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d]nldnfk cfof]u Pjd\ a]kQf kfl/Psf gful/sx?sf] 5fglag

cfof]ux? u7g u/L zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'kg]{ sfo{

klg ;'? gul/g' cToGt lrGtf / v]bhgs ljifo xf] . g]kfnL

/fhgLltsf s]Gb|Lo g]tfx? tyf k|zf;sx?nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/

k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ emg\ a9L ;do rflxg] 1fg eP/ klg :yfgLo

;/sf/ k|b]zcGtu{t /xg] / cfof]u klgkl5 g} agfOg]h:tf

hgtfsf] glhssf] ;/sf/ tyf ;]jfsf] kxF'rsf nflu c;xh x'g]

l:ylt k}bf u/fpFb} 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x?n]

:yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ /fHosf] OsfOsf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/Psf]

ljifo ;+ljwfgdf lnlka4 u/L ;+3Lo sfg'gcGtu{t /fv]/

k|b]zsf] :jfy{df dfq aGg] ;Lldttfdf kfl/g' x'Fb}g eGg] dfu /

cfjfh p7fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo ;/sf/sf txsf af/]df klg dt}Sotf

x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL ljsl;t / ;+3Lotfsf] cEof; u/]sf

d'n'ssf cg'ej / l;sfOx?af6 k|efljt x'g] / gSsn ug]{

qmddf lhNnf tx cfjZos gx'g]

ts{x? ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;ldltaf6

ax'dtn] cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . lhlj;

dxf;+3n] ljsl;t jf ljsf;zLn,

;+3fTds jf PsfTds h] eP klg

hd{gL, 8]gdfs{, hfkfg, ef/t,

rLg, a+unfb]z cflb b]zx?df

lhNnf tx klg /x]sf] / xfd|f]

h:tf] sd ljsl;t /

PsfTdsaf6 ;+3fTds k|0ffnLdf

abNg'kg]{ d'n'sdf klg ufpF

txnfO{ ;Ifd / ;|f]t ;DkGg

gagfp~h]n;Dd lhNnf tx

cfjZos /x]sf] wf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] eGbf ef}lts

k"jf{wf/ / nf]stflGqs cEof; u/]sf d'n'sn] klg ufpF /

gu/eGbfdfly ltgs} ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0fsf nflu lhNnf tx

sfod /fv]sf 5g\ . xfdLsxfF klg uflj;x?sf] k'gM;+/rgf ug{,

ltgsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ s]xL bzs

lglZrt ?kddf nfUg] / k|b]zx?sf] k"jf{wf/ klg ck]Iff

u/]cg';f/ l56f] lgdf{0f ug{ g;lsg] xfd|f ljutsf cg'ejx?n]

b]vfpF5 . lsgls dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGåsfndf eTsfOPsf

ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] ult / ;|f]t ljGof;sf] k|j[lQ

b]Vbf l9nfO{ tyf ;|f]t cefjsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n]

xfn lhNnfn] ul//x]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{lhDd]jf/Lx? ufpF txnfO{ lbg

k"jf{wf/ tof/ gePsf] jf lgdf{0f ug{ ;do nfUg] / lhNnfdf

lbO+b} cfPsf ;]jfx? k|b]z txdf n}hfFbf ;+3Lotf / u0ftGqn]

emg\ c;'ljwf yk]sf] cf/f]k / oyfy{ k'i6\ofFO{ x'g] x'G5 . ctM ufpF

/ gu/af6 ck|ToIf Pjd\ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L lj1

/ gful/s ;dfhsf ljljw k];fut ;d'bfoaf6 ;d]t ;xeflutf

x'g] lsl;dn] lhNnf ;/sf/ u7g ul/g' g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df

pko'Qm x'g]5 . of] ljifo s'g} JolQm, bn jf :yfgLo lgsfosf]

dfq lxt ;f]r]/ ul/g] geO{ a? d'n'ssf] jf:tljs l:ylt,

hgwf/0ff tyf df}lstfcg'?k P]ltxfl;stf gu'Dg] u/L k'g;{+/rgf

ul/g' kg]{ bL3{sfnLg dxTjsf ljifo xf] . hgdt / Jofks

5nkmnsf] cfof]hgf gu/L cGoyf / bnsf k|ltlglwsf] ax'dtsf]

gfddf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ cToGt /fd|f]sf]

sNkgfn] xfn k|fKt ePsf] glhssf] ;]jf klg u'Dg] l:ylt k}bf

x'g] vt/f b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf s]xL lbgx/df /fhgLlts bnsf s]xL

jl/i7 Pjd\ lj1x?;Fusf] 5nkmnkl5 o; ljifodf yf]/}

;sf/fTds ;+s]t b]lvPsf eP klg o; ljifodf ;txL lrGtf

JoQm ul/g' / u+eL/tf gb]lvg' csf]{ bL3{sfnLg lrGtf /

;d:ofsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

lgIf]k0f k|lqmofsf] qmldstf / k|efjsfl/tf u0ftGq 3f]if0ff x'g' k"j{ g} ;'? ul/Psf] lgIf]k0f klqmof

pRr :t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] l9nfO{,

;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnox?sf aflemPsf P]gx? ;dodf

;+zf]wg gul/g], g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0faf/] rf;f] g}

g/fVg] / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF6kl5sf]

k'g;{+/lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg kl5 dfq ;a} s'/f ug]{

eGg] cToGt cb"/bzL{ gLlt tyf

cGo bnx?sf] ;d]t

xLgtfaf]wd"ns k|:t''ltn] ubf{

cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . ljutdf

lgIf]k0f ul/Psf sfo{lhDd]jf/L

;d]t lhlj;n] /sd ;fg]{ sfo{

u/]h:tf] dfq eO/x]sf] 5 . gofF

k|:tfljt If]qx? u|fdL0f ;8s,

emf]n'Ë] k'n, ;fgf l;+rfO{sf]

sfof{Gog klg hgk|ltlglwlagf /

lglZrt sfo{of]hgf tyf cfjZos

ah]6lagf k|efjsf/L eO/x]sf] /

x'g] b]lv+b}g . hgk|ltlglwx? /xFbf ;z:q åGå/t cj:yfdf klg

)%( ;fn;Dd /fhZj j[l4 / k"FhLut cg'bfgsf] vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf

a9\bf] qmddf lyof] . ;f] cjlwdf ;8s lgdf{0fdf pNn]Vo j[l4

ePsf] lyof] oBlk u'0f:t/sf af/]df z+sf / cfnf]rgf ug]{ 7fpF

5g\ . To;}u/L lhNnf, gu/ / ufpFdf ;dGjo, ;fdflhs

kl/rfng tyf pQ/bfloTj Pj+ lhDd]jf/Ljf]w klg lyof] . Psfw

36gf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf x'g] lalQs} To;nfO{ cfd

k|j[ltsf] ?kdf a'em\g] / s]Gb|af6 cfˆgf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lbPsf]

cfb]zsf] e/df :yfgLo tx rlnxfN5 eGg] cnf]stflGqs / ;Qf

:jfy{sf sf/0f xfnsf] cj:yf ef]Ug' k/]sf] ljZn]if0f u/L

oyfzSo l56f] :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug{ ;lsof] eg] dfq u0ftGq

ufpF / j8f tx;Dd k'Ug]5 . ;+;f/sf ljsl;t / ;DkGg

d'n'sx?df h'g b]zn] :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] cfGtl/s cfo j[l4

ug]{ / s]Gb|Lo /fhZjaf6 ;+slnt /sd ;d]t k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ dfkm{t u/fpg] / ltgsf]

Ifdtf ljsf;sf klg cfjlws / cTfw'lgs tflnd tyf

k|lzIf0fx?sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . xfdLx? ljz]if

sfnv08df s]Gb| jf k|b]z htf;'s} eP klg cflv/ x/]s JolQm

s'g} g s'g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ cGtu{t s} s/ bftf gful/s x'G5f}+

eGg] x]Ssf /fVg] xf] eg] ;a}df :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ifd / >f]t

;DkGg agfpg] b[9 OR5f hfUYof] ls < :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/x?

xfdLx? ljz]if sfnv08df s]Gb| jf k|b]z

htf;'s} eP klg cflv/ x/]s JolQm s'g} g

s'g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ cGtu{t s} s/ bftf

gful/s x'G5f}+ eGg] x]Ssf /fVg] xf] eg]

;a}df :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ifd / >f]t

;DkGg agfpg] b[9 OR5f hfUYof] ls <

:yfgLo k|hftGq

6

klg cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsfjfnf ;+j}wflgs tyf :jzfl;t ;+:yf

x'g'k5{ eGg] nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L :yfgLo

lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 hgk|ltlglwd"ns Joj:yf ul/of] eg]

cGtl/d / ;+qmd0f sfn b]lv g} :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] yk

nf]stflGqs cEof; ug{ yfNg] 5g\ / u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g]

cfwf/ tof/ x'Fb} hfg]5 . o;sf ;fy} hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo

;/sf/ /xFbf l;dfgf tyf d'n'ssf cGo ljleGg :yfgsf

xltof/wf/L tyf cGo cfk/flws ;d'xsf] ljuljuL ;d]t :yfgLo

txsf] ljz]if 1fg / sf}znn] Joj:yfkg eO{ Go"gLs/0f Pjd\

lg/fs/0f ;d]t x'g ;S5 .

:yfgLo nf]stGq / u0ftGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

:yfgLo txdf tTsfn hgk|ltlglwd"ns Joj:yf ug{ /

hgtfsf] jlnbfgaf6 k|fKt nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut

Pjd\ ;'b[9 kfg{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ ;'kmfjx? k|:t't ug{

;lsG5M

;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts agfpg

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% df ;+zf]wg ug]{ .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] k'gM;+/rgf ubf{;Ddsf] cGtl/d cjlwsf

nflu dfq lgjf{rg ul/g]af/] ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx? aLr

;xdlt ug]{ .

lgjf{rg cfof]un] tof/ ul//x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnL

;+sngdf ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx?nn] ;xof]u ug{] .

cfufld cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df lgjf{rgsf nflu /sd

ljlgof]hg ug]{ .

k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] pRr :t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqLsf]

cWoIftfsf] sfof{Gog ;ldlt tyf :yfgLo ljsf; ;lrjsf]

cWoIftfsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f kmf]sn ;ldltx?nfO{ lqmofzLn

agfO{ lgoldt a}7s ug]{ / cw{jflif{s ;ldIff ug]{ .

:yfgLo :joQ zf;g P]g;Fu aflemPsf s]xL P]gx? ;+zf]wg

ug]{ .

sfo{lhDd]jf/L lgIf]k0f ul/g' kg]{ dGqfnox?df klg yk

kmf]sn JolQm tf]sL tL+ kmf]sn JolQm / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

sfof{Gjog ;ldlt / km]fsn ;ldlt aLr k|To]s b'O{ dlxgfdf

a}7s ug]{ .

lhNnf, gu/kflnsf / ufpFx?df cfjlws of]hgf /

u'?of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg xfn k|:tfljt Ifdtf

ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?, cGo cg'lzIf0fx? lgjf{rg eP nuQ}

tLg dlxgf leq :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3÷dxf;+3x?, :yfgLo

ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg tyf cGo bIftf / cg'ej k|fKt

;+:yf Pjd\ JolQmx?af6 ;~rfng ug{ ah]6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

s]Gb|, lhNnf, gu/ / ufpFdf cg'udg ;+oGq yk ;lqmo /

cg'udgsf] k|ltj]bg tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df

k'/:s[t tyf bl08t ug]{ gLlt k|lt ;r]t ub}{ sfof{Gog ug]{

/ ;f]sf] k|rf/ ug]{ .

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'gM;+/rgfaf/] lgjf{lrt lgsfox?df

Jofks 5nkmn rnfO{ ldNg ;Sg] jf c;xh x'g] l:yltaf/]

k'gM;+/rgf cfof]unfO{ k|ltj]bg ug{ nufpg] .

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf Goflos clwsf/ ;d]t /fhkqdf k|sflzt

u/L sfo{If]q leqsf emu8fx? ;dfwfg ug{ clwstd k|oTg

u/fpg] .

clgolGqt ?kdf a9L /x]sf] k|fs[lts >f]tsf] bf]xg /f]Sg

:yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/L tf]sL ;f] cg'?k

/f]oN6L k|bfg ug]{ oyfxL3| sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

u0ftGq k|flKtsf] ljifonfO{ xif{ / P]ltxfl;s pknJwLsf]

?kdf k|rf/ u/L ef}lts ;+/rgf, ;/;kmfO{ tyf cfly{s

qmflGtsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ dfkm{t ljz]if sfo{qmd /

ah]6 ;lxt b]zJofkL cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ .

lgisif{df

olb pk/f]Qm cg';f/ ug{ ;lsof] eg] s]Gb| ;/sf/ tyf

k|:tfljt k|b]zx?nfO{ klg hgtfsf nflu hgtfåf/f zf;g ug{,

nf]stGqsf cGt/f{li6«o Pjd\ ;fj{ef}d d"No / dfGotf cg'?k

u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, k|ltqmflGt tyf xltof/wf/L ;d'xsf]

qfz sd ug{, ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf hgtfsf]

ljZjf; cfh{g ug{ ;d]t cg's'n jftfj/0f tof/ ug{sf ;fy}

d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dj[l4 ug{ ;xof]u

k'Ug]5 . nf]stGq, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, cg'zf;g / d]x]gtL hgtf /x]sf

tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ul/Psf d'n'sx? PsfTds jf ;+3Lo

h]eP klg ;d[4 tyf ;'vL ePsf ;+;f/sf y'k|} pbfx/0f tk{m

klg ;dod} ljrf/ k'Ug' cfjZos 5 . cGoyf ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

lgjf{rg u/L u0ftGq :yfkgf u/]sf] axfb'/Lsf ljifon] dfq

gful/s Pjd\ efjL k':tfsf] dfu tyf eljio cw/d} /xg] /

cGo åGåu|:t d'n's h:t} bzsf}+;Dd klg k|ult gx'g] cj:yf

cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf tk{m ;dod} ;r]t /xL b'/b[li6 k'¥ofpg /

lg0f{o ug,{ bjfj l;h{gf ug{ tyf pHjn eljiosf] lgdf{0fsf

nflu h'6\g ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bn, ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf

cfdgful/ssf] Wofg hfg h?/L 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

!= g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#

@= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%%

#= g]kfn ;/sf/sf k~r jifL{o of]hgf tyf ;ldIff k|ltj]bgx?

$= ;'zf;g ;DjGwL cWoog k|ltj]bgx?

%= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% tyf lgodfnL, @)%^

^= pRr :t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|ltj]bgx?

&= s]xL ljsl;t b]zsf ;+ljwfg / P]gx?

*= s]xL ljsl;t b]zx?df :yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ lbOPsf

sfo{lhDd]jf/L k|ltj]bgx?

:yfgLo k|hftGq

7

cfn]v

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f l;4fGt / Jojxf/. 8f= lji0f'z+s/ kf}8]n

;x–k|fWofks lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

!= ;}4flGts kl/ro

dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf

dfgj hflt /fHo ;~rfngsf] k|lqmofdf

;dfj]z x'g yfn]kl5 clwsf/ / bfloTjsf]

afF8kmfF8sf] ax; ;'? ePsf] xf] . s]lGb|s[t

/ ljs]lGb|s[t /fHo k4ltsf] ljifo gjLg

xf]Og t/ k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltsf]

df}lns dfGotf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] . s]Gb|df

/x]sf] zltm, cl3sf/, bfloTj, ;fwg, /

;|f]t hlt tNnf] lgsfo tx / ju{df

lgM;[t xF'b} hfG5 Tolt g} k|hftflGqs

zf;g Joj:yfn] ;fy{stf kfPsf]

7flgG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf]

k|lqmofnfO{ ;jn t'Nofpg ;g\

!(() sf] bzskl5 s]Gb|df

/x]sf] bfloTj, clwsf/, /

;|f]tnfO{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd

k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfjZostfsf]

dx;'; ug{ yflnof] . :yfgLo

cfjZostfcg';f/ ;|f]tsf]

jfF8kmfF8 / pkof]u x'g ;sf];,

s/ ltg{ / s/ lng]sf aLrdf

:ki6 bfloTj af]w x'g ;sf];,

:yfgLo ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkgdf

:yfgLo hgtfs} ;+nUgtf x'g ;sf];\ /

;dfhdf /x]sf] sdhf]/ ju{;Dd ljsf;sf]

k|ltkmn k'Ug ;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon]

:yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ ;dfh ljsf;sf

k|d'v gfossf ?kdf k|:t't ug{ yflnPsf]

xf] -;]G6/ km/ 8]df]qm];L, ;g\ @)))M#@_

:yfgLo hgtfsf] ;+nUgtflagf ljsf;sf

gLlt / sfo{qmdx? lgdf{0f ug{] / nfu"

ug]{ k/Dk/fut s]Gb|Ls[t k4lt ca

c;fGble{s eO;s]sf]] 5 . ;/n efiffdf

eGbf ;fFrf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] ;|f]t / zlQmsf]

k"0f{ lgIf]k0f rfxG5 . gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv

sfof{Gjog;Dd :jfoQtf rfxG5 . s'g}

klg axfgfdf s]Gb|Lo x:tIf]k :jLsf/ ug{

;Sb}g . ;g !(%) b]lvsf ljsf;

/0fgLltx?sf] Oltxf;n] of] l;4

ul/;s]sf 5g\ ls hgtf hlt;'s}

cljsl;t cj:yfdf /xf];\ cfˆgf] lxt /

clxtsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ p;}nfO{

;'Dkbfdfq ljsf; k|lqmof lbuf] /xg

;Sb5 . ca ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|hftflGqs

k4ltnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg] dfWod /

k|s[of b'j} xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljsf;

/0fgLltsf/x? k|i6 eO;s]sf] 5g\ -O:6g{

cu{gfOh];g,;g\ @))(M@*_ .

nf]stGqsf] ;kmn k|of]u cfd

hgtfn] cg'e't ug{ ;Sg], ;xeflu jGg

;Sg], lgof{0f lgdf{0f / lg?k0fdf e"ldsf

v]Ng] ljs]Gb|Lt zf;g k4ltdf dfq x'g

;Sb5 . ;j} If]qdf hgtfnfO{ j9L

clwsf/ ;DkGg / pQ/bfoL agfpg'df g}

k|hftGqsf] ;fy{stf /xG5 . cfˆgf]

/fHosf] efUo lgdf{0f hgtf cfkm}n]

ub{5g\ . To;sf nflu d'n'ssf]

k|To]stxsf] zf;g / sfo{df hgtfsf]

;lqmo ;xeflutf h'6fO{ :yfgLo :jfoQf

zf;g k|s[ofnfO{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ kfg{

ljs]lGb|t zf;g k4tL ;zQmjGg ;Sb5 .

/fHosf] zlQm s]Gb| ;/sfdf /xg] ePsfn]

:yfgLo k|s[ltsf] clwsf/ :yfgLo txdf

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gug]{ xf] eg] k|hftGq /

:yfgLo :jzf;gsf] hu ;'b[9 x'g ;Sb}g .

hgrfxgf cg'?k hg ;xeflutfsf]

cfwf/df ljsf; k|s[ofnfO{ cufl8,

a9fpg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ Ps lg/Gt/

rln/xg] ;zQm k|s[ofsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

s'g} klg /fHodf k|hftGq geP zlQm

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f x'b}g, clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

geP :jzf;g x'g ;Sb}g, :jzf;gsf]

cefjdf lbuf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g / lbuf]

ljsf; geP;Dd k|hftGqsf nfex?

hgtfn] pkef]u ug{ gkfP /fhgLlts

Joj:yf k|lt g} ljt[i0ff pTkGg x'g

;S5 . ctM ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{

k|hftGq, :jfzf;g / lbuf]

ljsf;sf] ckl/xfo{ c:q Pjd\

ljsf;sf] Ps clt pko'Qm

/0fgLltsf] ?kdf c+uLsf/ ug'{ kg]{

x'G5 ->L %sf] ;/sf/, @)%#M@@ .

;g !(*) sf] bzsb]lv

ljZjJoflk ?kdf ;/sf/L

sfo{x?sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;DaGwdf

rf;f] a9]sf] kfpF5f} . ;g\ !(()

sf] bzs b]lv s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]]

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;]jf k|bfks

;fj{hlgs sfo{x? ljs]Gb|Lt u/]/

k|hftGqsf] l;h{gf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf]

dxTjk'0f{ ;+oGq ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{

;+;f/el/ g} c+ufn]sf] kfpF5f} . ;+;f/sf

;a}h;f] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n], ljlQo,

/fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs pQ/bfloTj

tNnf]txsf ;/sf/ / gLlhIf]qnfO{

ljs]Gb|Ls[t u/L cfPsf 5g\ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

;DaGwL k|of;df Hofb} lj:tf/ ePsf] 5

/ ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j}

lsl;dsf d'n;sx?n] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf]

lg0f{o zlQmsf] Psflwsf/dfly r'gf}tL lbFb}

cfPsf 5g\ -lji6, ;g\ @))!M!_ .

hgtfsf nflu /fHon] ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{

nf]stGqsf] ;kmn k|of]u cfd

hgtfn] cg'e't ug{ ;Sg], ;xeflu

jGg ;Sg], lgof{0f lgdf{0f /

lg?k0fdf e"ldsf v]Ng] ljs]Gb|Lt

zf;g k4ltdf dfq x'g ;Sb5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

8

k|zf;lgs / ;]jf k|bfug'{ kg]{ sfo{x?

s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qfn] dfq ug{ Jojxfl/s /

;Dej gx'g] x'gfn] :yfgLo hgtfsf hxfF

h] h:tf sfd / ;d:of 5g\, o:tf sfo{

;Dkfbg ug]{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{

ToxLsf hgtfnfO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf ;Ful7t

u/]/ /fHozlQmnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?df

lgIf]k0f ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ g} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

k|s[of eGg] ul/G5 . k|hftflGqs zf;gdf

:yfgLo hgtfx?n] /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o

dxTjsf ljifox?df afx]s :yfgLo rfxgf

cfjZostf, ;|f]t kl/rfng, gLlt lgdf{0f

Pjd\ lg?k0fdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf]

pkl:ylt sd ;]sd rfxG5g . :yfgLo

hgtfx?sf] lgjf;:yfg ufpF, zx/, If]q /

;dfhsf] hLjGtkIf eg]sf] ltgLx?n]

k|of]hg ug]{ :jfoQ zf;gsf] ljs]Gb|Ls[t

k4lt xf] . o;sf] nflu j}wflgs / sfg"gL

cfwf/x? v8fu/L hg ;xefuLtfdf

cfwfl/t :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gnfO{

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf cl3 a9fpg'

kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff ;d]t cufl8 cfPsf]

5 -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3,

@)^!M!$_ .

@= ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo zf;g

k|hftGqsf] d'n cfwf/ :yfgLo

zf;g xf] . :yfgLo zf;gs} e/df s]Gb|Lo

zf;gsf] sfo{af]em sd x'G5 . /fli6«o

ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"ld ;d]t :yfgLo zf;g

xf] . :yfgLo txsf ufpF÷gu/ / lhNnfsf

hfgtfsf] lxt ToxLsf hgtfsf]

;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdjf6 g}

x'g ;Sb5 . :yfgLo hgtfn] r'g]sf]

:yfgLo hgk|ltlglwjf6 hlt To;

ufpF÷gu/ Onfsfsf] ljsf; / pGglt x'g

;S5 Tolt s]Gb|jf6 yf]kfl/Psf] dgf]lgt

JolQmaf6 x'g ;Sb}g . hgtfsf :yfgLo

k|ltlglwn] ;~rfng ug]{ :yfgLo

;/sf/sf] cjwf/0f g} :yfgLo zf;g xf] .

:yfgLo zf;g k|hftGqsf] kf7zfnf xf] .

k|hftGqsf] ;'Id?k :yfgLo k|hftGqsf]

;DjGw :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;Fu 5 hf]

cfkm}df k|hftflGqs ;'zf;gsf] Ps ?k

xf] -yfkf,;g\ !(((M!_ . s'g} klg :yfgsf]

cfjZostf / hgrfxgfx? ToxL 7fpFsf

dflg;nfO{ hlt 1fg x'g ;S5 cGonfO{

x'b}g . lglZrt If]q, lhNnf, zx/ /

ufpFsf dflg;x?sf] rfxgf, ;d:of /

To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;fwg / >f]tsf

af/]df k|i6 1fg k|fKt ePsf] :yfgLo

hgk|ltlglwaf6 hglxtsf nflu ul/g]

zf;gnfO{ :yfgLo zf;g elgG5 .

:yfgLo zf;gdf hgtf hgfb{gn] :jtGq

?kdf cfˆgf] If]qsf] zf;g k|aGw /

zf;g ;~rfng lgIf]k0f-ljs]Gb|Ls/0f_sf]

dfWodn] ug{ kfpg] k"0f{ clwsf/ hgtfdf

/xG5 .

cfˆgf] ef}uf]lns Onfsf leqsf

hgtf hgfb{gsf] ;xeflutfdf pgLx?s}

OR5f rfxgf / cfs+IffnfO{ ;d]6L hglxt

/ ;d'Ggltsf nflu k|fKt sfg"gL

clwsf/sf] bfo/f leq /lx :yfgLo zf;g

;~rfng ug]{ clestf{ g} :yfgLo

hgtfsf hgk|ltlglw x'g\ . :yfgLo

hgtfsf] ;Ddlt cg's'n cf–cfˆgf] If]q

jf Onfsfdf ;+:yfut ljsf; /

;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ :yfgLo If]q /

hghLjgnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ s'/fdf :yfgLo

;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng / hgtfs}

;xeflutf åf/f ljsf; Joj:yfkg ug{sf

nflu clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f -ljs]Gb|Ls/0f_ /

lgIf]k0f sfo{df :jtGqtf k"j{s lg0f{o ug]{

clwsf/ :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/df lglxt

x'g] k4lt g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]

d"n cjwf/0ff xf] . o;} u/L cGt/fli6«o

jftj/0f lj1fgn] ;d]t Ps bzs

cufl8b]lv ljs]Gb|Ls[t :yfgLo zf;gnfO{

;zQm ?kdf ;dy{g ub{} cfPsf] kfpFb5f}

-+:yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, ;g\

@))@M &#_ .

:yfgLo zf;g, :yfgLo ;/sf/,

:yfgLo ljsf;, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g h]

htf zAbx? k|of]udf cfP klg g]kfnsf]

;Gbe{df ufpF / ;d'bfodf a;f]af;

ul//x]sf s/f}8f}+ hgtf / nfvf}+

hgk|ltlglwx? b'j}nfO{ ;Ifd / alnof]

agfpb} :yfgLo k|hftGqsf] cEof; ;'b[9

ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf / cjwf/0f

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] /x]sf] 5 .

To;}u/L clwsf+z ljsf;ljb tyf

sfo{sstf{x? :yfgLo lgsfo tyf

gful/s ;dfh / ;+:yfx? zf;gsf]

cljlzi6 l;4fGt / Jojxf/ adf]lhd

s]Gb|jf6 :yfgLo ljsf;df zf;gsf]

lgIf]k0f x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt 5g\

. :yfgLo zf;gsf] ;~rfng hgpQ/bfoL

:yfgLo ;/sf/n] ub{5 . :yfgLo zf;gdf

hg;xeflutf, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/, ;|f]t

;fwg, hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng, pQ/bfloTj

jxg, :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;, lgdf{0f,

;]jfk|jfx, ;fem]bf/L Ifdtf / ljsf; /

lgIf]lkt sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug]{ / ;+oGqx?

/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f{ Pjd\ ljsf; cflb

ljifox?nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] kfpF5f} . To;}n]

:yfgLo lgsfo x? g} hgtfsf OR5f

cfsf+Iffx? k'/fug]{ z;Qm dfWod x'g .

#= ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf hgk|ltlglw

;/sf/df x/]s dflg;sf] lx:;f /xg'

k|hftGq xf] . hgtfsf] ;xefuLtfn]

k|hftGqnfO{ ;;jn agfp5 . hgtfnfO{

s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ ;~rfng u/Lg]

k|hftfGqLs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtf

k|ToIf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf] cledt

Psftkm{ JoQm ub{5g\ eg] csf]{ tkm{

cfˆgf k |ltlglwx? dfkm{t zf;gsf]

afu8f]/ ;~rfng ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] lgdf0f{

ub{5 . k|ToIf k|hftGqsf] k|of]hg c;Dej

k|foM cfhsf] cj:yfdf hgtfn] dt

cleJolQmsf] dfWodåf/ hgk|ltlglwx?sf]

rog u/L k|hftGqnfO{ k|of]ufTds ?k

lbg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . cfkm"n] OR5fPsf]

k|ltlglwsf] 5gf}6, hgefjgf /

cfj:ostfsf] cleJoQm ug{ ;Sg] jf ug]{

hgk|ltlglwd"ns k4lt k|hftflGqs

d'n'sx?df kfOG5 . hgtfn] cfˆgf] g]t[Tj

rog cfkm}n] ug]{ g]t[Tjn] hg

cfjZostfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ g;s]

cfjlws lgjf{rgdf hgtfn] csf]{

g]t[Tjsf] rog ug]{ Pp6f c;n

k|hftflGqs kl/kf6L nf]ssNof0fsf/L

ljs]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;'Gb/ kIf

dflgG5 . k|hftGqsf] k|of]hgdf

hgk|ltlglw d"ns zf;gnfO{ cfh;Ddsf]

Oltxf;df ;a} eGbf pQd Joj:yf

dflgPsf] 5 . cfhef]nL k|ltlglwd"ns

k|hftGqsf] dfWodn] hgtfn] cfˆgf

clwsf/x?sf] pkef]u ubf{ ;fj{hlgs

kbsf nflu kbflwsf/Lx?sf] rog

dtbfgåf/f ug]{ / tL ljhoL kbflwsf/Lx?

dtbftfx? k|lt g} pQ/bfloTj x'g'kg]{

Joj:yf ;To;fljt e} ;s]sf] 5 .

cfjlws lgjf{rgdf hgtfsf] sfdu/]sf

dflg;n] dfq k'gM lgjf{rg lhTb5g\ .

cGoyf Ps k6s JoQm cledtn] ;bfsf

nflu sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . Pp6f lglZrt

;dofjlwdf lgjf{rg eO/xg' kb{5 .

lsgls dflg;sf a9\bf cfsf+Iff /

:yfgLo k|hftGq

9

cfjZostfx? ablnbf] /fhgLlts cfly{s

/ ef}lts kl/j]znfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg]

k|ltlglwsf] rog ug]{ hgtfsf] rfxgf

/xG5 . o:tf] k|hftflGqs ultljlwdf

/fhgLlts bnx? hgdt ;+sng /

cleJoQm ug]{ ;zQm dfWod jf ;+jfxs

aGb5g -8'eu{/,;g\ !(&^M#&@_ .

pk/f]Qm hgk|ltlglw d"ns k4lt

/fli6«o ;/sf/sf ;DaGwdf dfq g e}

ljs]Gb|Ls[t :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;Gbe{df

klg cToGt ;fGble{s 7flgG5 . To;}n]

k|hftGqsf] d]?b08sf ?kdf :yfgLo

;/sf/nfO{ ljZjJoflk ?kdf :jLsf/

u/]sf] kfp5f}+ . :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ al9

eGbf al9 :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L ljsf;sf]

ultnfO{ ;dfg'kflts 9+un] tLj| agfpb}

nluPsf cEof;x? ljZj el/g} oqtq

kfpg ;lsG5 . ;dli7df d'n'ssf]

k|hftGqnfO{ ;jn ;Ifd / ;d'Ggt

t'Nofpg] lbzfdf :yfgLo txsf]

k|hftflGqs ;jlns/0fsf] k|of;n]

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ s'/fdf b'O{dt

x'g ;Sb}g .

