Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
,yf;fpa eak;
Mrpupau;; topfhl;b
juk; 11
(2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk;; :www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
,yf;fpa eak;
Mrpupau;; topfhl;b
juk; 11
(2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk;; :www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
,yf;fpa eak;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; - 11
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.
ISBN
Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2016
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk;;; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
gjpg;G:
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ii
iii
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika> mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nju;r;rpikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2016Mk; Mz;bypUe;Jjuk; 1> 7> 11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ij milAk;nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l NgWfisAk;Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhftpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.
,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhdxUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy;midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.NkYk;> mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapy;mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; $wpaJ $wy;kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opepiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yTk; khztu;NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfisNkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau ; topfhl;bapw ; Gjpa tbtikg;GmwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk;cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk; tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fisAk;nghUj;jkhd tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fistpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;JntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tpKiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;
vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;j xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg; gz;gLj;jpg;
Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;
fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;>
trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapw; Nru;e;J
nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J
jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika
kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUjlit ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bfs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.
vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ
mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp
kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis mz;kpg;gjw;fhff;
fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr;
rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr;
nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $l
gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;>
Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy;> Njrpa epiyg; guPl;rfu;fshy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;ngWk;
milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy;
trjp nra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gplg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd
gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika
Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
gPlhjpgjp> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; :fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghl tpla MNyhrid : Nguhrpupau;> fyhepjp t. kNf];tud;
jiytu;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau;> fyhepjp Nf. tprhf&gd;
aho;.gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghzk;.
jpU.f.,uFgud;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
xYtpy;.
fyhepjp. =. gpurhe;jd;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.
nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkp
gzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
,izg;ghf;fk; : jpU. K.jahepjp
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpUkjp. eh.rPjud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
tsg; gq;fspg;G :nry;tp. khfpwpj;jh Ntjehafk;
rpNu\;l Mrpupau;> gk;gyg;gpl;b ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G.
fyhepjp. e. ,utPe;jpud;
tpupTiuahsu;> Mrpupau; fyhrhiy> k`ufk.
jpUkjp. ,. ujp NjtRe;juk;
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.
jpUkjp. j. epiwkjp
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>
tTdpah njw;F> tTdpah.
jpU.e.mUshde;jk; gpujpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> khj;jis.
[dhg;. vk;. k/W}g;
Mrpupau;> Gj;/ nfhj;jhd;jPT k.tp> nfhj;jhd;jPT.jpU. e.Nahfypq;fk;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> ,uj;jpdGup.
jpUkjp. j. khzpf;fuh[h
Mrpupia> nfh/ tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G - 13
v
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyfspy; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; njhFjpg; ghlq;fSs;
xd;whf ,Ue;JtUk; ‘,yf;fpa eak;’ vDk; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd;
gpd;dUk; mNj tpjkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 10 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf>
thunkhd;Wf;F %d;W ghlNtisfs; xJf;fg;gl;;Ls;sd. f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug;
guPl;irapy; 10 - 11 Mk; juq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
kjpg;gPl;il elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
10 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf> Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd;
gb gpujhdkhd ehd;F Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; ,yf;fpa eak; ghlj;Jf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lk;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa
mwpTWj;jy;fs; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
‘,yf;fpa eak;’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ> ghlq;fSk; mg;ghlq;fisg; gapYtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. ,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupaupd; gzp;fis
,yFgLj;Jk; nghUl;L> RUf;f tpsf;fq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. Mrpupau;fs; jkJ Mf;ftpay;
jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp> tFg;giwj; Njitapd;gb> mtw;iw NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;tNjhL> Gjpa nraw;ghLfisAk; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ‘,yf;fpa eak;’vDk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;ghLfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk;
ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjpy; khztiu topg;gLj;JtNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
mjw;fika juk; - 11 ‘,yf;fpa eak;’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwT
nra;jthW Nju;r;rpkpf;f> Gjpa cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,sQ; re;jjpapdiu
cUthf;Ftjw;F topfhl;LtNj ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
E}yhf;ff; FO
vi
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
01. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii
02. gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv
03. fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v
04. Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa
mwpTWj;jy;fs; vi
05. Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; viii
06. mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ix - x
07. ghlj;jpl;lk; xi
08. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly; 1-33
vii
Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd
Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;
jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis
epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l
tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa
fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G>
Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;
%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;
%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij
Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>
xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>
Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd
fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;
jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd
epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>
ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba
kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 jpnrk;gu;)
viii
mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa
,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
1. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;.tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>nrhe ;j tho ;t py ; jfty ; njhlu ;ghly ;njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;
2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>
EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>
jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd
jpwikfs;
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa
tpOkpaq;fs;
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
3. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL (r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;) njhlu;GWfpd;wd.
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;>cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
mf;fiwAk;
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>
fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpjtho;T
ix
ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;
mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>
nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;>
capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G
gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;
Ntiy nra;tjw ;Fk ; tho ;tjw ;Fk ; fUtpfisAk ;
njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;
Nghrpg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;
- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;
- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;
- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;
5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk; ehshe;j
tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;
nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;
cs;thq;fYk;
6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;Lg; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T
Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj
mDgtq;fs;
7. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” ; njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;
xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw
Clhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba
czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 jpnrk;gu;)
x
ghlj;jpl;lk;
xi
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;wy; NgWfs;tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl
Ntis
1.0 ,yf;fpaq;
fis eae;J>
fUj;Jf;fis
ntspg;gLj;J
thu;.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;
,yf;fpaq;fs;
1.1 ghlg;gFjpfis
<Lghl;LlDk;
Fuy; Vw;w ,wf;fj;
JlDk; thrpg;ghu;.
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fis thrpj;J eae;jtw;iwf;
$Wthu;.
• gilg;Gf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; Mrpupau; $w te;j tplaq;
fisAk; $Wthu;.
• gilg;Gf;fis tpku;rdk; nra;thu;.
- ifahsg;gl;l nkhopeil
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;
fisg; gFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.
- gbg;gpid
- mwf;fUj;J
- tpOkpak;
- eifr;Rit
- r%fg; ghu;it
• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fis thrpj;J eae;jtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• Mf;fj;jpd; cUt>cs;slf;fg; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidf; $Wthu;.
• ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;s rpwg;Gf;fisf;; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
- mzpfs;
- fw;gid
- tu;zid
- nkhop
- Mrpupau; $w te;j tplak;
- ifahsg;gl;l nkhopeil
• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;
fisg; gFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.
- gbg;gpid - mwf;fUj;J - tpOkpak;
- eifr;Rit - r%fg;ghu;it
04
ghlj;jpl;lk;
-
xii
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;wy; NgWfs;tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl
Ntis
1.2 gilg;Gfiseae;J> mjd;Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpf;fye;JiuahLthu;.
1.3 gilg;Gfs; %ykhfr%fj;ijAk; jhd;thOk; cyfj;ij -Ak; tpsq;fp> mitgw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisvLj;Jiug;ghu;.
1.4 tpku;rd Nehf;Fld;gilg;Gg; gw;wpafUj;Jf;fis Kd;
itg;ghu;.
• ciueil,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;,yf;fpaq;fs;
• ciueil,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;
,yf;fpaq;fs;
• ciueil,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;,yf;fpaq;fs;
• gilg;Gf;fis eag;ghu;.• gilg;Gf;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
- gilg;ghspapd; mDgt ntspg;ghL- ,urid ntspg;ghL
- r%f Nehf;F - tpOkpaq;fs;
• gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisg; gpd;tUkhWgFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.
