y.Pha trc my nn l ca ht gi (hay ca vo), n c thit k ht c cng nhiu khng kh cng tt. Sau khi qua ca ht gi, khng kh i vo h thng nn.My nn[sa]My nn quay tc rt cao, lm tngnng lngcho dng kh, cng lc nn kh li khin n tngp sutvnhit .i vi hu ht cc my bay dng ng c phn lc turbin,khng kh nnc ly t my nn trong nhiu giai on phc v cc mc ch khc nh iu ha khng kh/iu ha p sut, chng ng bng ca ht kh, v nhiu vic khc.C nhiu kiu my nn c dng cho my bay ng c phn lc turbin vturbin khni chung: trc, ly tm, trc-ly tm, ly tm i, vn vn.Cc my nn giai on u c t l nn tng th mc thp 5:1 (tng t mc ca a s ccng c phv my bay ng c turbin phn lc loi nh ngy nay). Nhng ci tin kh c lc sau ny cho php cc my bay dng ng c turbin phn lc ngy nay t t l nn tng th mc 15:1 hay cao hn. So snh vi cc ng cphn lc cnh qut y)dn dng hin nay c t l nn tng th ln ti 44:1 hay cao hn.Sau khi i ra khi b phn nn, khng kh nn vo trong bung t.Bung t[sa]Qu trnh t bn trong bung t khc rt nhiu so vi qu trnh t trongng c piston. Trong mt ng c piston kh chy b hn ch khi lng nh, khi nhin liu chy, p sut tng ln t ngt. Trong mt ng c turbin phn lc, hn hp khng kh v nhin liu, khng hn ch, i quabung t. Khi hn hp chy, nhit ca n tng t ngt, p lc trn thc t gim i vi phn trm.Ni chi tit, hn hp khng kh-nhin liu phi c ngn li mc hu nh dng hn m bo tn ti mt ngnlachy n nh, qu trnh ny din ra ngay u bung t. V cha ti 25% khng kh tham gia vo qu trnh chy, mt s loi ng c t l ny ch t mc 12% phn cn li ng vai tr d tr hp thu nhit ta ra t qu trnh t nhin liu. Mt khc bit na gia ng c piston v ng c phn lc l nhit nh im trong ng c piston ch din ra trong khonh khc, trong mt phn nh ca ton b qu trnh. Bung t trong mt ng c phn lc lun t mc nhit nh v c th lm chy lp v ngoi. V th ch mt li gia ca dng kh c trn vi nhin liu m bo chy thc s. V ngoi c thit k vi hnh dng sao cho lun c mt lp khng kh sch khng chy nm gia b mt kim loi v nhn gia. Lp khng kh khng chy ny c trn vi cc kh chy lm nhit gim xung mc turbin c th chu ng c. Mt im quan trng khc l ng c turbine, qu trnh nh la ca bugi ch xy ra trong qu trnh khi ng, v ngn la c duy tr bi chnh n trong sut qu trnh hot ng.Turbin[sa]Bi chi tit:Turbine

Cnh turbine trong mt ng c mKh nng ra khi bung t c hng chy qua cc l turbine lm quay turbine. V mt kh ng cc l turbine c c cu to gn ging nh cc l my nn nhng ch c hai hoc ba tng v bn cht hon ton ngc vi my nn. Kh nng qua turbine gin n sinh cng lm quay cc tng turbine. Turbine quay s ko quay my nn. Mt phn nng lng quay ca turbine c tch ra cung cp cho cc ph kin nh bm nhin liu, du, thy lc...ng thot kh[sa]Sau turbin, kh chy thot ra ngoi qua ng thot kh to ra mt tc phn lc ln. ng thot kh hi t, cc ng dn hp dn dn ti ming thot. T l p lc ng thot kh ca mt ng c phn lc thng ln khin kh t tc Mach 1.0.Tuy nhin, nu c lp mt ng thot kh kiu hi t-phn r "de Laval", vng phn r cho php kh nng t ti tc siu thanh (vt m) ngay bn trong chnh ng thot kh. Cch ny c hiu sut lc y hi ln hn s dng ng thot kh hi t. Tuy nhin, n li lm tng trng lng v phc tp ca ng c.Lc y thc[sa]Di y l mt phng trnh gn ng tnh ton lc y thc ca mt ng c phn lc:

khi:khi lng dng kh votc phn lc pht trin ht c (in the exhaust plume)tc bay ca my bayTrong khith hin tng lc y ca ng thot kh,th hin the ram drag ca ca ht gi. R rng tc phn lc phi vt qu tc bay nu c mt lc y thc vo thn my bay.lp lun ny nghe m h qu. cn g phi xt ti tc bay nh. tc bay l ca my bay so vi mi trng quanh n(tm cho l c nh)cn xt tc dng kh pht phn lc so vi chnh my bay ch c so vi mi trng ngoi u nh. hy tin rng vn c lc y thc ngay c khi m tc my bay (so vi 1 im c nh trn mt t) bng hoc cao hn tc kh pht ra -so vi chnh my bay, cn so vi mt t th dng kh c th nh l ng yn hoc "tri" chm chm cng chng saoT l lc y trn nng lng[sa]Mt ng c turbin phn lc n gin to ra lc y gn: 2.5 pounds lc trn sc nga (15mN/W). Trong khi th hin tng lc y ca ng thot kh, th hin the ram drag ca ca ht gi. R rng tc phn lc phi vt qu tc bay mi c mt lc y thc vo thn my bayNhng ci tin chu trnh hot ng[sa]Vic tng t s nn chung ca h nn, nhng dn n vic ri nhit ln hn trn h thng tua-bin, nhit vi phun khng b nh hng bi v lng nhit nh nhau c thm vo h thng. Tuy nhin vic lm tng p sut vi phun, bi v t s p sut chung tng nhanh hn t s gin n ca tua-bin. Kt qu l tng lc y trong khi thiu hao nhin liu (nhin liu/lc y) gim. thng nn lm tng nhit u vo bung t. V vy, vi mt lu lng kh v nhin liu c nh, cng lm tng nhit u vo tua-bin. Tuy nhit tng ln cao hn qua myDo ng c phn lc tng p (turbojets) c th ch to s dng nhin liu hiu qu hn bng cch tng tng ng c t s p sut chung v nhit u vo tua-bin. Tuy vy, vt liu tua bin phi tt hn v/hoc phi ci thin lm mt cnh qut/cnh lng mng tua bin ph hp vi vic tng c nhit u vo tua bin v nhit kh nn u ra ca my nn. Cui cng vic tng p i hi vt liu ch to my nn phi tt hn.Cc ng c ban u ca ngi c gp cc vn nghim trng v iu khin nhit u vo tua-bin. Cc ng c ban u ca h trung bnh ch hot ng khong 10 gi l hng; Thng l cc cnh lng mng bng kim loi bay ra pha sau ng c khi tua-bin b qu nhit. Cc ng c ca Anh chu ng tt hn bi v vt liu tt hn. Ngi M c vt liu tt hn bi v h c tin cy vo b tng p siu np dng cho ng c my bay nm bom cao ln trong Th chin hai. Thi gian u, mt s ng c phn lc ca M kt hp kh nng phun nc vo ng c lm lnh lung kh nn trc khi t, thng l khi ct cnh. Nc lm cho vic t chy khng c hon ton v kt qu l ng c li hot ng lm mt ln na, nhng my bay ct cnh s li mt lung khi ln.Ngy nay, cc vn nh vy c kim sot tt hn, nhng nhit vn gii hn tc khng kh trong cc my bay vt ting ng (my bay siu thanh). Ti tc rt cao, vic nn khng kh u vo lm tng nhit n mc m cc cnh nn c th b nung chy. Ti tc thp hn, vt liu tt nht c tng ti nhit ti hn, v vic kim sot iu chnh nhin liu t ng lm cho vic ng c b qu nhit gn nh c loi tr[cndnngun].Nhin liu my bay phn lc l nhin liu trong ngnh hng khng c s dng cho cc my bay phn lc hay cc ng c phn lc (tuc bin).Nhin liu trong ngnh hng khng c hai loi phn bit r rng, l xng my bay (AvGas) cho cc ng c bn th v nhin liu cho my bay phn lc (JetGas) cho cc ng c ca my bay phn lc. V s nguy him trong vic nhm ln loi nhin liu (ch yu trong mi trng cc chuyn bay quc t a ngn ng), mt lot cc bin php phng nga c a ra phn bit hai loi nhin liu ny. Xng my bay c nh du r rng trn mi thng cha, v c phn phi t cc vi mu vi ng knh 40 milimt (49 milimt M). Ch tip liu ca cc my bay s dng ng c t trong c ng knh khng c php vt qu 60 milimt. Vi phn phi JetGas c ng knh ln hn 60 milimt.Nhin liu hng khng ni chung c cht lng cao hn cc nhin liu s dng trong cc ngnh khc t nguy him hn, chng hn nh trong vic cung cp nhit si hay vn ti ng b. nhiu nc, nhin liu s dng trong ngnh hng khng l mt hng chu biu thu khc so vi cc loi nhin liu khc.