$=ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf hg;xeflutf

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|of]hgn] :yfgLo

hgtfnfO{ zf;g Joj:yfdf ;lDdlnt

u/fpg / ;aeGbf tNnf] ufpj:tLsf

hgtfnfO{ ;l/s u/fO{ To;sf nfex?

k|To]sn] k|fKtug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgfug{

hg ;xeflutf clgjfo{ cfjZostf

aGg k'u]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts g]tfx?sf]

5gf]6, gLlt lgdf{0f / sfo{Gjogdf

k|efj kfg{ hgtfn] ug]{ ;d"lxs

k|of;sf] gfd g} j:t'tM hg;xeflutf

xf] -ljg/, ;g\ !(((M@@$_ .

k|hftGqdf hgtf hgfb{g g} ;jf]{kl/

x'G5g\ . hg;xeflutf lagfsf]

k|hftlGqs zf;g kl/sNkgf ;Dd ug{

;lsb}g . s'g} klg b]zsf hgtf cfˆgf]

/fi6«sf efUo lgdf{tf dfq xf]Ogg\, /fi6«sf

cx+ ;jfnx?df clGtd lg0f{o ug]{

k|hftGqsf clestf{ ;d]t x'g . /fHosf]

tNnf] lgsfodf ;d]t ljsf;sf

ultljlwx? hg;xeflutf ljgf

;~rfnug{ c;Dej 5 eGg] ljZjJoflk

cjwf/0ff alg ;s]sf] 5 . zf;g

Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr slQsf] 5,

hgtf ;fj{ef}d 5g\ of 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f

b]zsf] k|To]s txsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf]

lg0f{fos :yfgdf hg;xeflutfsf] :t/

s:tf] 5 < hgk|ltlglwn] lg0f{o lng

;S5g of ;Sb}Gg eGg] s'/fn] lgwf{/0f

ub{5 . k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL hgtfsf]

;xeflutfdf dfq hLljt/xg ;Sb5 .

hg;dy{g / hgbjfjaf6 dfq hg

g]t[Tjsf lg0f{ox? dha't, Aojxfl/s /

sNof0fsf/L aGg ;Sb5g\ .

hlt s]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf

hg;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf 7flgG5 Tof]

eGbf klg al9 :yfgLo zf;g ;~rfngsf]

:kGbg hg;xeflutf aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

hgtfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn] /fhgLlts

k4ltdf lgoGq0f / k|efj b'j} kfg{ ;Sb5

-bxfn,;g\ @))@M!!(_ . :yfgLo zf;gdf

kf/blz{ pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lx h:tf

;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ;lqmo hg–

;xeflutfdf ug{ ;lsG5 . hgtfsf]

Ifdtfljsf; / ;zlQms/0f hg;xeflutf

ljgf k|foM c;Dej 5 . hgtfsf]

;xeflutfn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ dfq

;zQm agfpb}g, k|hftGqnfO{ ;d]t ;'b[9

kfg]{ sfd ub{5 -vgfn,;g\ @))#M@#)_.

o;/L x]bf{ hg;xeflutf k|hftflGqs

zf;g Joj:yfsf] r'/f] xf] . hg ;dy{gdf

;~rflnt /fhgLlts k|0ffnLn] dfq

clei7 nIox? k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . hg

;dy{gdf ;~rfnLt /fhgLlts k|0ffnLn]

dfq clei7 nIox? k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .

hg;dy{g ljgfsf] :yfgLo jf s]Gb|Lo

;/sf/ tf;sf] dxn h:t} xf] . h'g s'g}

klg a]nf 9Ng ;Sb5 . nf]s ;Ddlt hg

;xefuLtf / emg /fHo zltmsf] ;|f]t

hgtf g} xf] eGg] c7f]6n] zg;g

;~rfngdf hgtfnfO{ g} s]Gb|ljGb'

agfpg' kb{5 eGg] oyfy{tfsf] k|Tofe"lt

;+ljwfgdf kb{5 . To:t} nf]s ;Ddlt /

hg;xeflutf eg]sf] hgtfsf] le8, gf/f

h'n';, :jfut / lj/f]wsf] s[To dfq xf]Og

of] t Jojl:yt ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL

dof{bf leq /lx ljsf;, lgdf{0f /

hgsNof0fsf nflu ul/g] k'lgt sfo{x?sf]

;sf/fTds ;xeflutf xf] . hgtf cfkm}

;xeflu eP/ x'G5 of k|ltlglwsf] 5gf}6

u/]/ ltlgx?sf] dfWodaf6 zf;gsf

k|To]s If]qdf hg;xeflutfsf] cg'e"ltdf

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ dfq x}g :yfgLo ;/sf/

n] ;d]t hgtfsf] gf;f] k|hftGqnfO{

hLjg k4ltsf] ?kdf ptfg{ ;kmn x'G5 .

t/ cfh lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwljxLg

:yfgLo zf;g /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljsf;,

lgdf{0f / ;'zf;gdf ;do vr{ ug]{

hgdt jf hg;xeflutfsf] e]n

;/sf/sf] ;dy{g / lj/f]wdf wldlnPsf]

5 .

%= ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsfM cEof;x?

Nf]fstGqnfO{ :yfgLo ;t/jf6

hLjg k4ltsf] ?kdf ckgfpg' kb{5 .

ax';+Vos hgtfn] jf;:yfg :yfgLo

txdf cfly{s, /fhgLlts clwsf/x?

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lgIf]k0f ul/Pdfg}

;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe'lt / ;fdflhs Gofosf]

Jj:yf :yfgLo k|hftGqdf x'g ;Sb5 .

log} ;Gbe{df g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf

cEof;x? tn lbOG5 .

%=! k|frLg / dWosfn

g]kfndf :yfgLo zf;gsf] k/Dk/f

k|frLgsfn b]lv g} ;'? x'G5 . ljleGg

sfn v08df ul/Psf k|of]ux? a]Unf a]Un}

z}nLsf ePklg dxTjk"0f{

dflgG5g\ . ls/fFtsfnLg k|frLg g]kfnsf]

zf;g k4ltdf /fHonfO{ cg]s …y'dÚdf

ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s y'ddf

hgtfn] r'g]sf kfFrhgf …k~rÚ /xGy] .

…y'dÚ eGbf d'lg …ufpFÚ /xGy] . k|To]s

ufpFdf ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfn] …ljrf/L d'lvofÚ

r'Gby] . o; sfnsf] y'd cg]s lhNnfdf

ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ljleGg y'd

cGtu{t u|fdx? /xg] Joj:yf lyof] .

Oltxf; k'/ftflTjs ;|f]taf6 k'li6

ug{ afFsL ePklg y'd k|d'v pkk|d'v ufpF

k|d'v, ;'Aaf, pk;'Aaf h:tf :yfgLo

:jfzf;g ;~rfng ug]{x?sf] cg]s

gfdx? kfOG5g\ . logLx?n] cfˆgf] If]qdf

hlt s]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf

hg;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf

7flgG5 Tof] eGbf klg al9

:yfgLo zf;g ;~rfngsf]

:kGbg hg;xeflutf aGg

k'u]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

10

zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug]{, em}–emu8fx?

lg/fs/0f ug]{ ck/flwnfO{ b08 lbg] s/

p7fpg], s'nf]÷gx/ / ahf/sf] Joj:yf

ug]{ sfo{ ub{y] . ls/fFtx?n] Jojl:yt

zf;g Joj:yf dfq x}g :yfgLo

:jfzf;gsf] k/Dk/fsf] ;d]t ljsf;

u/]sf lyP -e§/fO{, @)^!M#&_ .

/fhf dfgb]j -$^$–%)% O{+_ sf]

kfnfb]lv lnR5jLsfnsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L

kfOG5 . lnR5jL zf;gsfnsf] k|zf;g

Joj:yf ;f]em} s]Gb|af6 zf;g ul/g] …b]zÚ

/ s]Gb|sf] clwdf /xL ;fdGt4f/f zf;g

ul/g] …b]zÚ u/L /fi6« b'O{ v08df ljeflht

lyof] . lhNnfnfO{ …ljifoÚ / :yfgLo

k|zf;g rnfpg] …ljifokltÚ klg x'Gy] .

o;/L s]Gb|, ;fdGt / ljifo Psflt/ lyP

eg] u|fd tn{/ b|ª :yfgLo txdf lyP .

h;dWo] u|fdkf~rfnLsf] Joj:yf :yfgLo

txdf lyof] . u|fdkf~rfnLsf ;b:o

:yfgLo kfFr hgf a'9fkfsfn] :yfgLo

ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{, s/ p7fpg], rf]/L

8s}tL xTof Jolerf/ / ljjfx ljR5]b

h:tf k~rfk/fw x]b{y] . lnR5ljx?

kl5 dWosfndf k|foM dNn /fhfx?n]

zf;g u/] . o;a]nf s]Gb| k|fKt /

:yfgLo zf;g lyof], lnR5jLx?sf]

z}nL ckgfO{ ljifo -lhNnf_ nfO{ y'd,

jl:t, u|fd tyf 6f]ndf ljefhg u/L

k|dfg, cdfnL, 6f]n pd/f, cflbn]

:yfgLo k|zf;g rnfpFy] . dWosfn

pNn]vgLo geP klg k~rfot,

kf~rfnL / kl5 k~r;d'Rok, …k~rÚ

h:tf ;+:yfn] :yfgLotxdf nf]slk|otf

lnP -jh|frfo{, @)#%M@)^)_ .

%=@ g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fb]lv /f0ffsfn;Dd

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / pgsf

pQ/flwsf/Lx?n] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;gJoj:yf

rnfPsf lyP . ;–;fgf /fHox?df

k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglwsf

?kdf d'lVtof/, ;'Aaf, cdfnL, rf}tlf/of,

sflh, ;/bf/, ;'j]bf/, n]K6]gh:tf kbx?

lhNnf :t/Lo clwsf/Lsf lyP . To:t}

:yfgLo k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/Lx?df b/f{,

uvf{ / y'dh:tf Onfsf k|d'v /xGYof] .

ltgLx?df d'lvof,yfgL, y/L, åf/], pd/fj,

cdfnL, h]7fa'9f, k|wfg, 6f]Nkf, /haf/,

glhsL, sfldg, gfOs], kmf}hbf, d'lG;km

rf}w/L, sf]tjfn, ldemf/, df]sbd, /fO{,

h'7f, /}ot, g]lu / clwsf/ cflb

lyP ., o'4/t cj:yf /x]sf] zfxsfndf

:yfgLo kbflwsf/Lx?n] hg;dy{t h'6fO{

hgtfaf6 o'4df ;fylng], cfGtl/s

zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfd ug]{, ;Defljt

cfqmd0f jf ljb|f]xaf6 ;'/Iff / /fhZj

;+sng k|d'v bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{ kb{Yof] .

:yfgLo hgtfnfO{ o'4sfnLg cj:yfdf

;l/s u/fpg ljleGg uLt, ehg /

o'4ufyf ;'gfO{ hg;xeflutf ;d]t

h'6fOGYof] .

/f0fsfnLg cjlw -!()#–@))&_

nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;Qtfsf] lg/+s'z zf;g

Joj:yf elgP klg lhNnf k|zf;gsf]

cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ;g\ !*(% -lj=;+=

!(%@_ b]lv jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf

kxf8tkm{ @# / t/fO{ tkm{ !@ u/L hDdf

#% lhNnfaf6 k|f/De ul/of] . u9L, uf}8f,

uf]Zjf/f h:tf c8\8f /xg] :yn sfod

u/L zfxsfnLg dflysf kbx?nfO{

/f0ffzf;g cg's"n agfO{of] . gu/:t/df

ef]6flxl6 :yLt Do'lgl;kN6Lsf] u7g

;DaGwL ;gb lj=;+= !(&^ / !(&(, Pj+

bfª b]pv'/Lsf] lj=;+= !(*# sf] …dfGohg

srx/LÚ :yfgLo zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df

pNn]vgLo ;'?jft dflgG5 . lj=;+=

@))) df hf/L k~rfot lgodfjnL,

lhNnfsf k~rfotsf gfpFdf lj=;+= @))#

hf/L lgodfjnL To:t} ufpFk~rfot,

gu/k~rfot / k~rfotL cbfntL P]g

@))^ klg :yfgLo :jzf;gsf

pNn]vgLo b:tfj]hsf] /f0ffsfndf

;'?jft ul/of] . hxflgof /f0ff zf;gdf

hg;xeflutfsf] s'g} cy{ lyPg-9'ª\u]n,

@)^)M !!_ .

%=# @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 k~rfotL sfn;Dd

@))& ;fnsf] hgqmflGt kl5sf

k|hftflGqs sfn / @)!& ;fnkl5sf]

k~rfotLsfndf w]/} ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL

k|ltj]bg, cfof]u ;ldlt, lgb]{zg,

lbUbz{g, P]g lgod / lgodfjnLx?sf

gfddf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf lbzfdf

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ;jlns/0f u/fpg

k|oTgx? eP ltgLx?sf] gfdfÍ g lgDg

cg';f/ 5 .

pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g zlQm

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cfof]u @)@), ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

of]hgf @)@@, :yfgLo k|zf;g JoJ:yf

P]g @)@@, PSsfO; ;b:oLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

;ldlt @)@$, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u

@)@%sf k|ltj]bgx?, kGw| ;b:oLo

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;ldlt @)@^, :yfgLo

k|zf;g cWofb]z @)@*, lhNnf

k|zf;g of]hgf @)#!, k|zf;g ;'wf/

cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)#@, PsLs[t

k~rfot ljsf;sf] k|f?k @)#%,

:yfgLo pk;ldlt @)#*, pRr:t/Lo

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f pk;ldlt @)#(,

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f P]g @)#(, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -

sfo{Joj:yf_ lgodfjnL @)$!,

pk/f]Qm k|oTgx? dWo] k|zf;g zlQm

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cfof]u @)@) n]

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ s;/L ;+:yfut ub}{

n}hfg] eGg] ljifodf 7f]; lgisif{x?

lgsfNof] . hgtfsf] cfjZostf hg:t/d}

lg?k0f u/L ltgsf] rfxgfcg';f/

clwsf/Lsf] k|of]u To:tf sfd ltgs}

;xof]udf u/fpg] cjwf/0f /fvL ufpF,

gu/ / lhNnfsf] ;efnfO{ ljwflosf /

ufpF÷gu/ / lhNnf k~rfotnfO{a

sfo{sf/L0fLsf] ?kdf sfd u/L ljsf;;Fu

;DalGwt sfdx? ljleGg :yfgLo txdf

ljefhg u/L sfd ug{ u/fpg l;kmfl/;

;fy lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf k|ltj]bg k]z

u¥of] . o;}sf] cfwf/df @)@@ ;fndf

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfo{of]hgf @)@@ /

lhNnf k~rfotsf] lgb]{zgfjnL @)@@

k|of]udf cfof] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lbzfdf

o; k|ltj]bgnfO{ pRr d"Nofs+gsf ;fy

x]l/G5 .

lnR5jL zf;gsfnsf] k|zf;g

Joj:yf ;f]em} s]Gb|af6 zf;g ul/g]

…b]zÚ / s]Gb|sf] clwdf /xL

;fdGt4f/f zf;g ul/g] …b]zÚ u/L

/fi6« b'O{ v08df ljeflht lyof] .

lhNnfnfO{ …ljifoÚ / :yfgLo k|zf;g

rnfpg] …ljifokltÚ klg x'Gy] .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

11

To:t} cGo k|of;x?df lqe'jg u|fd

ljsf; sfo{qmd @))(, ufpF k~rfot

Pg] @)!# / @)!*, ufpF k~rfot lgod

@)!#, ufpF k~rfot -sfo{Joj:yf_

lgodfjnL @)@), ufpF ;ef -:yfgdf_

lgodfjnL @)@^ g]kfn/fHo gu/kflnsf

P]g @))(, gu/kflnsf –cfDbfgL vr{

Joj:yf_ lgodx? @)!^, gu/kflnsf

;ef lgodx? @)!&, gu/k~rfot P]g

@)!(, gu/k~rfot -sfo{Joj:yf_

lgodfjnL @)@), lhNnf k~rfot P]g

@)!(, lhNnf k~rfot -sfo{Joj:yf_

lgodfjnL @)@), c~rn k~rfot P]g

@)!(, c~rn ;ef P]g @)@$ / @)@%

k~rfot ljsf; tyf hUuf s/ P]g

@)@@, k~rfot ljsf; tyf hUuf s/

lgodx? @)@* ;dt] /x]sf 5g\ -9'ª\u]n,

@)^)M**_ . k~rfotsfnLg k|of]u /

cEof;x?df ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /

of]hgfj4 lgsfosf r/0fx?df ;d]t

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ cfTd;fy ul/of] . t/

Joj:yf g} k|hftflGqs aGg g;s]sfn]

tTsfnLg k|oTg / k|of]u Jojxf/Ls Pj+

hgpkof]uL x'g ;s]gg\ .

%=$ hg cfGbf]ng @)$^ kl5sf k|of;x?

/fli6«o hg cfGbf]ngn] tL; jif{

k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo u/]kl5

k|hftflGqs ax'bnLo zf;gJoj:yfdf

:yfgLo zf;gsf] cfjZostf k|hftGqsf]

;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu cfjZos 7flgof]

tTsfnLg cfGtl/s ;/sf/n] ufpF÷ gu/

/ lhNnf :t/Lo k~rfotsf ;+/rgfx?

vf/]h u/L :yfgLo hgtfsf] tTsfnLg

;]jf k|bfos sfo{x? ug{ sd{rf/LnfO{

lhDdf nufOof] . k~rfotnfO{ ljsf;

;ldltdf ?kdfGt/0f ul/of] . k|hftGqnfO{

hu}b]lv dha't agfpg zlQm

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf /xG5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGqnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{

g;s]/ k~rfotsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gLlt

;fy{s x'g ;s]g . :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ;lxt

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0f ax'bnLo

Joj:yfsf] ljz]iftf aGof] .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&

sf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt cGtu{t wf/f @% df

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWod4f/f hgtfnfO{

zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt

x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf nfex?sf]

pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ug'{

/fHosf] d'Vo bfloTj x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v

5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $^ df

…k|To]s ljsf; If]qsf ufpF / gu/sf

:yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v, pkk|d'v /

;b:ox? dtbftf ePsf] tyf lhNnfsf

:yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v, pkk|d'v

lgjf{rg d08n4f/f tt\tt\ ljsf;

If]qaf6 tLg hgfsf b/n] Psn

;ª\qmdl0fLo dtsf cfwf/df sfg"gdf

Joj:yf eP cg';f/ lgjf{rg x'g] kGw|

hgf ;b:ox? sf] Jooj:yf 5 . o:t}

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)$ -!_ df …of] ;+ljwfg

/ cGo sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL ;+;b tyf

ufpF, gu/ / lhNnfsf :yfgLo

lgsfox?sf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v,

lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6

x'g]5Ú egL ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]

kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

hgcfGbf]ng kl5sf] cfGtl/s

;/sf/n] ljwflosf -;+;b_ sf] lgdf{0f /

To;n] :yfgLo txsf nflu P]g

gagfP;Dd sl/a Ps jif{sf nflu ufpF,

gu/ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$&

hf/L u¥of] . of] P]gn] u|fdL0f ljsf;

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L hgtfn] k|fKt

ub}{ cfPsf ;]jf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf

lbO{ ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] ;'?jftd}

hgtfn] z'Gotf cg'ej ug{ gk/f]; eGg]

clek|fo lnPsf] lyof] . ;+;bLo lgjf{rg

kl5 @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg P]g

-@)$&sf] P]g_ vf/]h u/L ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]

dfWodn] :jfoQ zf;g, hg;xeflutf,

:yfgLo :t/df g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; /

tn}b]lv ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ljsf;

k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ p2]Zon] ufpF

ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$*, gu/kflnsf

P]g @)$* / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

@)$* kfl/t eof] . To:t} pRr:t/Lo

k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* n] ;d]t

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ zf;sLo ;'wf/sf]

cleGgcª\usf] ?kdf k|:t't u¥of] .

@)$( sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] lgjf{rg

kl5 :jfoQ zf;g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]

;zQm cfjfh p7fpg] lhNnf ljsf;

;ldlt dxf;+3, gu/kflnsf ;+3 / ufpF

ljsf; ;ldlt /fli6«o dxf;+3 h:tf

hgk|ltlglw d"ns ;+:yfx? lgdf{0f eP .

u|fdL0f :jfjnDag sfo{qmd @)$*,

cfkm\gf] ufpF cfkm}+ agfpF @)%!, ufpF

ljsf; tyf :jfjnDag sfo{qmd @)%@

h:tf sfo{qmdn] ;'b'/ u|fdL0f hgtf;Dd

k|hftGqsf] k|ltkmn n}hg] sf]l;; ul/of] .

o;} ;Gbe{do ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?nfO{

;fwg ;|f]t / k|fljlws ;xof]uaf6

;dYojfg jgfO{ ;du| Kofs]h ;lxtsf]

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfo{of]hgf @)%#nfu' u¥of] .

t}klg :yfgLo zf;gdf :jfoQtfsf

k|Zgx? pl7/x]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfnLg

k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf lj=;+= @)%# df

pRr:t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;dGjo ;ldlt /

To;cGtu{t ljs}Gb|Ls/0f sfo{ ;ldltsf]

u7g eof] . pQm ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf

cfwf/df 5l/P/ /x]sf :yfgLo ;/sf/

;DaGwL P]g lgodx?nfO{ Pp6} sfg'gL

5ftfd'lg;d]6L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g

@)%% / ;f] P]g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL hf/L

u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] -lxh d]h:6«L

ueg{d]G6 ckm g]kfn, ;g\ @)))M!%_ .

:yfgLo :jfoQm zf;g lgodfjnL

@)%^ :yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s k|;fzg_

lgodfjnL @)%^, k|wfgdGqLsf]

cWoIftfdf ul7t ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfof{Gjog

tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g, cf7f} / gjf}

of]hgf n] u/]sf] Joj:y, ;fj{hgLs vr{

k'g/jnf]sg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)%^,

:yfgLo lgsfo ljlQo cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg

@)%&, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf

@)%*, :yfgLo lgsfo ;'lb0fLs/0f

cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg,@)^! th'{df ul/Psf]]

ePklg sfof{Gjogsf]kIf sdhf]/ blvof] .

bf]>f] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 jg]sf] g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#( df

:yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf];fj{ef};Qfsf]

k|of]u ug]{ cg's"n jftfj/0f agfO{

d'n'ssf] zf;gJoj:yfdf hgtfsf]

a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ /

hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df g} ;]jf pknAw

u/fpg tyf nf]stGqsf] :yfgLo :t/b]lv

g} ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs]G›Ls/0f tyf

clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo

:jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfosf] Joj:yf

ug]{ === ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr

/fhgLlts ;xdlt sfod u/L g]kfn

;/sf/åf/f lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF:t/df

cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g] 5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfosf]

;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, To;sf] :j¿k /

k|fb]lzs Onfsf tyf u7g ljlw sfg'gdf

Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]5 -g]kfn ;/sf/,

:yfgLo k|hftGq

12

@)^#M^#_ eGg] pNn]v u/] klg o;tkm{

vf;} pNn]vlgo sfo{ ePsf] kfOb}g . bzf}+

of]hgf / lqalif{o of]hgfn] ;d]t

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ pNn]v u/] klg @)%(

cfiff9 d;fGt b]lv cfh;Dd d'n's

lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwljxLg cf:yfaf6

u'lh|/x]sfn] hg;xeflutf / hgkl/rfng

sf] cj:yf lg/fzhgs /x]sf]5 .

^= pk;+xf/

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf dfWodn] hgtfnfO{

clws eGbf clws zf;g Joj:yfdf

;l/s u/fO{ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;

dlxnf / lk5l8Psf hghfltx?sf] pTyfg

Pj+ ;zlQms/0f ug{' cfhsf] cfj:ostf

xf] . ljutsf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cEof;x?n]

s]Gb|df dfq ge} :yfgLo lgsfodf ;d]t

hgk|ltlglw d'ns zf;gsf] dfWodn] dfq

nf]stGq hu} b]lv alnof] x'G5 /

nf]stGqsf] k|ltkmn hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df

k'Ub5 eGg] cg'ej l;4 ePsf] 5 . gofF

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df /fHok'g;+/rgf

;lxt :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:Yf ug'{kg]{

cfj:ostf /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLltsbnx?

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf dfq

s]Gb|Lt /xg] / :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ljs]lGb|t

k4ltsfjf/]df rf;f] g/fVg] xf] eg] ca

aGg] ;+ljwfgn] klg :yfgLo hgtfsf

clwsf/x?nfO{ ;'lglZrug{ ;Sb}g . tTsfn

/fhgLlts bnx?n] b[9 OR5f zlQmsf;fy

:yfgLo txsf] lgaf{rg u/fPdf hgtfnfO{

clwsf/ ;Dkg Pj+ zf;gsf] tNnf]txnfO{

dhj't / ;zQ jgfpg ;lsGYof] . t/

o;tkm{ g]t[Tj ju{sf] Wofg uPsf] b]lvb}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

clhh, cAb'n PG8 8]lj8 l8 cfgf]{N8, l8;]G6«nfOH8

ueg]{G; Og Pl;og slG6«h, Go"lbNnL M ;fuf klAnu];g,

;g\ !((^ .

O:6g cu{gfOh];g km/ klAns P8ldlg:6«;g, k|md

ue/d]G6 6' udg]{G;, lkmlnlkG; M O:6g cu{gfOh];g km/

klAns P8ldlg:6«;g, ;g\ @))) .

vgfn, /ljGb|, nf]sn ;]Nkm ueg{d]G6 Og g]kfn P :68L

ckm 8]df]qm];L P6 b u|f; ?6\; !(()–@))), ljBfjfl/lw

zf]w k|jGw lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno ;g\ @))# .

u|fdL0f ljsz k|lti7fg u|fdL0f, ljifout lgIf]k0f /0fgLlt

cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^@, sf7df8f}+ M u|fdL0f ljsz k|lti7fg,

@)^@ .

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+w g]kfn, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f /

;'zfgsf] kIfkf]if0fdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+w3 g]kfn,

nlntk'/M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn, @)^! .

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+w g]kfn, g]kfndf ljs]Gb|+Ls/0f M

;Defjgf / r'gf}ltx? nlntk'/ M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

dxf;+w g]kfn @)%& .

8'eu{/, Eo'l/;, kf]lnl6sn kf6L{, k]l/; M ldy'Og s=

lnld6]8 ;g\ !(&^ .

9'Ë]n, åfl/sf gfy / cGo -;ª\sns_, g]kfn ljs]Gb|Ls/0f

;DalGw ;fj{hlgs k|of;x?, sf7df8f}+ M ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;

cWoog s]Gb|, @)^) .

yfkf, u+uf axfb'/, ;'zf;g k|hftGqsf] d"n cfwf/,

sf7df08f} Mg]kfn /fhgLlts zf:q ;+w, ;g\ !((( .

bxfn, b]j/fh, u'8 ueg]{G; P08 l8;]G6«nfO{h];g Og g]kfn,

sf7df8f}+ M ;]G6/ km/ ueg]{; P08 8]enkd]G6 :6l8h , ;g\

@))@ .

kGt, zf:q bQ, P:k]S6 ckm l8;]G6«nfOh];g Og g]kfn,

sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k+sfzg, @)%& .

g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,

sf7df8f}+ M sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno,

sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, @)^# .

ah|rfo{, wgah|, kf~rfnL zf;g Joj:yfsf] P]ltxfl;s

ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg'ifGwfg s]Gb|,

@)#% .

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cfn]v

Some observations on the

Revenue Policy of Nepal

Mukunda Prasad Paudyal1

Abstract

Revenue policy is considered as one of the instruments of the

government fiscal operation. The sources of revenues, their

reliability, stability and predictability play vital role in revenue

policy and administration. The revenue is the aspect of receipt side of

the government budget. There are many features of a good revenue

policy. The twin objectives of the revenue policy are on the one hand

it should facilitate the domestic resource mobilization and on the

other it should facilitate investment activities in the economy. This

article briefly touches upon the revenue side of the fiscal operation of

Nepal. In this connection, data from the government publication has

been analyzed to see the effectiveness of the performance of revenue

policy for the last fifteen years. We observed that there is a

relationship between the different components of the revenue data

whereas the reliability and stability aspects of the various sources

thereof are dubious. The policy stances are found to be inconsistent,

divergent and more often then not, whimsical which, when it comes to

the time of implementation, transpire a mere slogan with no avail.

Authorities are urged to avoid the unnecessary slogans but asked to

stick to the specific, objective, practical, implementable course of

action while formulating revenue policy of Nepal.

1.0 Introduction

Each year at the time of budget promulgation government of

Nepal brings out the revenue policy. The current year‟s budget

speech has also laid down some of the important aspects of revenue

policy of Nepal. The thrust of the policy is to lead the country to

industrialization path by developing self-reliant, sustainable and self-

sufficient economy through the utilization of domestic resources. The

followings are the specific objectives of revenue policy of Nepal.

To broaden the tax base by identifying areas not yet covered

under the tax-net

To develop economy industrially through providing protection

and promotion with special facilities to import substituting and

exports promoting industries

To create investment-friendly environment

To reduce trade deficits by promoting exports

To minimize economic crimes through the collection of

information relating to revenue leakages, abuse of foreign

exchange and money laundering.

To enlarge the contribution of non-tax revenue as important

sources of overall revenue collection

To develop fair, transparent, professional and tax payer-friendly

revenue administration with timely organizational reform

The budget speech also stipulates that there are four pillars of

revenue administration as depicted below in the following picture.

1 Mr. Paudyal is a Director, Department of Revenue and Money Laundering

Investigation and PhD Scholar in Economics.

Figure 1, The Four Pillars

With a view to make revenue administration autonomous and

efficient, a bill to establish a central revenue board will be presented

to the legislative parliament.

The current policy aims at mobilizing maximum internal

resources through voluntary tax compliance, creating an investment-

friendly environment, developing investigation process to make

revenue leakage control effective, making non-tax revenue

contribution an important source of total revenue collection,

attracting investment in hydro-electricity and huge infrastructure

works, and emphasizing on trade facilitation by developing simple

and transparent work procedure through the use of information

system in customs clearance process. The need to harmonize these

objectives with other policies becomes meaningful when we review

other government documents ( Pyakuryal : 2009).

Understandably, the existing practice of revenue mobilization is

largely on meeting the needs of revenue growth. Thus, on the one

hand there are growth targets of revenue while on the other objectives

of revenue policies are rather vague, divergent and and wide-ranging.