- jdpkdpj ,ay;Gfs;- FLk;g cwTfs;
- r%f Clhl;lk;- cyfg;Nghf;F
- tpOkpaq;fs;
• tpku;rd Nehf;Fld; gilg;Gg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;. - ,yf;fpak; $w KidAk; fUj;Jf;fs; - jdpkdpj ,ay;Gfs;;> FLk;gk;> r%fk; gw;wpa ghu;it - ifahsg;gl;l cj;jpfs; - ghj;jpuq;fs; - nkhopeil
-
06
06
-
07
-
xi i i
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;wy; NgWfs;tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl
Ntis
2.1 gilg;Gf;fspy;
ntspg;gLk;
nkhopg; gpuNahfq;
fis ed;F
fpufpj;J tpil -
aspg;ghu;.
2.2 ghlg; gFjpapd;
Clhfg; ngw;w
nkhopahw;wiyg;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
3.1 gy;NtWgl;l
gilg;Gf;fis
Mu;tj;Jld;
thrpg;ghu;.
2.0 ,yf;fpaq; -
fisf; fw;W
nkhopahw;wiy
ntspg;gLj;J
thu;.
3.0 gy;NtWgl;l
gilg;Gf;fis
thrpg;gjd;
%ykhf
,yf;fpaj;juk;
tha;e;j
Mf;fq;fisg;
gilg;ghu;.
• gilg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpa nkhopg; gpuNahfq;fisj;
njhFj;Jf; $Wthu;.
- nrhy;yhl;rpfs;
- ghj;jpu kdTzu;Tfs;;
- mUk;gjq;fs;
- mzp;fs;
- Ngr;R tof;F> vOj;J tof;F
- fpis nkhop
• ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W> mtw;wpy; cs;s
nkhopeilia ,dq;fz;L gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
- nra;As; eil / trd eil
- Ngr;R tof;F> vOj;J tof;F
- fpis nkhop
- ghj;jpu kdTzu;Tfs;;
- mUk;gjq;fs;
- mzp;fs;
• gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw thrpg;ghu;.
- ftpij / nra;As;;- fij> rpWfij
- fl;Liu
- ehlfq;fs;
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;,yf;fpaq;fs;
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;,yf;fpaq;fs;
• ciueil,yf;fpaq;fs;
• ftpij / nra;As;;;
02
02
-
04
10
-
xiv
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; fw;wy; NgWfs;tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl
Ntis
4.0 ,yf;fpa
mDgtj;jpd;
%yk; tho;it
Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.
3.2 gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J
rpe;jpj;J> fye;Jiu-
ahb> jkJ Mu;tj; -
jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk;
fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk;;
Vw;Gila NtWgl;l
Mf;fq;fisg;
gilg;ghu;.
4.1 ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf
ntspg;gLk;
fUj;Jf;fisg;
gFj;J Nehf;Fthu;.
4.2 ,yf;fpaq;fs;
eilKiw
tho;f;ifNahL
njhlu;GgLkhw;iw
tpsf;Fthu;.
• ciueil,yf;fpaq;fs;
• ftpij / nra;As;;;
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;,yf;fpaq;fs;
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;
• nra;As;,yf;fpaq;fs;
• NtWgl;l Gjpa Mf;fq;fisg; gilf;f Kd;tUthu;.
- ftpij / nra;As;;;- fij / rpWfij
- fl;Liu
- ehlfq;fs;
• ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gFj;J
Nehf;Fthu;.
- mwf; fUj;Jf;fs; - gbg;gpidfs;
- tpOkpaq;fs; - r%fg; ghu;it
- eifr;Rit czu;T - tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;
- jj;Jtq;fs;
• ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fis
,dq;fz;L gpd;gw;Wthu;.
- mwf; fUj;Jf;fs; - gbg;gpidfs;
- tpOkpaq;fs; - r%fg; ghu;it
- eifr;Rit czu;T - tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;
- khDlNeak; - Gupe;Jzu;T
- nghWg;Gzu;T
-
07
05
-
08
65
04
xv
tpla cs;slf;fk;
01. nra;Al;;; gFjp - rpyg;gjpfhuk;: fhdy;tup - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
02. ciueilg; gFjp (rpWfij) njspT - [dhg;.K.g\Pu;
03. ciueilg;;; gFjp - fhye;NjhWk; mfk;
1. rq;f fhyk;
FWe;njhif - fgpyu;
2. rq;fkUtpa fhyk;
fhu; ehw;gJ - kJiuf; fz;zq; $j;jdhu;
3. gy;ytu; fhyk;
ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop -Mz;lhs;
4. Nrhou; fhyk;
esntz;gh - GfNoe;jpg;Gytu;
5. ehaf;fu; fhyk;
jdpg;;ghly; jpul;L - fhsNkfg;Gytu;
04. ciueilg; gFjp (fl;Liu) - Gfo;Ntl;il - m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd;
05. nra;Al;;; gFjp (ftpij) - NaR fpwp];J - kfhftp ghujpahu ;;
06. ciueilg; gFjp (fl;Liu) - kpd;kpdpfshy; xU Njhuzk;
ghl E}y; vOj;jhsu; FO
07. ciueilg; gFjp (rpWfij) - jPTkdpjd; - ghu;j;jpgd ;
08. nra;Al;; gFjp - jw;fhyf; ftpij:
m. ehisa Gul;rp
gpukps; (ju;kypq;fk; rptuhkypq;fk;)
M. ,Ug;G - jpUkhtstd;
,. J}u; - eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu;
<. xU fij- fp\;tu; e`Pj ;
(jkpohf;fk;: v];.tP.uh[Jiu)
09. ciueilg; gFjp (fl;Liu) - ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU tho;T
(ghYkNfe;jpuh gw;wpaJ)- m[ad; ghyh
10. nra;Al;; gFjp - nky;ypirg; ghly;:
m. X...tz;bf;fhuh... - ePyhtzd;
M. mofhd xU Nrhbf;fz;fs;
g]Py; fhupag;gu;
11. ciueilg; gFjp (ehlfk;) - etPd ehlfk;: tQ;rpau; fhz;lk;
gpusad; (rz;KfRe;juk; re;jpuNrfud;)
xvi
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw;
nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;
xvii
1
,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; gf;.
kl;lk;
Kjyhe; jtiz
01. 1.0 1.2 nra;Al;;; gFjp - fhdy;tup 03
02. 2.0 2.2 ciueilg; gFjp
(rpWfij) - njspT 05
03. 4.0 4.2 ciueilg;;; gFjp - fhye;NjhWk; mfk; 07
04. 1.0 1.1 ciueilg; gFjp
(fl;Liu) - Gfo;Ntl;il 11
,uz;lhk;; jtiz
01. 2.0 2.1 nra;Al;;; gFjp - ghujpahu; ftpij 14
(ftpij)
02. 1.0 1.3 ciueilg; gFjp - kpd;kpdpfshy; xU Njhuzk; 16
(fl;Liu)
03. 1.0 1.4 ciueilg; gFjp - jPT kdpjd; 18
(rpWfij)
04. 3.0 3.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - jw;fhyf; ftpij:
m. ehisa Gul;rp 20
M. ,Ug;G> J}u; 21
,. xU fij 23
%d;whe;; ; jtiz
01. 4.0 4.1 ciueilg; gFjp - ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU
(fl;Liu) tho;T 26
02. 4.0 4.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - nky;ypirg; ghly;:
m. X...tz;bf;fhuh... 28
M. mofhd xU Nrhbf;fz;fs; 30
03. 3.0 3.1 ciueilg; gFjp - etPd ehlfk;: tQ;rpau; fhz;lk; 32
(ehlfk;)
2
Kjyhe;; ; jtiz
,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl gf;.