Chng loi

C nhiu chng loi nhin liu phn lc dng cho cc loi my bay phn lc, cho my bay dn s hay qun s. Tn gi ca nhin liu phn lc khng ging nhau cc nc khc nhau. Thng dng nht l TRO (TR Turboreactor) hoc JP8 (JP Jet Propelled), JET A1. Nhin liu phn lc l mt hp phn gm cc hydrocacbon t C11-C18.Nhin liu my bay phn lc v mt thng mi c phn loi nh l JET A-1 (s dng ch yu), JET A (ch M) v JET B (s dng trong vng c kh hu lnh). Tt c cc nhin liu ny u l nhin liu trn c s du ha (krsin) vi mt s cc cht ph gia b sung:Tetraetyl ch (TEL) tng im bt la ca nhin liu.Cc cht chng xi ha ngn nga qu trnh gum ha.Cc cht chng tnh inCc cht c ch n mn.Cc cht chng ng bng.Cc ph gia sinh hc (bixt).Trong qun s, tn ti mt lot cc loi c bit ca nhin liu my bay phn lc.

Tnh cht

Nhin liu phn lc phi bm lin tc vo bung t sau khi qua mt h thng lc, ti n c trn ln, ho hi trong khng kh nng, b nn v chy lin tc to ra mt hn hp kh x chuyn ng nh hng v pha sau ng c lm quay tuc bin v thot ra thnh dng kh tc cao, y my bay v pha trc. C ch chy ca nhin liu phn lc khng i hi nhin liu phi c nhng phm cht cao ca xng. Nhng phm cht quan trng nht ca nhin liu phn lc c lin quan n kh nng bay hi, nhit chy, lu tnh, bn ho hc, tnh tng hp.

Lu tnh

Lu tnh ca nhin liu phn lc c ngha quan trng hn xng, v an ton ca my bay trong khng trung, v my bay thng bay cao khong 10km vi nhit m bn nm mi bch phn, thm ch -60 C, ngha l thng ng xng ca my bay phn lc khng siu m c th lnh n -30 n -40 C. Nhin liu phn lc phi gi c lu tnh cn thit nhit thp , c th phi c nhit ho c rt thp, c nht nh; mun th phi c t khi khng qu cao, cha rt t parafin nng, gn nh khng cha nc, v ho tan ca nc gim nhanh khi h nhit . C th:Khi lng ring: 0,775 0,840 g/ml nht -20 C: < 8cStT100: nh hn khong 300 CNhit ng bng: khong -50 C tr xung nhit m, nc ho tan c th kt tinh. Nhng tinh th nc c th lm tc b lc my bay. Vic hn ch lng nc c trong nhin liu kh hn vic lm tng tan ca nc, do lm gim nhit kt tinh nc. C th trnh bt s kt tinh nc bng cch dng cht ph gia chng nc kt tinh. Chng thng l cc cht lng chc te-ru dng hm lng nh hn 1500ppm nh tetrahydrfurfurol.

im khi

Mc d lm vic ch ngho, nhin liu vn c th chy khng hon ton, to mui than tch t trn cnh qut tuc bin, ng phun, lm cho ng c hot ng khng n nh, gy n, mi mn, gy nng ng c v s lch tm v bi cc tia nhit. S tn ti mui than nhit cao gy ra pht sng ln, lm mt nhit bi qu trnh bc x . Nh vy, nhin liu phn lc phi c tnh cht chy to t mui than. nh gi kh nng chy ngi ta dng i lng im khi v tr s pht sng. im khi (smoke point) cn c gi l chiu cao ngn la khng khi. l chiu cao, tnh bng milimt, ca ngn la khng khi o c nh mt n chuyn dng c tn l n im khi (smoke point lamp) theo tiu chun ASTM D1322.Ni chung hydrocacbon c t s H/C ln cho ngn la khng khi cao, ngha l ngn la t khi. Cc aromatic chy cho nhiu khi nht, cn cc parafin cho t khi hn c. Nhin liu phn lc cn c im khi ti thiu khong 25mm. V phng din ny, nhin liu c cng t aromatic, cng giu parafin cng tt.Tr s pht sng (luminometer number) l i lng c trng cho pht sng ca ngn la v c xc nh bng cch so snh vi ngn la ca hn hp tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphtalen) v isooctan vi quy c tr s pht sng ca chng ln lt l 0 v 100. Tr s pht sng cao cho bit nhin liu chy cho t khi. Tr s pht sng ca nhin liu phn lc nm trong khong 40-70. TRO c tr s pht sng l 45. Tr s pht sng c o trong vng quang ph xanh nh lc sng v t bo quang in. l mt i lng c dng ngy cng t.