To harmonize these conflicting objectives is an urgent need while

contemplating the revenue policy of Nepal. Also, given the thin

linkage between revenue collection and government expenditure,

public expenditure management in particular, attention is to be

directed to that direction as well. The revenue GDP ratio in Nepal is

in the neighborhood of 15 percent. As per standard norms, it should

be around 20 in least developing countries, around 30 percent in

middle income countries and around 40 percent in developed

countries. It means that Nepalese Revenue GDP ratio is far below

from the international standards.

The structure of the government revenue shows that value added

tax (or alternatively tax on consumption of goods and services) is

around 30 percent, customs revenue is around 20 percent followed by

income tax in the range of 20 percent. The excise duty is in the

periphery of 13 percent, registration fee is 3 percent and the rest is

non-tax revenue.

2.0 Public Revenue

Public revenue (or, popularly called government revenue) is an

important part of public finance. The government needs adequate

resources to finance its activities. The government receives revenue

from various sources. Hence, how government receive income, what

are the effects of public revenue, how the adverse effects, if any, can

be removed are concerned in devising public policy. Government

revenue can broadly be categorized into two streams- tax and non tax

Revenue Administration

Fair

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:yfgLo k|hftGq

14

revenue. Again the tax revenue can also be classified into direct tax

and indirect tax. There are three criteria to distinguish direct and

indirect taxes. Firstly, tax imposed on income is direct and imposed

on expenditure are indirect taxes. Secondly, if the burden can be

shifted to the next party other than the payer, that is indirect tax and if

the tax cannot be shifted away to the next party, it is indirect taxes.

Thirdly, the distinction can be done on the basis of incidence.

Incidence of tax is simply the settlement of the burden. In direct tax,

incidence and burden falls on the same person whereas in the case of

indirect tax it falls on different persons.

More elaborately stated, in the process of taxing, we must

distinguish three conceptions. First,

a tax may be imposed on some

person; secondly, it may be

transferred by him to a second

person; thirdly, it may be ultimately

borne by this second person or

transferred to others by whom it is

finally assumed. Thus, the person

who originally pays the tax may not

be the one who bears its burden in

last instance. The process of the

transfer of a tax is known as the

shifting of the tax, while the

settlement of the burden on the

ultimate taxpayer is called the

incidence of the tax. The incidence

of the tax is therefore the result of

the shifting, and the real economic

problem lies in the nature of the

shifting. These are the things to be

carefully considered while designing

the revenue policy of the country.

The public revenue, as stated above,

can be broadly classified into two:

(a) Tax Revenue: It is the most

important and major source of

public revenue. Government may require the members of the

community to contribute to the support of governmental functions

through the payment of taxes. An individual has no right to directly

demand social services in return to his payment of tax nor has he any

other choice except to pay the tax when it is levied on him. Taxes, in

general, serve both functions of a revenue system. Firstly, they

provide funds, and secondly, they reduce private consumption and

investment.

(b) Non-Tax Revenue: Non-tax revenue is derived from public

undertakings called „Prices‟ and other miscellaneous receipts. It also

raises loans, short-term and long-term, to augment its revenues.

Other minor revenue sources are fees, special assessment, fines,

forfeitures and escheats, tributes and indemnities, gifts and grants. In

Nepal, it also includes dividends from PEs, interests from capital

investment, and so on.

In modern times, economists emphasised that the tax system should

be based on the principle that the effects of taxation should be

compatible with the economic and social objectives and preferences

of the community. The social and economic objectives of a standard

tax system are:

(i) Reduction of inequalities in the distribution of income and

wealth: For this purpose, progressive taxes must be levied instead of

proportional taxes.

(ii) Accelerating economic growth: For this purpose, the tax

system must be so designed as to raise the rates of saving and

investment. This is a very important objective for less developed

countries (LDCs), where there is a deficiency of savings and

investments.

(iii) Price stability: to ensure stable economic growth. When LDCs

launch economic development programme they have to face inflation

or soaring prices. An integrated tax policy would solve this problem.

3. 0 Objectives of Taxation in Developing Economies

(a) Ability to contribute to economic development: Each person

should be made to contribute to economic development, according to

his ability to do so. All his unused

capacity must be utilised, through

appropriate tax measures, for

purposes of economic development.

Suppose a person is making a large

saving but he lets it lie idle. Such

saving must be mobilised and

channelized into investment.

(b) Mobilisation of economic

surplus: In all backward countries, a

significant portion of national output

goes to the big landlords and other

idle rich people. A large portion of

their income is spent on conspicuous

consumption, e.g., building of

palaces, etc. This is unproductive

expenditure and a waste from the

point of national development.

Economic growth can be accelerated

if an appreciable portion of this

„surplus‟ income is mobilised and

made available for productive

investment.

(c) Increasing the incremental

saving ratio: As economic

development proceeds apace,

incomes rise. But there is a danger that propensity to consume may

also increase so that extra incomes generated in the economy are

utilised in consumption rather then invested in production. This has

to be prevented. In other words, the consumption is not allowed to

increase in proportion to increase in income. For this purpose

commodity taxes are quite effective.

(d) Income elasticity of taxation: In backward economies, the

share of taxation out of the national income is less than 10%. This

share must be progressively raised as national income increases as a

result of economic development. This needs built-in flexibility in the

tax system. Progressive taxation of income provides this flexibility.

Taxation of goods having a high income-elasticity of demand also

imparts to the tax system much needed flexibility.

(e) Equity: The canon of equity demands that the burden of

economic development must be distributed among the different

sections of the community equitably. In the case of Nepal, it is in the

range of 10 percent. That is why the richer classes are prevented from

increasing their consumption in proportion to the rise in their

incomes. This is how they make a sacrifice for the economic

development of their country. The poor people also make a

sacrifice because rising prices curtail their consumption. In this

manner, sacrifices in consumption are shared by all sections

of the society. Thus, the burden of economic development is

equitably distributed among all. This is also known as ‘horizontal

equity’.

More elaborately stated, in the

process of taxing, we must

distinguish three conceptions. First, a

tax may be imposed on some person;

secondly, it may be transferred by

him to a second person; thirdly, it

may be ultimately borne by this

second person or transferred to others

by whom it is finally assumed.

:yfgLo k|hftGq

15

3.1 Sources of Tax Revenue / Major Types of Tax

(1) Income Tax: It is a form of direct tax which is levied on

individual‟s total earnings. It is the most effective tax vehicle for

attaining equity, particularly if it is progressive tax. Following

are the requirements for an optimal income tax system:

(a) All incomes should be treated uniformly and all rupees of

income should be accorded equal tax treatment regardless of

the source.

(b) Just as „equals‟ should be treated „equally‟, „unequals‟

should be treated „unequally‟.

(c) The tax structure should be sensitive to changes in economic

activity in order to dampen the changes

(d) The tax structure should be designed in such a fashion as to

facilitate compliance and in enforcement, consistent with the

attainment of the other objectives.

(2) Corporate Tax: The following are the primary tax consequences

of the existence of the corporation:

(a) The corporation‟s earnings are accumulated as reserves

giving rise to capital gains.

(b) The division between initial earning of the income and

subsequent payment of dividends encourages government to

tax both the corporation and the dividend earners.

(c) The division between ownership and top management in a

large corporation may cause the reactions to the tax to be

different from the personal income tax.

Under perfectly competitive markets the corporate tax

shifted to reduce the real income of stockholders. Under

imperfectly competitive markets the firms use mark-up price

for shifting the tax burden on consumers.

(3) Wealth Tax: A wealth tax is a levy upon individuals not

corporations, on the basis of their net wealth. Corporate property

is reached via securities outstanding in the hands of the owners

and creditors. The wealth tax can take form of either progressive

or proportional tax. Wealth tax is not a major source of revenue

and in most countries as they form 1 to 2% of the total tax

revenue.

(4) Sales Tax: Sales tax is applied to all or a wide range of

commodities and services. It is collected from vendors rather

than individual consumers. The sales tax is finally borne by

consumers. The sales tax is often refer to regressive tax relative

to income.

(5) Excise Duty: It is actually imposed on the manufacturers but the

consumers have to pay it. It is a form of indirect tax imposed on

widely used commodities often regarded as non-essential such as

cigarettes, liquor, tobacco, etc.

(6) Custom Duty: Custom duties are of two types: (i) Specific, and

(ii) Ad-valorem. Specific duty is a tax of so much local currency

per unit of the goods imported (based on weight, number, length,

volume or other unit of measurement). Specific duties are often

levied on foodstuffs and raw materials. Ad valorem duty is the

kind most commonly used, is one that is calculated as a

percentage of the value of the imported goods for example, 10,

15 or 30 per cent. This may be based, depending on the country,

either on destination (C.I.F.) or on the value of the goods at the

port in the country of origin (F.O.B.).

Specific custom duty is fixed per physical units of goods, e.g.,

television, CD players, computers, etc. The ad-valorem customs

duty is according to the value of a good and charged at a certain

rate.

As industrial and commercial development continues the

increased use of custom duties lessens the revenue potential.

Customs revenue and by corollary, customs administration has

become the traditional but important aspect of revenue policy in

Nepal. However, due to the accession to WTO, SAFTA and

BIMSTEC the role of the customs in terms of revenue

contribution has become lesser in recent years. The objective of

the customs administration has been to facilitate trade rather than

raising revenue, though it is still significant contributor to the

Nepalese revenue system.

In a highly competitive world environment, trade and investment

tend to flow to locations with efficient and facilitative trade

systems, and away from locations where those systems are

perceived as bureaucratic, high-cost and corrupt. As a result,

customs authorities around the world are increasingly shifting

away from their traditional emphasis on revenue collection to

providing greater facilitation to legitimate traders. Simplifying

customs registration and inspection procedures and applying

more uniform tariff rates can increase the ability of customs

officials to cope with heavy trade volumes and reduce clearance

times, while reducing the incentives for importers to misclassify

or undervalue products.

Training customs officers in the importance of due diligence,

importers‟ rights, and risk management can enhance

transparency, reduce the risk of corruption, and build public

confidence. Simultaneously, modernization and automation of

customs operations can further expedite the clearance process as

well as ensure access to timely and accurate trade statistics and

other critical information.

The Government of Nepal has undertaken a series of reform

measures to transform the customs administration into a trade

facilitation agency and away from its traditional role of

controlling trade and collecting revenues. The Government has

drastically reduced tariff rates and tariff bands. It has restructured

the customs department to reduce inefficiencies and streamline

operations. It has also simplified customs procedures.

(7) State Duties: There are several other duties imposed by the

government broadly classified as „state duty‟. These include the

tax on the earnings of commercial deposits and on sales and

purchase of properties.

(8) Other Sources:

(i) Fee: It is also a compulsory payment but made only by

those who obtain a definite service in return from the

government. The fee covers the part of the cost of service

provided to the consumer / client. The licence fee, however,

is much more than the cost of service and there is not much

of a positive service in return.

(ii) Price: A price is the payment of a service of business

character, for example, charges for travelling on railway.

The price is different from fee. The fee is for public

interest. You can escape a price by not purchasing the said

service / commodity.

(iii) Special Assessment: Special assessment is a compulsory

contribution, levied in proportion to the special benefit

derived, to defray the cost of a specific improvement to

property undertaken in the public interest. Suppose the

government build a road or bridge or provide mass transport

system or makes suitable sewerage and water supply

arrangements, all the property will appreciate in value. The

:yfgLo k|hftGq

16

State has the right to levy a special tax on the owners of land

or property known as „special assessment‟.

(iv) Rates: Rates are levied by the local bodies, municipalities

and district boards for local purposes. They are generally

levied on immovable property of the residents, but not

necessarily for any special improvements effected or special

benefits conferred.

3.2 Sources from Non-Tax Revenue

The following are the sources of non-tax revenue available for

government:

(1) Income from Property & Enterprise: The government receives

income from the owned lands, forests, mines, canal water and

various public enterprises.

(2) Profit from Post Office: The government also receives income

from its Post and Telegraph departments. In Nepal, post office

runs into deficits because its operation costs is greater then the

revenue it generates.

(3) Trading Profits: The government earns trading profits from

exports of rice, cotton and edible oil.

(4) Interest Receipts: It is the most important head in the non-tax

revenue source. The interest and the return from investment

received from various autonomous bodies, and central bank and

state-owned banks come under this head

(5) Surcharges: The difference between the sales price and the

production cost / import price of petroleum products, gas and

fertilisers represents the surplus profit or the surcharge, which is

used to iron out the fluctuations in the prices of these essential

commodities.

(6) Other Sources of Non-Tax Revenue: The other minor heads of

non-tax revenue are:

Dividends and returns

Receipts from civil administration and other functions

Miscellaneous sources, which includes passport, copyright fees

and other receipts.

In Nepal, non-tax revenue include dividends from the PEs, repayment

of principal and payment of interests,. Such non-tax revenue is low in

Nepal ranges from 20 to 25 percent.

4.0 Basic considerations of Revenue Policy:

There are four considerations while designing the revenue policy in a

developing country like Nepal. They are:

1. Equitable:

a. Revenue should be broadly based

b. Revenue structure should reflect horizontal equity; treating

taxpayers of equal means equally

c. Revenue structure should reflect vertical equity, where taxes are

paid increasingly with the ability to pay.

2. Economic Vitality:

a. Revenue structure should contribute to economic vitality and a

stable economic environment, and should be competitive with

tax policy and rates in other states

b. Revenue structure should encourage new investment forecasted

to produce net present value benefits and reasonable return to

the state

c. Revenue structure should keep country competitive with other

countries by assuring economic impacts are consistent with the

impact in competitive countries

3. Volatility:

a. Revenue structure should provide for and react to economic

volatility, consider revenue cycles, competitiveness and long

term economic development goals

b. Revenue structure should make the revenue stream as

predictable as possible

c. Revenue structure should consider short and long term impacts

on all taxpayers.

4. Simplicity:

a. Revenue structure should be simple, transparent and as direct as

possible

b. Revenue collection should have low taxpayer compliance costs

c. Information technology should be used to minimize

administrative costs of revenue collection and make tax

remittance processes user friendly.

Figure 2, Basic considerations

EQUITABLE ECONOMIC

VITALITY

VOLATILITY SIMPLICITY

Whether the revenue policy of Nepal would reflect these

considerations are yet debatable issue. Some of the objectives of the

revenue policy show concerns regarding these considerations, though

there are some gaps. As alleged, Nepal‟s revenue policy is said to be

influenced by political pressures and product-specific demand from

business interest groups. Understanding the context of new policy

and how it alters the status quo is an important step in initiating a

strategic approach to implementing policy change. It is a precondition

to understand the dimensions and dynamics of the policy, where it

comes from and where support and oppositions are likely to be

strongest. Viewed in this light, revenue policy in Nepal, unlike

argued by finance ministry officials, is not a prudent one. There are

instances that after policy pronouncements government many times

revert back because of the prossures from the vested interest groups

and even from the politicians. The revenue administration is not

efficient, neither it is fair. There are instances that customs revnues,

whose base is the customs value, are under reported due mainly to the

under-invoicing, under-declaration, mis-disclaration of HS code, and

in some occasion collusion with the revenue personnel. the extent of

leakages is estimated to be a great extent. Similarly, most retailers

avoid giving invoices. There are reports that profits are under-

reported by using diffferent accounting techniques. It is even

suspected that most of the business houses, even the bigger houses,

keep many versions of books of accounts just to aooid the taxes.

Value exe,ption list is too long and there is pressure to make it even

longer. Last year there was pressure to intoroduce multiple VAT

rates. Sporadically introduced policy prescriptions are too

discretionary that are prone to revenue leakages.

4.1 High-quality Revenue System

It is generally said that any public revenue system should be based on

a “three-legged stool” approach. One leg is personal income, the next

being sales and property taxes generating the majority of revenue and

the last leg further being excise tax, business taxes, service taxes and

:yfgLo k|hftGq

17

user changes. The public revenue system should be characterized by

revenue diversification that is, fairly equal reliance on the big three-

income, property and sales. High-quality state revenue system is

attributed by the following factors:

High quality revenue system should comprise elements that are

complementary.

It should produce revenue in a reliable manner. Reliability

involves stability, certainty and sufficiency.

It should rely on a balanced variety of revenue sources.

It should treat individual equitably. Minimum requirements of

an equitable system are that it imposes similar tax burden on

people in similar circumstances, that it minimizes regressivity,

and that it minimizes taxes on low income individuals.

It should facilitate taxpayer compliance. It is easy to understand

and minimizes compliance costs.

It should promote fair, efficient and effective administration. It

is simply and professionally administered raises revenue

efficiently, and it applied uniformly.

It should be responsive to international economic competition.

It should minimize its involvement in spending decisions and

makers any such involvement explicit.

It should be accountable to taxpayers.

Under ideal conditions, revenues would be growing at a rate

equal to or greater than the combined effects of inflation and

expenditures. They should be sufficiently flexible to allow

adjustments to changing conditions. They would be balanced

between elastic and inelastic revenue sources in relation to inflation

and the economic base, that is, some would grow with inflation and

the economic base and others would remain relatively constant.

Public revenue system has two aspects: revenue policy and

revenue administration. Revenue policy includes the policy on tax,

excise duties, customs duties and other non tax revenues. As stated,

the elements of high quality state revenue system are complementary,

rather than contradictory. Revenue system develops gradually, and

tax policy is used to address multiple objectives, state revenue

systems are likely to include inconsistencies. However, a clear sense

of the objectives of a revenue system can help minimize these

inconsistencies.

Revenue administration includes both rules and regulations that

govern the administrative machinery and institutional and

organizational structures. This aspect of policy occupies equally

important place in revenue policy. The quality of manpower, the

ethics, the integrity and most of all, the disciplinary mechanisms

including the transparency all play important roles in revenue

administration.

4.2 The autonomy issue

The budget speech of the current fiscal year clearly states that in

order to make the revenue administration autonomous and effective,

an ordinance for the establishment of Central Revenue Board (CRB)

will be tabled in the legislative-parliament. This proposal basically

focuses on the autonomous issue of the revenue board, on the

assumption that the revenue board would be more effective with

independent revenue administration. Understandably, the premise is

that autonomy can lead to better performance by removing

impediments to effective and efficient management while

maintaining appropriate accountability and transparency. Revenue

laws are extensive in range and nature, involve many persons and

business and generally result in the collection of the vast bulk of

revenue needed to support the state. The revenue administration must

be efficient and effective on the one hand and fair and impartial on

the other. To achieve objectives, the revenue administration requires

sufficient autonomy to exercise its powers and responsibilities set out

in the revenue laws. Autonomy for revenue administration is

reflected in the following spheres:

Provisions in the revenue laws ( including tax procedures, codes

and references to institutional or governance issues)

Its reporting relationships (to the minister of finance, to the

financial secretary etc; )

Its ability to design and implement operational policy, and

Its organizational structure and operational responsibilities

There have been attempts to create autonomous revenue board

in Nepal too. Whether this would result to a concrete stand will

be proved by the future. For now it is suffice to say that

independent and autonomous agency with its separate staffs,

professionally trained, and with high morale and ethics would

be desirable in Nepal.

5.0 The Empirical Evidence

The following section is dedicated to observe the revenue trends

of Nepal for the last 15 years. The data are extracted from the

Economic survey, published by Ministry of Finance. The graph

shows that the revenue in total and different components thereof are

increasing; however, the percentage change in the revenue is not

moving steadily, which surprisingly is contradictory to popular

expectations. At the very outset, we put one precautionary note that

the price effect on revenue would be more pronounced if the inflation

rate in the economy is high. This price effect could have been sluiced

by using real data series. This could have been done by deflating the

data series with price indices of the respective years. In this analysis,

we are using the current data series without deflating them with the

inflation indices.

5.1 The Overall Revenue Trend

The total revenue was found to be steadily increasingly over the

years. Moreover, the extent of augmentation in recent years is faster

than that of the previous years. Figure 3 is quite illuminating to

justify the logic. Note that this is absolute figure, encompassing all

sorts of government revenues in Nepal.

Figure 3, The Total Revenue Trend

When analyzed from the percentage change terms, it seems that total

revenue is quite fluctuating. The increment over the years is up and

down, which is not the sign of good indication, raising doubtful

questions on the aspects of revenue sustainability. Situations like

these are to be analyzed very cautiously as it is vulnerable to collapse

any time sooner or later. Policy makers of Nepal should pay adequate

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

in t

en m

illio

ns

Total Revenue

Series1

:yfgLo k|hftGq

18

attention to this aspect in time. The following figure is all about the

percentage change, clearly showing the very unstable signs of

revenue collections. Understandably, stability is one important

attribute of a high quality revenue system. Judging from this angle,

the revenue system in Nepal is not that of the high quality by its very

nature.

Figure 4, Percentage change of the total revenue

How responsive is the total revenue (TR) of the government of

Nepal. To get some idea a small analytical work has been presented

underneath. There are couples of functions estimated using basic

regression techniques. Though more rigorous study could haave also

been conducted with the available data, due to various limitations at

this point of time, only simplest scenarios have been presented.

(a) Total Revenue as a function of Tax Revenue: It is assumed that

total revenue of the Government of Nepal basically depends on

the tax revenue. The functional specification and the empirical

results over the study period is as follows:

tUTXRTR )( , Where, TR stands for Total

Government Revenue and TXR stands for Tax Revenue of the

Government of Nepal. The estimated function and the relevant

descriptive statistics are given below.

)000.0)...(7185.0(

68.49...36.0

)029.0)....(31.159(

)(47.1...5869ˆ

prob

statt

SE

TXRRT

45.14

35.14

30.2468

52.1

9943.0

9947.0

2

2

SC

AIC

F

DW

R

R

The estimated function shows that total revenue is very much

sensitive to the tax revenue. It shows that one unit change in tax

revenue causes 1.47 unit change of total revenue of the government

of Nepal. Since the t-statistic is higher, the null hypothesis can be

rejected, meaning that the relationship is stronger. The tax revenue

trend in Nepal is also steadily increasing, though more pronounced in

recent years. The following figure shows the tax revenue trend and its

percentage change over the study period.

Figure 4, Tax Revenue Trend

The upcoming figure is related to the percentage of tax revenue.

As is shown in the figure, the change is not stable, sometimes

increasing and sometimes decreasing, raising the question of stability

in its stream.

Figure 5, Percentage change of tax Revenue

The elasticity: The elasticity of Total Revenue with respect to

Tax Revenue is estimated using the relevant data. The estimated

function shows that the elasticity of total revenue with respect to tax

revenue is less than unity, meaning that it is inelastic with respect to

the total tax revenue. The elasticity coefficient is just 0.7427. It

depicts the situation that one percent change in total tax revenue

generates only 0.74 percent total revenue in Nepal. This is paradox,

in the sense that on the one hand we are saying that tax revenue is to

be encouraged while on the other the elasticity is less than unity. This

implicitly suggests the fact that revenue system – both revenue

administration and policy aspects- is to be overhauled.

-10.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

per

cen

tage

% change in Total Revenue

Series1 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

in t

en m

illio

ns

Tax Revenue Trend

Series1

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Per

cen

tage

Percentage change in Tax Revenue

Series1

:yfgLo k|hftGq

19

5.2 The Customs Revenue Trends

Customs revenue has become the predominant source of

government revenue in Nepal since time immemorial. However, in

recent years the tax revenue (VAT and Income tax) is surpassing

customs revenue in Nepal, as in other countries. Customs revenue for

the last 15 years has been shown in the coming figure 5. The trend is

steadily increasing and rapidly increasing in recent years in its

absolute terms.

Figure 5, Customs Revenue Trend

The percentage change of customs revenue shows that there are

ups and downs in its trend. As stated, when there are ups and downs,

the sustainability issue is always doubtful. The following figure

shows the trend explicitly.

Figure 6, The Percentage Change of Customs Revenue

Considering that Customs revenue has and still predominant

source of government revenue in Nepal the following model has been

estimated to examine its effects on the total government revenue. The

specified function is tUCRTR )( .The estimated

function and relevant statistics are given below:

46.24,...31.6

)2955.0)....(67.424(

)(229.745.2683ˆ

statt

SE

CRRT

85.15

75.15

42.598

21.1

9771.0

9787.0

2

2

SC

AIC

F

DW

R

R

The estimated function shows that customs revenue is still a

predominant source of government revenue in Nepal. The

responsiveness is also quite encouraging as one unit change inn

customs revenue causes 7.22 unit changes in government revenue,

which is corroborated by other descriptive statistics. Since null

hypothesis is rejected, the relationship is quite satisfactory.

5.3 Relationship between Total Revenue and Tax on

Property, Profits and Income(TPPI):

In order to assess the effect of the tax on property, profit and

income, the following equation has been estimated. The specified

function is tUTPPITR )( . The estimated function is

as stated below:

83.23..........34.3

)23.0)...(63.297(

)(65.599.995ˆ

t

SE

TPPIRT

The relevant descriptive statistics are:

90.15

81.15

66.567

74.0

9758.0ˆ

9776.0

2

2

SC

AIC

F

DW

R

R

The fitted model shows that the relationship between tax on

property, profit and income is stronger to the total government

revenue. The relevant statistics do also corroborate the fact. The

interpretation is that one unit change in tax on property; profit and

income help generate 5.65 unit of government.

5.4 Relationship between tax on consumption of product

and goods & services (TCP):

In order to see the effect of consumption tax on total revenue the

following function has been estimated. The specified function is

tUTCPTR )( . The estimated coefficients are as

stated below:

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

in t

en m

illio

ns

Customs Revenue Trends

Series1

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Per

cen

tage

% change

Series1

:yfgLo k|hftGq

20

37.15

27.15

974

88.0

9858.0

9866.0

21.31............21.3

)0931.0)....(11.234(

)(9075.22264.753ˆ

2

2

SC

AIC

F

DW

R

R

t

SE

TCPRT

The estimated coefficients are explaining that the relationship

with the total government revenue is good, however the effects on

total revenue is not as pronounced as other categories estimated

above. The clear message is that government has to put extra efforts

so as to increase the effect of consumption of products and goods &

services.

5.5 The Non-tax Revenue Trends

Non-tax revenue ranges from 20 to 25 percent of the total

government revenue in Nepal. In order to observe the

interrelationships between non-tax revenue and total government

revenue in Nepal, the following specific function is estimated:

tUNTXRTR )( ,where TR stands for total revenue

and NTXR stands for non-tax revenue and Ut is an error term. The

estimated function is

04.22.....40.2

)2881.0).......(37.399(

)(35.66750.960ˆ

statt

SE

NTXRRT

Other relevant descriptive statistics are as follows:

05.16

96.15

95.485

37.1

9719.0

9739.0

2

2

SC

AIC

F

DW

R

R

The estimation shows that non-tax revenue has become the

stronger explanatory variable for total revenue in Nepal. Other test

statistics also corroborate the fact. However, since non-tax revenue is

not categorically specified and their source is highly volatile, we

cannot rely on the explanation given by the model. The graphic

depiction shows that the non-tax revenue trend is in upward direction

and in recent years, the increment is encouraging.

Figure 7, The non-tax revenue trend

The percentage change of non-tax revenue is also shown in the

following figure. The change is not smooth.

Figure 8, The percentage Change of Non- Tax Revenue

Overall, the relationship between different components

with the total government revenue is satisfactory. However, it

is not the time of complacency, more and more efforts is

required to improve the policy maturity and revenue

administration.

6. Conclusion

It is this article we tried to establish the relationship

between government revenue and various components of taxes

that make up the whole government revenue system. It is

analyzed in the light of the present revenue policy of Nepal.

There are divergent objectives; however, there are some

inconsistencies in the objectives, performance, and revenue

policy objectives. Therefore, it is suggested that while making

revenue policy we should be clear on the implications of the

revenue policy including various macroeconomic policies. On

the surface, the empirical evidence is good, however, the

situation could be improved once proper and consistent policy

is in place.