kl;lk; Ntis
01. 1.0 1.2 nra;Al;;; gFjp - fhdy;tup 06 03
02. 2.0 2.2 ciueilg; gFjp
(rpWfij) - njspT 04 05
03. 4.0 4.2 ciueilg;;; gFjp - fhye;NjhWk; mfk; 08 07
04. 1.0 1.1 ciueilg; gFjp - Gfo;Ntl;il 04 11
(fl;Liu)
nkhj;jk; 22
3
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J> fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk ; 1.2 : gilg;Gf;fis eae;J> mjd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: rpyg;gjpfhuk;: fhdy;tup
1. Nfhtyd; fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait
2. khjtp fhtpupia Nehf;fpg; ghbait
ghlNtis: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
rpyg;gjpfhu fhtpak; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
nra;As;fisr; re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L$l;b thrpg;ghu;.
jug;gl;l nra;Al; gFjpia eae;J thrpg;ghu;.
fhdy;tup gw;wpAk; ,g;ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gk; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
,r; nra;Al;fs; ghlg;gl;l fhuzq;fis ,dq;fz;L Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
rpyg;gjpfhu fhg;gpak; gw;wpAk; mjd; cs;slf;fk; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahb
tpsf;fkspj;jy;.
fhdy;tup ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
nra;Al;fisr; re;jpgpupj;J> nfhz;L$l;b thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
nra;Al;fspd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;;.
nra;Al;fspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOjr; nra;jy;.
nra;Al;fspy; gapd;Ws;s mzpfis eae;J> mit gw;wp tpsf;fr; nra;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
rpyg;gjpfhuk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;- rq;fkUtpa fhy mw ,yf;fpak;.
- Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W.
- ,sq;Nfh mbfshy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
(,tu; Nruyhjd; kfd;> nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jk;gp)
- rpyg;gjpfhuk; %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk;; Kg;gJ fhijfisAk; nfhz;lJ.
Gfhu;f; fhz;lk; - gj;Jf; fhijfs;
kJiuf; fhz;lk; - gjpd;%d;W fhijfs;
tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; - VO fhijfs;
jug;gl;l nra;As;fs; Gfhu;f; fhz;lj;jpy; fhdy; tupf; fhijapy;Mw;Wtupapy;
tUfpd;wd.
nrd;dp - Nrhod; - fupfhyd;.
4
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghlE}y;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;
Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP) bikd; jhs;fs;> vOJfUtpfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
nra;As;fisr; re;jp gpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bAk; thrpg;ghu;;.
nra;As;fspd; nghUis jw;fhy ciueilapy; vOJthu;.
nra;As;fs; ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpid vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
nra;As;;fis eae;J vOJthu;.
,r;nra;As;fs; ghlg;gl;l Nehf;fq;;fis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
5
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W> nkhopahw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : ghlg; gFjpapD}lhfg; ngw;w nkhopahw;wiyg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: rpWfij: njspT
ghlNtis: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
Vw;nfdNt mwpe;j tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> rpWfij xd;wpd;
mikg;G> mjd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
rpWfijapy; fhzg;gLk; gpuNjr tof;fpid ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
rpWfijapd;; ghj;jpuq;fs;> fijf;fsk; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
ghj;jpuq;fspd; kdTzu;Tfs;> Fztpay;Gfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;;.
kuGuPjpahd fij $wypy; ,Ue;J> rpWfij vt;tifapy; NtWgLfpwJ vd;gijj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fijf; fUit tsu;f;f> fjhrpupau; ifahz;l cj;jp gw;wp njspTgLj;Jthu;.
rpWfij Clhfg; ngw;w nkhopahw;wiyj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
rpWfij xd;iw vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
rpWfij xd;wpd; mikg;G> mjd; gz;G gw;wp Vw;nfdNt fw;w tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.
,r;rpWfijapd; fijf;fsk;> ghj;jpu thu;g;G gw;wpa tplaq;fis MjhuG+u;tkhf
Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.
rpWfijapy; tUk; gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L> gl;baw;gLj;jr;
nra;jy;.
khztiuj; jdpj;jdpahf rpWfijia thrpf;fr; nra;J> mjpy; tUk;
ghj;jpuq;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fspd; kdTzu;Tfs;> Fzhk;rq;fs;> mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.
jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis toq;fr; nra;jy;.
rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; mzpfis ,dq;fz;L fye;JiuahLjy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
rpWfijahrpupau; K.g\Pu; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mtuJ Mf;fq;fisAk;;
Njbawpjy;.
gpd;tUk; mUQ;nrhw;fspd; nghUisj; Njbawpjy;:
mtruf; FLf;if
gu;jh
ajhu;j;jk;
6
[dpj;jy;
K`g;gj;
g P̀yd;
Y`u;
ypfpju;
tu;\pg;G
kTj;J
upahy;
fy;G
<f;fpah
mkhdpjk;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghl E}y;> rpWfij - njspT
mfuhjp
vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;
Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
rpWfijapd; fU> fsk; gw;wp tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
rpWfijapy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd; Fzg;gz;Gfis
tpgupj;J vOJthu;.
rpWfijapy; tUk; gpuNjr tof;Fr; nrhw;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b> nghUs; $Wthu;.
rpWfij Clhfg; ngw;w nkhopahw;wiyj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
jhKk; ,t;thwhd rpWfijia vOJthu;.
7
Nju;r;rp 4.0: ,yf;fpa mDgtj;jpd; %yk; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk ;; 4.2: ,yf;fpaq;fs; eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GWkhw;wpid
tpsf;Fthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; ;: mfNehf;F - fhye;NjhWk; mfk;
ghlNtis: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wf; fhyfl;lq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; vOe;j fhjy; gw;wpf; $wg;gLk; ,yf;fpaq;fis
tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.
fhye;NjhWk; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhjy; czu;T ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;wpid
eae;J $Wthu;.
xt;nthU fhyfl;lg; gilg;Gfspd; nkhopeil gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
nra;Al;fspd; fUj;jpidj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; njspthf vOJthu;.
fhjy; czu;tpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; jw;fhyg; ghly;fSld;> Fwpj;j ghly;fis
xg;G Nehf;fpf; $Wthu;.
fhye;NjhWk; fhjy; czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpQu;fsJ ntspg;ghl;Lj;
jpwid> xg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W fhyfl;lq;fs;> mt;tf; fhyj;Jr; r%fg; gpd;dzp
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;.
(nghUswpT> czu;j;Jk; Kiw> cj;jpfs;.)
rq;ffhyj;jpd; ,yf;fpag; gz;ghfj; Jyq;fpait mfk; - Gwk; vd;gdthFk;.