bn xy ha

bn xy ho nhit l mt tnh cht cn ch , v nhin liu phn lc cn i qua nhng ch c nhit kh cao trong my bay, v d c dng lm cht lm lnh i vi du bi trn, lm cht lng truyn ng thu lc. my bay phn lc siu m, nhit bnh nhin liu nng ln khi bay. Nhit bnh nhin liu c th t 350 C, khi my bay c tc Mach 3,5 (1 Mach bng tc m thanh trong khng kh). nhit cao, khi c mt oxy, mt s hydrocacbon c bit l olefin, gm, mercaptan b oxy ho, to ra nhng cht t tan v d tch ra dng kt ta rn hoc dng gm c hi.K thut nh gi bn oxy ha nhit ph bin nht l Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT), v d theo ASTM D3241. Mu c dn vo mt ng bng nhm nng ti 260 C di p sut 34,5bar. Sau 150 pht, o gim p khi cho mu qua mt tm lc c cc l kch thc 17micron. Nhin liu JET A1 c gim p nh hn 33 mbar. Ngi ta cng dng phng php o lng gm v kt ta to ra khi gi mu nhin liu vo bom di p sut oxy 7 bar 100 C trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Nga ngi ta o lng nha (gm) thc t sau khi cho nhin liu bay hi trong dng khng kh; lng nha thc t phi khng vt qu 3-6 mg/100 cm3.Mt s hp cht d nguyn t c trong nhin liu c tc dng chng oxy ho cho nhin liu phn lc nhit thp. Tuy nhin trn 100 C chng khng cn l cht chng oxy ho nhit. C th tng bn xy ho nhit bng cch dng cht ph gia chng xy ho. Mt s ion kim loi lm gim bn oxy ho nhit c l v tnh xc tc ca chng.

Nhit chy

Bnh nhin liu my bay phn lc khng siu m c th thit k vi th tch khng qu hn ch, nn nhit chy khi lng l c trng c ch , trong khi ngi ta phi quan tm nhiu hn n nhit chy th tch cc my bay phn lc siu m, v y th tch bnh nhin liu phi cng nh cng tt. Nhit chy th tch cng ln, my bay c kh nng bay cng xa.

Kh nng bay hi

Kh nng bay hi ca nhin liu vn l mt tnh cht quan trng, nhng khng b gii hn mt cch nghim ngt, v khng kh thay i cu trc vt l ca ng c cho ph hp vi kh nng bay hi ca nhin liu. Chnh v th m vng nhit si ca nhin liu phn lc kh rng, khong 60-300 C. Mi loi ng c i hi mt nhin liu c vng nhit si hp hn. Nhit T10 c trng cho ch khi ng, T98 c trng cho kh nng chy hon ton. S tng kh nng bay hi gy nguy c to bng kh, gim nhit chy th tch, gim tnh bi trn, nhng lm qu trnh chy thun li hn.Nhin liu my bay (JET) c tnh k thut

Nhin liu phn lc (Jet Fuel) c dng cho my bay c s dng ng c phn lc kiu tuabin kh. ng c tuabin kh yu cu nhin liu c c tnh hon ton khc vi xng my bay.im khc nhau ln nht gia nhin liu phn lc v xng my bay l, i vi nhin liu phn lc, tr s octane khng cn quan trng na. Thay th vo , nhin liu phn lc phi c c tnh chy tt, nhit lng cao.1.Nguyn tc lm vic ca ng c phn lc:Tuabin chnh ch s dng mt phn ng nng ca sn phm chy bung t nhm lm quay tuabin-my nn, phn ng nng quan trng cn li s c gin n qua tuy-e ra ngoi vi tc rt ln, to nn mt phn lc tc ng ln ng c, y ng c tin ln pha trc. y l ng c phn lc tuabin.2.nh hng ca thnh phn hydrocacbon n qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong ng c phn lc:Nhin liu dng trong ng c phn lc c ch to t phn on kerosene hoc t hn hp gia phn on kerosene vi phn on xng.Yu cu ca nhin liu phn lc l d chy bt k iu kin p sut v nhit no, chy iu ha, khng b tt trong dng khng kh c tc xoy ln. V vy, thnh phn ca nhin liu cn c nhiu praphinic mch thng. m bo c nhit tr cao, nhin liu khng c cha nhiu thnh phn aromatic m ch yu l paraphin v naphten.Nhng an ton cho my bay hot ng cao ln, nhit thp cn hn ch phn paraphinic (d b kt tinh) cn tng cng thnh phn naphtenic nhiu vng. Cn phi ch n kh nng to cn, to cc ca nhin liu gy nh hng xu n tnh nng hot ng ca ng c. nh gi kh nng to cn, to cc ca nhin liu thng dng ch tiu chiu cao ngn la khng khi.Nhng thnh phn khng phi hydrocacbon cha trong nhin liu u c nh hng xu n tnh cht s dng ca nhin liu. Cc hp cht lu hunh khi chy to ra anhydric sulfure v anhydric sulfuric gy n mn nhit thp. Cc hp cht cacbon cn gy nn cn cacbon trong bung t ch yu nn in vi phun tuy-e. Cc hp cht oxy, nh axit naphtenic, phenol u lm tng kh nng n mn cc thng cha, ng dn nhin liu v cc sn phm to ra do n mn (cc mui kim loi ca axit naphtenic) li gp phn to cn to tro khi chy bm vo bung t.Cc hp cht nit lm nhin liu km n nh, bin mu ca nhin liu. Cc kim loi, nht l vanadi, natri nm trong sn phm chy nhit cao 650 8500C khi p vo cc tuabin s gy n mn hp kim hoc gy ph hoi cc chi tit tuabin. V vy, hm lng kim loi v tro trong nhin liu phi rt nh, khong vi phn triu.3.c tnh k thut v nh gi cht lng:Nhin liu phn lc ch yu c pha ch t thnh phn ct trc tip nn khng cha olephin. Lng cacbuahydro thm cng b hn ch, bi v chng chy khng sch, gy khi v to cn cacbon trong ng c. Cacbuahydro thm lm tng sng ca ngn la lm nh hng n tui th ca ng c ng thi lm gim phm cp ca cc chi tit lm bng cht do trong h thng nhin liu.Lu hunh:b hn ch trong nhin liu t 0,2 - 0,4% trng lng v hm lng S cao lm tng c xu hng to cn cacbon trong l t v s c mt ca oxit lu hunh trong kh t s gy n mn ng c. nh hng n mn ca hp cht S c kim tra bng phng php th n mn ng ASTM D130.Hp cht axit:S c mt ca cc hp cht axit nh phenol, naphthen axit c khng ch bi phng php th axit tng ASTM D974. to keo: nhim bn c cha oxy to keo c xc nh theo phng php ASTM D381.Ph gia:Trong nhin liu phn lc, ngi ta b sung rt nhiu loi ph gia: ph gia chng oxy ha tng n nh trong bo qun; ph gia chng n mn bo v b cha, ng dn; ph gia chng ng c; ph gia chng tnh in, gim nguy him v chy n gy ra do in tnh in; v mt s ph gia khc nh ph gia ngn chn s pht trin ca cc vi sinh; ph gia chng to khi; ph gia khng ch kch n; c tnh bay hi:c tnh bay hi th hin thnh phn ct, nhit bt chy, p sut hi bo ha. c tnh bay hi ca nhin liu Jet A1 khong si l 200 - 3000C. Yu cu nhit bay hi thp ca Jet A1 c kim tra bng im bt chy (min 380C ASTM D56) v mt s im ca thnh phn ct (10% v si cui ASTM D86).c tnh chy:c tnh chy c th hin nhit to bng (im bng), nht ca nhin liu. Nhin liu phn lc phi c im bng v c tnh bm chuyn c nhit thp c th chp nhn c. im bng ASTM D2386 v gii hn lin quan cho bit kh nng tch nhng tinh th hydrocacbon t nhin liu v lm tc vi phun bnh lc, ng dn nhin liu. nht (theo tiu chun ASTM D445) ca nhin liu nhit thp (-200C) l gii hn m bo rng dng nhin liu v p sut duy tr iu kin vn hnh. nht c th nh hng nhiu n c tnh bi trn ca nhin liu v tui th ca my bm nhin liu.c tnh chy:c tnh chy th hin im khi, tr s sng, hm lng cht thm, nhit tr, t trng ca nhin liu. Nhin liu phn lc cng loi c th c cht lng chy khc nhau, c o bng im khi, cn cacbon v bc x ngn la.-im khi c xc nh bng phng php th ASTM D1322-Tr s sng: l php o s pht x t nhit cao ca ngn la theo ASTM D1740-Hm lng cht thm: cht thm khi chy hay to khi, cn cacbon hoc mui nn thng hn ch cht thm c trong nhin liu.-Nhit tr: Nhin liu phn lc i hi nhit cao. Nhit tr ti thiu phi t l 42.8 MJ/kg (ASTM D4529, D3338, D4809). Nhit tr v t trng l c tnh quan trng ca nhin liu phn lc v n kim tra tng nhit lng ca mt nhin liu trn mt n v th tch hoc n v khi lng. Nhin liu c nhiu paraphin th nhit tr cao nhng t trng thp. bn nhit:Nhin liu phn lc phi p ng c bn vi phn ng oxy ha, phn ng to polime iu kin nhit vn hnh. bn nhit l mt c tnh quan trng ca Jet A1. bn nhit lin quan n to cn trong h thng nhin liu ng c v c o bng phng php th ASTM D3241 v JFTOT.c tnh vt l nhim bn:Nhng yu cu v sch v c cu chnh xc ca h thng nhin liu hin i i hi nhin liu phi khng c nc, khng b bn v nhim cc vt th l. iu i hi quy trnh tn cha v bo qun phi cht ch p ng c yu cu k thut.Kh nng tch nc:Do t trng v nht cao hn so vi xng my bay nn nhin liu phn lc c xu hng gi nc dng huyn ph lu hn. Kh nng tch hoc lu gi sng m nc dng huyn ph cn ph thuc vo s c mt ca vt bn b mt hot tnh (surfactants). S c mt ca surfactants cn lm hng tnh nng ca cc thit b tch nc t do. Nhng vt nc t do rt nh c th gy nhng nh hng xu ti vn hnh ng c phn lc theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Phn ng nc ti b mt c tin hnh xc nh theo phng php ASTM D1097. c tnh tch nc c xc nh theo phng php ASTM D3948.Tnh dn in:Vic tch v phng tnh in l mt vn trong tn cha v bo qun nhin liu phn lc. Cc ph gia a vo gii ta tnh in cng nhanh cng tt. c tnh dn in c hiu qu nht t 50 - 450 pS/m.