0 500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

in t

en m

illio

ns

Non-Tax Revenue Trend

Series1

-10.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

per

cen

tage

Percentage change in Non-tax revenue

Series1

:yfgLo k|hftGq

21

Appendix 1

Total Revenue and Tax Revenue Trends ( Rs. in Ten millions)

Year

Ending

Total

Revenue

Tax

Revenue

Non-tax

Revenue

Customs

Revenue

Tax on consumption

of product and goods and

services

Tax on property,

profit and income

1995 2851.23 1966.6 494.57 701.81 879.26 291.16

1996 3271.82 2166.8 622.51 732.74 968.47 358.93

1997 3636.18 2442.43 594.92 830.91 1077.52 432.86

1998 3434.05 2593.98 699.81 850.22 1124.97 518.37

1999 4158.76 2875.29 849.84 951.77 1171 651.29

2000 4860.5 3315.21 974.16 1081.33 1338.73 793.56

2001 5564.7 3886.5 1002.88 1255.21 1615.36 954.65

2002 5713.16 3933.06 1111.6 1265 1607.43 946.57

2003 6756.89 4089.6 1364.29 1278.32 1723.09 1027.41

2004 7361.89 4817.3 1415.8 1555.48 2070.56 1021.51

2005 8451.39 5410.47 1601.8 1570.16 2533.15 1127.26

2006 8610.96 5743.04 1485.16 1534.4 2811.83 1178.7

2007 10351.29 7112.67 1658.55 1670.76 3543.88 1672.68

2008 12794.32 8515.55 2246.7 2106.25 4100.53 2014.7

2009 16985.73 11705.19 2642.26 2679.29 5593.83 2909.74

Non-tax Revenue (Rs. In Ten Millions)

Year

Ending

Charges, fees, fine,

forfeitures

Receipts from

the sale

Royalties and sale of

fixed assets

Principal and interest

repayments Dividends

1995 20.71 138.83 19.69 208.31 106.01

1996 28.61 167.33 6.78 281.88 136.3

1997 27.08 179.96 44.79 222.07 113.44

1998 32.96 225.55 56.52 246.11 131.1

1999 33.61 214.66 20.23 392.75 178.28

2000 38.63 242.89 56.33 375.1 250.75

2001 38.67 272.8 94.96 349.72 233.65

2002 51.88 261.11 72.39 310.95 251.39

2003 57.96 306.3 194.55 246.43 249.76

2004 120.25 349.7 146.5 350.71 266.11

2005 135.99 384.99 193.14 271.43 458.99

2006 192.77 393.23 119.68 325.13 339.48

2007 194.54 477.68 109.18 208.57 493.77

2008 255.94 489.31 577.36 344.01 502.59

2009 618.04 525.53 254.17 461.69 719.74

Source: Economic Survey, 2009/10, Ministry of FInance, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu

References

Crandall, W.(2010): Revenue Administration: Autonomy in Tax Administration and the Revenue Authorrty Model, Washington DC

Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance, Budget Speech, 2067, Kathmandu

----------------------------------------------------, Economic Survey, 2067, Kathmandu

Pyakuryal, B. (2009): Nepal‟s Revenue Policy, A policy Paper, Kathmamndu

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;dodf u|fdL0f ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu

ljleGg cGt/ ;DaGwsf ljifox¿df hf]8

lbOPsf] 5, h;cg';f/ If]qut / ef}lts

cGt/;DaGw, sfo{ut cGt/;DaGw,

cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cGt/;DaGw,

ljlQo tyf k|fljlws cGt/;DaGw,

k|zf;lgs tyf ;fdflhs cGt/;DaGw,

k|zf;lgs tyf ;Fu7gfTds cGt/;DaGw

/ /fhg}lts cGt/;DaGw cfbL cfbL .

jf:tjdf cGt/;DaGwsf] cy{ ljleGg

If]q, ju{ tyf txx¿sf] ljrdf ljsf;sf

nflu ;fem]bf/L xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df

/fHo tyf /fHosf ljsf; ;DaGwL

;fem]bf/x¿n] u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf;sf

nflu pk/f]Qm cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofPsf

x'g\ . o;}sf cfwf/df xfnsf jif{x¿df

sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg

x'Fb} cfPsf] 5, tyfkL pknlAwsf ;DaGwdf

o;sf] cg'udg x'g Psflt/ Hofb} h?/L

5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;'zf;gnfO{ cfwf/e"t

zt{sf ¿kdf cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn :yfgLo :t/;Dd

k'¥ofpg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] Go"gtd zt{

;fd'bflos ;'zf;gnfO{ cjnDjg ug'{

;fem]bf/x¿sf] k|d'v k|fyldstf xf] . ;]jf

k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 nlIft

ju{, ;d'bfo tyf If]qdf k'¥ofpg /

lgwf{l/t nIonfO{ ;"rssf cfwf/df

xfl;n ug{ zf;g Joj:yfsf tkm{af6

th'{df ul/g] gLlt tyf lgb]{zgx¿df

Ps¿ktf ckgfpg' h¿/L x'G5 . ;fy}

:yfgLo If]qsf] Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg tyf

ljsf; u/L clwsf/sf] ljlgof]hg ug'{

h¿/L 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ :yfgLo

:t/df /x]sf ;+3–;+:yf tyf hgtfx¿n]

;d]t ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t zt{x¿nfO{

cfkm\gf ultljlw tyf lqmofsnfkdf

ckgfpg' h¿/L 5 . ;fd'bflos

;'zf;gsf nflu cfwf/e"t zt{x¿sf]

af/]df tn s]xL k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .

s_ :jfldTj

:yfgLo tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs /

ef}uf]lns ?kn] jlx{udgdf k/]sf

hgtfx?nfO{ oyfy{df zf;g k¢ltsf]

lx:;]bf/ jgfpg' kb{5 . zf;g k|lqmofn]

hgtf / hgtfsf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ ljsf;

k|lqmofdf ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{

kb{5 / hgtfdf :jfldTjjf]wsf] efjgf

hfu[t u/fpg zf;g k|lqmof k|ltj4 x'g'

kb{5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

24

v_ ;xeflutf zf;g k¢ltsf tyf ljsf;sf]

d"nwf/df ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / txsf

hgtf / pgLx¿n] agfPsf ;Fu7gx¿sf]

;dfg ;xeflutf x'g h¿/L 5, h:n]

;dflhs tyf cfly{s ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{

;'lglZrt ub{5 . o;sf cnfjf gLlt

lg0f{osf ljleGg k|lqmofx¿df ljkGg ju{

tyf jflx/LPsf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;xeflu x'g]

cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .

u_ Goflostf zf;g k¢ltn] ;d'bfosf ;a}

;b:ox¿nfO{ /fHosf ;a} If]q tyf

txx¿df ljlwsf] cfwf/df ;dfg cj;/

k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . cfjfh p7fpg ;Sg] /

kx'Fr ePsfx¿ rfx] lt dlxnf, blnt,

cfbLjfzL hghflt tyf dw]zL x'gnfO{

dfq ;]jf k|bfg u/]df ;fdflhs Gofosf]

lj¿4 x'g] ub{5 . ctM ljkGg / kx'Fr

gePsf ;j} ju{ tyf If]qx¿nfO{ zf;g

k|lqmofsf] cleGg cu+sf] ¿kdf

lng' kb{5 .

3_ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLkg zf;g k¢ltsf x/]s cu+

tnb]lv dfly;Ddsf ;j} k|lqmof,

k4lt, sfo{ / ultljlwnfO{

kf/bzL{ ug'{ h¿/L 5 eg] h;sf]

nflu sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ xf] /

sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ;xof]u

k|fKt x'g] ;a} ju{, ;+:yf tyf

txk|lt lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xLtf

jxg ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . o:n]

;fdflhs ljZjf; k|fKt ub{5 /

;xof]usf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'G5 .

ª_ bIftf zf;g k¢ltsf ;a} cu+x¿ /

hgtfsf] ;f]r+ ;d]t ;s];Dd ;fwf/0f /

emGem6d'Qm x'g' kb{5 . hf] sd nfut,

sd ;do, sd hgzlQm / sd k|ofzaf6

pRrsf]6Lsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf

/fVg' kb{5 .

pk/f]Qm zt{x¿nfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf]

l;nl;ndf zf;g k|lqmofn] cfwf/e"t

¿kdf cjnDjg ug'{ kb{5 g} Tof]eGbf

klg a9L :yfgLo hgtf / pgLx¿n]

lgdf{0f u/]sf ;+:yfx¿ hf] ;]jf k|jfxsf

nflu ljsf;sf ;fwg (Vehicle) x'g\,

ltgLx¿n] ;d]t ;'zf;gnfO{ cfwf/e"t

zt{sf] ¿kdf cfkm\gf lqmofsnfkx¿df

cjnDjg ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;'zf;g h:n]

c¿ dfly zf;g ub{5 To;df dfq nfu"

geO{ jf:tjdf JolQm, ;+:yf / ;dfh;Fu

;DalGwt kIf xf] . ;f/df x]bf{ JolQm,

;+:yf / ;dfh oL tTjx¿n] :jo+

cfkm}leq zf;g ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h:n]

cfkm\gf clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ pkef]u ug]{

tyf logLx¿sf] ;xL klxrfg ug{ pTk|]l/t

ub{5g\ .

1= ;'zf;g / :yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtfsf] vf “rf]

cfˆgf] If]q, ;dfh / ;d'bfosf]

;~rfng, ToxfFsf] ultljlw, lhjgofkgsf

k|lqmofx¿ cflb ;a} cfkm}n] ;~rfng ug]{

kl/kf6L g} :jzf;g xf] . ljsf;df

hg;xeflutfsf] l;4fGtn] hj pNn]vgLo

dxTj kfof] To;a]nf]blv g} :jzf;gsf]

Ph]08fn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf k|>o kfPsf]

b]lvG5 . hg;xeflutfsf] cjwf/0ff

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfx\jfgdf ;g\ !(&)

sf] bzsdf ljz]ifu/L ljsfzf]Gd'v b]zsf]

u|fdL0f ljsf;sf l;nl;nfdf k|ltkfbg

ePsf] xf] . ;fdfGotof hg;xeflutf

eGgfn] hgtfn] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf

l;nl;nfdf :j–:km"t{ 9Ën] k'¥ofPsf]

of]ubfgnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] ljrf/sf]

cfbfgk|bfg, ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿df

zf/Ll/s ;+nUgtf, lhDd]jf/Lsf] jfF8kmfF8,

pklnAwsf] jfF8kmfF8 / k|To]s

lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xof]usf] efjgf ;d]t

hg;xeflutfsf] sf/0f ljhf/f]k0f x'G5 .

hg;xeflutfn] ljz]if u/L hgtfx¿sf]

lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf,

sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf, k|ltkmn

pkof]udf ;xeflutf tyf cg'udg /

d"NofÍgdf ;xeflutf h:tf kIfx¿sf]

ljsf;df ;'lglZrt k|bfg ub{5 . ljsf;

sfo{df :yfgLo hGtfx¿sf] ;lqmo

;xeflutfsf] tfTko{ ljsf;

ultljlwx¿sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog xf] .

;g\ !(() sf] bzs g]kfnsf]

;Gbe{df ljsf;sfnflu gofF cfofdsf]

o'u dflgG5 . o; sfndf hgtfsf]

jlnbfgaf6 o"ufGtsf/L /fhg}lts, cfly{s

/ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;'?jft ePsf]

lyof] . hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ju{, If]q /

ljrf/sf] ljsf; cfkm}n] lgdf{0f u/]sf

;Fu7g dfkm{t\ yfngL u/]sf lyP .

:yfgLo If]qx¿df lgdf{0f ePsf

;Fu7gx¿n] :yfgLo hgtfx¿sf] cfly{s

¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ;fgf] jrt dfkm{t\

k"FhLsf] lgdf{0f, ;Ílnt k"FhLnfO{ cfo–

cfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx¿df

nufgL dfq geO{ cGo jfx\o

;+3–;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo tyf

;DaGw ljsf; u/L ;|f]tsf]

:yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu ;xL

kl/rfng tyf ;xL ;b'kof]u

u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L :yfgLo

If]qsf] ljsf;df :yfgLo

;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ oyfy{df

;d'bfosf nflu kl/jt{gsf

;+jfxs x'g\ . logLx¿sf]

;sf/fTds e"ldsfaf6 ;d'bfosf]

cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f

cjZoef+jL 5 . g]kfnsf]

;Gbe{df cfdf ;d"x, ;fd'bflos

jg, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿, jrt–C0f

;d"xx¿, lszfg ;d"x tyf cGo dlxnf

;d"xx¿n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|lqmofnfO{

Jojxf/df h:tfsf] t:t} ptfg{ ;Ifd

ePsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L oL ;d"xx¿n]

c+ufn]sf] / Jojxf/df k|of]u u/]sf kIfx¿

h:t} :yfgLo of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df tyf

sfof{Gjog, ljsf; ultljlwx¿df :yfgLo

hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf, sfo{qmd ;~rfng

tyf Joj:yfkgdf lhDd]jf/L,pQ/bfoL /

kf/bzL{ tyf Jojl:yt cg'udg cflb

x'g\ . oL ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngdf :YffgLo

;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf kl/kSj,

hg;xeflutfn] ljz]if u/L hgtfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf,

sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf, k|ltkmn

pkof]udf ;xeflutf tyf cg'udg /

d"Nof+sgdf ;xeflutf h:tf kIfx¿sf]

ljsf;df ;'lglZrt k|bfg ub{5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

25

;'zf;gsf b[li6sf]0fn] j9L k|efjsf/L

;]jf k|jfxdf j9L bIftf /

;dfj]zLs/0fsf lx;fjn] Gofok"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf

hgtfsf] ljZjf; o:tf ;+:yfx¿k|lt j[l4

ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf åGåsf] ;dob]lv otf

o:tf ;+:yfx¿f] e"ldsfdf cem j9L

hgtfsf] ljZj;lgotf j9\g uPsf]

kfOG5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f o:tf :yfgLo

;+:yfx?n] :yfgLo hgtfx?nfO{ åGåsf]

df/af6 w]/} xb;Dd /fxt pknAw

u/fPsf lyP . o;sf cnfjf k|efjsf/L

;]jf k|jfxdf pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf ;x|fgLo

kfO{G5 . o; tYonfO{ dWogh/ u/L

xfnsf jif{x¿df :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yf tyf

;Fu7gx¿nfO{ :jzf;Lt (Autonomus)

agfpg] ljifodf k|z:t jx;x¿ cufl8

cfPsf 5g\ .

ljsf;df :jfoQtf eGgfn] :jtGq

cl:tTjsf] klxrfg xf] h:n] cfkm\gf]

l;ldt If]qdf k|bQ clwsf/nfO{ pkef]u

ub{5 cyjf :yfgLo :jfoQtf eGgfn]

To:tf :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿åf/f ;~rflnt

zf;g xf], hf] :yfgLo hgtfx¿f]

;+nUgtfdf lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5, ;/sf/sf]

lgoGq0fdf /xL :yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;,

gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udt tyf

Joj:yfkgsf If]qx¿df clwsf/ /

pQ/bfloTj k|fKt ePsf] x'G5 . h'g

clwsf/sf] k|of]u :yfgLo hgtfx¿n]

cfkm\gf] lxt / ;Ifdtfsf nflu pRr

txsf] lgsfosf] lgoGq0f ljgf cfkm\gf]

ljj]sn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ / cfkm\gf] If]qsf]

bLuf] ljsf;sf nflu dfu{lrq tof/

ub{5g\ . hj :yfgLo hgtf / pgLx¿sf

;Fu7gx¿ To; If]q / hgtfk|lt k"0f{¿kn]

pQ/bfoL tyf lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ pgLx¿sf

ultljlwx¿df kf/blz{tf /xG5, hgtfsf]

k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf jg]sf o:tf ;Fu7gx¿

/fHosf] lgb]{lzt gLlt, lgod / P]g

sfg'gsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt x'G5g\ /

bIfk"0f{ eO{ ljsf; tyf r]tgf j[l4

sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g\ tj Tof]

;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|rlnt P]g sfg'gsf

cfwf/df ljsf;sf nflu /fHosf] ;fem]bf/

agfpg' cfjZos 5 . bLuf] ljsf;sf]

cjwf/0ff cGtu{t ljBdfg ;|f]tsf]

jt{dfgdf pkef]u ub}{ eljiosf

;GttLnfO{ ;d]t oL ;|f]tsf] pkof]u tyf

dflns u/fpgsf nflu :yfgLo If]qsf]

;|f]tnfO{ ;d"lrt pkof]u tyf Joj:yfkg

ug{ :yfgLo ;Fu7gx?nfO{ hgtfsf]

;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df :jfoQtf k|bfg

ug{ h¿/L b]lvG5 . hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf

lgld{t oL ;+:yfx¿sf] lqmoflzntfn]

hgtfx¿df lgDgfg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L jf]w

ePsf] b]lvG5 .

s_ :yfgLo If]q, hxfF ;~rflnt ljsf;

sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwk|lt :jfldTj,

lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjdf j[l4 x'G5

v_ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, sfof{Gjg,

Joj:yfkg / o;sf nflu cfjZos

;|f]t h'6fpgsf nflu hgtfx¿aLr

cfk;L 5nkmn / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf

k"0f{ hg;xeflutf /xG5 .

u_ :yfgLo ljsf; ;d:of tyf

;dfwfgk|lt :yfgLo hgtfsf]

rf;f]df j[l4 x'G5 .

3_ :yfgLo hgtfsf] kx'Fr, o:tf

;+:yfx¿df a9L x'g] x'Fbf ;]jf

k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf cfpF5 .

ª_ ;dGjo / ;DaGw ljsf;n] :yfgLo

If]qdf yk of]ubfg k'ØfO{ cGo

cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf ub{5 .

r_ cGTodf, bLuf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg /

:yfgLo k|hftGqnfO{ ;Ifd agfpF5 .

2= :yfgLo :jfoQtf :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] nflu cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL

g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs zf;g / o;sf

;+oGqx¿sf] ultlzntf ;DaGwL cg'ejn]

xfn;Dd ljsf; k|lqmofsf] ldl>t

kl/0ffdx¿ lbPsf 5g\ . ;sf/fTds

b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; ;dodf

c;+Vo k|hftflGqs ;+:yfx¿ hlGdPsf

5g\ . /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs lg0f{odf

hg;xeflutf j9]sf] 5, hgtfsf

cTofjZos cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ / ;]jf

k|jfxdf hgrf;f] j[l4 ePsf] 5,

k|ultlzn gLlt / sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf

;s];Dd nlrnf]kg ckgfO{Psf] 5,

/fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] e/k'/ pkof]u /

ljt/0fdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ j9fjf

lbO{Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm gLlt tyf

sfo{qmdx¿n] zf;g k4ltnfO{ ;s];Dd

k|hftflGqs / ;dfj]zLs/0f agfpg]

k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf gLlt tyf

sfo{qmdx¿n] oyfy{df :yfgLo hgtfnfO{

:yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/

agfpFb5g\ h:n] pgLx? If]q k|lt

j9L lhDd]jf/, ;d:of k|lt j9L

;Dj]bgl;n ;+3–;+:yfx?k|lt j9L

pQ/bfoL x'G5g . :jefjtM cfkm\gf] a9L

;Dks{ x'g] ;+:yfx¿;Fu pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr

a9L x'g] x'Fbf To;k|lt rf;f] j9\5 /

:jfldTjsf] efjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 . ctM

:yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;Fu7g lgdf{0f,

JolQmut jrtsf cfwf/df k"FhLsf]

lgdf{0f, pgLx¿sf] ;Lk ljsf;,

pBdl;ntfsf] ljsf;, of]hgfsf] klxrfg,

5gf}6, sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg /

ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf bft[ lgsfox¿;Fu

;dGjo tyf ;DaGw ljsf; cflbdf

;lqmo e"ldsf v]n]sf :yfgLo hgtf /

pgLx¿sf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ sfg'gL cfwf/df

:jfoQtf / ljsf;df ;fem]bf/ agfpFbf

ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] ljutsf bzsb]lvsf]

/fli6«o Ph]08fdf cfzfltt pknAwL

xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ;+:yfx¿nfO{

:jfoQtf k|bfg ubf{ lgDg cj;/x¿

xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

s_ :yfgLo :t/df ul7t ;+3–;+:yfx¿n]

gLlt lg0f{osf ljleGg k|lqmofx¿df

;a} hgtfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z tyf

;xefuL u/fpFb5g\ . o;af6 :yfgLo

txsf] 1fg tyf k|fyldstfsf

cfwf/df ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pkof]u

ul/G5, h:n] :yfgLo txdf kl/jt{g

NofpFb5 eg] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{

ljleGg :yfgLo d'4fx¿ af/] jx;

ug]{, :yfgLo txsf k|fyldstfx¿sf]

lgwf{/0f ug]{, cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿sf]

ljt/0fdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/sf]

l;h{gf ub{5 .

v_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+yfx¿n] ljZj;gLo /

e/kbf]{ ;"rgf k|jfxsf dfWodåf/f

hgtfnfO{ cj;/af6 kmfO{bf lng],

;]jf k|fKt ug]{, clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{

/ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{

j9L lhDd]jf/ jgfpFb5g\ . :yfgLo

;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL

hfgsf/L k|sfzdf NofpFbf kf/blz{tf

k|j4{g x'G5 .

u_ :yfgLo hgtfx¿ hj ;d"xdf

;Ful7t eP/ ;~rfng jf ;Fu7gx¿

lgdf{0f ub{5g\ tj pgLx¿ cfkm\gf

cfjfhx¿ ;'Gg / dfux¿ k"/f

:yfgLo k|hftGq

26

u/fpg zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ jfWo

kfb{5g\ . o;sf cnfjf ;/sf/sf]

lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ /

;fd'lxs ¿kdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|fKt

ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;n] hgtfnfO{ zlQmsf]

¿kdf kl/eflift ub{5 .

3_ :yfgLo :t/df clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg

ubf{ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'gfsf]

;fy;fy} :yfgLo hgtfsf]

;dfj]zLs/0f / ;xefuLtfn]

pgLx¿sf] JolQmTjsf] ;d]t ljsf;

x'G5 .

ª_ hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf efu lng], ljsf;

sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf;

x'Fbf :jfldTjsf] efjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 .

r_ :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dof]lrt

tyf oyf]lrt pkof]u tyf ljt/0f

x'G5 h;n] ljsf;nfO{ ultzLntf

k|bfg ub{5 .

5_ :yfgLo :jfoQtfnfO{ cfTdlge{/

agfpg hgtf hfu?s x'G5g\,

Ph]08fsf] klxrfg ub{5g\ / To;sf]

;kmn sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ .

h_ s]Gb|sf] d'v tfSg] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo

eO{ ;fdflhs vf]htnf; (Social

Intelligence) sf dfWodjf6 :yfgLo

e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5g, hf] cGo

If]qsf] ;d]t cWoog / l;sfO{sf]

dxTjk"0f{ ljifo aGg ;Sb5 .

o;sf cnjf :yfgLo If]q tyf

hgtfsf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lb+bf jf

lbg] k|lqmofdf ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿ ;d]t

b]lvG5g h;nfO{ tn JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf

k|bfg ug{sf nflu / o;sf] pkof]u

ug{sf nflu pgLx¿f] k|ofKt bIftf

x'g clgjfo{ 5 . dfgjLo ljsf;sf

cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lbOg'

kb{5, cGoyf o;sf] ;~rfng /

pkof]udf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ v8f

x'G5g\, h:n] Psflt/ nlIft pknAwL

xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g eg] csf]{tkm{

hgtfdf ljt[i0ffsf] efj pTkGg

x'G5 .

v_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf

k|bfg ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;~rfng /

ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ agfpFbf lglZrt

;|f]t tyf ;Lksf nflu /fHon]

;xof]uL xftx¿ lbg' kb{5, hf]

/fHon] xfn;Dd pknAw u/fPsf]

kfO{b}g .

u_ sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf k|ofKt ;'wf/ x'g

h¿/L 5, o;f] gePdf :yfgLo

hgtfx¿n] lhDd]jf/L, :jfldTjefj,

pQ/bfloTj lng dfGb}gg\ eg]

csf]{tkm{ pgLx¿sf] k|of;df lgld{t

k"FhLsf] ;'/Iff x'Fb}g, ljsf;

ultljlwdf bLuf]kg cfpFb}g /

sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg emNsG5 .

3_ /fhg}lts k|ltj4tfsf] cefjdf

sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ tyf

sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf cfpFb}g .

:yfgLo ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lbbf

lt ;Fu7gx?n] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{

5fofFdf kfb{5g\ eGg]

/fhg}ltssdL{x¿sf] dgf]efj / unt

ljZn]if0fn] ljsf;df :yfgLo ;+3–

;++:yfx¿sf] cfzfltt ;xeflutf /

pknAwL k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .

ª_ :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;sf ;+oGq

x'g\ eGg] efjgfsf] jf]w g t ;/sf/L

;+oGqnfO{ 5 g /fhg}lts

;Fu7gx¿nfO{ . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/df

:yfgLo hgtfsf ;+:yfx¿ s]jn

bjfj ;d"xx¿ x'g h:n] ljsf;df

;fem]bf/ x'g'sf] ;f6f] pgLx¿nfO{

;b}j emGem6 / bjfjdf kfg]{ sfd

ub{5g\ .

r_ :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] bIf

g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5|}gg\

eg] kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;gsf ljifodf

Hofb} sdhf]/ b]lvG5g\ .

5_ :yfgLo hgtfx¿nfO{ ;Ful7t ug]{ /

g]t[Tj lbg] :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿

sltko cj:yfdf gfkmfd'vL ePsf]

b]lvG5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ hgtfx¿nfO{

hfu¿s u/fpg] / pgLx¿nfO{

;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg]

sfo{qmdx¿sf] g t oyfy{ klxrfg

ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ g To:tf

Ph]08fx¿nfO{ d'4fsf] ¿kdf p7fpg

;s]sf 5g\ .

oBkL :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] k"0f{

:jfoQtfsf ljifodf ljut tyf xfnsf

lbgx?df k|z:t lgtLut tyf sfg"gL

jxzx? rln/x]sf 5g, tyfkL plgx?sf]

sfo{s'zntf, plgx?sf cEofz tyf

plgx?n] xfl;n u/]sf pknlJwx?sf

jf/]df g]kfn ;/sf/, /fhg}lts ;Fu7gx?,

k|zf;lgs ;+oGq, Ps]8]lds tyf

cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg ;+3;+:yfx?

tyf lglt lgdf{tfx? k"0f{ ?kdf cgle1+

/x]sf b]lvG5g . s]lx u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx?nfO{ o;jf/]df hfgsf/L ePtfklg

plgx? o:nfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f eGbf

jflx/ hfg glbg] dgl:ytLdf b]lvG5g .

Psfw cg';Gwfg / k|ltj]bgn] dfq oL

;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] :jfoQtfsfnfuL k|ofKt

jsfnt tyf k}/jL ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g .

3= :yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lb+bf ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLltx¿

;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ePsf] k|d'v

/fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] d'n'sdf k|z:t

ljsf; ;DaGwL ;+efjgfx¿nfO{ phfuf/

u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn]

hgs]lGb|t ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofof] tyflk

o; ;dodf cfPsf /fhg}lts, cfly{s /

;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿n] xfd|f nflu

ck]lIft glthfx¿xfl;n ug{ ;s]gg\ .

o;sf nlfu xfd|f gLltx¿ hgs]lGb|t x'g

g;Sg' oyfy{k/seGbf a9L dxTjsf+IfL

x'g' / hlt th'{df u/]/ ltgsf] ;kmn

sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' xf] . ctM :yfgLo

If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs

hgtfsf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/

agfp+bf lgDgfg';f/sf /0fgLltx¿ th'{df

ug'{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .

s_ ul/jd'vL gLlt / ;sf/fTds

lje]bsf cfwf/df ;|f]t, ;fwg /

cj;/x?sf] ljlgof]hg tyf ljt/0f

ug'{ kb{5 gls ;du| cjwf/0ff

(Blanket Approach) sf cfwf/df

cj;/sf] ljlgof]hg tyf ljt/0f,

o;f] ubf{ ;dfhsf x'g]vfg] ju{x?n]

;|f]tdf lgoGq0f ub{5g . xfn

g]kfndf cEof; eO{ /x]sf] ;fdflhs

;dfj]zLs/0fsf] lgltn] blnt,

cfbLjfzL hghflt, dlxnf tyf

dw]zL ju{x?df ;f] ju{sf

x'g]vfg]x?n] (Elites) dfq ;|f]tdfly

lgoGq0f lgoGq0f hdfO{ /x]sf 5g

eg] ;f]lx ju{sf sdhf]/ tKsfx?df

:yfgLo k|hftGq

27

;dfj]zLs/0f lgltsf] s'g} cz/

b]lv+b}g .

v_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{

b'/b/fhsf j:tL:t/nfO{ Wofg lbg'

h?/L 5, hxfF ;tk|ltzt 3/w'/Lsf]

k|ltlglwTj ePsf] xf]; . ;tk|ltzt

k|ltlglwTjn] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{

;'lglZrt ub{5 .

u_ ;/sf/L ;+oGqaf6 ;~rfng x'g]

sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k"0f{

lhDd]jf/L Plss[t ¿kdf :yfgLo

;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ lbg' kb{5, o;n]

ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f]kgsf]

;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ub{5 .

3_ :yfgLo ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg, 5gf}6

tyf sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg :yfgLo

hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf hgtfsf

;Fu7gx¿ dfkm{t\ ul/g' kb{5, o;f]

ubf{ hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 x'G5

eg] :jfldTjsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

ª_ :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt ljsf;

ultljlw / :yfgLo ;+:yfsf

ultljlwx¿sf] cg'udgsf nflu

:yfgLo :t/ d} cg'udgsf] ;+oGq

tof/ ug'{ kb{5, :yfgLo hgtfsf]

l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;+3–

;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu

;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .

r_ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] kl/kSjtf,

;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg

;fdflhs kl/rfngnfO{ gLltut tyf

sfg'gL ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug'{

h¿/L 5 .

5_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfsf x/]s

ultljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs

;'g'jfO{, ;fj{hlgs n]vf k|0ffnL /

of]hgf vftf k'l:tsf dfkm{t\ u/fpg'

h¿/L 5 . o:n] kf/blz{tfdf j[l4

ub{5 . ;"rgf k|jfxdf bIftf NofpFb5

4= lgisif{ :yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ hf]

ljsf; / r]tgfsf ;+jfxsx¿ x'g\, To:tf

;+:yfx¿df :yfgLo hgtfx¿ ;xefuL

x'G5g\, ;d:ofsf jf/]df 5nkmn ub{5g\,

cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ub{5g\, cfkm\gf

cfjZostfx¿ klxNofp+5g\, ;|f]t tyf

;fwgsf] ;Íng ub{5g\, sfof{Gjog,

Joj:Yffkg tyf cg'udg ub{5g\ /

cGTodf sfo{qmdsf ;+efjgfx¿sf]

d"NofÍg klg ub{5g\ . o;sf nflu

pgLx¿ ;j{k|yd nlIft hgtfnfO{

;d'xdf ;Ful7t x'gsf nflu pT;flxt

t'Nofp+5g\ lj:tf/} j:tL tyf ;d'bfosf

;a} hgtfx¿ ;d'xdf ;Ful7t x'g

yfN5g\ . o;/L hgtfx¿ ;Ful7t x'Fbf

pgLx¿sf] cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 gofF

ljrf/x¿sf] hGd x'G5, h:n] pgLx¿nfO{

gofF sfd ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 ;fy} pgLx¿sf]

sfddf / ;f]+rfO{df ultlzntf k|bfg

ub{5 . o;/L ;d'bfo tyf ;dfhsf]

;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fdf

;+jfxssf] sfd u/]sf :yfgLo

;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo hgtfk|lt j9L

lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg / ljsf;sf]

;"rsx¿nfO{ pknAwLd"ns agfpg

To:tf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ sfg'gL ¿kdf

:jtGqtf k|bfg ug'{ h¿/L 5, h:n] /fHo

;+oGqsf] sfo{jf]emnfO{ xn'sf kfb{5g eg]

:yfgLo If]qdf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpF5g\ . oL ;+:yfx¿df hgtfsf] ;xh

tyf l;3| kx'Fr x'G5 eg] oL ;+:yfx?n]

:yfgLo hgtfsf] oyfy{ k|ltlglwTj

ub{5g\ . ctM oL ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf tyf

bIftfnfO{ d"NofÍg u/L cyjf Ifdtf

clej[l¢ u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;fem]bf/

agfpg / ;dfj]zL ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{

kmlne't kfg{ oL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo

:t/sf] :jfoQtf ;dof]lrt cfwf/df lbg'

h¿/L b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

Acharya, K.K (2008): "Strategies of Local

Government for Effective Service Delivery in

Grassroots Level: A Brief Discussion", Local

Democracy, Association of District Development

Committee Nepal, Year 7, Volume 2. Text in Nepali

Acharya, G.P. (2006): g]kfnsf] ul/jL lgjf/0fdf

u|fdL0f / zx/aLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf] e"ldsf / k|of]u,

SWASHAN, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry

of Local Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. Text in

Nepali

Adhikary, D. (2006): Towards Local Democrcy in

Nepal; Power and Participation in District

Development Planning, Spring Reasearch Centrae

Series – 47.

Bhattachan, K.B. (1997): "People/Community Based

Development Strategy’, Development Practices in

Nepal, Edited by K.B. Bhattachan & C. Mishara,

Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology,

TU, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Dahal, R.K. (2002): State and Rural Development,

New Hira Book Enterprises, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Hada, G.B.(2062-063B.S.): æljsf;df hg;xefuLtfsf] cfj:ostf tyf dxTjÆ, :yfgLo k|hftGq, lhlj; dfxf;+3 g]kfn, jif{ %÷^, c+s $÷!. Text in Nepali

Shakarya (2004): Non Government Organizations;

Challenges and Opportunities, Edited Coordinated by

Toya Gautam, Kathmandu, Nepal.

UNDP (2004): æg]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))$, ;zQmLs/0f tyf u/LjL Go'gLs/0f, sf7df08f}, g]kfn . Text in Nepali

_______________________________________________ – n]vs cfrfo{ ;fd 'bflos ;'zf;g ljifosf] zf]w sfo{df +;+nUg x'g'x'G5 .

Email: keshavkacharya@gmail.com

:yfgLo k|hftGq

28

cfn]v

gofF ;+ljwfgdf lhNnf ;/sf/

lzj /]UdL

g]kfn clxn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf nflu/]sf] 5 .

@)^$ ;fn r}t @* ut] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ePkl5

g]kfndf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu af6f] v'n]sf] xf] .