Vida fhyfl;lq;fspy; NtW rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; NkNyhq;fpa NghjpYk;> mq;F
mfk; - Gwk; vt;thW ntspg;gl;lnjd;gij czu;j;jy;.
fhjy; czu;tpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
mfTzu;thdJ Mz;> ngz; epiyfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fkhw;wpid
tpsf;Fjy;.
gy;ytu; fhy Mz;lhs; ghly;fspy; cyfpaw; fhjypD}lhf> nja;tPff;
fhjy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwikapid tpgupj;jy;.
khztu;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp Fwpj;j ghly;fisr; re;jpgpupj;J>
nfhz;L$l;b thrpf;fr; nra;jy;; nghUis tpsf;fpf; $wr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> xt;nthU fhy fl;lj;jpw;Fkhd nra;As;fis
toq;fp> mtw;wpd; nghUs;> mit $Wk; fhjy; czu;Tepiy> tho;tpay;
mk;rq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
8
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW gw;wpa mwpKfk;
rq;f fhyk;
rq;fkUtpa fhyk;
gy;ytu; fhyk;
Nrhou; fhyk;
ehaf;fu; fhyk;
INuhg;gpau; fhyk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyk;> xy;yhe;ju; fhyk;> Mq;fpNyau;
fhyk;)
jw;fhyk;
Kjyhk; ghly;
rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
- vl;Lj; njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; Nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdg;gLk;.
mit:
- mfk; rhu;e;jit
- Gwk; rhu;e;jit
- vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fspy; mfk; rhu;e;j E}y;fSs; FWe;njhifAk;
xd;whFk;.
,g; ghliyg; ghbatu; - fgpyu;
jpiz - FwpQ;rp
jiytd; $w;whf mike;j ghly;
- mUk;gj tpsf;fk;
G+f;Fw;W - G+itf; nfha;J
njhliy - khiy
ij, - njhLj;J
fbAk; - tpul;Lk;
capu;j;J - ngU%r;R tpl;L
,uz;lhk; ghly;
rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
- ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; vdg;gLk;.
- mfk; rhu;e;jit
- Gwk; rhu;e;jit
- mwk; rhu;e;jit
- fhu;ehw;gJ - mfg;nghUs; gw;wpaJ.
jiytd; ghq;fDf;Ff; $wpaJ.
9
mUk;gj tpsf;fk;
rpuy; - rpf;rpypf; FUtp
tdg;G - moF
epuy; - tupir
jife;jd - mUk;gpd
rPu;j;jf;f - rpwe;j
rpy; - rpythfpa
%d;whk; ghly;
gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
- gf;jp rhu;e;jit
- gf;jp rhuhjit
gy;ytu;fhy gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhopAk; xd;whFk;.
jiytp ghq;fpf;Ff; $wpaJ.
Mz;lhs; jd; fhjiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghly;fs;.
iff;fpis - xUjiyf; fhjy;.
ngz;zpd; epiyapy; epd;W> fhjy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
eilKiw tho;tpay; mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;jp> rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb>
jdf;Fk;; ehuhazDf;Fk; jpUkzk; eilngWtjhff; fz;l fdtpidf;
$Wtjd; %yk; Mz;lhs;> ehuazd; Nky; nfhz;l fhjiy
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whs;.
mftpjpf;F Gwk;ghd kughf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mUk;gj tpsf;fk;
Kj;Jilj; jhkk; - Kj;Jf;fshyhd khiy
epiu jho;e;j - tupir tupirahfj; njhq;ftplg;gl;l khiy
ehd;fhk; ghly;
Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSs; xd;whd esntz;gh gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
fhjy; tag;gl;l ngz;zpd; kdTzu;T epiyiag; GfNoe;jpg;Gytu;
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.
mUk;gj tpsf;fk;
gps;is kPd; - kPd;FQ;R
epiu jho;e;j - tupir tupirahfj; njhq;ftplg;gl;l khiy
10
Ie;jhk; ghly;
ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSs; xd;whd fhsNkfg; Gytupd; nra;As;fs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
jiytp Vfhk;guehjuplk; nfhz;l fhjiy> jd; Njhopkhu;fSf;F $Wjy;.
fdtpNy te;j mtd; if gw;wpaJ> kiwe;J NghdJ gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wjy;.
nra;As;fspy; ifahsg;gLk; rpNyilfs;.
Mw;wpNa fQ;rp Fb
- Nfhgj;ij Mw;wp (jzpj;J)> fhQ;rpapy; FbapUg;gtd;.
- fQ;rpia Mw;wpf; Fb
fspj;jpd;W Ngh
- ,d;W fspj;Jg; Ngh - vd;Dld; ,d;W kfpo;thf ,Ue;Jtpl;Lg; Ngh.
- fspj;jpd;W Ngh - fspia cz;Ltpl;Lg; Ngh.
mUk;gj tpsf;fk;
tplha; vd;Nwd; - tpL vd;Nwd;
tQ;rpau; - tQ;rpf; nfhb Nghd;w ,ilAila ngz;fs;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghlE}y;
mfuhjp
vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtpfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ghly;fisr; re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bk; thrpg;ghu;.
ghly;fspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
ghlypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; czu;tpid tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.
fhye;NjhWk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fspy; fhjy; czu;T ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Kiwikapid tpgupg;ghu;.
goe;jkpo;r; nra;Al;fis> jw;fhy ghly;fSld; xg;G Nehf;fpf; $Wthu;.
11
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J> fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : ghlg; gFjpfis <Lghl;LlDk; Fuy; Vw;w> ,wf;fj;JlDk;
thrpg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: fl;Liu: Gfo;Ntl;il
ghlNtis: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ghlg;; gFjpapidf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpg;ghu;.
fl;Liuapd; nghUis tpsq;fp thrpg;ghu;.
fl;Liuahrpupau; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
fl;Liuapd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;As;fspy; cs;s rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
Gfo;Ntl;il - gw;wpa MrpupauJ fUj;ij vOJthu;.
ghlg; gFjpapD}lhfg; ngw;w fUj;Jf;fis eae;J ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Gfo;Ntl;il vd;Dk; fl;LiuapypUe;J> jhk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gbg;gpidfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;jp vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
fl;Liu gw;wpAk; fl;Liuahrpupau; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkspj;jy;.
FOepiyapy; khztiu mkur; nra;J> fl;Liuiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpf;fr;
nra;jy;.
jkf;Fs; fye;Jiuahb ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L vOj
topgLj;jy;.
fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nra;As;fisf; nfhz;L$l;b thrpf;f topgLj;jy;.
fl;Liuapy; cs;s nra;Al;fspd; nghUisj; njspthf vOj Cf;fkspj;jy;.
mfuhjpapd; Jiznfhz;L mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUs;fisf; $wr; nra;jy; /vOjr; nra;jy;.
fl;Liuia thrpg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba gz;Gfs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
fl;Liu gw;wpa> Fwpg;Gfis vLf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
fl;LiuapypUe;J vLj;j fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J vOjr; nra;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
12
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
fl;Liu Mrpupau; m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; Njbawpjy;.
fl;Liuapy; fhzg;gLk; mUQ; nrhw;fspd; nghUisj; Njbawpjy;.
mUk;gj tpsf;fk;
cio ,Ug;Nghu; - $l ,Ug;Nghu;
G+ry; - rz;il> Nghu;
ntwp - Nghij
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghl E}y;
fhfpjhjpfs;
mfuhjp
GwehD}W> kJiuf; fhQ;rp> jpUf;Fws;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ikaf; fUj;jpid ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;Al;fisf; nfhz;L$l;b thrpg;ghu;.
fl;Liuapy; ntspg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J vOJthu;.
fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;As; mbfspd; rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
fl;Liuapd; jiyg;gpw;Fk; cs;slf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd nghUj;jg;ghL
njhlu;ghfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
rpwe;j tpOkpag; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w kdg;ghq;Fld;
nraw;gLthu;.