Xng my bay01:28' PM - Th hai,06/05/2013

Xng my bay l nhin liu c ch s ctan cao, c s dng cho cc my bay hoc dng cho t ua. Xng my bay (Aviation Gasoline - vit tt l Avgas) phn bit vi xng Mogas (vit tt ca Motor gasoline) l cc loi xng s dng hng ngy cho t, xe my. Xng my bay ch c s dng trong cc my bay c s dng ng c t trong, khc vi nhin liu dng cho cc my bay phn lc v cc ng c tuc bin s dng du ha lm nhin liu.Bm xng cho my bay (nh: helicopterwise.com)Thuc tnh

Xng my bay c tnh bay hi thp hn so vi xng Mogas v khng bay hi nhanh, y l thuc tnh quan trng s dng cc cao ln.

Ch s ctan cao thu c l nh s b sung ca tetraetyl ch (vit tt ting Anh: TEL), mt cht tng i c b ngng s dng cho t phn ln cc nc trong nhng nm 1980. Thnh phn du m chnh c s dng trong pha trn xng my bay l alkylat, n l hn hp ca cc loi izctan khc nhau, v mt s nh my lc du s dng c reformat.

Nhit lng ca xng my bay (hay cn gi l nhit chy) nh hng n nh mc tiu hao nhin liu v c ly bay ca my bay. Nhit chy cng cao th nh mc tiu hao nhin liu cng nh v c ly bay ca my bay cng ln. Nhit chy ti thiu ca xng my bay khng c nh hn 10.300 kcal/kg. Xng my bay c khong nhit chng ct 40180oC.

Cng ging nh xng ng c t, tnh chng kch n cho xng my bay l ch tiu ht sc quan trng v ch yu ca loi nhin liu ny. ng c my bay khi lm vic c hai qu trnh: qu trnh ct cnh bao gi cng phi s dng cng sut ti a, lng xng trong hn hp phi c tng ti a (gi l hn hp giu). Trong qu trnh bay, c lc ng c cng gim cng sut, lng xng gim (hn hp ngho). Tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu trong hn hp ngho c biu th bng tr s ctan. Tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu trong hn hp giu c biu th bng phm . Vic kim tra nghim ngt tnh chng kch n ca xng my bay theo 2 ch tiu ni trn (tr s ctan v phm ) s m bo cho nhin liu chy khng b kch n trong tt c cc ch hot ng ca ng c.

Phn loi

Xng my bay hin nay c vi loi vi s phn bit theo nng ch cc i trong xng. Do TEL l mt ph gia kh t, mt lng cc tiu ca n thng thng c thm vo nhin liu n t ch s ctan yu cu, v th thng thng trn thc t nng ca n thp hn mc cc i..

Hin xng Avgas c 3 loi:

Avgas 80/87:c t ch nht, cc i l 0,5 gam ch trn 1 galng M, v n c s dng trong cc ng c c t s nn rt thp. Avgas 100/130:l xng my bay c ch s ctan cao hn, cha ti a 4 gam ch trn 1 galng M, hay 1,12 gam/lt. Avgas 100LL:cha ti a 2 gam ch trn mt galng M, hay 0,56 gam/lt, v l xng my bay ph bin nht. 100LL (LL trong ting Anh l t ch) c to ra thay th cho Avgas 100/130.

h tr phn bit cc loi xng ny, cc cht nhum mu c thm vo nhin liu. 80/87 c mu , 100/130 c mu xanh lc, v 100LL c mu lam, trong khi nhin liu my bay phn lc, JET A1 th khng c nhum mu.