;+ljwfg;efdf hgtfsf k|ltlglwx? cfO;s]kl5 To;df ;a}

hfthflt / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj klg ePsf] 5 . t/ hgtfn]

lbPsf] ;do;Ldf leq ;+ljwfg aGg g;s]/ Ps aif{ ldlt

a9fOof] . t/ Tof] a9]sf] ;do klg ca ;lsg} nfUbf klg bnx?

o;k|lt vf;} u+le/ gag]/ ;QflnK;fdf nfu]sf] hgu'gf;f] a9\b}

uPsf] 5 . o;aLrdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ bnx?

u+le/ aGg'k5{ . gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] at{dfg

cj:yfdf g]kfnnfO{ slt /fHodf ljefhg ug]{, :yfgLo

;/sf/sf slt tx agfpg] nufotsf d'2fdf bnx?aLr ;xdlt

x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clxn] ePsf tLg tx dWo]

uflj; / gu/kflnsfafx]s lhNnfsf ljifodf ljleGg egfOx?

cfO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf Pp6f lhNnfsf] d'Vo lgsfosf]

?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf]] lgsfonfO{

cem al9 clwsf/ ;DkGg

agfpg'kg]{df cGoyf ;f]Rg' clxn]sf]

nflu pko'Qm s'/f xf]Og / lhNnf

;/sf/sf ljifodf ljjf b ug'{klg

x'b}g . lhNnf ;/sf/ g]kfndf

Psbd} cfjZos 5 / o;nfO{ g}

lhNnfsf] d'Vo lgsfosf] ?kdf

ljsf; u/]/ sfd ug'{k5{ tadfq

hgtfsf cfsf+Iff / cfjZostfx?

klg k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf]

ljsf; qmds} s'/f ug'{kbf{ g]kfnsf]

ljsf;qmd w}/} klxn]b]lv ;'?

ePklg @)$& ;fn kl5 dfq ljsf;sf ultljlwx?n] ltj|tf

lnPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf k|hftGq cfPsf] w]/} aif{ kl5 dfq

ljsf;sf sfd ;'? eP klg ljsf;sf ultljlwn] vf;} km8\sf]

dfg{ ;s]sf] kfOF+b}g . @)$^ ;fnkl5 g]kfndf w]/} ljsf;sf

sfdx? ePklg To;sf] s]lx ;dokl5 k'gM g]kfndf åGå ;'?

eof] / ljsf;sf sfdx? k|fo 7Kk x'g k'u] . ljsf;sf qmd cem

a[l4 x'g'kg]{df g]kfndf ljsf;sf ultljlw cem 36] . klxn]sf

s}of}+ ;+/rgf eTsfOP . :yfgLo lgsfo s]xL ;dosf nflu u7g

eP klg vf;} k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfd x'g ;s]g .

:yfgLo lgsfo eg]sf hgtfsf af:tljs ;]jf k|bfos

lgsfo x'g\ . ufpFb]lv zx/df a:g] gful/snfO{ ;fgf]

l;kmfl/;b]lvsf sfdx? :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 x'g] ub{5g\ . uflj;,

lhlj; / gu/kflnsfdf hgtfsf b}lgsh;f] sfdx? x'g] ub{5g\

. o;y{ tL lgsfonfO{ jf 7fpFnfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfO{

d'n'ssf] ljsf;df k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;s] d'n'ss}

lxt / ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . To;df klg uflj; /

gu/kflnsfnufot lhNnfdf ePsf cGo ;a} lgsfosf] klg

d'Vo lgsfosf ?kdf ljsf; ul/g'k5{ .

ufpFb]lv zx/;Dd xfn ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx?

uf=lj=;=, lh=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfn] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;fgf–;fgf

cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;+rfng ul/ ltgsf] ;lx sfof{Gjogsf] nflu

klg :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;+~rfng ul/g'k5{ .

vf;u/L To;df klg lhNnf txnfO{ cem al9 ;jn / ;Ifd

agfpglt/ nfUg'k5{ .

clxn] :yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yfdf /x]sf] w]/}

;do eO;s]sf]] 5 . o;/L nfdf]

;do;Dd :yfgLo lgsfo

hgk|ltlglwljlxg x'Fbf o;af6 hgtf

g}+ t ;a}eGbf al9 kL+l8t ag]sf

5g\ . o;tkm{ klg ;DalGwt

;/f]sf/jfnfn] u+le/ eP/ ;f]Rg'kg]F{

a]nf ePsf] 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd

:yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglw ljlxg

cj:yfdf /fV\bf hgtfn] kfpg]

;]jfdf s:tf] sl7gfO{ x'G5 ;j}nfO{

yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf

:yfgLo lgsfodf a}slNks Joj:yf

u/]/ ePklg :yfgLo lgsfo u7g

ug'{k5{ . :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x?n] :yfgLo lgsfodf

lgjf{rg ug'{k¥of] olb lgjf{rg ug{ g;lsP a}slNks Joj:yf

u/]/ ePklg :yfgL lgsfo u7g ug'{k/\of] eg]/ elg/xg' ePsf]

5 . t/ o;tkm{ ;DalGwt ug{ ;Sg] JolQmx?sf] vf;} Jojxf/df

Wofg uPsf] kfO}g . Wofg uPsf] 5 t s]jn af]nL / egfOaf6

dfq} k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog gx'g]ePsfn] cfkm"n] eg]sf s'/fx?sf]

;lx sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg pRr /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] o;tkm{

u+le/ eP/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 / ;f]Rg' klg kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] at{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfP/ x]bf{ o;tkm{ k|d'v bnx? /

g]kfn ;/sf/n] vf;} Wofg lbOPsf] kfOb}g . ;/sf/df hfg]x?

;/sf/df hfg'eGbf klxn] :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ug'k5{ eG5g\

t/ ;/sf/df uO;s]kl5 :yfgLo lgsfo u7gsf] s'/f To;}

lhNnf ;/sf/ g]kfndf Psbd}

cfjZos 5 / o;nfO{ g}

lhNnfsf] d'Vo lgsfosf] ?kdf

ljsf; u/]/ sfd ug'{k5{ tadfq

hgtfsf cfsf+Iff /

cfjZostfx? klg k"/f ug{

;lsG5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

29

;]nfo/hfG5, To;nfO{ vf;} dxTj lbOb}g . o;/L :yfgLo

lgsfonfO{ hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yfdf /fv]/ d'n'snfO{

;d[4zfnL agfpg'k5{ eGg' s]jn vf]qmf] cfZjf;g dfq} xf] .

o;/L s'g}klg uflj;, lh=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfn] ;lx /

k|efjsf/L ?kn] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf pNn]Vo k|ult ug{

;Sb}gg\ / hgtfn] klg ;/n / k|efjsf/L ?kn] :yfgLo

lgsfoaf6 ;]jf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ .

g]kfn Ps t ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z x'g'sf ;fy} bnx?aLr

Go"gtd d'4fdf klg ;xdlt x'g g;ls/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf

g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ cj:yf g}+ xfn nyfln+u h:t} ePsf] 5 . o:tf]

b]zdf slDtdf klg b]z ;+rfng ug]{ k|d'v afu8f]/ ;Dxfn]sf

d'Vo g]tfx?n] b]zsf] ljsf;df s]lx dfq klg ;f]lrlbPsf] eP /

:yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{rg u/fpg ;s] cem} /fd|f] olb lgjf{rg

u/fpg g;s] j}slNks Joj:yf u/]/ ePklg :yfgLo lgsfo

u7g u/]/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] ePklg

d'n's / d'n'safl;nfO{ s]lx /fxt x'g] lyof] . o;tkm{ ;DalGwt

g]tfx?sf] Wofg hfg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . Wofg uPsf] 5 t s]jn

s'/f / efif0fdf dfq Wofg uPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf Wofg lbgsf

nflu o; If]qdf sfd ug]{ cu'jfx?n] klg tL g]tf x?nfO{ bjfj

lbg h?/L 5 . ;f] bjfj s:tf] eg] tL g]tf x?nfO{ :yfgLo

lgsfo u7gsf nflu jfWo kfg]{ vfnsf] . obL o;f] ePdf dfq

g]kfn / g]kfnLn] cfˆgf] ;fwg / >f]tsf] ;xL kl/rfng u/L

ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ /

hgtfn] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 kfpg] ;]jfdf klg ;xhtf cfpg]

5 .

:yflgo lgsfonfO{hgk|ltlglwd'ns agfpg g;s];Dd

ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdn] ult lng ;Sb}gg\ eGg] s'/f klg

g]kfnsf hfGg] a'‰g] ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 t/ cfh Tolx lgsfosf]

u7g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tLg} :yflgo lgsfo / tLgsf ;+3

dxf;+3n] a]nf a]nfdf ug]{ sfo{qmdx?df uP/ ;/sf/sf dGqL

tyf d'n's ;~rfng ug]{ /fgLlts bnsf g]tfx?n] cfˆgf] kf6L{

:yflgo lgosf u7gsfnflu k|lta4 5 / rfF9} u7g ug'{k5{

eGg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljsf; / clwsf/sf nflu

cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ tof/ 5 eGg] ug'{x'G5 . t/ Tof] Jojxf/df

nfdf] ;do;Dd klg nfu' x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lsg olt nfdf]

;do;Dd bnsf g]tf / ;/sf/sf dGqLx?n] eg]sf s'/fx? nfu'

x'g ;s]gg\ t o; af/]df o; If]qsf cu'jfx/n] u+le/ eP/ Wofg

cfs{if0f u/fpFb} bjfa lbg'sf ;fy} vf]hljg ug{ klg h?/L

eO;s]sf]] 5 .

g]kfnsf l5d]sL b]zx? dxfzlQm /fi6« aGg] a]nfdf klg

g]kfnsf] cj:yf hxfFsf] TolxF 5 . o;tkm{ of] b]z ;~rfng ug]{

k|d'v JolQmTj x?n] Ps k6s ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnnfO{ ;w}+ o:t} /xg lbg]ls b|'t ultdf lasf; u/]/

cGt/f{li6«o hutdf lrgfpg kxn ug]{ . g]kfn cfˆg} df}lns

;F:s[lt, rfnrng, l/ltl/jfh ePsf] b]z, ;u/dfyfsf] b]z,

uf}tda'4sf] b]z nufotsf ljleGg g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o

hutdf lrgfpg] w/f]x/ x? 5g\ . ltgs} dfWodaf6 klg g]kfnn]

cfGt/f{li6«o hutnfO{ g]kfnk|lt cfsif{0f u/]/ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df

;xof]u leqofpg ;S5 / Tof] ;xof]usf] ;lx sfo{fGjogsf

nflu sfd ug]{ lgsfonfO{ hg pQ/bflo agfP/ g]kfnsf]

ljsf;df ;dflxt agfpg ;S5 . g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)!! df

g]kfn ko{6g jif{ eg] h:t} ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ ljsf; jif{, ;g\

@)!# nfO{ ;xsf/L jif{ cflb eg]/ klg eGg ;lsG5 / o;df

;DaGwLt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] ulx/f] lbdfun] ;f]r]/ lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{

l9nf x'g nflu;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf clxn] ePsf /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf k|d'v

g]tfx?n] of] d'n's ;~rfng ug]{ lhDdf lng' ePsf] 5 eg]

g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;sf lx;fan] kl5 kfg'{df pxfFx?g} al9 g} bf]if

x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cfh g]kfnd} a;]/ vfg] /

a:g] pko'Qm Joj:yfsfnflu d'Voul/ /f]huf/L rflxPsf] 5 . w]/}

sdfpFnf / kFh]/f] g}+ r9\5' eGg] clwsfF; g]kfnLn] ;f]r]sf klg

5}gg . g]kfnL o'jfx? clxn] ljb]lzg jfWo ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf

cfh o:tf] l:ylt 5 ef]ln s] x'g] xf] eGg] lrGtfn] o'jfx? ljb]z

knfog x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . o;/L ljb]z knfog x'g] >d

zQmLnfO{ :jb]zd} of]Uotf / lzk cg';f/sf] sfd lbg ;s]sf]

eP kSs} klg lt ljb]lzg] o'jfx? ljb]z eGbf :jb]zd} a:g] lyP

xf]nfg\ . t/ cfhsf] g]kfnsf] h'g l:ylt 5 o;df g]kfndf a:g]

eg]sf] ljb]zdf /fd|f] cj;/ gkfpg] cfly{s cj:yfn] wfGg

g;Sg] / g]kfnd} s]lx u/]/ a:g ;lsG5 eGg] afx]s g]kfnaf6

cfzf dfl/;s]sf g]kfnLx? cfh ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf 5g\ .

o;n] g]kfnnfO{ 7"nf] Iflt x'G5 . o;af6 kf7 l;s]/ of] b]z

;~rfng ug]{ afu8f]/ ;Dxfn]sfx?n] of] b]z k|ltsf] dfof /

uf}/jnfO{ a9fO{ :jb]zd} a;]/ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg lt/

nfUg' k5{ . olb To;f] gul/Pdf kSs} klg g]kfn / g]kfnLsf]

eljio lrGtfhgs g} x'g]5 / ;a} g]kfnLn] b'Mv kfpg] 5g\ .

cfhsf] g]kfndf lkogsf] hflu/ vfg 7"nf g]tf / dlGqsf] kfj/

nufpg' k5{ . of]Uotf / lzksf] e/df hflu/ kfpg] cj:yf

5}g . of] cj:yfsf] cGTo ul/ ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/

;dfg cj;/ lbg;s]dfq Tof] g]kfn / g]kfnL ;~rfng

ug]{x?sf] lxtdf x'g]5 / o;}df nfUg' g}+ plgx?sf] k|d'v

cfjZostf / st{Jo klg xf] .

g]kfndf :yfgLo lgsfo af6 k|z:t dfqfdf /f]huf/Lsf

cj;/x? l;h{gf x'g'sf] ;fy} :yfgLo :t/df klg w]/} sfd ug{

;lsG5 . g]kfndf &% lhNnf, %* gu/kflnsf / sl/a rf/

xhf/ uf=lj=; x? 5g\ . ;/sf/ / bnx?n] :yfgLo lgsfosf]

u7g ul/ kof{Kt ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfO{ sfd u/]df g]kfndf

k|z:t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfnn]

ljsf;df klg 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sg] k|z:t ;+efjgf ePsfn]

o;tkm{ ;DjlGwt lgsfon] ;dod} ;f]r]/ lg0f{o u/]df g]kfn /

g]kfnLsf nflu cfzfsf] lbg ;'? x'g]5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

30

ljj/0f

cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& df

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn

!= k[i7e"ld

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g}

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf kIfdf /fli6«o tyf

cGt/fli6«o :t/df jsfntL tyf kIfkf]if0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

To;}u/L ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] If]qdf

cled'vLs/0f, tflnd, of]hgf th'{dfdf ;xhLs/0f, :yfgLo

lgsfosf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu lgb]{lzsf sfo{ljlw

tof/Lnufotsf sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L lhlj; dxf;+3

g]kfnn]] b]xfoadf]lhdsf If]qx?df g]kfn ;/sf/, bft[

lgsfox?nufot ljleGg u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf

;+3;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}} cfPsf] 5 .

-s_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df jsfntL tyf kIfkf]if0f

-v_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4

-u_ ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd

@= ;DkGg sfo{qmdx?

o; cfly{s jif{df ;~rfng eO{ ;DkGg ePsf

sfo{qmdx? b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

@=! :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd (Local

Governance and Community Development

Programme) cGtu{t M

g]kfn ;/sf/ :YffgLo ljsf; dGqfno / g]kfndf

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kIfsf sfd ug]{ bft[ lgsfox?

Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, o'Pg8LkL, 8LPkm8LkL, 8]lg8f, ga]{lhog

/fhb"tfjf;, P;8L;L, hL6Lh]8sf] ;xof]udf of] sfo{qmd @))(

hgj/Lb]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] /fli6«o

;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 k|jQmf

s[i0fk|;fb h};Ln] k|ltlglwTj ul//xg' ePsf] 5 eg] Local

Government Accountablility Facility (LGAF) ;ldltsf sfo{sf/L

dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 .

-s_ jsfntL tyf k}/jL;DaGwL sfo{x?

!= lhNnf tyf /fli6«o :t/df :yfgLo :jfoQtf;DaGwL cWoog

tyf cGtlqm{of, uf]i7L / kIfkf]if0f M

o; zLif{scGtu{t lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;+ljwfg;ef

cGtu{tsf ljleGg !! j6f ;ldltx?n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf

k|ltj]bgx? :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kIfdf eP gePsf] af/]df cWoog

u/L o;sf] ;+lIfKt k|ltlqmof;lxt lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]

cjwf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]xL cjwf/0ffkqx?

c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb u/L ;a} bft[ lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;d]t

ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] . s"n @& j6f lhNnfdf ul/Psf]

cGtlq{mof sfo{qmddWo] @$ j6f lhNnfdf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnodfkm{t k|fKt cg'bfg /sdaf6 ;DkGg ul/of] eg] afFsL

# j6f tkl;nsf lhNnfx?df :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos

ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cg'bfg /sdaf6 ;DkGg ul/of] . sfo{qmdsf]

;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg c+u|]hL / g]kfnL efiffdf k|sfzg u/L

ljt/0f;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !=!

lhNnf:t/Lo cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f

qm=;= sf=;DkGg ldlt lhNnfx? sf=;+of]hs ;xefuL ;+Vof

!= @)^^÷!)÷@* lrtjg huGgfy yklnof ##

@= @)^&÷!÷)( x'Dnf hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL !)@

#= @)^&÷@÷)@ a}t8L dfof e§ %#

;|f]t M lhNnf:t/Lo 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg

-v_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4

sfo{qmdM

!= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf

tof/LM

/0fgLlts of]hgf agfpg] qmddf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn]

@)%& ;fndf w'lnv]ndf lhlj; dxf;+3 sfo{;ldltsf

kbflwsf/Lx? / 8f;'÷8]lg8fsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s a;L lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfGtl/s /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/]sf]

lyof] . bf];|f] cfGtl/s /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df uf]i7L @)%*

;fndf d':tfªdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;n] las]Gb|Ls/0fsf]

kIfdf jsfntnfO{ yk ;an agfpg] / ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{

nIo /flvPsf] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# kZrft d'n'sdf

/fhgLlts Joj:yf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . hgrfxgfcg';f/ ;+3Lo

nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]

lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ d'n's gofF ;+ljwfg / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf

k|lqmofdf cu|;/ 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf ljifout ;ldltx?n]

/fHosf] vfsfsf ljifodf d:of}bf tof/ u/L 5nkmn eO/x]sf]

5 . o; ;Gbe{df ef]ln u7g x'g] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]

:j?ksf ljifodf jsfntL tyf k}/jL ug{ / ;+j}wflgs ?kdf

:yfgLo k|hftGq

31

clwsf/ k|fKt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g ug{sf nflu;d]t lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ tyf /0fgLlt to

ug{df @)^% ;fndf gu/sf]6df uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

;do qmd;Fu} o;sf] ;fd' gofFgofF r'gf}tLx? ylkb} cfPsf 5g\

eg] cfufdL jif{x?df klg yk gofF r'gf}tL cfpg ;Sg]

;Defjgf /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; oyf{ynfO{ Wofgdf

/fvL jt{dfg / gofF r'gf}tL ;fdfgf ub}{ cfˆgf] e"ldsf

k|efjsf/L agfpg gofF /0fgLltx? agfpFb} cufl8 hfg' kg]{

cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . oxL oyf{ynfO{ cfTd;ft ub} lhNnf

ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] k'gM tLg jifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf

th'{df u/]sf] 5 .

@= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] Ifdtf ljsf;

of]hgf tof/L

lhlj; dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu

ljutdf 8flg8f 8f;'dfkm{t kof{Kt ;xof]ux? k|fKt ePsf]

lyof] . t/, d'n'ssf] ablnFbf] kl/l:ylt;Fu} lhlj; dxf;+3

g]kfnsf] e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uO/x]sf] / kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg'kg]{

;Gbe{df dxf;+3;dIf gofFgofF r'gf}tLx? klg b]vf kb}{ uPsf

5g\ . t;y{ gofF r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3

g]kfn tyf ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg ;Fu;Fu}

n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf dxf+;3n] tof/ u/]sf] gofF tLg

aifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu laBdfg Ifdtf

ljsf; l:yltsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{, To;sf] cfwf/df pgLx?sf] d'Vo

sfo{If]qx?df ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L gLlt lgdf{0f, k}/jL, :yfgLo

zf;g;DaGwL gLltx?sf] ljsf; / ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf

ljsf;df ;d]t 6]jf k'Ug]u/L gofF /0fgLlts sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]t

k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg lhlj;

dxf;+3n] tLg jif]{ Ifdtf ljsf; of]hgf -cfj @)^&÷^*—

@)^(÷&)_ klg th'{df u/]sf] 5 .

-u_ ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdM

!= cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGgM

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf tyf uflj;x?nfO{

nlIft u/L LGCDP sf] ;xof]udf :yfgLo txsf] Ifdtf:t/df

;'wf/ u/L :yfgLo ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ Nofpg

pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf cufl8

a9fpg dfu{bz{g cfjZos ePsf] x'Fbf pQm sfo{qmd;Fu

;Demf}tf eO{ uflj;÷lhlj; Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{ljlw @)^^ /

gu/kflnsf Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{ljlw @)^^ d:of}bf tof/ ug{

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . pQm

d:of}bf tof/ ePkl5 lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?n] Ifdtf

ljsf;sf] If]q x]g{ tf]s]sf sd{rf/Lx? tyf lhNnf

;xhstf{x?nfO{ @–@ lbg] pQm sfo{ljlwx?af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg

If]qLo:t/x?df cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ul/Psf]

lyof] . kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf ePsf tL cled'vLs/0f

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngsf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k];fljb\

sd{rf/Lx? / cGo ;|f]t JolQmx? kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .

cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdx?df gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj;x?af6

hDdf Ps ;o && hgf sd{rf/L ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

@=@ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] cg'bfg /sd cGtu{t ;DkGg

sfo{qmdx?

:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3 -uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3,

g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn_

nfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 cf=j= @)^^÷@)^& sf nflu

Psd'i6 %) nfv ?k}ofF sfo{qmd vr{ pknAw u/fOPsf] /

tLgj6} :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3dxf;+3sf] cfk;L ;xdltcg';f/

bfdf;fxLdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf]

!^ nfv ^^ xhf/ ?k}ofF dWo]af6 b]xfoadf]lhd sfo{qmdx?

;DkGg ul/of] .

-s_ jsfntL tyf k}/jL;DaGwL sfo{x? M

-!_ /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yf / ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo

cGtlq{mof sfo{qmd (District Level Discourse on

Federalism and State Restructuring):

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lhlj; dxf;+3

g]kfnsf] p2]Zo /x]cg';f/ /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo

;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj;:yf / ;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfdf ælhNnf

;/sf/sf] cfjZostfÆ gfds xft] k'l:tsf !@ xhf/ k|lt

k|sfzg u/L &% j6} lhNNff ljsf; ;ldltx?, ;+ljwfg;efsf

dfggLo ;b:ox?, /fhgLlts bn, ljleGg dGqfno tyf

ljefunufot s]Gb|Lo:t/sf clwsf+z sfof{nox?df ljt/0f

ul/of] .

tflnsf !=#

lhNnf:t/Lo cGtlq{mofsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f

qm=;= sf=;DkGgldlt lhNnfx? sf=;+of]hs ;xefuL ;+Vof

!= @)^^÷!!÷!# c5fd >L s[i0fk|;fb h};L $&

@= @)^^÷!!÷!$ 8f]6L >L e/taxfb'/ v8\sf %*

#= @)^^÷!!÷@% s~rgk'/ >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL $%

$= @)^^÷!!÷@& /f}tx6 >L /lhpl4g cfnd *(

%= @)^^÷!!÷#) slknj:t' >L /d]z zdf{ $%

^= @)^^÷!@÷)! s}nfnL >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL $*

&= @)^^÷!@÷)@ kfNkf >L /d]z zdf{ %$

*= @)^^÷!@÷)# gjnk/f;L >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb cu|x/L &@

(= @)^^÷!@÷)^ 88]nw'/f >L e/taxfb'/ v8\sf @@

!)= @)^^÷!@÷)^ tgx'F >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf #(

!!= @)^^÷!@÷!# ?kGb]xL >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb cu|x/L ^)

!@ @)^^÷!@÷!& jbL{of >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL #!

!#= @)^^÷!@÷!( wgs'6f >L wd{/fh kf}8]n #%

!$= @)^^÷!@÷@# t]Xy'd >L wd{/fh kf}8]n #(

!%= @)^^÷!@÷@% ef]hk'/ >L wd{/fh kf}8]n ##

!^= @)^^÷!@÷@% afFs] >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL *)

!&= @)^^÷!@÷@% c3f{vfFrL >L /d]z zdf{ $)

!*= @)^^÷!@÷@@ Emfkf >L ch'{g /fO{ $%

!(= @)^^÷!@÷@# df]/Ë >L ch'{g /fO{ %)

@)= @)^^÷!@÷@^ ndh'Ë >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf $)

@!= @)^^÷!@÷@* u'NdL >L /d]z zdf{ %#

@@= @)^&÷!÷!$ kj{t >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf #%

@#= @)^&÷!÷!% :ofËhf >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf ^$

:yfgLo k|hftGq

32

@$= @)^&÷!÷!& sf:sL >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf ^%

;|f]t M lhNnfut cGtlq{mof sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg

dfly pNn]lvt ;DkGg sfo{qmdx? ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwg /

5f]6f] ;dodf hDdf @& j6f lhNnfdf dfq} lhNnf:t/Lo

cGtlq{mof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/of] . h;dWo] @$ j6f lhNnfdf

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] cg'bfg /sd / afFsL # j6f lhNnf

lrtjg, x'Dnf / a}t8Ldf :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;

sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;DkGg ul/of] . afFsL lhNNffx?sf] xsdf

cfufdL jif{df ;d]t o; lsl;dsf] lhNNff:t/Lo cGtlq{mof

sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

-@_ lhNnf cGtlq{mofaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx?sf] ;f/;+If]ksf] k|sfzg

tyf ljt/0f

dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ gofF ;+ljwfg / /fHosf]

k'g;{+/rgfsf ;Gbe{df lhNnf ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf lsg <

ljifos lhNnf:t/df ;~rfng ul/Psf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdaf6

k|fKt ;'emfjx? ;+sng u/L To;sf] ;f/nfO{ k'l:tsfsf ?kdf

k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . !@ xhf/ k|lt / ;f]xLsf] c+u|]hLdf

cg'jfb ul/Psf] “A Synopsis of Recommendations from District

Level Discourse on Why District Government is necessary in

the context of New Constitution and State Restructuring?" Ps

xhf/ k|lt tof/ tyf k|sfzg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox?,

/fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljsf; ;fFem]bf/

;+:yfx? / gful/s ;dfh;dIf ljt/0f ul/of] .

-#_ ;~rf/ dfWodsf] kl/rfng (Media Mobilization)

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnåf/f la|l6z uf]vf{

ldl8of g]6js{ k|flnaf6 ;~rflnt uf]vf{ Pkm=Pd= (# d]ufxh{df

/]l8of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo :jzf;g uPsf] ;fpg % ut]b]lv x/]s

;ftfsf] a'waf/ a]n'sL *=)) ah]b]lv *=#) ah];Dd lgoldt

?kdf k|zf/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] / uPsf] sflQs dlxgfsf] !^ ut]b]lv

x/]s ;ftfsf] d+unaf/ ;fFem ^=)) ah]blv ^=#) ah];Dd

lgoldt ?kdf k|;f/0f xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .

/]l8of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo :jzf;gdf :yfgLo ;/sf/,

;'zf;g, ljsf; lgdf{0f / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ultlalwx?sf ;fy}

o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt lj1x?;Fu cGtlq{mof ug]{ ul/G5 .

To;}u/L d'n's ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lgjf{x ug{‘kg]{

e"ldsf, /fHo k'g;+/rgf / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf If]qdf ePsf

ljleGg ultljlwx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .

!=@=# phf{ tyf jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd

j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb| / u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf;

sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf lgDgcg';f/sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng

ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ jsfntL tyf k}/jL;DaGwL sfo{x?

!= If]qLo:t/sf] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L M

dWoklZrd / ;'b'/klZrdf~rndf phf{;DaGwL If]qLo

sfo{zfnf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{zfnfdf ;fgf tyf n3'

hnljB't k|jw{gsf nflu o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if1nufot

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb|,

u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf tkm{af6 sfo{kq k|:t't u/L

cfufdL lbgx?df ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L gLltadf]lhd

:yfgLo lgsfox?sf] cu|;/tfdf ;fgf tyf n3' hnljB't

lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbg] ;xdltadf]lhd sfo{of]hgf ;d]t

tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm If]qLo sfo{zfnfdf ;DalGwt If]qsf

lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, kbflwsf/L / pBf]u jfl0fHo

;+3sf cWoIfnufot cGo k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] .

@= k|sfzg / ljt/0f M

u|fdL0f phf{sf] If]qdf sfo{/t ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf pNn]Vo sfo{x?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/

æ;kmntfsf] syfx?sf] ;Fufnf]Æ gfds a'n]l6g o; cfly{s

jif{df !@)) k|lt k|sfzg u/L s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo txsf

;/f]sf/jfnfx? -&% j6f lh=lj=;;lxt_ nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{

;DkGg ul/of] .

#= phf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{÷zfvf sfo{ ;~rfng;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf

:yfgLo lgsfocGtu{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf] phf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{÷zfvfsf] sfd / e"ldsfdf s]xL b'ljwf b]lvPsfn] u|fdL0f pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f ;DaGwdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / ;xhLs/0fsf] ?kdf ;+~rfng lgb]{lzsf (Operational Guideline) sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3n] d:of}bf ;+~rfng lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ cf/De ul/of] .

-v_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4

sfo{qmd M

-!_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf cfÏgf ;b:o lhlj;x?dfkm{t phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qnfO{ Jofks ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^^ df3 @* ut] lhlj; dxf;+3sf]] ;efsIfdf dxf;+3sf cWoIf Clif/fh n'D;fnLsf] cWoIftfdf cfGtl/s a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;f] a}7sdf j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf sfo{qmd clws[t tyf u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf /fli6«o sfo{qmd k|aGwsnufotsf JolQmx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf lhlj; dxf;+3sf sfo{sf/L dxf;lrjn] xfn;Dd NaREE Unit sf] ultljlwaf/] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] a}7ssf cWoIfn] bft[ lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?;dIf :yfgLo txdf phf{sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

-@_ o; cfly{s jif{df lhNnf phf{ ;~hfnsf] ldlt @)^^ c;f]h #) ;DkGg ul/of] . a}7sn] phf{;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn / ;b:o lhNnfx?aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L If]qLo:t/df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

33

-u_ ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; clej[l4 sfo{qmd -!_ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd M

gjLs/0fLo phf{ k|ljlw tyf o; If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jt{dfg phf{ gLltnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cu'jfO{df REDP / AEPC sf] ;xof]udf cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& df b]xfoadf]lhd lhNnfx?df Ps lbg] cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] . h;cg';f/ @)^^ d+l;/ * ut] /fd]5fk lhlj;, @)^& j}zfv !# ut] ef]hk'/ lhlj; / @)^& j}zfv #) ut] /;'jf lhlj;df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] .

pQm sfo{qmdx?df lhlj;sf kbflwsf/L, uflj; ;lrj, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwnufot o; If]qdf sfo{/t lghL tyf u};;sf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;j{bnLo ;+oGqsf kbflwsf/Lx?nufot lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;lxt b'O{ ;ohgfsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . e]nfn] ;DalGwt lhlj;df phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qnfO{ cfp"bf lbgdf Jofks ?kdf k|j4{g ug{sf nflu cfufdL sfo{qmddf phf{nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 .