13
,uz;lhe;; ; jtiz
,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtis gf;.
kl;lk;
01. 2.0 2.1 nra;Al;;; gFjp - ghujpahu; ftpij 04 14
(ftpij)
02. 1.0 1.3 ciueilg; gFjp - kpd;kpdpfshy; 06 16
(fl;Liu) xU Njhuzk;
03. 1.0 1.4 ciueilg; gFjp - jPT kdpjd; 07 18
(rpWfij)
04. 3.0 3.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - jw;fhyf; ftpij: 07 20
m. ehisa Gul;rp
M. ,Ug;G> J}u;
,. xU fij
nkhj;jk; 24
14
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W nkhopahw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : gilg;Gf;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nkhopg;gpuNahfq;fis
ed;F fpufpj;J> tpilaspg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : ghujpahu; ftpij: NaR fpwp];J
ghlNtis : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ftpijiag; gjk;gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
ftpijapd; nghUisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; $Wthu;.
ftpijapy; eae;j gFjpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ftpijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzpfis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
ghujpahupd; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwid tpku;rdk; nra;thu;.
ftpijapy; ntspg;gLk; nkhopg;gpuNahfj;ijf; fpufpj;J> rupahf tpilaspg;ghu;.
ftpijapy; jhk; eae;j ghly; tupapidAk; mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ghujpahu; ftpijfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.
ftpijiag; gjk;gpupj;J thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
mUQ;nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUisf; $wr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fisfSf;Fr; nraw;ghLfis toq;fp> FOr;nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jp>
tpilfis Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.
,f;ftpijA+lhf> ghujpahu; Kd;itf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
mzpfs; gw;wpAk; eae;j gFjpfs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;Fjy;.
ftpijapd; nkhopg;gpuNahfk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
ghujpahu; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.
- mtuJ r%f> rka Nehf;Ffs;
- ftpijfspd; jd;ikfs;
- mtuJ ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gf;fs;
NaR fpwp];Jtpd; rpYit kuzk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
mtu; capu;j;J> kupahs; kf;jNydhTf;F $wpa nra;jp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
(NaR fpwp];Jtpd; jhahd Nkup kupahs; NtW; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kupahs; kf;jNydh NtW.)
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghujpahu; ftpij
Nkw;wiy vwpap (OHP) gpd;dpizg;G - 1
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ghujpahu; ftpijfisg; gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
‘NaR fpwp];J’ vd;w ftpijapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; nra;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
,f;ftpijapy; cs;s mzpfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; $Wthu;.
15
gpd;dpizg;G -
(11.12.1882 - 11.09.1921)
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; vl;ilaGuj;jpy; rpd;dr;rhkp
IaUf;Fk; ,yl;Rkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; Gjy;tdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. jdJ gd;dpuz;lhtJ
taJf;Fs;shfNt> vl;laGuk; rk];jhdj;J mwpQu;fshy;> ‘ghujp’ vd;w gl;lk;toq;fpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
jkpo;g; Gytu;fs;> Gutyu;fisg; Gfo;e;Jk; fhjy; Kjyhd fw;gdhjPj tplaq;fis
tpae;Jk; fw;Nwhu;fisNa kdq;nfhz;Lk; ftpGide;J te;j fhyj;jpy; vspa
gjq;fs;> vspa eil> vspa re;jk;> nghJ rdq;fs; tpUk;Gk; nkl;L ,tw;wpid
cila ftpijfshy; jkpopyf;fpag; Nghf;if kilkhw;wk; nra;jtu;.
kf;fs; kdjpy; Njrpa czu;tpidAk; jkpo;g; gw;wpidAk; ,iw ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
rhjpNgjk;> ngz;zbikj;jdk; Kjyhdtw;Wf;F vjpuhd rKjha ePjpiaAk;
Cl;Ltdthf ghujpahupd; ftpijfs; mike;jd. jkpo; kugpNy fhY}d;wp Mq;fpyk;>
rk];fpUjk; Kjyhd gpw ,yf;fpa kuGfspy; cs;s ey;ytw;iwAk;
cs;thq;fpadtha; mike;j mtuJ ftpijfs;> mtiug; GJikf; ftpQdhff;
fhl;bepd;wd. mtuJ ftpijfs;> Njrpa czu;r;rpapid Cl;ba tifapy; NjrPa
ftpahfTk; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpa tifahy;
mtiu> kfhftpahfTk; jpfor; nra;jd. mtupaw;wpa ‘trd ftpijfs;’ jkpopd;GJf;ftpijj; Jiwf;F Kd;Ndhbahapd.
ftpijj; Jiwapy; khj;jpukd;wp rpWfij> fl;Liu Kjyhd trd ,yf;fpaj;
JiwapYk; mtu; Mw;wNyhL <Lgl;lhu;. jkpo; ,jopay; Jiwapd; Kd;NdhbfSs;
xUtu; vd;w ngUikAk; mtUf;F cz;L. vy;yhtw;iwAk;tpl Gul;rpfukhd
fUj;Jf;fisr; nrhd;dtu; vd;gNjhL> Gul;rpfukhd tho;f;if tho;e;jhu; vd;gNj
mtUf;Fupa jiyaha ngUikahFk;.
16
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : gilg;Gf;fs; %ykhf r%fj;ijAk; jhd; thOk; cyfj;ijAk;
tpsq;fp> mit gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: fl;Liu:
“kpd; kpdpfshy; xU Njhuzk;”
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
fl;Liuapd; nghUs; tpsf;fj;ij thrpj;J mwpthu;.
tof;fpYs;s ftpijf;Fk; i`f;$ ftpijf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L
$Wthu;.
i`f;$ ftpij tbtj;jpid tpsf;fp> mjd; nghUis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;
Kiwapid tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.
khztu;fs; jhKk; i`f;$ ftpij vOJtjpy; gapw;rp ngWthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
fhye;NjhWk; jkpopy; toq;fptUk; ftpijf;Fk; i`f;$ ftpijf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
NtWghLfis khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.
i`f;$ ftpijapd; mikg;gpid tpsf;fp> mtw;iw khztu;fis ,urpf;fr; nra;jy;.
fl;Liuapy; jug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis thrpf;fr; nra;tJld; mf;ftpijfis ,urpf;f
topg;gLj;;jy;.
jhk; thOk; r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ftpijfis> khztu; FOf;fshfTk;
jdpahfTk; Mf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
,t;thwhd NtW ftpijfisj; Njbg;ngw;W thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
i`f;$ ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
nra;As; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
etPd ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
GJf;ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
17
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghlE}y; - i`f;$ ftpijfs;
tiyj;jsj; Njly;fs;
vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtpfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
i`f;$ ftpij vd;gjd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; mJ Vida ftpij tbtq; -
fspypUe;J NtWgLk; tpjj;jpidAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
i`f;$ ftpijapd; nghUis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
i`f;$ tbtf; ftpijfis ,uridAld; thrpg;ghu;.
jkJ czu;Tfisf; i`f;$ ftpijahfg; gilg;ghu;.