Tiu th

Nhng nh tiu th ln ca xng my bay ngy nay nm Bc M, c, Brasil v chu Phi (ch yu l Nam Phi). chu u, xng my bay c gi qu cao v th ton b ngnh hng khng dn dng ang dn chuyn sang s dng du diesel, l nhin liu r tin hn, ph bin hn v c mt s li th s dng trong hng khng. (Ngun:wikipedia.org, cyberchemvn.com, Ti liu Cc sn phm du m v ha du- Th.s Kiu nh Kim)Qun i M ang tin hnh hng lot th nghim nhm tin ti s dng nhin liu sinh hc trong mt tng lai gn.Cc th nghim ban uVo trung tun thng 11.2010, lc lng hi qun M ln u tin th nghim nhin liu sinh hc i vi my bay trc thng a nng Sikorsky MH-60S Seahawk - trang web Defense Aerosapce a tin. Th nghim c tin hnh ti cn c khng qun Patuxent River, bang Maryland, M. Chi tit v cuc th nghim ny khng c cng b, tuy nhin i din lc lng hi qun M tuyn b: Chuyn bay u tin ca Seahawk bng nhin liu sinh hc thnh cng.Thc ra, bnh cha nhin liu ca Seahawk trong chuyn bay th nghim nu trn va c xng va c nhin liu sinh hc, c trn theo t l 1:1. Nhin liu sinh hc c lm ra t nm mu hung, cc loi cy thuc h ci (khng s dng trong ba n ca con ngi). ng Philip Cullom - lnh o Ban nghin cu nhin liu ca hi qun M, cho bit: u th ch bin nhin liu sinh hc t nm mu hung l ch, loi thc vt ny d trng nn c th nui cy i tr trong cng nghip vi chi ph thp nht.Trc , vo thng 4.2010, lc lng hi qun M ln u tin th nghim chic tim kch Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet bng nhin liu sinh hc trn vi xng thng thng. Chic my bay ny bay vi tc 1.380 km/gi v bay c 45 pht. Nhn chung pha M nh gi kt qu th nghim l thnh cng.Thng 10.2009, B trng Hi qun M - ng Ray Mabus, tuyn b rng n nm 2020, th phn ca nhin liu sinh hc ca hi qun M s chim khng di 50% tng nhu cu nhin liu ca lc lng ny. Theo k hoch, n nm 2012 cn phi kt thc vic th nghim nhin liu sinh hc mi v ph chun chnh thc s dng n cho cc loi my bay v c cc loi tu chin ca lc lng hi qun M.Cn lu rng khng lc M cng ang tin hnh cc th nghim tng t, nhng phc tp hn. 50% l xng my bay thng thng, 25% l nhin liu t m tht b v 25% l nhin liu sinh hc ch t than. Vi loi my bay, trong c my bay vn ti Boeing C-17 Globemaster III th nghim loi nhin liu tng hp ny. Hin pha M ang hin thc ha chng trnh chuyn i my bay sang s dng loi nhin liu mi, cho php qun i tit kim chi ph ng k trong vic mua xng du. Khng lc M d tnh n nm 2016 s chuyn mt phn my bay phn lc v trc thng sang s dng nhin liu sinh hc.

HEMTT A3ch ngm cui cngV tng th, vic chuyn i sang cc loi nhin liu mi c M bt u tin hnh t cui nm 2009, khi m lc lng hi qun M chi ra 2,5 triu USD xy dng Trung tm nghin cu nhin liu hng khng - v tr (AFRF). Nhim v v chc nng ca AFRF l s nghin cu iu ch nhin liu t than , t thc vt v t hydrocacbon. Mt trong nhng yu cu chnh ca lc lng hi qun M i vi AFRF trong ch to nhin liu sinh hc l gi thnh v cht lng. Phi lm sao cho chi ph r m vn sn xut ra loi nhin liu hiu qu khng thua cc loi xng du hin nay.Hin vn cha r n bao gi AFRF mi chnh thc i vo hot ng. Bi trc , M d tnh trung tm ny s c xy dng hon tt vo ma h nm nay, nhng cho n gi c s ny vn cha c khai trng. Trong khi , M l mt trong nhng quc gia tiu th xng, du nhiu nht th gii. V ng nhin chi ph l rt ln. Trung bnh hng nm, khng lc M tiu tn gn 2,5 t thng xng du (tng ng 9,07 t lt). Nu chuyn i qua nhin liu sinh hc, s tit kim ng k cho ngn sch quc phng.

A-10 Thunderbolt II. nh: WikimediaBc u cc th nghim nhin liu sinh hc c cho l thnh cng v khng lc M hy vng vo nm 2016 s chuyn i mt phn my bay phn lc v trc thng sang s dng loi nhin liu r ny. Hin cha r bao gi ton b cc loi my bay s s dng nhin liu sinh hc, nhng v l thuyt tin ti giai on ny hn khng cn xa. Bi d thnh phn v t l nhin liu sinh hc i vi cc loi my bay tuy c khc nhau, nhng quy trnh dn c hon thin. Trong cc th nghim u tin, ch mt ng c dng nhin liu sinh hc, sau l 2 ng c. Trong ln th mi y nht vi Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, c 4 ng c u dng nhin liu sinh hc nhng chic my bay vn ti vn hot ng tt. Tuy th, vic th nghim cng c phn phc tp. Bi mi loi my bay phi tin hnh bay nhiu ln vi loi nhin liu mi c th xc nh n tc ng n ng c nh th no, lng khi thi ra sao, nhit v tc t chy nhin liu Tt c cc thng s ny hin vn c gi b mt, nn cha th c cc kt lun chnh thc v cng nng, tc dng ca nhin liu sinh hc.Trong cuc chy ua nhm tit kim nhin liu, b binh M cng khng ng ngoi cuc. Hin chic Humvee ca qun i c ci tin ng c hybrid, va s dng ng c xng, va s dng ng c in. Vo thng 10.2010, b binh M bt u th nghim chic xe vn ti HEMTT A3 ng c diesel v ng c in.Ngay c vi xe tng nh loi M-1 Abrams, M cng ci tin ci bin ngun nhin liu. Vo cui thng 6.2010, Trung tm khoa hc nghin cu xe tng (TARDEC) gii thiu loi thit b mi chuyn ha xng Jet Propellant 8 (JP-8) thnh kh hydro sinh ra in nng. Thit b ny trong tng lai s c gn c trn xe thit gip, xe li nc to ngun in b sung cho h thng computer, trung tm iu khin, cc b cm ng Vi dng tng Abrams ci tin, ng c AVCO Lycoming AGT-1500 dng gas kh tn km, v lng tiu th gp i so vi ng c diesel. V th, t thp nin 1990 n c gn thm ng c in h tr. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh th nghim, ng c in ny cha mang hiu qu cao, nn pha M chc chn s cn ci tin thm. nhn nh tng th v cc k hoch d n thay th xng, du thng thng bng nhin liu sinh hc ngay lc ny l khng th. Nhng cc cng ngh sinh hc ang dn c u t vo lnh vc quc phng. Chng hn, vi loi robot di nc hin c s dng nhin liu khng ha thch. Nhng trn ht, iu ch nhin liu sinh hc t thc vt va r li va thn thin vi mi trng. Tuy nhin lm th no c mt din tch ln trng i tr cc loi cy dng cho iu ch nhin liu sinh hc, p ng cho qun i M ang l bi ton nan gii. T tng n hin thc ha tng l mt khong cch ln. Cn trin khai nhng g hin thc ha mt cch su rng vo cng ng i khi l vic lm gn nh khng tng.Sn xut nhin liu my bay phn lc t thc vt

[ S ln xem: 137 ]

Cc nh nghin cu ca mt cng ty mi khi nghip ti Colorado, M, va chuyn ha nhng mu thc vt nh thnh nhin liu my bay phn lc, mt minh chng quan trng cho thy nhin liu nng lng cao c th c ch to mt cch hiu qu t cc ngun sinh khi d tha v ti to.