-@_ lhNnf txsf] pTs[i6 cEof;sf] k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd gjLs/0FLo phf{ k|ljlwsf] k|j4{gnfO{ :yfgLo txdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltadf]lhd Jofks / k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ lhlj;x?nfO{ k'/:s[t ub}{ cfPsf] ljut aif{b]lvsf] sfo{nfO{ o; jif{ klg lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ lhlj;x?n] phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf u/]sf] sfo{x?sf] d"Nof+sg ug{ @) j6f ;"rsx? (Indicators) tof/ u/L &% j6f lhlj;df k7fpg] sfd ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd &% j6f lhlj;x? dWo] @$ j6f lhlj;x?n] dfq k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnPsf 5g\ . pQm sfo{sf] d"Nof+sg ug{sf nflu ;ft ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5. ;f] ;ldltn] pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ lhlj;sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ nufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 .

-ª_ lgoldt k|sfzg (Regular Publication)M

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] lgoldt?kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/,

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fh:tf If]qdf n]v/rgfx? / lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]

dxTjk"0f{ ultljlwx? ;dfj]z u/L q}dfl;s klqsf æ:yfgLo

k|hftGqÆ k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}

l;nl;ndf ljleGg ultljlw / n]v /rgfx? ;d]l6Psf] jif{ *

c+s ! sf] :yfgLo k|hftGq q}dfl;s klqsf Ps xhf/ kfFr ;o

k|lt k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] .

To;}u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf dfggLo ;b:ox?, dGqfnox?,

ljefux?, bft[ lgsfosf sfof{nox?, &% j6} lhNnf ljsf;

;ldltx?, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonufot lhNnfl:yt nfOg

Ph]G;Lx?sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/, km\ofS; gDa/, a]j;fO6 cflb

;dfj]z ePsf] lhlj; dxf;+3 8fo/L, @)^& b'O{ xhf/ k|lt

5kfO{ u/L &% j6} lhNNff ljsf; ;ldltx?, ;+ljwfg;efsf

dfggLo ;b:ox?, /fhgLlts bn, ljleGg dGqfno tyf

ljefunufot s]Gb|Lo:t/sf clwsf+z sfof{nox?df ljt/0f sfo{

;DkGg ul/of] .

@)^& ;fn ;fpgb]lv d+l;/;Ddsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg /fhgLltdf

;LdfGts[t dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 sfo{qmd (UNDEF)

;g\ @))* ;]K6]Da/b]lv ;'? ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3

k|hftGq sf]if (United Nations Democracy Fund-UNDEF) sf]

;xof]udf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;+v'jf;ef, sfe|]knf~rf]s,

nDh'ª, afFs] / s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf kfFr kfFrj6f uflj;df u/L

hDdf kfFr j6f lhNnfsf @% j6f uflj;df sfo{qmd ;~rfng

u/]sf] lyof] . ut jif{b]lv % j6f lhNnfdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf]

o; sfo{qmd rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgf -@)^& c;f]h

!$ ut]_ b]lv ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L

k|ult k|ltj]bg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifdf k]; ul/;lsPsf]

5 . ljQLo kIfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pgs] sDkgL P08

P;f]l;o6\; rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . pQm

sDkgLn] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] clGtd

n]vfk/LIf0f k]; ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 .

o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3

k|hftGq sf]ifaf6 lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnnfO{ s"n # nfv @%

xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . h;dWo] ;a} sfo{qmd

;DkGg eO;s]kl5 & xhf/ & ;o @$ / @^ ;]G6 vr{ ug{

afFsL /x]sf] 5 . pQm afFsL /sd o; sfo{qmdsf] pknlAwx?sf]

k|rf/k|;f/sf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{u/L cg'/f]w ePsf]

5 . tyflk, xfn;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifaf6 o;sf]

:jLs[t k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .

:yfgLo :t/df ;+3Lotf;DaGwL ax; sfo{qmd

:yfgLo :t/df ;+3Lotf;DaGwL ax; sfo{qmd (Initiating

Functional Debate on Federalism at Local Level) lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfn, uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 / lk|m8d kmf]/dsf] ;+o'Qm

cfof]hgf / P;8L;Lsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf /fd]5fk

/ cf]vn9+'uf lhNnfsf !)÷!) j6f ;d'bfodf ;~rfng ul/Psf]

5 . o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;LdfGts[t

;d'bfox?sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;+sng u/L :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o

kqklqsfx? tyf PkmPd /]l8of]nufot /fli6«o 6]lnlehg

sfo{qmddfkm{t k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/

cf]vn9'+uf lhNNffsf] lau'6f/, k|Kr, df]nL, paf, 6f]S;], anv',

l;Dg]/L, 7"nf5fk, gf/fo0fyfg / ?Dhf6f/df ;DkGg ul/of] .

To;}u/L /fd]5fk lhNnf cGtu{t afn'jfhf]/, ;'sfhf]/, ;fFu'6f/,

lah'nLsf]6, km'nf;L, lk|tL, /;gnL, 88'jf, bf]/Djf / vgLofkfgL

uflj; /x]sf 5g\ . oL b'j} lhNnfdf ;d'bfo:t/ tyf lgjf{rg

If]q:t/df ;+3Lotf;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmd;d]t ;DkGg

ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo txsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] jt{dfg cj:yf ljZn]if0f cWoog

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?sf] ;]jf

k|jfx k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog u/L cfufdL /fHo

:yfgLo k|hftGq

34

k'g;{+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf;DaGwL ;'emfj k]; ug]{

p2]Zo;lxt !^ nfv !* xhf/ ^ ;o @* ?k}ofFsf] Ps cWoog

k|:tfjgf o'Pg8LkL g]kfndf k]; ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] k|:tfj :jLs[t

eO{ xfn cWoog sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . o; cWoognfO{ k"0f{tf lbg

8f]6L, afFs], sf:sL, bf]nvf / l;/fxf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,

lhNnfl:yt lgIf]lkt If]qx? -s[lif, kz', :jf:Yo, lzIff / k"jf{wf/_

sf ljifout sfof{nox?, lhNnf txsf] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt /

x/]s lhNnfsf PsPs uflj;df :ynut e|d0f u/L ;DalGwt

lhNnfsf /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf kbflwsf/Lx?, sfof{nosf k|d'v

tyf clws[t:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?, u};;, gful/s ;dfhsf

k|ltlglw / ;]jfu|fxLx?;Fu ;d]t cGtlq{mof u/L k|ltj]bg tof/

ul/Psf] 5 .

#=$ lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfsf] of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlw tof/L

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% sf] efjgfadf]lhd

;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofnfO{ a9L ;dfj]zLd"ns

agfO{ ;a} lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfdf Ps?ktf Nofpg]

p2]Zoadf]lhd :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;

sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] lhlj; /

gu/kflnsfx?sf] of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlw @)^& -clGtd 8«fkm\6_

tof/ u/L :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf k]; ul/Psf] 5 . o;

sfo{sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3

tyf uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k];fljb\ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{

;d]t sfo{6f]nLdf ;dfj]z u/fO{ of]hgf th'{dfsf] sfo{ljlwnfO{

clGtd ?k lbPsf] 5 . lgs6 eljiodf g} :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnosf] ;xof]udf tLg lhNnf qmdzM jlb{of, bf]nvf tyf

:ofª\hf -jf tgxF'_ lhlj; / To; If]qcGtu{tsf PsPs

gu/kflnsfdf ;f] sfo{ljlwnfO{ k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{qmd;d]t

/x]sf] 5 .

#=% phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf ePsf] k|ult

:yfgLo lgsfo cGtu{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf] phf{ tyf

jftfj/0f OsfO{÷zfvfsf] sfd / e"ldsfdf s]xL b'ljwf

b]lvPsfn] u|fdL0f pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f ;DaGwdf :yfgLo

lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / ;xhLs/0fsf] ?kdf

;+~rfng lgb]{lzsf (Operational Guideline) sf] cfjZostf

dx;'; u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3n] ljleGg ;/f]sf/sf

lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjo u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] ;+~rfng lgb]{lzsfsf]

d:of}bfnfO{ @)^& ;fpg !* ut] / @)^& ;fpg @) ut] tgxF'

/ lrtjg lhlj;df ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu 5nkmn sfo{qmd ul/Psf]

lyof] . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;'b"/ / dWoklZrdsf :yfgLo

ljsf; clwsf/Lx?sf] ;dLIff a}7ssf] cj;/ kf/]/ lhNnf

ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnnn ] Draft Operational Guideline dfly Jofks ?kdf cGt/lqmof ug]{ p2]Zon] ldlt @)^& ebf} *

ut] g]kfnu~hdf If]qLo uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

&@ j6f lhlj;sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lhNnf phf{

;+~hfnsf] @)^& ;fn sflQs @% ut] ;+~hfnsf cWoIf P+jd\

wflbª lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L z+s/ g]kfn cWoIf /

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] phf{ tyf jftfj/0f clws[t ;b:o

;lrj /x]sf] !@ ;b:oLo lhNnf phf{ ;~hfn ;ldltsf] a}7s

;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;+~hfnsf] sfo{ ;ldltsf] pkfWoIfdf

88]nw'/f lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L / ;b:ox?df

c5fd, x'Dnf, tgxF', ?s'd, ?kGb]xL, eQmk'/, sfe|], ;+v'jf;ef /

kfFry/ lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L /xg' ePsf] 5 .

gjLs/0fLo phf{ k|ljlw tyf o; If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

jt{dfg phf{ gLltnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]

cu'jfO{df REDP / AEPC sf] ;xof]udf @)^& k'; !# ut]

c3f{vfFrL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf Ps lbg] cGt/lqmof÷

cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf

lhlj;sf kbflwsf/L, uflj; ;lrj, /fhgLlts bnsf

k|ltlglwnufot o; If]qdf sfo{/t lghL tyf u};;sf

k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmddf lhNnfsf

;/f]sf/jfnf tyf /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf u/L &) hgfsf] pkl:ylt

lyof] .

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf

-s_ /fli6«o d~rdf ;xeflutf

:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljleGg bft[ lgsfoaLr ;Demf}tf eO{

PDDP, LGP, DLGSP sf] qmdkl5 gofF sfo{qmd df]8]nsf ?kdf

:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;d'bfo ljsf; sfo{qmd (Local

Governance and Community Development Programme

LGCDP) :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;dGjo / g]t[Tjdf sl/a

tLg jif{blv ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . If]qut ljsf;

cjwf/0ffcg'?k ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]/ ;'? ul/Psf] elgP

klg o; sfo{qmdaf6 ljutdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ul/Psf]

eGbf leGb} tl/sfaf6 ;fdflhs kl/rfng ug]{ tyf gful/s

To;df klg ljkGg ju{, lnË / ;d'bfosf] a9L jsfnt ug]{ tyf

ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ g} a9L s]Gb|Lt ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3÷dxf;+3x?nfO{ Ifdtf clej[l4

zLif{scGtu{t / ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu nufgL ug]{ elgPsf]df

ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu dfucg';f/sf] ;xof]u k|fKt gx'Fbf sfd

cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL ;fem]bf/ bft[ lgsfon]

;Demf}tfcg';f/ ah]6 lbg l9nfO{ u/]sf / dGqfnosf] ;fdflhs

kl/rfngsf nflu ;xof]uL ;+:yf 5gf]6 ug]{ lgb]{lzsf / ;+oGq

5gf]6 d} l9nfO{n] ubf{ dWofjlw ;dLIffsf] a]nf;Dd klg

sfof{Gjogdf tLj|tf cfpg ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;fy} /fHosf]

kg;{+/rgf / gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] jt{dfg

;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yfaf/] ax; 5nkmn rnfpg pQm sfo{qmddfkm{t ;/sf/,

/fhgLlts bn, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ dfu tyf

bafa lbg cfjZos 5 . ;b:otf ;fdlos / lg/Gt/ k|fKt gx'g]

xfd|f] h:tf] ;Fu7gdf sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 klg j[l4 ug{ bafa

lbOg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb

h}zL / LGCDP sfo{qmd cGt/utsf] Local Government

:yfgLo k|hftGq

35

Accountability Facility (LGAF) ;ldltdf sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj

x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] ;xeflutf ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 .

u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sf]if ljsf; ;ldlt

u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sf]if ljsf; ;ldltdf

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn / uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 kb]g ;b:o /xg]

Joj:yf 5 . xfn;Ddsf] k|ltlglwTjn] ;ldltaf6 5gf]6 ul/Psf

;xof]uL ;+:yfx?n] u|fdL0f :t/df kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{

lhNnf kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t u/fpg'kg]{, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf /

dd{t ;Def/sf nflu uflj;sf] kl/ifb\n] ah]6 afF8kmfF8 ug]{ tyf

cg'udg sfo{df ;d]t lhlj;x?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg o;

jif{af6 s]xL lhNnfdf ;'? u/L ljZn]if0fkl5 ;a} lhlj;;Fu

;xfo{ ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o u/fOPsf] 5 . ;ftf}+ r/0fkl5 sl/a kfFr

;o kl/of]hgfx? s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfaf6 sfof{Gjog ul/+Fbf cg'udg

sd x'g], ;]jf k|bfos Ph]G;Ln] k/fdz{ lbFbf;d]t kl/of]hgfsf]

;+Vof a9\b} hfFbf u'0f:t/ sd x'Fb} uPsf], ;DkGgdWo] *%

k|ltzt kl/of]hgf ;~rflnt / u'0f:t/Lo kfgL k|fKt eO/x]sf] /

kSsL zf}rfno lgdf{0f eOx/]sf] eGg] k|ltj]bgx?af6 k|i6 x'G5 .

;d'bfonfO{ s]Gb|af6 ;f]em} cg'bfg lbFbf dWod txsf] yk

emGem6 sd x'g] eGg] p2]Zocg';f/ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . t/,

:yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ lhDd]jf/L / ;xsfo{sf] clwsf/af6

al~rt u/fOPsf]n] lhlj; / uflj;af6 pQm kl/of]hgfx?df

ckgTj eg] k6Ss} 5}g . o; sf]ifdf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf

tkm{af6 k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h};Ln] k|ltlglwTj ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .

ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if (Poverty Alleviation Fund)

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL cWoIf /x]sf] ul/jL lgjf/0fsf]ifdf

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn ;+:yfut ;b:o /x]sf] 5 . To; sf]ifdf

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 cWoIf Clif/fh n'D;fnLn]

lgoldt k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo ljsf;

clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf :yfgLo :t/df cg'udg ug]{

k|lqmofnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifdf gLltut lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfh;Fu ;DaGw

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|j4{g u/L

;'zf;gdfkm{t ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut?kdf ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy

:yfkgf ePsf] &% j6} lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L

;lDdlnt :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfh (LDO Society) /

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnaLr ;femf cjwf/0ff :yfkgf ug{sf nflu

;f] ;dfhn] lhlj; dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf cfkm\gf] ;Dks{

sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ ;f]r agfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfnsf sd{rf/L gj/fh sf]O/fnfnfO{ ;Dks{ JolQmsf

?kdf tf]sL cfufdL lbgdf dxf;+3;Fusf] ;xsfo{df hf]8

lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;f] ;dfhsf`

cf=j= @)^^÷)^& / @)^&÷)^* sf] gjLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg

ug'{sf ;fy} ;b:o z'Ns ;+sng, cfufdL lbgdf x'g]

;fwf/0f;ef / a'n]l6g lgsfNgdf ;d]t ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf]

5 .

-v_ cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df ;xeflutf

UCLG ASPAC sf ljleGg d~rx?df ;xeflutf

UCLG ASPAC df bf];|f] sfo{sfnsf nflu g]kfnsf

tkm{af6 ;x–cWoIfsf] ?kdf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]

pkl:yltnfO{ g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/ a9L ;|f]t / clwsf/

;DkGg Pj+ cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf agfpgdf yk e"ldsf

lgjf{x ul/g] ljZjf;sf ?kdf Pl;of k|zfGt If]qsf ;b:o

:yfgLo ;/sf/ / ltgsf ;+3 dxf;+3åf/f lnOPsf] 5 .

;f]xLcg'?k, ci6«]lnofsf] l;8\gL, g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+ / blIf0f

sf]l/ofsf] rfªcf]ª a}7sdf xfd|f tkm{af6 ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf klg

:yfgLo ;/sf/x? alnof] agfpg] k|:tfj u/L UCLG ASPAC sf]

tkm{af6 P]Soa4tf;d]t k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

sf7df8f}+df lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3

/ uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf ;DkGg cGt/f{li6«o

;]ldgf/af6 Ps lbgdf !) j6f ljifosf sfo{kqsf] k|:t'lt,

pRr :t/Lo ;xeflutf / ;/sf/ tyf lghL If]q;lxt sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf / Pl;of kmfpG8]zgsf] ;d]t cfly{s ;xof]u

x'g'n] cToGt ;kmn ePsf] ;b:o ldqx?sf] ;Gt'li6 / ljin]if0f

/xg uPsf] / ljz]if u/L lhlj; dxf;3+sf] e"ldsfn] xfd|f]

cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw yk ;'dw'/ / lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

To;}u/L 8]gdfs{sf] /fhwfgL sf]kgx]ugdf Local

Government Climate Change Leadership Summit (COP 15) df

æsfj{g pT;h{g sdL ug{ g]kfnsf k|of;x?Æ ljifos sfo{kq

k|:t't u/L ;f]xL ;qsf] cWoIftf Pj+ /flvPsf ;'emfjx?n]

Plzof k|zfGt If]q aflx/ klg ;b:o ldqx?;Fusf] klxrfg /

;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& / cf=j=@)^&÷)^* sf] klxnf]

kfFr dlxgf -@)^& ;fpg b]lv d+l;/;Dd_ lhlj; dxf;+3

g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ cfofdx? ylkPsf] 5 .

OG8f]g]lzofsf] atfddf -h'g @$—@^, @)!)_ ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o

tflnd tyf sfo{zfnfdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zL / gj/fh

sf]O/fnfsf] ;xeflutf / sfo{kq k|:t'lt (Political, Economic

and Local Government Finance of Nepal with

Recommendation for GOLD 2 Report), ef/tsf] klZrd

a+ufnsf] sf]nsftfdf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o nfns'df/ s];Lsf]

;xeflutf, k"j{cWoIf dfwj kf}8]nsf] ;]K6]Da/ @))( df

Oh/fondf ePsf] “Seminar on Support for Local Government",

blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] rfËjf]g ;x/df ePsf] UCLG ASPAC sf] sfo{

;ldltsf] a}7sdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zLsf] ;xeflutf, blIf0f

sf]l/ofsf] h]h'df ut gf]e]Dj/ !!—!# gf]e]Dj/ @)!) df ePsf]

Low Carbon Cities : Green Growth for Local Government

ljifos sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf gj/fh sf]O/fnfsf] ;xeflutf /xL

Nepal's Response to Climate Change: A Case Study of

Kathmandu Metropolitan City ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ePsf]

lyof] . To;}u/L ;f+3fO{–rLgdf Expo 2010 sf] cj;/df UN-

HABITAT åf/f cfof]lht sfo{zfnfdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zLn]

Linking Asian cities to the UN ljifosf] “Role of International

Partners" eGg] zLif{sdf sfo{kq k|:tf]tfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x tyf

hfkfgsf] xfdfdfT;'df cS6f]j/ @)!) df ePsf] UCLG ASPAC

sf] t];|f] sf+u|];df “Tourism promotion through local resource

:yfgLo k|hftGq

36

mobilization" / UCLG World sf] t];|f] sf+u|]; d]lS;sf]sf] d]lS;sf]

;x/df -!(—@! gf]e]Dj/ @)!)_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k|jQmf

tyf UCLG ASPAC sf ;x–cWoIf s[i0fk|;fb h}zL åf/f

“Facing financial squeezes towards re-or-de-centralization?"

GOLD Report II ljifodf Panelist sf] ?kdf lgjf{x ul/Psf]

e"ldsf Pj+ l;Fufk'/df ePsf] UCLG ASPAC sf] sfo{;ldltsf]

a}7sdf ;xeflutfn] lhlj; dxf;+3sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf

gof cfofd ylkg'sf ;fy} yk ;DaGw lj:tf/ klg ePsf] 5 .

;fy} hfkfgsf] xfdfdfT;' ;x/df ePsf] t];|f] sf+u|];af6 lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zL UCLG ASPAC sf] k'gM

bf];|f]k6s ;x–cWoIf tyf d]lSzsf]df ePsf] UCLG World sf]

t];|f] sf+u|];af6 sfo{ ;ldltsf] ;b:odf ;j{;Ddt lgjf{lrt x'g'

ePsf] 5 . UCLG ASPAC sf] kxndf lgs6 eljiodf :yfgLo

lgsfosf] k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ug{

k|:tfj ul/Psf] / pgLx? lgs} ;sf/fTds /x]sf] va/ k|fKt

ePsf] 5 .

UCLG World n] ljZjJofkL ?kdf :yfgLo :jfoQ

zf;gsf] gLltut Joj:yf / ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df

GOLD II k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{] p2]Zocg'?k pQm sfo{sf nflu

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o; If]qsf] jt{dfg gLltut Joj:yf / ljQLo

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf ;fy

UCLG-ASPAC dfkm{t ;DalGwt lgsfodf k]; ul/Psf] lyof] .

k|ltj]bgdf jt{dfg cfly{s dGbLn] :yfgLo ;/sf/df kf/]sf

ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx?nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf]

lyof] . pQm k|ltj]bgnfO{ ut gf]e]Dj/ (–!@, @))( df rLgsf]

uf]~hfpdf ePsf] UCLG World Citites Council Meeting cGtu{t

GOLD 2 Workshop df g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 :yfgLo zf;g

ljQlj1 gj/fh sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pQm a}7sdf

Pl;of Kofl;lkms If]qsf g]kfn nufot cGo !^ j6f

d'n'sx?sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cj:yf /

efjL lbgx?df UCLG n] :yfgLo ljsf; / ljQsf If]qdf

v]Ng'kg]{ ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} UCLG sf]

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] a}7sdf

;d]t sf]O/fnfn] efu lng' ePsf] lyof] . pQm a}7sx?df

g]kfnsf tkm{af6 pxfFn] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts cj:yfdf

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cj:yf, ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k[i7e"ld /

UCLG n] efjL lbgx?df ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf] ;Gbe{df

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ s;/L alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf

k|:t'tLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

:yfgLo ;/sf/;DaGwL Unf]jn d~r

(Global Forum of Local Governemnt)

o"Pg;L8LPkm / o'uf08f ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf

o'uf08fsf] sDkfnfdf ut cS6f]j/ $–^, @)!) -c;f]h !*–@),

@)^&_ df Pursuing the MDGs through Local Government

ljifos Ps pRr:t/Lo cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ePsf]

lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnosf ;lrj s[i0f 1jfnL, ;x;lrj ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL,

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 x]d/fh nfld5fg], k|wfgdGqL

sfof{nosf pk;lrj k|sfz kl08t / o'Pg;L8LPkm g]kfnsf

tkm{af6 8f= lgn P= j]J;6gsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;f]

sfo{qmddf ljZjsf sl/a *! /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf

/x]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf tfGhflgofnufot clk|msL /fHosf

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL:t/Lo ;xeflutf;d]t /x]sf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ;a} ljifox?df ;xeflutf hgfO{

cg'ej /fVg] cj;/;d]t k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

phf{ tyf aftfj/0f;DaGwL cWoog e|d0f

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf phf{ tyf jftfj/0f clws[t clgn sfÏn] ldlt @)^& ;fn c;f/ !% ut] rLgsf] a]lh¨df gljs/0fLo phf{ k|ljlw;DaGwL & lbg] cWoog e|d0fdf efu lng' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf Renewable Energy Project (REP) n] u/]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmddf ljleGg lgsfosf u/L cf7 ;b:oLo 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;x;lrj uf]kLgfy d}gfnLn] ug'{ePsf]

lyof] .

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf phf{ tyf

jftfj/0f clws[t clgn sfÏn] @)^& d+l;/ $ ut] hd{gsf]

aln{gdf cjl:yt phf{;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ul//x]sf Renewable

Energy Academy (RENAC) sf] lgdGq0ffdf kfFr lbg] u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffaf/] tflnddf ;xefuL x'g' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] tflnddf efu lngsf] nflu nfUg] Round Trip

Ticket/Accomodation Cost k"0f{?kdf AEPC/ESAP n] pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] .

ljQLo ljZn]if0f (Financial Analysis)

-s_ cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx?

tn tflnsf ! / rf6{ ! df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3

g]kfnsf] cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& df sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu

ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 k|fKt ePsf] cfDbfgLsf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f

ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfly{s jif{df ljleGGf sfo{qmdx? tyf

;lrjfnosf] lgoldt sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ s'n @ s/f]8 !( nfv

*) xhf/ # ;o !* ?k}ofF / $& k};f cfDbfgL ePsf] lyof] .

tflnsf =! M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] jflif{s cfosf ;|f]tx?

qm=;= cfosf ;|f]tx? /sd ?= k|ltzt

!= cfGtl/s ;|f]t 14,50,287.79 6=60 @= :yf=lj=dGqfnosf] cg'bfg 16,66,000.00 7=58 #= :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos

ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cg'bfg 32,36,000.00 14=72 $= j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g

s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u 12,41,276.68 5=65 %= u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf;

sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u 781,665.78 3=55 ^= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 k|hftGq

sf]ifsf] ;xof]u 96,85,219.76 4=06 &= :jL; ;xof]u lgof]usf] ;xof]u 26,50,000.00 2=06 *= cGo ;|f]t 12,69,868.34 5=78

:yfgLo k|hftGq

37

hDdf ?= 2,19,80,318.47 100=00

;|f]tM lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg

tn rf6{ %=! cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& sf]

sfo{qmd tyf ;lrjfno ;~rfngsf nflu k|fKt ePsf]

/sddWo] sl/a $$ k|ltzt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifaf6

kfFrj6f lhNnfx? -;+v'jf;ef, sfe|]knf~rf]s, ndh'Ë, afFs] /

s~rgk'/_df l;dfGts[t dlxnfsf] /fhgLltdf ;xeflutf

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L

:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 Ifdtf

ljsf; / jsfntL tyf kIfkf]if0f sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu

k|fKt /sd sl/a !% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;fy} :jL; ;xof]u

lgof]u -P;8L;L=_ sf] ;xof]u sl/a !@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg]

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL s"n jflif{s

cfDbfgLsf] sl/a & k|ltzt /xg uPsf] lyof] .

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s cfosf] ljZn]if0f

tn tflnsf @ cg';f/ o; cfly{s jif{df ljleGg ;|f]taf6

s"n !$ nfv %) xhf/ @ ;o *& / k};f &( cfGtl/s

cfDbfgL ePsf] lyof] .

tflnsf =@M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGt/Ls ;|f]tsf] ljZn]if0f

qm=;= cfosf ;|f]tx? /sd ?= k|ltzt

1 ;b:otf z'Ns 7,58,850.00 52=32

2 ;+:yfut jrt 6,03,545.75 41=62

3 uf*Lef*f 12,530.04 0=86

4 o";LPnhL cf:Kofs ;xof]u 75,362.00 5=20

hDdf 14,50,287.79 100=00

;|f]t M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg

rf6{ %=@ n] lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGt/Ls cfosf

;|f]tx?sf] of]ubfgsf] k|ltzt b]vfPsf] 5 . hDdf rf/j6f

cfDbfgLsf zLif{sx?dWo] sl/a %@ k|ltzt of]ubfg jflif{s

?kdf lhlj;af6 k|fKt x'g] ;b:otf z'Nsn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg]

sl/a $@ k|ltzt ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;+:yfut

?kdf k|fKt x'g] cf]e/ x]8 / To; sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ?kdf

;+nUg eO{ sfo{/t sd{rf/L tyf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 lglZrt

k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] /sd kb{5 . o;nfO{ cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf]

gfdfs/0f ubf{ ;+:yfut artsf] zLif{s /flvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L

;fgf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf dxf;+3sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] df?tL uf8L

ljleGg sfo{qmddf k|of]u xF'bf uf8L ef8f:j?k k|fKt ePsf]

ef8fsf] /sd / o; cfly{s jif{df o";LPnhL cf:Kofssf]

g]kfndf ;DkGg cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]usf nflu

cf:Kofsaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sd;d]t cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] ?kdf

/x]sf] lyof] .

-v_ vr{sf ;|f]tx? (Sources of Expenditure) cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& cGtu{t lgDgfg';f/ ;|f]tcGtu{t

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]sf]

lyof] . tnsf] tflnsf # / rf6{ # df b]vfO{P cg';f/ ;a} eGbf

j9L sfo{qmd vr{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifcGtu{t -sl/a

$^ k|ltzt_ vr{ ePsf] 5 eg] bf];|f] a9L vr{ ePsf] ;|f]t

:jL; ;xof]u lgof]u -P;=l8=;L=_ af6 sl/j !@ k|ltzt ePsf]

5 . To;}u/L t];|f] / rf}yf] vr{sf] ;|f]tdf :yfgLo zf;g tyf

;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf]

cg'bf/ /sd /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cg'kft s'n vr{sf qmd;M sl/j

* k|ltzt / % k||ltzt x'g cfpF5 .

tflnsf =# M ljleGg ;|f]tcGtu{t ePsf vr{x?

qm=;= vr{sf ;|f]tx? /sd ?= k|ltzt

1= cfGtl/s ;|f]t 1,541,177.70 6=83

2= u|fdL)f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd

tyf j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb|

1,735,580.00 7=70

3= b Pl;of kmfp)*]zg 140,250.00 0=62

4= jf^/P* g]kfn 341,154.20 1=51

5= :yfgLo zf;g tyf

;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd 1,706,206.10 7=57

6= :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno 1,134,521.10 5=03

7= lhNnf phf{ ;`hfn-l*g]^_ 130,250.00 0=58

8= o";LPnhL (UCLG-ASPAC) sfo{qmd 529,321.85 2=35

9= :jL; ;xof]u lgof]u(SDC-Nepal) 2,650,235.12 11=75

10= ;+o'Qm /fi^«;+# ljsf;

sfo{qmd g]kfn (UNDP-Nepal) 7,750.00 0=03

11= ;+o'Qm /fi^«;+# k|hftGq

sf]if (UNDEF) 10,262,346.70 45=51

12= ;Dklt -hUuf vl/b_ 2,369,995.00 10=51

hDdf vr{ ?= 22,548,787.77 100=00

;|f]t M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg

;b:otf z'Ns c;'nLsf] cj:yf

cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& ;Dddf kfFry/, ;'g;/L, wgs'6f,

;+v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'Ëf, pbok'/, /fd]5fk, g'jfsf]6,

sfe|]knf~rf]s, wflbË, eQmk'/, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, ?kGb]xL, tgx'F,

gjnk/f;L, ;'v]{t, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, x'Dnf, 8f]6L,

s~rgk'/ / bfr'{nf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?af6 lhlj; dxf;+3

g]kfndf lgoldt ?kdf ;b:otf z'Ns k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

;'?sf aif{b]lv xfn;Dd 8f]Nkf lhlj;n] lhlj; dxf;+3

g]kfndf s'g} klg aif{sf] lgwf{l/t ;b:otf z'Ns a'emfPsf]

5}g . To;} u/L !# jif{;Dd ;b:otf z'Ns ga'emfpg] lhlj;df

/f}tx6, !! jif{;Dd ;b:otf z'Ns ga'emfpg] lhlj;df vf]6fË,

( jif{ ga'emfpg]df ;Kt/L, dxf]Q/L / 88]nw'/f lhlj;x?