18
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fis eae;J fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : tpku;rd Nehf;Fld; gilg;Gg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: rpWfij: “jPT kdpjd;”
ghlNtis : 07
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
rpWfijia eae;J thrpg;ghu;.
“jPT kdpjd;” vd;w rpWfijapd; fUg;nghUs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
fijf;fUTf;Fk; fijNahl;lj;jpw;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,iaG gw;wp
tpgupg;ghu;.
fij gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp jkJ tpku;rdj;ijf; $Wthu;.
rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzhk;rq;fis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.
rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; gpujhd ghj;jpuj;jpd; kdg;Nghuhl;lk;> fijia tsu;j;Jr;
nry;y vt;tifapy; cjTfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
rpWfijapd; mikg;G> mjd; nkhopeil gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
NtW Mf;fq;fis eae;J thrpg;gjd; Clhf> juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
rpWfij jUk; gbg;gpidia Vw;W elg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
rpWfij Mrpupau;> rpWfijapd; mikg;G> mjd; nkhopeil gw;wp fye;JiuahLjy;.
“jPT kdpjd;” vd;w rpWfijapid xt;nthU khztiuAk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> fijapd; fUg;nghUs;> eae;j gFjp> fjhghj;jpuq;fspd;
gz;G> nkhopeil Kjypa tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.
fijapd; Nehf;fk; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy;.
fye;Jiuahba tplaq;fisAk; rpWfijapy; jhk; eae;j gFjpiaAk; vOjr;
nra;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
“jPT kdpjd;” Mrpupau; gw;wpa tpguk;
- ghu;j;jpgd;
- jdpikj; Jau;
- Raey tho;f;if
- $btho;jy; Fwpj;j tpisT
rpWfijapd; mikg;G
- Fiwe;jstpyhd fjhghj;jpuq;fs;
- fijf;fUTk; fijf;fsKk;
- vspikahd nkhop eil
- ajhu;j;jg; gz;G
mUk;gjq;fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;fk; $Wjy;
19
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghlE}y; - jPT kdpjd; rpWfij
mfuhjp
vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;
xypehlh my;yJ ,Wtl;L
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
rpWfijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp eae;J thrpg;ghu;.
fijf;fU> jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fz ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
fijapd; gbg;gpidfisf; fye;Jiuahb> mtw;iw Kd;itg;ghu;.
fij gw;wp tpku;rpj;Jf; $Wthu;.
kdijf; ftUk; tifapyhd rpWfijfisg; gilg;ghu;.
20
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis thrpg;gjd; %ykhf
,yf;fpaj;juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J> fye;Jiuahb> jkJ
Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk; Vw;Gila
NtWgl;l Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: jw;fhyf; ftpijfs;:
m. ehisa Gul;rp
ghlNtis : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpg;ghu;.
ftpijapd; jiyg;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghUs; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
ftpijapd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
jkJ Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk; Vw;Gila NtWgl;l
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
jdpr; nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpij tPr;R gw;wp tpku;rpg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ftpijfisg; gw;wpAk; ftpijfspd; nkhopeil gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahly;.
khztu; xt;nthUtiuAk; ftpijia nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs;> eae;j gFjp> ftpijg;Nghf;F
vd;gtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahb Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.
,J Nghd;w NtW ftpijia vOJtjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
ehisa Gul;rp ftpij Mrpupau; gpukps; gw;wpa tpguk;:
,aw;ngau;: ju;kypq;fk; rptuhkypq;fk;
Gidngau;fs;: ju;K rptuhk;> gpukps;
- jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. jkpofj;ij thoplkhff; nfhz;ltu;.
- rpwe;j gilg;ghspAk; tpku;rfUkhf tpsq;fpatu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghl E}y; fhfpjhjpfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;J> fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
ftpijapd; jiyg;G> fUg;nghUs;> nkhop eil gw;wp vOJthu;.
,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisj; Njb thrpg;;ghu;.
ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fs;> eaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.
jhKk; ,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
21
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis thrpg;gjd; %ykhf
,yf;fpaj;juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J> fye;Jiuahb> jkJ
Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk; Vw;Gila
NtWgl;l Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: jw;fhyf; ftpijfs;:
M. ,Ug;G> J}u;
ghlNtis : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ftpijfis fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;ghu;.
ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.
ftpijapd; FwpaPl;lk;rq;fs;> eaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.
xt;nthU ftpijapdJk; jiyg;G> ikaf;fUj;J gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisj; Njb thrpg;ghu;.
jhKk; ,J Nghd;w> NtWgl;l Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
jw;fhyf; ftpijfspd; Nghf;Ffs;> fUg;nghUl;fs; gw;wp khztu;fSld;
fye;Jiuahly;.
khztu; xt;nthUtiuAk; ftpijfis nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp> ftpijapd; fUg;nghUs;> eaq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;
vd;gtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahb Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fs; eae;j gFjpfisAk;;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;; $wr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fis ,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fis gilg;gjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
“,Ug;G” ftpij Mrpupau; jpUkhtstd; gw;wpa tpguk;.
“,Ug;G” ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;:
- FWfpa ePu;g;gug;gpy; thOk; kPd;FQ;rpd; rpiwtho;T - trjpfs; fpilj;Jk;
kfpo;r;rpaw;w Jauepiy.
mUk;gjq;fs;;
kpd; ntspr;rk; - kpd;rhu tpsf;F ntspr;rk;
kpd; #lhf;fp - kpd;rhuj;jpdhy; ntg;gNkw;Wk; rhjdk;
fzfzg;G - ,sQ;#lhf ,Uj;jy;
22
gjdpLjy; - nfl;Lg; Nghfhky; ghJfhj;jy;
cgrupg;G - ftdQ;nrYj;jp Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy;
nrhFR - cy;yhr epiy
Jau; - Jd;gk;
“J}u;” ftpij Mrpupau; eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu; gw;wpa tpguk;.
mUk;gjq;fs;;
J}u; - ePUs; kz;ba kz; Kjypa mOf;Ffs;
J}u; thUjy; - Rj;jk; nra;jy;
cw;rtk; - tpoh (kfpo;r;rpfukhd epfo;r;rp)
Kq;f (Kq;Fjy;) - %o;Fjy; (ePupy; mkpo;jy;)
mjprak; - fhzhjit / Kjy;Kjyha; mwpgit
nfhl;lhq;Fr;rp - Njq;fha;r; rpul;il
Nfhyp - fz;zhbf; Fz;Lfs; (tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;)
JU - fws; (,Uk;G gOjiljy; / JUg;gpbj;jy;)uhl;bdk; - E}y; Rw;Wk; rf;fuk;
nts;sp lk;su; - nts;spapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ftis
fl;il - rpwpa kuj;Jz;L
NrW - rfjp> kz; ePNuhL fye;J $ohd epiy
kdRf;Fs; J}u; vLj;jy; - kdjpYs;s mOf;Ffis mfw;wpr; Rj;jk;
nra;jy;
“J}u;” ftpij kd mOf;Ffs; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ftpijg; gFjp - ghl E}y;
bikd; jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.
ftpijapd; ikaf; fUj;J> jiyg;G gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisj; Njb thrpg;;ghu;.
ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
ftpijapw; fhzg;gLk; eaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
jhKk; ,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
23
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis thrpg;gjd; %ykhf
,yf;fpaj;juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : gilg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;J> fye;Jiuahb> jkJ
Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk; Vw;Gila
NtWgl;l Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: jw;fhyf; ftpij:
,. xU fij
ghlNtis : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ftpQu; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
ftpijiaf; fUJ}d;wp thrpg;ghu;.
ftpijapd; ikaf;fUj;J> jiyg;G vd;gd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
ftpijapd; nkhopeil> fbd gjq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.
ftpijapd; eaq;fis vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.
,J Nghd;w NtW Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ftpij Mrpupau; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
khztu;fis> ftpijia thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;fr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp ftpijapd; jiyg;G> ikaf;fUj;J> eak; gw;wpf;
fye;Jiuahb tpsf;Ftjw;F ,lkspj;jy;.
khztu;fis ,J Nghd;w ftpijfisj; Njb thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
nghUj;;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
ftpQu; fp\;tu; e`Pj; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; :
xU fij ftpij gw;wpa tpsf;fk;:
- Mzhjpf;fk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUkzk; vDk; rlq;fpd;%yk; kPz;Lk; ngz;iz
Mz; Ml;bg; gilf;fpd;whd;.
mUk;gjq;fs;;
ML Fjpiu - Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; Mlf;$ba kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l
Fjpiu
];guprk; - njhLif czu;T
nkr;rpf; nfhs;Sjy; - ghuhl;bf; nfhs;Sjy;
cUkhWjy; - cUtk; khw;wk; miljy;
v[khd; - Ms;gtd;
24
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ftpijg; gFjp - ghl E}y;
bikd; jhs;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ftpijiaf; fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J Jyq;Fthu;.
ftpijapd; ikaf; fUj;J> jiyg;G gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisj; Njb thrpg;;ghu;.
ftpijapd; fbd gjq;fs;> eaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.
jhKk; ,J Nghd;w Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
25
%d;whe;; ; jtiz
,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl gf;.
kl;lk; Ntis
01. 4.0 4.1 ciueilg; gFjp - ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU 05 26
(fl;Liu) tho;T
02. 3.0 4.2 nra;Al;; gFjp - nky;ypirg; ghly;:
m. X...tz;bf;fhuh... 04 28
M. mofhd xU
Nrhbf;fz;fs;
03. 2.0 3.1 ciueilg; gFjp - etPd ehlfk;: 10 32
(ehlfk;) tQ;rpau; fhz;lk;
nkhj;jk; 19
26
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpa mDgtj;jpd; %yk; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gFj;J
Nehf;Fthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: fl;Liu: “ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU tho;T”ghlNtis : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
fl;Liuapid thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.
fUj;Jf;fisj; njspthf mwpe;J $Wthu;.
fl;Liuapy; thrpj;j tplaq;fis tpku;rpj;J> fUj;Jf;fisj; njspthf vOJthu;.
gilg;ghspfs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ gilg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; jfty;fisj; Njbj; njhFg;ghu;.
gilg;ghspfs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ gilg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.
jiyg;Gf;Fk; cs;slf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
khztu;fs; ghu;j;J ,urpj;j jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; gw;wp Nfl;Lf; fye;Jiuahly;.
jkpo;j; jpiug;gl xspg;gjpthsu;fs;> ,af;Feu;fs;> ,iraikg;ghsu;fs; gw;wpf;
fye;Jiuahly;.
,af;Feu; ghYkNfe;jpuh gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; $wp tpgupj;jy;.
fl;Liuiaf; FO epiyapy; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;J tpsf;fkspj;jy;.
fl;Liuiaj; jdpj;jdpahf thrpj;J> Fwpg;Gfs; vLf;fr; nra;jy;.
vLj;j Fwpg;Gff;fisf; FO epiyapy; njhFj;J Kd;itj;jy;.
fbd gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;.
jpiug;gl ,ir> xspg;gjpT> ,af;fk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.
ghYkNfe;jpuh gw;wpa tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;.
- kl;lf;fsg;igg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;.
- nrd;id> jkpo; ehL> ,e;jpahit trpg;gplkhf nfhz;ltu;.
- gpwg;G - 20.05.1939 ,wg;G - 13.02.2013
- NtW ngau;fs;: kNfe;jpuh> ghY
- rpwe;j xspg;gjpthsu;;; ,af;Feu;.- jkpo;> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Kjyhd nkhopfspy; jpiug;glq;fis ,af;fpAs;shu;.
- xspg;gjpT> ,af;fk; vd;gtw;wpy; ajhu;j;j Nehf;fpidAilatuhjypd; etPd
cj;jpfisf; ifahz;ltu;.
- rpwe;j rpdpkhg; glq;fSf;F ,e;jpa muR toq;Fk; Njrpa tpUJfisg; gyKiw
ngw;wtu;.
fiyg; gilg;G: tPL> re;jpahuhfk;
FNuhNrth - [g;ghdpa nkhopj; jpiug;gl ,af;Feu;.
fhye;NjhWk; jkpo; rpdpkh fl;likj;J te;j kuGfisf; fl;ltpo;f;f Kide;jtu;.
,Jtiu fhyKk; nraw;if xspapy; gpbf;fg;gl;l glq;fspypUe;J khWgl;L> ,aw;if
xspapypUe;J xspaikg;Gr; nra;jtu;.
ghj;jpu thu;g;G> ,Wjpf;fl;lk; - nksd epiy.
27
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
fl;Liu - “ngUkukhfpg; NghdnjhU tho;T” vOJ jhs;> vOJ fUtpfs;
gpd;dpizg;G - 1
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
fl;Liuapd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.
fl;Liuapd; Jizf;fUj;ij njhFj;J vOJthu;.
jpiug;glj; Jiw gw;wp tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.
jhk; mwpe;J nfhz;l tplaq;fs; gw;wp tpgupj;J> Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.
fl;Liuapd; nkhopeil gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
fl;Liuapd; jiyg;Gg; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid tpgupg;ghu;.
,e;jpaj; jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; vk; ehl;ltupd; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wp vOJthu;.
gpd;dpizg;G - 1
(20.05.1939 - 13.02.2014)
rpwe;j xspg;gjpthsuhf mwpKfkhd ghY kNfe;jpuh> fkuhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
jkpo;r; rpdpkhj; Jiwapy; czuitj;jtu;.
‘%d;whk; gpiw’, ‘mopahj Nfhyq;fs;’, ‘tPL’, ‘re;jpah uhfk;’, ‘kWgbAk;’, rjp yPyhtjp’vd jkpo; rpdpkh urpfu;fshy; kwf;f Kbahj glq;fis ,af;fpatu; ghY kNfe;jpuh.
jdJ glq;fSf;F xspg;gjpT nra;jJ kl;Lkd;wp> gy;NtW ,af;Feu;fspd; glq;fSf;Fk;
xspg;gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;whu;. ,af;Fdu; kNfe;jpud; ,af;fpa ‘Ks;Sk; kyUk;’ glj;jpd;xspg;gjpthsu; ghY kNfe;jpuhjhd;.
rpwe;j xspg;gjpT kw;Wk; rpwe;j glk; vd Ie;J Kiw Njrpa tpUJ ntd;wtu; ghY
kNfe;jpuh. Njrpa tpUJ kl;Lkd;wp> Nfush kw;Wk; fu;ehlf khepy muRfspd;
tpUJfisAk; ntd;wpUf;fpd;whu;. ,af;Feu; ghyh> uhk;> ntw;wpkhwd; cs;spl;l gy
Kd;dzp ,af;Feu;fs; ,tuplk; cjtp ,af;Feu;fshfg; gzpahw;wpatu;fs; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
28
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpa mDgtj;jpd; %yk; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : ,yf;fpaq;fs; eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GWkhw;wpid
tpsf;Fthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: nky;ypirg; ghly;:
m. “ X..tz;bf;fhuh.....”
ghlNtis : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ftpQu; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
ghliy eae;J thrpg;ghu;.
ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.
ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
ghliy Xir eaj;Jld; ghLthu;.
(fpuhkpa ,irg;ghly; nkl;by;)
ghliyf; fpufpj;J> thrpg;gJld; jhKk; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ghliy ,irAld; ghbf;fhl;Ljy; my;yJ xypg;gjpTf; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
ftpQu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; $wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fp> ghliy thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
mUQ;nrhw;fisj; njhFj;J mtw;wpd; nghUis mwpe;J $wr; nra;jy;.
ghlypd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;.
jdpj;jdpahf ghliy eae;J thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
ghliy Xireaj;Jld; ghlr; nra;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
ftpQu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; - ftpQu; ePyhtzd; (1937 - 1967)
- ,aw;ngau; - Nf. rpd;dj;Jiu
fpof;fpyq;if - ngupa ePyhtiziar; Nru;e;jtu;.
Ntjhe;jp> nfhOTJwl;b> mk;khr;rp MWKfk;> ePy rpd;dj;Jiu Kjypa
Gidngau;fspy; vOjpatu;.
top> Ntshz;ik> xj;jpif Kjypa E}y;fspd; Mrpupau;.
ghLk;kPd; ,yf;fpa rQ;rpifapd; Mrpupauhf tpsq;fpatu;.
29
mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUs;
fh - Nrhiyfodp - tay;gpzp - Neha;> Jd;gk;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghl E}y; fhfpjhjpfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ghlypd; nghUis tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.
ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;ijf; $Wthu;.
ftpQupd; kdTzu;it tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlypy; eae;j gFjpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlypd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jf; $Wthu;.
fw;gidj; jpwDf;F Vw;Gilajhf> Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
30
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpa mDgtj;jpd; %yk; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : ,yf;fpaq;fs; eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GWkhw;wpid
tpsf;Fthu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: nky;ypirg; ghly;:
M. “mofhd xU Nrhbf; fz;fs;”
ghlNtis : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ftpQu; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
ghliy njspthd cr;rupg;GlDk; eae;Jk; thrpg;ghu;.
ghliy Xireaj;Jld; thrpg;ghu; / ghLthu;. ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;J vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
ghlypd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.
ghliyf; fpufpj;J thrpj;J jhKk; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ghliyj; njspthd cr;rupg;Gld; thrpj;Jf;fhl;ly;.
xypg;gjpTf; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,irg;ghlyhf gjpTngw;Ws;sikia Kd;itj;jy;.
ftpQu; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpagpd; FOr;nraw;ghl;Lf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;.
khztu; ,dq;fz;l mUQ;nrhw;fSf;F mfuhjp thapyhfg; nghUswpaj; J}z;Ljy;.
ghlypd; nghUs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; / vOJtpj;jy;.
ghliyj; jdpahf eae;J thrpf;f ,lkspj;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
ftpQu; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
- ghtyu; g]Py; fhupag;gu;.
- gpwg;G - rk;khe;Jiw
- tho;T - (jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;) fy;Kid.
- ftpijj; njhFjp : ‘Mj;khtpd; miyfs;’
31
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghlE}y;
mfuhjp vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;
xypehlh my;yJ ,Wtl;L
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
ghlypd; nghUis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;J vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
ftpQupd; kdTzu;Tfis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
ghlypd; eae;j gFjpia tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlypd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jf; $Wthu;.
ghliy tpku;rpj;J vOJthu;.
ghly; / ftpij xd;iw vOJthu;.
32
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis thrpg;gjd; %ykhf
,yf;fpaj;juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf;fis Mu;tj;Jld; thrpg;ghu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;: ehlfk; :
“tQ;rpau; fhz;lk;”ghlNtis : 10
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
gy;NtW gilg;Gfis thrpg;gjD}lhf> mtw;wpid ,dq;fz;L> $Wthu;.
ehlfg; gpujp xd;wpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
ghj;jpug; gz;Gfs;> Fzr;rpwg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fz ,ay;GfSf;F mikthf ntspg;gLk; czu;Tfis ebg;gpD}lhf
ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghly;fis ,irAld; ghLthu;.
ehlfk; czu;j;Jk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
ehlf Mrpupaupd; fw;gisahw;wiyAk; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwidAk; tpku;rduPjpahf
kjpg;gpLthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
rpyg;gjpfhu Mrpupau; gw;wpAk; tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; gw;wpAk; mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
ehlfj;ij xt;nthU khztUk; jdpj;jdpahf thrpf;f topg;gLj;Jjy;.
thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; FOf; fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lglr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fy;.
fl;Liuapy; jug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis thrpf;fr; nra;tJld;> mtw;iw ,urpf;fr;
nra;jy;.
,t;thwhd ftpijfis khztu;fs; FOf;fshfTk; jdpahfTk; vOj topg;gLj;jy;.
FOf;fs; fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du;> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebf;f ,lkspj;jy;.
ehlfk; Vw;gLj;Jk; czu;T epiyapypUe;J> rpWfij xd;iwg; gilg;gJ njhlu;ghf
fye;Jiuahly;.
khztu;fs; ,e;j ehlfg; gpujpapy; cs;s mUk;gjq;fisj; njhFj;J> mfuhjp -
apypUe;J nghUs;fz;L> $Wjy;.
nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
tQ;rpf; fhz;lk;: Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jk;gpahd ,sq;Nfhtbfshy; vOjg;gl;l rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpNa tQ;rpf;fhz;lk;.
ehlf Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;:gpusad; (rz;KfRe;juk; re;jpuNrufd;) ,e;jpahtpy; nrd;id (jkpofj;jpy;)trpf;fpwhu;.
33
etPd ehlfg; gapw;rp ngw;W> ehlff; FOf;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;J gpujpahf;fk; nra;tJld;njhlu;e;J ehlfq;fis ,af;fp NkilNaw;wp tUfpwhu;.
ghup - fgpyu; ciwAk; gwk;G kiy tuyhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l“ghup gLfsk;” ehlfk; ngUk; tuNtw;igg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
,tuJ “cgfij” vd;w ehlfk;> Guhz - ,jpfhr ghj;jpuq;fis kWthrpg;Gnra;Ak; tifapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghlE}y;
mfuhjp
vOJjhs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
gilg;ghsp> ngz; tpLjiy Fwpj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fl;Liu vOJthu;.
ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; Fzg; gz;;GfisAk; $Wthu;.
ehlfj;jpd; nkhopeil gw;wp vOJthu;.
ghj;jpuj;jpd; ,ay;G ntspg;gLk; tifapy; nkhopf; ifahSif vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ
vd;gijf; $Wthu;.
ehlfk; Vw;gLj;jpa czu;T / mwpT jhf;fk; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
,yf;fpaj; juk; tha;e;j Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ez;gu;fSld; ,ize;J ebg;ghu;.