Cng ty Gevo bin i mt loi men c kh nng gp phn chuyn ha xenluloza c trong cc thanh g nh v rm ca thc vt thnh butanol, mt thnh phn ca xng du. Sau , cc nh nghin cu c th bin i butanol thnh nhin liu phn lc. ch to loi nhin liu sinh hc ny, vi khun hoc nm men s chuyn ha rm thc vt thnh ng, sau ng c ln men. Nm 2005, khi Gevo mi c thnh lp, cng ty tuyn b to ra c mt phng php chuyn ha ng t ng thnh butanol mt cch hiu qu cao bng cch ti lin kt cc tuyn enzym men. Gi y, cc nh nghin cu chn tuyn ln men butanol ca h vo loi men c bin i cho ph hp c th hot ng trong mi trng ng hn hp c hnh thnh t xenluloza rm thc vt.Do nn nhiu nng lng hn so vi cc nhin liu sinh hc th h u tin nh ethanol, nn butanol chy hiu qu hn. Mt li th na: mc d ethanol c th c pha trn thnh xng du vi nhng lng hn ch, nhng i vi butanol th khng c gii hn, do butanol l mt thnh phn ch cht ca xng du. Cu trc phn t ca butanol cho php n c chuyn ha mt cch vng chc thnh cc sn phm ha hc c tinh ch t cc nhin liu du m. V do butanol c s dng v vn chuyn d dng hn ethanol, n khng ht nc nh ethanol, nn c th vn chuyn d dng hn bng ng ng.Gevo cng pht trin mt cng ngh phn tch c o lm tng hiu sut ca quy trnh sn xut, quy trnh ny c th sn xut ra mt bin th ca butanol cn c gi l isobutanol. y tng l mt thch thc i vi vic chit xut nhin liu sinh hc t va ng ln men vi vi sinh vt trc khi n gy c cho sinh vt. Cng ngh ca Gevo thu thp mt cch nhanh chng isobutanol ngay khi n c sn sinh ra, cho php n c sn xut vi khi lng ln.

Nh my c vn hnh nngcng sutdn dn t ngy25 thng 2[4]d kin n thng 8 nm 2009 s t 100% cng sut sn xut ra cc sn phmkh ha lng(gas) LPG (900-1.000 tn/ngy)xngA90 (2.900-5.100 tn/ngy) v A92-95 (2.600-2.700 tn/ngy),du Diesel(7.000-9.000 tn/ngy), LPG v cc sn phm khc nhPropylene(320-460 tn/ngy), xng my bay Jet-A1 v nhin liu cho ng c phn lc (650-1.250 tn/ngy) v du t l F.O (1.000-1.100 tn/ngy). Trong giai on 1, nh my s ch bin du th t m Bch H v trong giai on 2, s ch bin du th tm Bch H(85) vdu chuatDubai(15%).[1][3] T chc Tiu chun ha quc t Hoa K (ASTM) mi y cng b bn sa i tiu chun quc t cho nhin liu hng khng v chnh thc cho php cc hng hng khng thng mi pha trn vo nhin liu thng thng cho my bay phn lc ti 50% t l nhin liu sinh hc.Loi nhin liu ti to ny c th c pha trn vi nhin liu thng thng dnh cho my bay phn lc thng mi v qun s thng qua p dng cc yu cu trong n bn mi pht hnh ca tiu chun ASTM D7566 k thut cho nhin liu turbine hng khng cha cc hydrocarbon tng hp.

British Airway mi y th nghim my bay dng nhin liu sinh hc.Hin ti, nhin liu sinh hc s dng pha trn vo nhin liu my bay phn lc c chit xut t cc sn phm cha du thc vt nh to, camelina, jatropha hoc t m ng vt.Nhng tiu chun mi c cng b ny s l tn hiu tt hi thc ngnh cng nghip nhiu liu sinh hc hng khng cn non tr y mnh sn xut sau nhiu th nghim trong thi gian qua.Vic s dng nhin liu sinh hc cng cho thy mt phn n lc ca cc nh khoa hc v cc nh sn xut cng nghip hng khng gim tc ng mi trng t my bay gy ra, cng nh ci thin c chi ph v gim ting n ng c.

Trung Quc tr thnh nc th 4 nm c cng ngh t ch nghin cu pht trin v sn xut nhin liu sinh hc hng khng tip sau M, Php v Phn Lan.

Tp on Ha du Trung Quc Sinopec tr thnh doanh nghip u tin nm c cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc hng khng Trung Quc.Theo Tn Hoa x, Tp on Ha du Trung Quc tuyn b, mt my bay Airbus A320 ca cng ty China Eastern Airlines np du la sinh hc hng khng ca tp on ny h cnh an ton xung Sn bay Quc t Hng Kiu Thng Hi sau chuyn bay 85 pht, iu ny nh du nhin liu sinh hc hng khng do Trung Quc t ch nghin cu pht trin v sn xut ln u tin bay th thnh cng cho my bay ch khch thng mi.Trc , Hng hng khng c Lufthansa tuyn b s chnh thc s dng nhin liu sinh hc cho cc my bay hng khng dn dng Airbus A321 bay theo l trnh Hamburg-Frankfurt. Lufthansa s l hng hng khng u tin trn th gii s dng loi cht t an ton vi mi trng ny thay cho nhin liu xng truyn thng. Nh vy, Nhin liu sinh hc l hn hp du ha sinh hc v du ha chuyn dng cho my bay theo t l 50/50. Nhin liu sinh hc chnh thc c cp chng nhn quc t s dng trong ngnh hng khng dn dng. Trc , ngnh hng khng dn dng th gii mi ch thc hin cc chuyn bay s dng nhin liu sinh hc dng th nghim, tc l khng ch hnh khch trn khoang.Cc hng hng khng M cng chnh thc cng b cam kt s dng nng lng sch. y l mt trong nhng bin php i ph vi mi e da v mt cuc chin tranh thng mi sau khi EU quyt nh bt cc hng vn chuyn hng khng phi tr thm chi ph v pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh.Vinapco nhp khu nhin liu hng khng Jet A-1 t cc nh my lc du ni ting v cht lng trong khu vc chu v nh my lc du Dung Qut, ng thi cung cp dch v tra np nhin liu cho my bay ca cc Hng hng khng ni a v Quc t c hot ng trong lnh th Vit Nam.1. Gii thiu chungVinapco nhp khu nhin liu hng khng Jet A-1 t cc nh my lc du ni ting v cht lng trong khu vc chu v nh my lc du Dung Qut, ng thi cung cp dch v tra np nhin liu cho my bay ca cc Hng hng khng ni a v Quc t c hot ng trong lnh th Vit Nam.Cht lng sn phm Jet A-1 ca VINAPCO p ng Tiu chun Quc gia TCVN 6426 v yu cu cht lng nhin liu hng khng dng cho h thng hot ng chung (AFQRJOS) do t chc quc t JIG (quy nh ca Hip hi cc nh cung ng nhin liu Hng khng) ban hnh. Tiu chun ny l tng hp ca hai tiu chun nghim ngt sau:a/ Tiu chun ca b quc phng Anh DEF STAN 91-91b/ Tiu chun ASTM D1655-06dc/ Sn lng tiu th Jet A1 bn cho khch quc t v ni a nh sau:

2. Kim sot cht lng nhin liu hng khng2.1. Phng Th nghimTrc khi cung cp cho khch hng, cht lng nhin liu Jet A-1 c kim sot cht ch theo ng cc quy nh trong JIG c IATA (Hip hi Hng khng quc t) cng nhn. Hin nay, Vinapco c 3 phng Th nghim thuc 3 X nghip Xng du Hng khng Min Bc, X nghip Xng du Hng khng Min Trung, X nghip Xng du Hng khng Min Nam c cng nhn t tiu chun quc t ISO IEC 17025 vi s hiu ln lt Vilas 225, 226, 227. Nhn vin ca cc Phng Th nghim c o to c bn vi cc ch tiu kim tra theo ASTM D 156, ASTM D86, ASTM D3828, ASTM D1298, ASTM D2386, ASTM D130, ASTM D381, ASTM D3948, ASTM D2624...