/x]sf 5g\ . To;/Lg} ^ jif{;Ddsf] ;b:otf z'Ns ga'emfpg]

lhlj;x?df a}t8L, aemfË, ?s'd, / dgfË lhlj;x? /x]sf 5g\

eg] ef]hk'/ lhlj;af6 kfFr jif{sf] ;b:otf z'Ns c;'nL x'g

afFsL /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L afUn'Ë lhlj;n] rf/ jif{ / bfË

lhlj;n] tLg jif{sf] ;b:otf z'Ns a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf] 5 .

o; cfly{s jif{df ;b:otf z'Ns a'emfpg] lhlj;df

eQmk'/af6 ?= ^) xhf/, ;nf{xLaf6 ?= %( xhf/ ( ;o,

k;f{af6 ?= %) xhf/ / sf:sLaf6 ?= #( xhf/ * ;o %)

:yfgLo k|hftGq

38

/x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L hf/sf]6 / h'Dnf lhlj;x?af6 ?= #)÷#)

xhf/, pbok'/af6 ?= @( xhf/ ( ;o, ONffdaf6 ?= @( xhf/

( ;o, ;+v'jf;efaf6 ?= @( xhf/ ;b:otf z'Ns lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfndf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L sfe|], 88]nw'/f,

s}nfnL, sfnLsf]6, nlntk'/, ?kGb]xL / slknj:t' lhlj;x?af6

?= @)÷@) xhf/, s+rgk'/, wflbË / ;'g;/L lhlj;x?af6 ?=

!( xhf/ ( ;o ;b:otf z'Ns k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] cf]vn9'Ëf,

l;Gw'kfNrf]s / wgs'6f lhlj;x?af6 ?= !%÷!% xhf/ /

bfr'{nf, 8f]6L, x'Dnf, kfFry/, ;'v]{t, Ko'7fg, dgfË, t]Xy'd /

g'jfsf]6 lhlj;x?af6 ?= !)÷!) xhf/ ;b:otf z'Ns c;'nL

ePsf] 5 . afFsL lhlj;x?af6 ;b:otf z'Ns c;'nL x'g afFsL

/x]sf] 5 .

cfly{s aif{ @)^&÷)^* sf] kfl/t sfo{qmd tyf ah]6

s'n cfo tyf vr{ ljj/0f

qm=;= cfo lzif{s s'n ah]6 ?= sfo{qmd ah]6 ?= Joj:yfkg ah]6 ?=

!= ut;fnsf] df}Hbft c=Nof= #!,$(,)^^.(# @),%%,$^^.(# !),(#,^)).))

@= ;b:otf z'Ns &,)),))).)) )).)) &)),))).))

#= :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno !^,^^,))).)) (,((,^)).)) ^^^,$)).))

$= :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;f=lj=sf=-sfo{qmd_ @^,)),))).)) !%,^),))).)) !),$),))).))

%= :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;f=lj=sf= -Ifdtf ljsf;_ (,)^,))).)) (,)^,))).)) )).))

^= j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb| u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd #@,*),))).)) @(,*),))).)) #)),))).))

&= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 ljsf; sfo{qmd -g]kfn_ !^,!*,^@*.)) !^,!*,^@*.)) )).))

*= :jL; ;xof]u lgof]u -P;=l8=;L=_ $,%!,*)*.)) $,%!,*)*.)) )).))

(= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 k|hftGq sf]if -cf]e/x]8_ $*,#!,(%!.)) $*,#!,(%!.)) )).))

!)= LGCDP sfo{qmd -lhlj;, gkf of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljwL_ #,%#,))).)) #,%#,))).)) )).))

!!= l8g]6sf] cfDbfgL &%)))).)) &%)))).)) )).))

hDdf ?= @,)#,)^,$%#.(# !,^%,)^,$%#.(# #*,)),))).))

/]l8of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo :jzf;g

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] x/]s ;ftfsf]

d+unaf/ ;fFem ^M)) ah]b]lv ^M#) ah];Dd uf]/vf

Pkm=Pd= (# d]ufxh{df :yfgLo :jzf;g /]l8of]

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . pQm /]l8of] sfo{qmd

;'g]/ To;nfO{ cem a9L :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg

s] s:tf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5, ;'emfj lbg x'g ;a}df

xflb{s cg'/f]w ul/G5 .

;Dks{sf nfluM

lzj /]UdL, sfo{qmd ;~rfns

df]=g+= M (&%!))&&@@

O{–d]n M shivaregmi@gmail.com, addcn@addcn.org.np

:yfgLo k|hftGq

39

ultljlw

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn, g]kfn

gu/kflnsf ;+3 / uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3

g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf

ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx?sf

æjflif{s lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df

sfo{ljlw @)^&Æ / ægu/kflnsfsf]

jflif{s of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlw, @)^&Æ

clGtd d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, :yfgLo zf;g

tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd

(LGCDP) sf] ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf]

pQm d:of}+bf tof/Lsf qmddf s]Gb|Lo

txdf ljleGg 5nkmn sfo{qmd /

lj1x?sf] ;'emfj ;lxt 8«fkm\6 d:of}bf

tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

pQm d:of}+bfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbgsf nflu

dsjfgk'/, gjnk/f;L / kfNkf lhlj;

tyf Toxf+ cGtu{tsf gu/kflnsfx?

5gf}6 u/L qmdzM :yfgLo ljsf;

clwsf/L, sfo{sf/L clws[t, ;DalGwt

lgsfosf zfvf k|d'vx?, blno ;+oGqsf

k|ltlglw, ljifout sfof{nosf k|ltlglw

nufot gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?

ljr Ps lbg] cGt/lqmof tyf 5nkmn

ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt

;'emfjsf cfwf/df sfo{ljlwnfO{ clGtd

?k lbO{ cfufdL lbgx?df k|efjsf/L?kdf

sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfno ;dIf k]z ug{ lhNnf txdf pQm

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/Psf]

lyof] . sfo{qmddf dsjfgk'/ lhlj; /

x]6f}8f gu/kflnsfdf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnosf pk–;lrj >L k'?iff]Qd

g]kfnn] pQm d:of}bfdf pNn]v ePsf

ljljw kIfx?sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fO{

yk ;'emfjx? ;+sngsf nflu ;xhLs/0f

ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf,

lhlj; gjnk/f;L tyf tfg;]g

gu/kflnsf / lhlj; kfNkfdf lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfnsf :yfgLo zf;g ljQ lj1

>L gj/fh sf]O/fnfn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

pQm 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf

;xefuLx?af6 ;xeflutfd'ns of]hgf

k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg pNn]vgLo

;'emfjx? ;lxt sfof{Gjogsf kIfdf hf]8

lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

:yfgLo

:jfoQ zf;g

P]g, @)%%

efjgf adf]lhd

cfˆgf] If]qsf]

ljsf;sf nflu

;fwgsf]

kl/rfng,

ljlgof]hg /

ljsf;sf]

k|ltkmnsf]

;Gt'lnt tyf

;dfg ljt/0fdf

;fdflhs

;dfgtf Nofpg]

sfo{df ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf

clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ bLuf]

?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Pj+ ;+:yfut ug]{

nIo pQm of]hgf sfo{ljlwn] lnPsf]] 5 .

jt{dfg hgk|ltlglwljlxg :yfgLo

lgsfosf] cj:yfdf P]gsf] dg;fo /

nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfndf /fHosf]

;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] gLlt adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{

lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?df of]hgf

th'{df k|lqmofdf Ps?ktf / lk5l8Psf

ju{x?sf] ;xeflutfsfsf nflu tof/

ul/Psf] pQm of]hgf th'{dfsf] sfo{ljlwn]

ljz]iftM gu/kflnsf / lhlj;x?nfO{

cfˆgf] If]qsf] jflif{s of]hgf th' {df tyf

lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fx?sf jf/]df

:ki6 u/fO{ Ps?ktf sfod ug]{, of]hgf

th'{df tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnf,

lakGg tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfox?sf]

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L ;xeflutfTds

of]hgf th'{df k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{

;3fp k'¥ofpg] / jflif{s of]hgf th'{dfsf]

lgldQ lhlj; / gu/kflnsfx?sf] Ifdtf

ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]

5 . o; of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlwn] cfufdL

jif{x?df lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?sf]

ljBdfg lg0ff{os ;+/rgfx?df ;fd'bflos

;+3 ;+:yf, u};;, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt,

dlxnf ;+u7g, j8f gful/s d~r, 6f]n

:yfgLo k|hftGq

40

ljsf; ;+:yfx?sf] ;xeflutf

;'lglZrtsf nflu dfu{bz{g ug{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg]df ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

pQm sfo{qmd dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf

@)^& kmfNu'0f !# ut] ;DkGg ul/Psf]

lyof] eg] gjnk/f;L / kfNkf lhNnfdf

qmdzM @)^& r}q ( / !) ut] ;DkGg

ul/Psf] lyof] .

National

Convention

on

Right to

Information,

in Kathmandu

Mr. Hem Raj Lamichhane, Executive

Secretary General of Association of District

Development Committees of Nepal (ADDCN)

participated in a “National Convention on

Enabling Environment for Effective Practices of

Right to Information” in Nepal on March 28-29,

2011. This program was organized by Freedom

Forum with the financial support of the World Bank

Nepal. Mr. Lamichhane also presented a thematic

paper on “Role of Local Government and Right to

Information in Nepal”. It was a very august

international seminar where the highly distinguished

personalities from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,

Shree Lanka, Bhutan, Afghanistan, and Maldives

were participated and shared their experience on

Right to Information.

:yfgLo k|hftGq

41

ultljlw

lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfn (DENET) a}7s ;DkGg

xfn} lhNnf pmhf{ ;+~hfnsf] a}7s lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfnsf cWoIf Pjd\ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L z+s/ g]kfnsf] cWoIftfdf a;L lgDg lg0f{ox? u/]sf] 5 .

lg0f{o g+ ! lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfn (DENET) u7gsf] pb]Zo, nIo, sfo{If]q, ;+/rgf, :j?k,r'gf}tL / efjL of]hgfaf/] ;lrjfnoaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] kl/rofTds k|:t'lt -Introductory Presentation_ u/fOPsf] lyof] j}7sdf k]z u/L ;~hfnsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ hfgsf/L eof] .

lg0f{o g+ @ lhNnf pmhf{ g]6js{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem Jofks / k|efjsf/L agfpg rf}dfl;s ?kdf a}7s a:g] / ;f] g]6js{ dfkm{t ;g @)!! ;+rfng ug]{ u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{qmd tof/ u/L >f]tsf] nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmddf cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

sfo{qmd lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfnfO{ lhlj;cGtu{t

cfGtl/s/0fug]{ af/] . If]qLo e]nf cfof]hgf ul/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pmhf{ gLlt tyf

efjL of]hgfaf/]df uf]i7L ;+~rfng ug]{ jf/] . lhNnf pmhf{ ;+~hfnsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ gljs/0fLo pmhf{

k|ljlwx?sf] cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug{ cGt/fli6««o z}lIfs e|d0f ug]{ jf/] .

lg0f{o g+ # g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/L -Public

Private Partnership_ sf] gLlt adf]lhd wflbË lhNnfdf

;~+rfngdf cfPsf] dx]z vf]nf ;fgf hn–ljB'tsf]cfof]hgfnfO cGo lhNnfx?df ;d]t of]hgfsf] cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ p2]zon] lhNnf :tl/o cGt/lqmofx? ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

lg0f{o g+ $ u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Project Execution Board ldl6Ëdf lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfnsf cWoIf / :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfhsf cWoIfnfO{ cfdlGqt ;b:osf ?kdf cfdGq0f ug{ lnlvt cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

lg0f{o g+ % lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfnsf] ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpg] sfo{ cf=j= )^%÷)^^ ;'rf? ul/Psf]df xfn;Dd s]lx lhNnfaf6 dfq k|fKt ePsf] x'“bf ;a} lhNnfnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf k|ltjif{ ?= !),))).– sf b/n] k7fpgsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

lg0f{o g+ ^ People Hydro sf] If]qdf lhlj;x?sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, jftfj/0f dGqfno tyf pmhf{ dGqfno;Fu 5nkmn tyf ;xsfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg b]xfo adf]lhdsf Ps Task Force u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

;dGjog ;ldlt != dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n – ;+of]hs

@= s[i0fk|;fb h};L lh=lj=;=dxf;+3 k|jQmf – ;b:o

#= cWoIf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfh – ;b:o

$= cWoIf lhNnf pmhf{ ;+~hfn – ;b:o

:yfgLo k|hftGq

42

ultljlw

lgb]{lzsfsf] d:of}bfdfly 5nkmn

j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb| / u|fdL0f

phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf &@

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf phf{ tyf

jftfj/0f zfvf÷OsfO{sf] :yfkgf /

To;cGtu{t sfo{ eO/x]sf] eP klg tL

zfvf÷OsfO{x? lhlj;df cfGtl/sLs/0f

x'g g;Sbf ck]Iff u/]h:tf] pknlAw

xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] / lhlj;x?n] kof{Kt

dfqfdf ckgTj glnPsf] cj:yfnfO{

Wofgdf /fvL lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn]

lhlj;df phf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvf

:yfkgf / ;~rfng;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf,

@)^& sf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . pQm

d:of}bfdfly @)^& kmfu'g $ ut]

nlntk'/df Ps 5nkmn sfo{qmd

cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

lhlj; dxf;+3åf/f cfof]lht

5nkmn sfo{qmddf dxf;+3sf sfo{sf/L

dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] d:of}bf

lgb]{lzsf, @)^& tof/ ug'{ kg]{ sf/0f,

o;sf] k|lqmof / o; lgb]{lzdf ePsf

dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx?sf af/]df k|:t'tLs/0f

ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf ub}{ lhNnf

ljsf; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf cWoIf Clif/fh

n'D;fnLn] :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ePkl5

dfq o; If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf]

lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsg] atfpg'eof] . lhlj;

dxf;+3sf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zLn] klg

:yfgLo lgsfo u7g ePkl5 dfq o;

If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g]

wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnosf ;lrj >L s[i0f 1jfnLn] ;a}

:yfgLo lgsfon] cfˆgf] s'n ah]6sf]

lglZrt /sd phf{ If]qsf nflu 5'6\ofpg]

Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] .

jftfj/0f dGqfnosf ;lrj 8f= u0f]z/fh

hf]zLn] pmhf{ jftfj/0f / hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf If]qdf dGqfnon] lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfn;+Fu ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf]

hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnosf ;x;lrj /]ZdL/fh kf08],

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L

lgb]{zs 8f= gf/fo0f rf}nfufO{, :yfgLo

ljsf; dGqfno jftfj/0f zfvfsf

pk;lrj ljgf]bk|sfz l;+x, :yfgLo

ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfhsf cWoIf

p4jk|;fb ltdlN;gf, lhNnf phf{

;~hfnsf cWoIf z+s/ g]kfn, u|fdL0f

phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf /fli6«o sfo{qmd

k|aGws ls/0fdfg l;+x nufotn] ;a}

lhNnfdf phf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvf

:yfkgf ug{ l9nf ug{ gx'g] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFx?n] zfvf :yfkgf eO;s]kl5

lhNnfdf pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf k|ljlw

/ ;Lksf] plrt kl/rfngaf6 j}slNks

tyf gjLj/0fLo phf{ pTkfbg u/L

:yfgLo cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg]df

klg hf]8 lbg'eof] . o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{

clGtd ?k lbg ;s];Dd l56f] k'gM

;lrj:t/df a}7s a;L ;d:ofsf] lgjf/0f

ug]{;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .

Pursuing the MDGs through Local Government

The first global forum on local development pursuing

the MDGs through local government was jointly organized

by government of Uganda and UNCDF in Kampala,

Uganda on 4-6 October 2010. About 600 representatives

from 81 countries were participated in the global forum.

Mr. Krishna Gyawali, Secretary and Mr. Som Lal Subedi,

Joint Secretary of Ministry of Local Development; Mr.

Hem Raj Lamichhane, Executive Secretary General of

ADDCN; and Mr. Prakash Pandit, Under Secretary of

Prime Minister Office (PMO) were participated as Nepalese

delegates in the forum. Dr. Neil Webstern, Senior

Governance and Decentralization Expert of UNDP-Nepal

were also participated in the forum. Mr. Gyawali had led

the Nepalese team in the global forum.

In the program, the following issues were discussed in the

different group separately.

1. Do local governments have a comparative advantage in

service delivery?

2. Achieving food security: do local governments have a

comparative advantage?

3. Can strengthening local governments be an effective

strategy for state-building and democratization in post-

conflict setting?

4. Reducing poverty: How can local governments be

catalysts for pro-poor economic development?

5. Building climate resilience: Local Government on the

frontline?

6. Empowering women: how can the local level are

harnessed to promote gender equality?

7. What makes decentralization work?

8. What can development partners do?

9. What role for the private sector in financing local

development

10. What is needed from local government associations and

networks?

The Nepalese delegates also met the representatives of Uganda

Local Governments Association (ULGA) and shared

experiences each other after the complation of global forum

meeting.

:yfgLo k|hftGq

43

a}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|;“u ;Demf}tf

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] pmhf{ tyf

jftfj/0f sfo{nfO{ :yfgLo tx;Dddf

k'¥ofpg cfˆgf ;b:o lhlj;x?df ljleGg

sfo{x? ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; jif{sf] nflu

klg lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ub}{ cfO/x]sf]

sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg j}slNks pmhf{

k|j4{g s]Gb| / lhlj; dxf;+3 jLr ;Demf}tf

;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf

dxf;+3sf] tkm{af6 sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj

x]d/fh nfld5fg] / s]Gb|sf tkm{af6

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb

rf}nfufOFn] x:tfIf/ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

r'/] jg If]q ;+/If0f M ;+efjgf / r'gf}tL ljifos cGt/lqmof

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3n]

cfof]hgf u/]sf] r'/]jg If]q ;+/If0f M

;+efjgf / r'gf}tL ljifos cGt/lqmof

sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf jg

pkef]Qmf dxf;+3, jg ljefu÷ dGqfno, u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3

g]kfn nufotsf ;+:yfaf6 ;xeflutf /x]sf]

lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf lhNnf ljsf;

;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 pmhf{ tyf

jftfj/0flj1 zDe'b]j j/fnn] efu lng'

ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df jg ljgf; lsg

eO/x]sf] 5 < jg k}bfjf/df lge{/

hgzlQmnfO{ cGo cfod"ns cfo>f]tsf

Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{, glbsf] ;tx j9\g]

sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] ul/g' kg]{, Bio-

engineering sfo{x? ul/g' kg]{, clgolGqs

?kdf lemlsPsf 9'+uf jfn'jf, lu§LnfO{

Jojl:yt txaf6 Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg]{ cflb

s'/fdf k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] .

3rd UCLG ASPAC Congress October 19-22, 2010

3

rd UCLG-ASPAC Congress was held on 19-22 October, 2010 in

Hamamatsu, Japan. Mr. Krishna Prasad Jaishi, Spokesperson of ADDCN participated in the Congress in the capacity of Co-President of UCLG-ASPAC on behalf of ADDCN.

Hamamatsu, Japan after elected as co-president next term, 2010-2012 in a conference in convention center

The purposes of the Congress were to discuss in the contemporary

issues of local governance and to elect new Executive Board for the two

years tenure from October 2010 to September 2012.

It was a good opportunity that Mr. Krishna Prasad Jaishi once again

elected unanimously as a Co-President of UCLG-ASPAC from Nepal.

National Association of VDCs (NAVIN) was elected as Executive Board

Member in the forum and Chitawan DDC also was nominated as Council

Member of UCLG-ASPAC. We congratulate to Mr. Krishna Prasad Jaishi

having elected as Co-president of UCLG-ASPAC for 2010 to 2012.

ultljlw

:yfgLo k|hftGq

44

ultljlw

lhNnf ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd

g]kfndf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g

nflu/x]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf

nflu ;+ljwfg;efcGtu{t ljleGg

ljifout ;ldltx? u7g ePsf 5g\ . tL

ljleGg ;ldltsf d:of}bf / cjwf/0ffkq

;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL d:of}bf /

cjwf/0ffkqx?df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf

ljifodf sd} dfq pNn]v ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 . o; ljifodf s]lGb|t eP/ lhNnf

ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ca aGg]

gofF ;+ljwfgdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] :yfgLo

;/sf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 / :yfgLo

;/sf/cGtu{t lhNNff ;/sf/sf] :j?k,

sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ s] s:tf] eP

hgtfn] 3/b}nf]df ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g

egL lhNnf:t/df /fhgLlts bn,

gful/s ;dfh, k"j{hgk|ltlglw, lhlj;sf

kbflwsf/L tyf ljifout sfof{nosf

sd{rf/Lx?sf aLrdf ax; sfo{qmd

;~rfgn ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

dxf;+3 g]kfnn] klxnf] r/0fdf ut

cfly{s jif{df @( j6f lhNnf h:t} afFs],

/f}Qx6, s}nfnL, u'NdL, kfNkf, emfkf,

sf:sL, alb{of, c5fd, 88]nw'/f, 8f]6L

s~rgk'/, gjnk/f;L, ndh'Ë, tgx'F,

a}t8L, x'Dnf, ?kGb]xL, lrtjg, kj{t,

:ofËhf, wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, ef]hk'/,

slknj:t', df]/ª, dsjfgk'/, h'Dnf,

b}n]vnufotsf lhNnfdf cGtlqm{of

sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . To;af6 k|fKt

ePsf ;'emfjx?;d]t ;fj{hlgs

ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

xfn} @)^& df3df a;]sf] lhlj;

dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] sfo{ ;ldlt bf]>f]

r/0fdf rfn' cfly{s jif{df klg slDtdf

@) j6f lhNnfx?df ;f]xL sfo{qmd

;DkGg ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf] cg';f/

xfn;Dd g'jfsf]6 jemfË, afh'/f, ;'g;/L,

Onfd, bfr'{nf, Ko"7fg, / /f]Nkf nufotsf

lhNnfx?df ;DkGg eO;s]sf]] 5 .

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lhlj;

dxf;+3sf tkm{af6 g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf

e/t axfb'/ v8\sf / hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL,

aemfË / afh'/f lhNnfdf cWoIf Clif/fh

n'D;fnL, ;'g;/Ldf t'n;L k|;fb Gof}kfg]

/ Onfddf ch'{g /fO{, bfr'{nfdf

s[i0fk|;fb h}zL, Ko"7fg / /f]Nkfdf

af]daxfb'/ vqL / s[i0fk|;fb h}zLsf]

;xeflutfdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf]

5 . af+sL lhNnfx?df ;d]t r}q /

a}zfv dlxgf leqdf ;DkGg ug]{ u/L

sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] 5 . pQm

sfo{qmddf ;DjlGwt lhNnf ljsf;

;ldltx?n] :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos kg]{

dfgjLo, ef}lts / cfly{s ;xof]u

pknJw u/fO{ sfo{qmd ;kmn kfg{

dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

5nkmnaf6 cj aGg] gofF

;+ljwfgdf lhNnf ;/sf/sf] cfjZostfsf

af/]df clwsf+z ;xefuLx?n] cfˆgf] dt

/fVg' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo / k|flGto

;/sf/sf] aLrdf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{

ug{ tyf ufpF txsf ;/sf/x?sf]

Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ u/L

/fhgLlts / cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg lhNnf

;/sf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] ;'emfjx?

k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .

u|fdL0f pmhf{ s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g'kg]{df hf]8

b]zsf] ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs

tyf k|ljlws kIfn] ubf{ ;a} 7fpFx?df

s]Gb|Ls[t pmhf{ ;~hfn k|0ffnL dfkm{t

ljB't\ tyf cGo pmhf{sf k|ljlw k'¥ofpg

sl7g /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]

ljs]lGb|s[t?kdf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf]

ljsf; u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf

;'lawf k'¥ofpg u|fdL0f pmhf{ gLlt, @)^#

nfu" ul/;s]sf] 5 . of] gLlt u|fdL0f

If]qdf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{g u/L

u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg]

p2]Zosf nflu sf]z]9'Ëf ;fljt x'g]

lglZrt 5 .

u|fdL0f pmhf{ gLlt, @)^# df /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]usf] pmhf{ If]q x]g]{ ;b:osf]

cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo :t/df u|fdL0f pmhf{

s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt /xg] k|fjwfg

/x]sf] 5 . xfn} j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g

s]Gb|n] &@ lhlj;df pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f

zfvf :yfkgf u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{g ug{ nfu]sf] sfo{

lgs} ;x|fgLo 5 . pSt sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjogsf] nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ s]Gb|Lo

;dGjo ;ldltdf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]

;/sf/L lgsfo, :yfgLo lgsfosf

;+3÷dxf;+3x?, ;+3;+:yfx?, u};;, gLlh

If]q, cflb ;dfj]z ul/ t'?Gt u7g

ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

45

ultljlw

sd{rf/L cfudg / ljbfO{ =

O{= zDe'b]j j/fn O{= clgn sfˆn]nfO{ ljbfO{ ub}{ sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg] .

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfndf l/Qm /x]sf] pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f

lj1sf] kbdf sf:sL lhNnf :yfoL 3/ e} xfn sf7df8f}+ a:g] O{=

zDe'b]j j/fnnfO{ xfn} lhlj; dxf;+3df lgo'lQm ul/Psf]

5 . pxfF o; cl3klg lhlj; dxf;+3df pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f

lj1sf] ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] ef/taf6 -Civil

Engineering_ ljifodf :gfts / hd{gLaf6 Infra Structure

Planning df :gftsf]Q/ txsf] lzIff xfl;n ug'{ePsf] 5 .

;fy} pxfF;Fu pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf If]qdf /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o

:t/sf] cg'ej 5 . pxfFn] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, gu/ ljsf;

k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, ;xeflutfTds

lhNnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -PDDP_df ;d]t sfd u/]sf] nfdf]

cg'ej xfl;n ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn pxfFsf]

sfo{sfnsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5 .

To;}u/L o; dxf;+3df ljut ;f9] b'O{ jif{ ;Dd pmhf{ tyf

jftfj/0f clws[tsf ?kdf sfo{/t OlGhlgo/ >L clgn sfˆn]

JolQmut sfdsf l;nl;nfdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf tkm{

hfg'ePsf]n] pxfFn] dxf;+3df /xFbf u/]sf] sfo{sf] pRr d"Nof+sg

ub}{ lghsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu sfdgf ub}{ ljbfO{ sfo{qmd ;d]t

ul/of] .

u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] a}7s

xfn} u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfo{sf/L

;ldltsf] a}7s v'dn6f/df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm a}7sdf

/fli6«o sfo{qmd lgb]{zs Pj+ AEPC sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

8f= gf/fo0f rf}nfufFO{n] :jfut ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o

sfo{qmd lgb]{zs ls/0fdfg l;+xn] REDP / RERL sf]

k|ult ljj/0f sfo{qmd af/]df k|:tlt ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

pQm a}7s UNDP, MoLD, NAVIN tyf ADDCN

k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutfdf lyof] . lhlj; dxf;+3sf]

tkm{af6 sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] ug'{ ePsf]

lyof] .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

46

ultljlw

Dessimination Workshop of the Project

“Enhancing Political Participation of Marginalized Women in Nepal”

nhancing Political

Participation of Marginalized

Women in Nepal” was a

project funded by the United Nations

Democracy Fund (UNDEF) and

jointly implemented by ADDCN,

WVAF and NIWF from October 2008

to September 2010 in 25 VDCs of five

districts of Nepal. One of the last

activities of the project was

dissemination workshop. The main

objective of the dissemination

workshop was to share the progress

and achievement of the project among

key stakeholders.

The dissemination workshop was a

half day workshop organized at Hotel

Himalaya in Lalitpur district. The

workshop was chaired by the

Chairperson of ADDCN Mr. Rishi Raj

Lumsali. The chief guest of the

workshop was honorable Vice-

Chairperson of National Planning

Commission, Dr. Jagadish Chandra

Pokharel. The other guests of the

workshop included, honorable CA

member, Mr. Krishna Prasad Sapkota,

Mr. Krishna Gyawali, Secretary of

Ministry of Local Development, Mr.

Sharad Neupane, Assistant Country

Director of UNDP Nepal and Dr. Tika

Pokharel, Chairperson, WVAF Nepal .

The workshop was also attended by

Ms. Florence Burban and Ms. Aurelie

Ferreira, the external evaluators from

Belgium hired by UNDEF for the

evaluation purpose.

The master of ceremony for the

workshop was Ms. Seeta Gautam

Acharya of WVAF Nepal. Mr. Nawa

Raj Koirala, the Senior Program

Officer of ADDCN acted as

interpreter for the external evaluation

team whereby he translated the

keynotes of the speeches delivered in

Nepali by some of the guests.

The programme started with inviting

the guests on the dais, followed by

welcome remarks from Mr. Madhav

Paudel, former Chairperson, ADDCN

who besides welcoming the guests and

participants highlighted on the

E

:yfgLo k|hftGq

47

objectives of the dissemination

workshop.

After the welcome remarks, Mr.

Hem Raj Lamichhane, Executive

Secretary General of ADDCN and

Team Leader of the Project made a

power point presentation highlighting

on the overall progress and

achievements of the project.

Dr. Tika Pokharel, Chairperson of

WVAF Nepal

The first speaker of the workshop was

Dr. Pokharel, Chairperson of WVAF

Nepal. He expressed the view that the

project was quite successful in

achieving its objective because the

project was fully owned and supported

by the local political parties, local

authorities and civil society

organizations. He expressed his

astonishment that small grant projects

like this was able to generate the

required awareness among women

making them aware about the issues

of women, governance and human

rights thereby leading to their

empowerment. So there should be

effort to sustain such projects by the

local government agencies by

mobilizing local resources even after

the phase out of such projects. They

have also been able to mobilize local

resources for their interest.

Ms. Florence Burban, Evaluation

Team member of United Nations

Democracy Fund (UNDEF)

Ms. Florence Burban, Evaluation

Team member of United Nations

Democracy Fund (UNDEF). In her

remarks, Ms. Burban pointed that they

were here not for auditing the project

but to assess and review the impact of

the activities carried out during the

project period and to know more about

the sustainability of the project.

She highlighted that it was not a large

scale program but a small project

targeted for marginalized women of

Nepal. She also shared some of her

findings and pointed out that in overall

the project can be said to be successful

and was able to leave a good impact at

the grassroots level and that she would

convey the same to the funding

agency (UNDEF).