Phng th nghim VINAPCO

2.2. H thng cng ngh kho b, xe tra np v xe vn ti2.2.1. H thng cng ngh kho bSong song vi vic kim sot cht ch cht lng nhin liu ti cc phng Th nghim. Cng tc u t cho cc kho cng u ngun tn cha nhin liu khi nhp khu v cng rt c quan tm. Hin ti Cng ty ang s dng cc kho cng sau:- Khu vc Min Bc: Kho cng nh V- Hi Phng, Kho cng Thng L - Hi Phng, Kho Hi Linh - Hi Phng.- Khu vc Min Trung: Kho K720 - Cam Ranh, kho K83- Khu vc Min Nam: Kho Nh B, Kho Ct LiTi cc kho cng u ngun, nhin liu c mua t cc nh cung ng ni ting trn th gii nh SHELL, SINOPEC t cc tu ch du chuyn dng c nhp ln cc b cha sau khi c kim tra cht lng ng theo cc quy trnh quy nh, s c vn chuyn v cc kho sn bay bi cc i xe vn ti ca X nghip Vn ti Xng du Hng khng ti c ba min Bc, Trung, Nam thuc Cng ty vi lc lng xe xitec chuyn dng cho nhin liu Jet A-1 v m bo cc tiu chun an ton ca Cc ng b Vit Nam, i ng li xe giu kinh nghim, c trang b y kin thc v ngnh xng du hng khng.Cc kho cha nhin liu hng khng ti cc sn bay Quc t v Quc ni c qun l bi cc X nghip Xng du Hng khng ti cc cc khu vc. Cc kho sn bay c cc bn cha v h thng cng ngh m bo cc yu cu theo quy nh ca Hip hi cc nh cung ng nhin liu Hng khng (JIG). Kho cha thng xuyn c nng cp v cc thit b ca bn cha v nng cao kh nng tn cha nhin liu. Hng nm, cc kho ny u c nh gi t yu cu bi cc hng Hng khng l khch hng ca Cng ty, cc t chc khc nh IATA, cc Hng khng Dn dng VN.Nhin liu trc khi nhp vo cc bn cha ti cc kho sn bay c qua h thng lc ngng tch theo tiu chun EI 1581 v c kim sot cht lng cht ch, th hin trong cc chng ch "Kim tra li" theo cc quy nh ti ph lc A12 ca JIG Issue 11. Trc khi cp vo xe i tra np cho my bay, nhin liu c qua h thng bu lc vi cc li lc theo tiu chun EI 1581 sau s cung ng cho my bay ca cc hng Hng khng trong nc v Quc t.Hin nay VINAPCO l C ng ca Cng ty C phn Thng mi Xng du Tn Sn Nht (TAPETCO) ang u t xy dng cng trnh H thng tip np nhin liu hng khng ti sn bay quc t Tn Sn Nht, bao gm cc bn cha nhin liu hng khng, trm tra np nhin liu v cc ng ng dn ngm. y l H thng tip np nhin liu hng khng s dng ng dn ngm u tin ti Vit Nam, c khi cng ngy 11/05/2012 v d kin s hon tt a vo vn hnh khai thc thc t vo thng 08/2013, gp phn hin i ho Sn bay quc t Tn Sn Nht.

Kho b

H thng ng ng kho2.2.2. Phng tin xe tra npHin nay, Cng ty ang s hu cc xe tra np c dung tch 5000 US GL v dung tch 10 000 US GL ca cc hng xe DALIM, GARSITE, cc xe tra np ca VINAPCO m bo cc yu cu theo quy nh ca Hip hi cc nh cung ng nhin liu Hng khng JIG.

Xe tra np ca Vinapco2.2.3. Phng tin vn tiCc phng tin vn ti xng du c dung tch t 12 m3 n 40 m3 ca VINAPCO u l xe chuyn dng dng cho nhin liu Jet A-1 ca cc hng HYUNDAI, TATA DAEWOO c phn b ti 3 khu vc Bc, Trung, Nam.

Dn xe vn ca Vinapco2.3. H thng qun l cht lng theo tiu chun ISO 9001-2008Bn cnh vic ci tin v u t hin i c s vt cht, Cng ty TNHH MTV Xng du Hng khng Vit Nam xy dng mt phng thc qun l mi, ph hp vi xu th ca thi i. l H thng qun l cht lng theo tiu chun ISO 9001-2000. c Cng ty xy dng t nm 2000 v c t chc QMS nh gi, cng nhn nm 2001. Vi phng chm: Cht lng, hiu qu, an ton, tho mn cc nhu cu ca khch hng l cam kt ca ton b cn b, cng nhn vin Cng ty TNHH MTV Xng du Hng Vit Nam khng nhm cung cp cho khch hng nhin liu hng khng t tiu chun cht lng Quc t, vi dch v tra np khng ngng c ci tin v lun tho mn mong i ca khch hng.T n nay, h thng qun l cht lng ca Cng ty vn duy tr hot ng theo tiu chun v ngy cng c n np, hiu qu thng qua cc cuc nh gi gim st nh k ca QMS. Nm 2009 Cng ty TNHH MTV Xng du Hng khng Vit Nam c t chc QMS nh gi, cng nhn h thng qun l cht lng theo tiu chun ISO 9001-2008. Hin nay h thng c p dng ti 03 X nghip XDHK Min Bc, Trung, Nam v X nghip Vn ti xng du hng khng (n v lm nhim v chuyn ch nhin liu hng khng t kho u ngun v cc kho sn bay) nhm khp kn vic qun l i vi nhin liu Jet A-1, t khu nhp khu n khi xut nhin liu ln my bay cho cc hng Hng khng.2.4. S quy trnh cung ng nhin liu Jet A-1

Hng khng: M a vo s dng nhin liu sinh hcPosted on 21 June 2013.