Mr. Sharad Neupane, Assistant

Country Director, UNDP Nepal

The next speaker was Mr. Sharad

Neupane, Assistant Country Director,

UNDP Nepal. He said that he was

there on behalf of Resident

Representative of UNDP Nepal Mr.

Rober Piper. He remembered that it

was he who had recommended

UNDEF about the capacity of

ADDCN to lead the said project in

Nepal. He said that the beauty of the

project was that it had focused the

very remote area where marginalized

women lived. He pointed out that he

got opportunity to participate in

three national review meetings of

the project organized by ADDCN

where the overall progress of the

project was shared by Local

Development Officers and

representatives from the Women

Forum for Democracy (WFD),

which were very impressive and

pragmatic. In his opinion, although

a small project yet it made

singnificant contribution in mass

mobilization in the selected VDCs

and DDCs in Nepal. It is very

important that how the programme

could be integrated in the UN

program in future.t

Mr. Krishna Gyawali, Secretary,

Ministry of Local Development

The next speaker to speak was Mr.

Krishna Gyawali, Secretary of

Ministry of Local Development. First

of all he thanked ADDCN for

providing him the opportunity to

participate in the workshop and to

know more about the project. He said

that he had not heared about the

project previously yet through the

presentation made as well as remarks

from previous speakers he could

understand that it was a successful

project. He expressed that UNDEF

could contribute more in the

democratic process in Nepal in future.

This dissemination workshop in his

opinion has been able to maintain the

ethics of transparency and

accountability of the project. He also

expressed the opinion that Ii would be

very useful if we are able to link this

:yfgLo k|hftGq

48

project with Local Governance and

Community Development Programme

(LGCDP).

Honorable Mr. Krishna Prasad

Sapkota, CA Member

The next speaker to speak was Mr.

Krishna Prasad Sapkota, CA Member

who in his remarks said that although

the project was small in terms of fund

and coverage, the project has been

able to touch the heart of the

marginalized women of the respective

project areas. The leadership of

ADDCN and good performance of the

implementing partners have played

important role to achieve the

objectives of the project. He

emphasized that most of the points

raised by the marginalized women in

the petition which was submitted to

President and Prime Minister could

and should be incorporated in the new

constitution of Nepal. He also

informed that it is also often being

discussed in the CA that there will be

alternate power exercise of man and

woman in each executive board.

Suppose if a man is chairperson than

woman will be vice-chairperson and

vice versa. He said that there is

probability of 50 % reservation for

women in all representation. He lastly

thanked UNDEF for providing the

opportunity to ADDCN to implement

ther project as the lead. He also

reminded all that he was the

Chairperson of ADDCN while

UNDEF awarded this project to

ADDCN.

Honorable Dr. Jagadish Chandra

Pokharel, Vice-Chairperson of NPC

and Chief Guest

The honorable Dr. Jagadish Chandra

Pokharel, Vice-Chairperson of NPC

and Chief Guest firstly congratulated

implementers of the project for getting

this global project and successfully

implementing the project in the

remote areas focusing marginalized

women in Nepal. He also expressed

the opinion that there is a need of up

scaling and replication of the modality

of the project in other parts of the

country because this project was

found to have employed very unique

tools and techniques to educate

marginalized women at the grassroots

level.

Mr. Rishi Raj Lumsali, Chairperson

of ADDCN

The last speaker to speak was Mr.

Rishi Raj Lumsali, Chair of the

workshop as well as Chairperson of

ADDCN. In his concluding remarks,

Mr. Lumsali thanked all the

distinguished guests and participants

for their valuable presence in the

dissemination workshop. He

highlighted that the formation of

women forum in village and district

level was very inclusive and that there

is difference between good

governance and self governance.

According to him, this project

promoted not only good governance

but also the self governance practice at

grass root level in close collaboration

of local authorities. He expressed the

view that people are not only tax

payer and voter but also self ruler.

Before the project, the communities

were not properly aware about the

planning process at local level but

after the project they are now fully

aware of their rights and about local

planning process and budget

allocation for different groups. In his

opinion this was one of the most

important achievements of the project.

He said that if there were

local election, more than

thousands marginalized

women would have

participated in the

democratic election

process as well as be

elected in some good

positions/posts. He

formally concluded the

session by once again

thanking UNDEF, UNDP

Nepal, and local

authorities for their

valuable contribution

towards the enhancement of

the political participation of

marginalized women in local politics l

through this project and . He formally

concluded by asking all the guests and

participants to join in the reception

hosted by the partners of the project

(ADDCN, WVAF and NIWF) jointly.

:yfgLo k|hftGq

49

ultljlw

cGt/f{li6«o ;]ldgf/df ;xeflutf

ljZjsf zx/L If]qdf jftfj/0fdf k|b'if0f eO{ sfa{gdf

eO/x]sf] a[l4 / ;f] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu :yfgLo txdf

xl/ofnL jftfj/0f ;[hgfsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfsf

ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] blIf0f

sf]l/ofsf] h]h'df gf]e]Dj/ !!–!#, @)!) df tLg lbg] cGt/f{li6«o

;]ldgf/sf] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . :yfgLo h]h' cGt/f{li6«o

tflnd s]Gb| (JITC) / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3cGtu{t UNITAR sf]

;xof]udf ;~rflnt pQm ;]ldgf/df g]kfn, a+unfb]z, >Ln+sf,

kfls:tfg, lkmlnlkG;, blIf0f sf]l/of, dn]lzof, leotgfd,

O08f]g]lzof nufotsf sl/a !% hgf ;xeflux?sf] ;xeflutf

/x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ;xeflu ;a} d'n'sx?af6 hnjfo'

kl/jt{g, jftfj/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ljifodf k]; ul/Psf

sfo{kqx? dWo] g]kfn, blIf0f sf]l/of / O08f]g]lzofsf] sfo{kqx?

k|:t't eO{ ;f] ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] tkm{af6

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf :yfgLo zf;g ljQlj1

gj/fh sf]O/fnfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hnjfo' gLlt / xfn ;Dd

ePsf kxnx? / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ s]Gb|Lt u/L

"Nepal Response to Climate Change: A case study of

Kathmandu Metropolitan City" ljifos sfo{kq k]; ug'{

ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;]ldgf/df blIf0f sf]l/ofsf k|fWofks tyf

jftfj/0f lj1x?n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu blIf0f sf]l/ofn]

sfg'gL, ;+:yfut ljsf;nufot k|ljlBsf If]qdf u/]sf ljsf; /

zx/L lgsfox?sf] e"ldsfsf ljifodf ;xeflux?nfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fpg'sf ;fy} ;f] ljifodf cGt/lqmof ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

50

kxn

:yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / tTsfn u7gsf nflu

:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 tyf dxf;+3x?sf ]

ckLn

:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3–dxf;+3x? -lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn,

g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 / uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfn_ n]

cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g tyf :yfgLo

nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;fd"lxs

jsfntL /k}/jL tyf bjfj l;h{gf ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . ;fy} xfdL

ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o d~rx?df ;d]t :yfgLo :jfoQ

zf;g tyf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] kIfdf k}/jL tyf jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf

5f}+ . :yfgLo txdf /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs tyf cfly{s

clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofel"tsf nflu cfjZos ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL

tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f lg/Gt/ p7fO/x]sf

5f}+ . o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo ;/sf/ txaf6 cfˆgf If]qsf

hgtfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL

?kdf k|jfx ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{df klg

lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf 5f}+ .

lj=;+= @)%( c;f/ d;fGtkl5 :yfgLo lgsfosf

hgk|ltlglwx?sf] sfo{sfn ;lsPkl5 * jif{ Joltt x'Fbf klg

:yfgLo lgjf{rg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

@)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx? /

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#( n] :yfgLo lgsfo -uflj;, lhlj; /

gu/kflnsf_ sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ :ki6;Fu

pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t

hgk|ltlglwljgfsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sNkgf nf]stGqdf ug{

g;lsg] pNn]v ub}{ lgjf{rg u/fpg @)^^ ;fn d+l;/df g]kfn

;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 . tyflk, g]kfn ;/sf/n]

xfn;Dd gt lgjf{rgsf] s'g} tof/L u/]sf] 5, gtM lgjf{rg

geP;Ddsf nflu cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / k|fjwfg cg';f/

;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xeflutfdf

:yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o g} u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, lbuf] zflGt

:yfkgf / nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf ug{

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] klg sl/j # jif{

ljlt;s]sf] 5 . zflGt k|lqmofdf ljut jif{x?df ;'wf/ x'Fb}

cfPsf] / o;aLrdf ;+ljwfg;ef nufot /fhgLlts bnsf

dxflwj]zgb]lv lhNnf, ufpF gu/ tx;Ddsf] lgjf{rg, ljleGg

k]zfut ;Fu7g / ljBfly{ ;Fu7gsf] lgjf{rg tyf ljBfno

Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?sf] lgjf{rg lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf

5g . tyflk, :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ tkm{ eg] ;/sf/ tyf

/fhgLlts bnx?sf] Wofg uPsf] 5}g . ;fy} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f tyf

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfn] d"t{?k kfPkl5, ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs

ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg, :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgf / cfjZos

sfg'g lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ eGg] ;f]+rn]

:yfgLo lgjf{rg x'g cem} jiff}{ nfUg] b]lvG5 .

:yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] d'2fnfO{ bnsf] xf/ jf lhtsf] ljifo

gagfO{ tTsfn lgjf{rg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3

dxf;+3x?n] lg/Gt/ cfjfh p7fpFbf klg o; ljifodf g]kfn

;/sf/ uDeL/ ePsf] 5}g . cfd hgtfsf] ;femf ;/f]sf/sf] o;

ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] yk Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg /

hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf u/fpg

cfd gful/s, :yfgLo ;/sf/x?, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts

bnx?, bft[ lgsfox?, kqsf/ hut / ;Dk"0f{ a'l4lhjLx? ;dIf

P]Soa4tf / ;femf cleofgsf nflu xflb{s ckLn ub}{ xfn

:yfgLo zf;gsf] cEof;df b]lvPsf b]xfo adf]lhdsf]

cj:yfk|lt :d/0f u/fpFb5f}+ .

- lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t zf;g k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g]

gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ tyf nf]stflGqs clwsf/ s'l07t

x'g uPsf] 5 .

- xfn :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{sfl/0fL tyf kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsf

lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf Pshgf

sd{rf/Ldf /xFb} cfPsf] / ;j{bnLo ;+oGqnfO{ ;fl5sf] ?kdf

dfq /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 :yfgLo txdf ;dfj]lztf,

hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/blz{tf, zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngh:tf

nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf x|f; ePsf] 5 .

- g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :yfgLo txsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6

nueu !# ca{ /xg] u/]sf], cGo ljifout sfof{noaf6 ;d]t

nueu %) ca{eGbf a9L vr{ x'g] tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]

cfGtl/s cfDbfgL ;d]t pNn]Vo /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf]

kl/rfng ug]{ hgk|ltlglwd'ns Joj:yf gx'g' / :yfgLo

:yfgLo k|hftGq

51

txsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clea[l4df Wofg ghfg'h:tf sf/0fn]

:yfgLo txaf6 x'g] vr{ k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd'ns

x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

- :yfgLo lgsfox?n] P]g, lgodaf6 k|bQ clwsf/ cg';f/

/fhZjsf] clea[l4 tyf kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ /

:yfgLo /fhZj 36\bf] qmddf 5 . :yfgLo k|fs[lts >f]t

;fwgx? h:t}, jg, vlgh, 9'Ëf, lu§L, jfn'jf, hl8a'6L,

cflbsf] clgolGqt k|of]u eO{/x]sf] / ;+/If0fdf sdL

cfO{/x]sf] 5 .

- b]zsf sltko efudf e"ldut ;z:q, ck/flws ;d'xsf] 8/,

qf;, rGbf cft+s ljBdfg 5, :yfgLo lgsfosf

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;'/Iff sjrsf ?kdf /xg] hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf

emg c;xh /x]sf] 5 .

- :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cfjlws of]hgf, u'?of]hgf tyf jflif{s

of]hgfdf ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfTds of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{

hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf cjnDjg ug{

;lsPsf] 5}g . xr'jf of]hgf k|lqmofn] k|>o kfO{/x]sfn]

u'0f:t/Lo, lbuf] / of]hgfa4 ljsf; sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

- 7]Ssf k§f tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf;

sfo{qmdx? wfs, wDsLh:tf bjfjsf cfwf/df ug]{, sfg'gsf]

cj1f ug]{ 36gfn] clgoldttf ;d]t a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

of]hgf k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf 36\bf] 5 .

- b]zel/df sl/j *%) uflj; ;lrj kb l/Qm /x]sf 5g\ .

kmntM ;/sf/ ;]jf lbg hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd k'Ug'kg]{df pN6}

hgtfn] Pp6f ;fdfGo l;kmfl/; lng ;d]t ;]jfk|bfos

lgsfo jf JolQm vf]Hb} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd jf cGo 6f9fsf

d'sfddf wfpg' kg]{ ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

- :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo

lgsfosf] g]t[Tj sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf], cGo ljsf;;Fu ;Da4

lgsfox? -ljifout lgsfo, ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf, ;xsf/L,

u};;, lghL If]q_ ;Fusf] ;dGjo, ;DaGwdf sdL cfPsf] 5 .

/fHosf s]Gb|Lo sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d]t

k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

- :yfgLo txsf] åGå Joj:yfkg hl6n / l9nf] x'g] u/]sf]

kl/0ffd:j?k c/fhstf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

- b]z clxn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf]

P]ltxfl;s r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo:t/sf

cfjfhx?nfO{ ;Ful7t / j}wflgs ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;ef;Dd

k'¥ofpg] ;j}eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod :yfgLo ;/sf/x?

/xg;Sg]] s'/fdf b'O{ dt 5}g . tyflk, oL lgsfox?df

hgk|ltlglwljxLgtfn] o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo cfjfh g;d]l6g]

/ o;af6 eljiodf csf]{ åGåsf] l;h{gf x'g] xf] ls eGg]

cfz+sf oyfjt} /x]sf] 5 .

- :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+3 dxf;+3x? -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

dxf;+3 g]kfn, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 / uflj; /fli6«o

dxf;+3 g]kfn_ n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf b]xfPsf ljifo tyf

wf/0ffx? p7fg ub}{ cfPsf] s'/f ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{

k'gM :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g ;DaGwdf

- jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfd} tTsfn :yfgLo lgsfosf]

lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff ul/g'kb{5 .

- lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts t'Nofpg

k|rlnt P]g, lgoddf ablnbf] /fhgLlts cj:yf /

cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'wf/ Pjd\ ;+zf]wg ul/g'kb{5 .

- xfn :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfngsf nflu /x]sf] /fhgLlts

;+oGq tTsfn vf/]h u/L lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf] nflu 5f]6f]

cjlw tf]sL ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf k|d'v

/fhgLlts bnsf] cu'jfO{ / cGo bnx?sf] ;xeflutfdf

:yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfngsf] cljnDj Joj:yf ;d]t

ul/g'kb{5 .

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf ;DaGwdf

- ;+ljwfg;efsf ljleGg laifout ;ldltx?sf k|:tfjdf

b]xfPsf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf 5g, h'g ;sf/fTds /x]sf

5g . ;+ljwfg d:of}bfsf] cfufdL r/0fdf x/]s ljifout

;ldltaf6 k]z ePsf d:of}bfsf k|:tfjx? g5'6fO{ ;+nUg

ul/g'kb{5 .

o :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gaf/]df :yfgLo ;/sf/x? :jfoQ x'g],

o g]kfnL efiffsf cnfjf cfˆgf] sfdsfhsf] cnUu} :yfgLo efiff

x'g;Sg],

o :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfˆgf If]qflwsf/sf laifodf sfg'g agfO{

nfu" ug{ ;Sg],

o cfˆgf] of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{df u/L nfu" ug{ ;Sg],

o s]Gb|Lo cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{, :yfgLo >f]t ;fwg / tf]lsPsf

laifoIf]qdf /fhZj kl/rfng / ;+sng ug{;Sg],

o :yfgLo ;/sf/ sfo{sf/Ln] cfˆgf] sfo{;~rfng lgod agfO{

nfu" ug{ ;Sg],

o :yfgLo ljwflosfsf] ?kdf kl/ifbx? /xg],

o Gofo ;Dkfbgsf nflu sfg'g jdf]lhd :yfgLo txdf Goflos

;+oGqx? /xg]

o :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu cnUu} :yfgLo

;]jf /xg] cflb .

- ;+ljwfg;efsf laifout ;ldltaf6 k|:t't s]xL k|:tfjx?

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, :jfoQtf tyf

k|efjsf/L ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu pko'Qm gx'g],

k|rlnt :jfoQ zf;gsf ljZjJoflk cEof;;Fu d]n gvfg]

:yfgLo k|hftGq

52

tyf s]xLsf] xsdf ck"0f{ ;d]t /x]sf] ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/

Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ffx? :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3

dxf;+3x?af6 lg/Gt/ p7fO/x]sf 5f}+ .

o :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3 jf k|b]zsf] clwg:y geO{ :jfoQ

;/sf/sf ?kdf :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 / :yfgLo

;/sf/ u7gsf] Joj:yf ;+3Lo ;+ljwfgdfg} k|Tofe"t

ul/g'kb{5

o clglZrt ;do;Dd :yfgLo ;/sf/ hgk|ltlglwljxLg

/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] lk8f eljiodf gbf]xf]l/of];\

eGgsf nflu cfjlws lgjf{rgdfkm{t ul7t cljlR5Gg

pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t ;+:yf x'g] u/L ;+ljwfgdf

df}lns xssf ?kdf k||Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 .

o ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg, /fHosf ;lGw ;Demf}tf, k|fs[lts >f]t

tyf l;dfgf lgwf{/0f h:tf laifodf lg0f{o ubf{ ;DalGwt

k|b]z, :yfgLo ;/sf/x? / ;d'bfox?;Fusf] k/fdz{df dfq

ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

o :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3Lo OsfO{sf ?kdf dfGotf

lbOg'kb{5 / /fHosf] kl/efiff v08df g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ /

k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;femf OsfO{sf ?kdf nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo

u0ftGqfTds g]kfnnfO{ kl/eflift ul/g'kb{5 .

o :yfgLo ;/sf/sf laifodf lg0f{o x'g] k|b]z / ;+3Lo txsf

ljQLo cfof]u h:tf ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;+3

dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . nf]stflGqs

;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgfsf] laifo

lgSof}{n ug{ a9L ;do nfUg] ePsfn] o; k|of]hgsf nflu

;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+3

dxf;+3x?, k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo ;/sf/ ;d]tsf]

k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g ug]{

Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

o :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ yk clwsf/ / sfo{lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg

nf]stflGqs / k"0f{ ;dfj]zL x'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qdf /x]sf ljifox? k|b]z / ;+3

;d]tsf] clwsf/If]qdf bf]xf]/f] ?kdf /x]sf]n] s] s'g txsf]

;/sf/df /xg] k|i6 ls6fg ul/g'kb{5 . ;xjlt{ clwsf/

If]q ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/ tLgj6} txsf] ljifo If]q

agfOg'kb{5 .

o ;+ljwfgdf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfo nufotsf] xLtsf nflu

:jfoQ zf;g OsfO{sf] Joj:yf ubf{ klg ;f] hflt jf

hghfltsf] g} ufpF ;/sf/ u7g ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf]

Joj:yf ubf{ To:tf ;d'bfosf] dflyNnf txsf ;/sf/df

k|ltlglwTj / /fHoaf6 kfpg] ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt

ul/g'kb{5 .

o /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt ck|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 r'lgg]

/fhgLlts ;xdlt ePsf] v08df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf

ljwflosL c+u jf kbflwsf/L ;d]t /x]sf] lglZrt dtef/

x'g] lgjf{rs d08n /xg] u/L a[xQ/ nf]stflGqs Joj:yf

;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .

o ;+3Lo ljwflosf b'O{ ;bgfTds x'g] cj:yfdf dflyNnf]

ljwflosfdf slDtdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:o :yfgLo :jfoQ

;/sf/af6 ;d]t lgjf{rg ug]{ Joj:yf ;'lglZrt

ul/g'kb{5 .

o k|b]z ljwflosfdf slDtdf Ps ltxfO{ ;b:o :yfgLo

:jfoQ ;/sf/af6 ;d]t lgjf{rg u/L k7fpg] Joj:yf

;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .

cGTodf,

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq, gful/ssf]

/fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cle;lGw, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g

;DjGwL o"/f]lkog rf6{/, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ljleGg ;dosf

3f]if0fkqx? nufot g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] :yfgLo

;/sf/sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{tfnfO{ :ki6;Fu

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ul/g] ;]jf k|jfx tyf

hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+oGqaf6 zfl;t x'g kfpg] ;fj{ef}d;Qf

;DkGg hgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs xs / clwsf/ klg xf] . o; s'/fnfO{

dgg\ u/L cGtl/d lgjf{rgdfkm{t hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo

;/sf/sf] u7g ljgfsf] csf]{ s'g} pQd / nf]stflGqs ljsNk

x'g} ;Sb}g .

;fy} hgtfsf] ;a}eGbf a9L kx'Frsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ

;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttfn]dfq nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo

u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfsf nfex?nfO{ cfd hgtfsf dfemdf

k'¥ofpg tyf /fHok|lt hgtfsf] ckgTj j9fO{ lbuf]

Joj:yfkgdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg d2t ub{5 eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy

o;tkm{ uDeL/ eO{ ;sf/fTds lg0f{o ug{sf nflu lg0ff{os

;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfodf cfjfh k'¥ofpg] Wo]on] cfd gful/ssf]

;femf rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] o; d'2fdf cfˆgf txaf6 P]Soa4tf /

;femf cleofgsf nflu cfd gful/s, :yfgLo ;/sf/x?,

gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bnx?, bft[ lgsfox?, k]zfut

;+3;Fu7gx?, kqsf/ hut / ;Dk"0f{ a'l4hLjL ju{df xflb{s

ckLn ub{5f}+ .

lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfn

df3 @)^&, sf7df8f}+

:yfgLo k|hftGq

53

kxn

:yfgLo lgsfo s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt

ldlt M @)^&÷(÷@*

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",

k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no,

l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .

ljifo M 1fkg kq .

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",

@)%( c;f/ d;fGtdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?sf] Dofb ;dfKt ePkl5 xfn;Dd :yfgLo

lgsfox? g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf sd{rf/Laf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf] s'/f k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ cjut} 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx? / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#( n]

:yfgLo lgsfo -uflj;, lhlj; / gu/kflnsf_ sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ :ki6;Fu pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t hgk|ltlglwljgfsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sNkgf nf]stGqdf ug{ g;lsg] pNn]v ub}{

lgjf{rg u/fpg @)^^ ;fn d+l;/df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 . tyflk, g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd gt

lgjf{rgsf] s'g} tof/L u/]sf] 5, gtM lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / k|fawfg cg';f/

;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o g} u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf / nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf ug{

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] klg @ jif{ & dlxgf ljlt;s]sf] 5 . zflGt k|lqmofdf ljut jif{x?df ;'wf/ x'Fb}

cfP klg :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ tkm{ eg] ;/sf/ tyf bnx?sf] Wofg uPsf] kfO+b}g . ;fy} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f tyf /fHosf]

k'gM;+/rgfn] d"t{?k kfPkl5, ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg, :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgf / cfjZos sfg'g

lgdf{0f u/L dfq :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ eGg] ;f]+rn] :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug{ cem} aiff}{ nfUg] b]lvG5 .

o; ;Gbe{df cfd hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/ / hgtfsf] glhssf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rgsf nflu xfn;Dd g]kfn

;/sf/n] tof/L ;Dd gu/]sf] tkm{ :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x?sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] :d/0f u/fpFb}

hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng gx'Fbf b]zsf] ;du| /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s If]qdf lgDgfg';f/ s]xL

uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/x? ylkb} uPsf] tkm{ ;d]t ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5f}+ .

-!_ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t zf;g k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ tyf nf]stflGqs clwsf/ s'l07t x'g

uPsf] 5 .

-@_ xfn :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{sfl/0fL tyf kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf tf]lsPsf Pshgf

sd{rf/Ldf /xFb} cfPsf] / ;j{bnLo ;+oGqnfO{ ;fIfLsf] ?kdf dfq /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 :yfgLo txdf ;dfj]lztf,

hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/blz{tf, zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngh:tf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf x|f; ePsf] 5 .

-#_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :yfgLo txsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6 nueu !# ca{ /xg] u/]sf], cGo laifout sfof{noaf6 nueu %)

ca{eGbf a9L vr{ x'g] tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL ;d]t pNn]Vo /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf] kl/rfng ug]{

hgk|ltlglwd'ns Joj:yf gx'g' / :yfgLo txsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4df Wofg ghfg'h:tf sf/0fn] :yfgLo txaf6 x'g]

vr{ k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-$_ :yfgLo lgsfox?n] P]g, lgodaf6 k|bQ clwsf/cg';f/ /fhZjsf] clea[l4 tyf kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ /

/fhZj 36\bf] qmddf 5 . :yfgLo k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgx? h:t}, jg, vlgh, 9'Ëf, lu§L jfn'jf, hl8a'6L, cflbsf] clgolGqt

bf]xg eO/x]sf] / ;+/If0fdf sdL cfO/x]sf] .

-%_ b]zsf sltko efudf ;z:q ck/flws ;d'xsf] 8/, qfz ljBdfg 5, :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;'/Iff sjrsf ?kdf

/xg] hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf emg c;xh jftfj/0f /x]sf] 5 .

-^_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cfjlws of]hgf, u'?of]hgf tyf aflif{s of]hgfdf ;xeflutfTds of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ hgk|ltlglwsf]

cefjdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf cjnDjg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . xr'jf of]hgf k|lqmofn] k|>o kfO/x]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo / lbuf]

of]hgfa4 ljsf; sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

-&_ 7]Ssf k§f tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf; sfo{qmdx?df wfs, wDsLsf cfwf/df ug]{, sfg'gsf] cj1f ug]{

h:tf 36gfn] clgoldttf ;d]t a9\b} uPsf] 5 . of]hgf k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf 36\bf] 5 .

-*_ b]zel/df sl/j *%) uflj; ;lrj kb l/Qm /x]sf 5g\ . kmntM ;/sf/ ;]jf lbg hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd k'Ug'kg]{df pN6}

hgtfn] Pp6f ;fdfGo l;kmfl/; lng ;d]t ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo jf JolQm vf]Hb} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd jf cGo 6f9fsf d'sfddf

wfpg' kg]{ ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo k|hftGq

54

-(_ :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfosf] g]t[Tj sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf], cGo ljsf;;Fu ;Da4

lgsfox? -laifout lgsfo, ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf, ;xsf/L, u};;, lghL If]q_ ;Fusf] ;dGjo, ;DaGwdf sld cfPsf] 5 .

/fHosf s]Gb|Lo sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d]t k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-!)_ :yfgLo txsf] åGå Joj:yfkg hl6n / l9nf] x'g] u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j?k c/fhstf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

-!!_ b]z clxn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] P]ltxfl;s r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo:t/sf

cfjfhx?nfO{ ;Ful7t / j}wflgs ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;ef;Dd k'¥ofpg] ;j}eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod :yfgLo ;/sf/x? /xg;Sg]]

s'/fdf b'O{ dt 5}g . tyflk, oL lgsfox?df hgk|ltlglwljxLgtfn] o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo cfjfh g;d]l6g] / o;af6

eljiodf csf]{ åGåsf] l;h{gf x'g] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf /x]sf] 5 .

pNn]lvt ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x? ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"df b]xfPsf dfux? k|:t't ub{5f}+ .

dfux?

s_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g ;DaGwdf

!_ jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfd} tTsfn :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ul/of];\ . lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts

t'Nofpg k|rlnt P]g, lgoddf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'wf/ ;+zf]wg ul/of];\ .

@_ lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf] 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnsf] cu'jfO{ / cGo bnx?sf]

;xeflutfdf :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfngsf] cljnDj Joj:yf ul/of];\ .

v_ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / :yfgLo lgsfosf] k'g;{+/rgf ;DaGwdf

!_ nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgf ug{sfnflu :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x? ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj

/xg] u/L tTsfn} Ps pRr:t/Lo s]Gb|Lo cfof]u u7g ul/of];\ .

@_ ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ul/of];,

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3 jf k|b]zsf] clwg:y geO{ :jfoQ ;/sf/sf ?kdf :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf xf];\

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg x'g] ul/ df}lns xssf ?kdf k|Tofe"tL ul/of];\,

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg, /fHosf ;lGw ;Demf}tfh:tf laifodf lg0f{o ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fusf] k/fdz{df dfq

ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of];\,

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf laifodf lg0f{o x'g] k|b]z / ;+3Lo txsf ljQLo cfof]u h:tf ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;+3

dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/of];\,

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ yk clwsf/ / sfo{lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg nf]stflGqs / k"0f{ ;dfj]zL x'g] Joj:yf ul/of];\

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;dfgfGt/ x'g] cGo s'g} ljz]if ;+/rgf u7g gul/of];\ .

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq, gful/ssf] /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cle;lGw nufot g]kfnsf]

;+ljwfg @)^# n] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{tfnfO{ :ki6;Fu pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo

;/sf/af6 ul/g] ;]jf k|jfx tyf hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+oGqaf6 zfl;t x'g kfpg] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs

xs / df}lns clwsf/ adf]lhd cGtl/d lgjf{rg ug{ tyf ;f] geP ;Ddsf nflu cljnDj hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo

lgsfo u7g ug{ k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf hf]8bf/ dfu;lxt 1fkgkq k|:t't ub{5f}+ . pNn]lvt dfux?nfO{ cfd gful/ssf

;femf rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf ?kdf cfufld @ dlxgf leq ;Daf]wg ul/g] cfzf Pjd\ ljZjf;sf ;fy ;DdfggLo

k|wfgdGqLHo";dIf xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

dfu k|:t't stf{x?M

– dlxg lnDa', cWoIf, uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3, g]kfn

– eLdk|;fb 9'Ëfgf, dxf;lrj, uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfn

– 8f]/dl0f kf}8]n, cWoIf, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3

– ljb'/ d}gfnL, dxf;lrj, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3

– s[i0fk|;fb h}zL, k|jQmf, lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn

– dfwj kf}8]n, k"j{cWoIf, lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn

– e/taxfb'/ v8\sf, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn

-oxL a]xf]/fsf] 1fkgkq ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIf ;DdfggLo ;efd'v ;'jf; g]Dafª / ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf ;efklt dfggLo lgnfDa/

cfrfo{Ho";dIf klg a'emfOPsf] lyof] ._

:yfgLo k|hftGq

55

Financial Update

55

:yfgLo k|hftGq

56

z'esfdgf

gj jif{ @)^* ;fnsf] xflb{s z'esfdgf

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;kmntfdf

k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] g]kfn

;/sf/, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;b:o lhlj;x?, cGo

;xsdL{ ;+3÷;+:yfx? tyf ;d:t g]kfnLdf gofF

jif{ @)^* sf] ;'vb\ cj;/df ;'–:jf:Yo, bL3f{o'

Pj+ c6n ;f}efUosf nflu xflb{s d+undo

z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

cWoIf sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj

Clif/fh n'D;fnL x]d/fh nfld5fg]

tyf

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn kl/jf/