Cc hng hng khng M va chnh thc cng b cam kt s dng nng lng sch. Chuyn bay th nghim u tin din ra u Thng 11. y l mt trong nhng bin php i ph vi mi e da v mt cuc chin tranh thng mi sau khi EU quyt nh bt cc hng vn chuyn hng khng phi tr thm chi ph v pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh.u tin, Hng United Continental thng bo v chuyn bay khi hnh vo u Thng 11, i t Houston n Chicago s dng 60% nhin liu bnh thng v 40% nhin liu sinh hc lm t to.Alaska Airlines tip bc cng b danh sch 75 chuyn bay s dng 80% xng v 20% nhin liu sinh hc. Thay bng to, nhin liu c dng l du n qua s dng t cc ca hng n nhanh.ng Robert Ames, Ph ch tch Cng ty Dynamic Fuel, n v sn xut loi nhin liu sinh hc ny, cho bit: Cc loi du thc vt, du n qua s dng u c th lm nhin liu sinh hc. Mt trong nhng loi du n dng lm nhin liu my bay tt l m rn ca ca hiu Mac Donald.Ngi pht ngn ca Alaska Airlines, Bobbie Egan cho bit: Chng ti mun chng minh vic s dng nhin liu sinh hc bn vng trn cc chuyn bay xuyn lc a hay ni a l hon ton kh thi. Theo tnh ton ca Alaska Airlines, mi chuyn bay s dng nhin liu hn hp gia xng v nhin liu sinh hc s gim c 10% lng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh.Chi ph mua du n lm nhin liu cao gp 6 ln chi ph nhin liu my bay thng thng nn vic chuyn sang s dng loi nhin niu ny cc k tn km. Do vy, gim gi thnh, nhin liu sinh hc cn c sn xut rng ri vi s tham gia ca nhiu thnh phn kinh t.Dynamic Fuel l mt cng ty lin doanh gia hng thc phm Tyson, doanh nghip cung cp tht b, g v ln ln nht th gii cng vi Tp on Syntroleum nh sn xut duy nht nhin liu sinh hc ti M. Nh my ca h c xy dng v hot ng hn 1 nm vi cng sut hng nm l 75 triu gallon.Tuy nhin, nhiu chuyn gia cho rng, k c khi c du n qua s dng, M vn phi ph thuc vo nhp khu du m.Sau chuyn bay u Thng 11 ca United Continental, Solazyme cho bit, h hy vng t 2014, s bn c hn 20 triu gallon nhin liu sinh hc/nm. Gim c iu hnh ca lin doanh ny, Peter McDonald tuyn b: Nhin liu sinh hc bn vng, sn xut trn quy m ln vi mt mc gi kh thi s ng vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp nng lng cho nhng chuyn bay. Bobbie Egan cng cho bit, c cng hy vng ng thi ca Alaska Airlines s khuyn khch cc nh cung cp nhin liu sinh hc khc tham gia vo th trng nhm gim chi ph.Khng qun M cng ang ln k hoch th dng nhin liu pha trn cho khong 40 my bay trong hm i vo nm 2013. iu ny s khin phn cn li ca ngnh cng nghip ny cn nhc vic chuyn sang s dng nhin liu sch hnNhng chic my bay ca tng laiNasa yu cu nhng k s ch to my bay hng u th gii gii quyt vn nan gii nht trong vn chuyn thng mi: lm cch no c th bay sch hn, t ting n hn v s dng t nhin liu hn. Nhng mu my bay m h ngh ra c th to nn mt tiu chun mi cho my bay trong hai thp nin ti.Box Wing JetMy bay ch khch thng tiu th rt nhiu nhin liu. Mt chic Boeing 747 t chy khong 20 lt nhin liu cho mi dm bay, v khi m gi nhin liu tng s dn n gi v cng s tng. Cc k s Lockheed Martin pht trin m hnh my bay c cnh hnh hp nhm tm ra cch thc mi gim vic tiu th nhin liu m khng lm mt i hnh dng c bn hin ti ca my bay. Bng cch s dng cc vt liu nh c dng ch to cc my bay chin u F-22 v F-35, h thit k cnh my bay c cu hnh vng cung, thit k ny s lm tng t l ln thm 16%, nh vy, my bay c th bay xa hn, s dng t nhin liu hn m vn thch hp vi cc sn bay.

Box Wing JetH cng thay th ng c phn lc thng thng bng hai ng c phn lc mnh hn. Ging nh tt c cc ng c phn lc, chng s to ra lc y bng cch ht khng kh qua mt cnh qut trn mt trc ca ng c v t chy hn hp nhin liu - khng kh bn trong ng c. Vi cnh qut ln hn 40% so vi nhng cnh qut c s dng hin nay, ng c ca my bay cnh hnh hp c tc nhanh hn nhiu ln so vi tc ca ng c hin hnh. tc di tc m thanh, thit k ny tng hiu qu ng c ln thm 22%. Thm vo , vic tng cng tit kim nhin liu gip cho my bay hot ng hiu qu hn 50% so vi cc my bay thng thng. nng cnh c tng ln cng cho php phi cng thc hin h cnh d dng hn cc khu vc ng dn. Nhng thay i ny c th lm gim ting n v rt ngn on ng h cnh n 50%.Supersonic Green MachineThi i u tin ca vn chuyn thng mi bng my bay siu thanh kt thc vo ngy 26 thng 11 nm 2003, vi chuyn bay cui cng ca chic Concorde, mt chic my bay n o, khng hiu qu v gy nhim mi trng cao. Th nhng, gic m v mt chuyn bay xuyn quc gia trong vng ba gi vn cn , v trong nm 2010, cc nh thit k ti Lockheed Martin trnh by c my siu m xanh Mach 1,6. ng c ca my bay vi chu k bin i gip nng cao hiu qu bay bng cch chuyn sang ch phn lc thng thng trong qu trnh ct cnh v h cnh. Bung t c t vo ng c lm gim 75 % lng kh oxit nit gy nhim. Phn ui my bay hnh ch V ngc v ng c v tr di cnh my bay gn nh s loi b ting n ng c, vn l nguyn nhn dn n mt lnh cm cc chuyn bay ca chic Concorde.

Supersonic Green MachineVi thit k lm gim nh ting n do sng p sut khng kh kt hp vi cc sng xung kch ln to ra, ng Peter Coen, iu tra vin chnh cho cc d n siu m ti NASA cho bit: Ton b tng thit k lm gim s ting n l kim sot sc mnh, v tr v s tng tc ca sng xung kch. Thay v to ra ting n ln, my bay s to ra mt ting gm ging nh m thanh pht ra t mt my ht bi.SUGAR Volt

SUGAR VoltCch tt nht tit kim nhin liu my bay phn lc l tt ng c kh t. iu ch c th thc hin vi mt ngun nng lng thay th, nh pin v ng c in trong h thng ng c y ca chic SUGAR Volt. My bay s ly nng lng t nhin liu my bay phn lc v pin trong qu trnh ct cnh, nhng mt khi bay cao, phi cng c th chuyn sang ch bay hon ton bng in. ng thi, cc k s Boeing xem xt li ng c y v thit k cnh. ng Marty Bradley, nh nghin cu chnh ca d n Boeing cho bit: Bng cch lm cho cc cnh mng hn v m ln hn, bn c th to ra nhiu sc nng hn vi lc y t hn. Hai cnh my bay s c gp li phi cng c th h cnh cc sn bay tiu chun. Cnh my bay vi sc nng cao, h thng truyn ng kt hp xng v in; v ng c m hot ng hiu qu s gip cho SUGAR Volt hiu qu hn 55% so vi my bay thng thng. Chic my bay s gim 60% lng kh thi carbon oxit v 80% kh thi nit oxit.