Z A % r ¼ g < p w ¯ ï « æ Ä w ¼ = t b ,Å $ Zrepo.lib.hosei.ac.jp/bitstream/10114/2686/1/7.pdfS G G Ã » Z J P » È . ] 05R5104 " , ¹ p 2007 å2 D20 Ô A ¯ ï « æ Ä w

05R5104

2007 2 20

FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ABOUT DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE UNDER FREEZING AND THAWING TEST

By

05R5104 Takayuki KATAOKA

Graduate Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hosei University

20th February2007

ABSTRACT

Many studies are made about freezing and thawing test of concrete for a long time. The most are

performed under the prescribed condition that minimum temperature and speed of freezing and

thawing. They were aimed for materials to produce permanent concrete and the choice of

combination. Development of the concrete which used Air Entraining Agent for can be said to be

result as the master. However, there is still no end to deterioration such as cracking and scaling by

freezing and thawing now. There is it for what can not elucidate about deterioration mechanism and

relations between deterioration energy and resistance of freezing and thawing.

In this research, I set arbitrary lowest temperature, water-cement ratio starting age of the exams.

This purpose is to examine about deterioration mechanism and relations between deterioration

energy and resistance of freezing and thawing.

I assumed relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and quantity of scaling a deterioration index by

a nondestructive test. In addition, I performed a compressive strength test and a pulling strength test

of the concrete under freezing and thawing in the choice of cycle.

As a result, I clarified the influence that lowest temperature, water-cement ratio and starting age

of the exams give resistance of freezing and thawing and got the document which could contribute to

a future durability design.

1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Powers ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ --------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -17 ------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -15 -------------------------------

--------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

(-17-15) ---------- ---------------------

--------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------

------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------

--------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------- -17 ----------------------------

--------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

-15 ---------------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- (-17-15) ------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7

------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

1.1

1.2

1

2

2.1 (1)

AE (2)

AE

()

AE (3)

ASTMC 666

60 300 300

3

1 1 1

2.2 (1) 9%

1944 Collins

(2)Powers

Collins 51949"The Air Requirement of Frost-Resistant Concrete"T. C. Powers Powers

0

Powers Darcy

Powers 2.1 Darcy 2.1

4

2.1 ( )max11.09

3UC L

s K =

P

max (L)

PowersPmaxPowers(L)

( )3

232b

LL Lr

= + 2.2

r

r

rb

L

2.1 Powers

5

Powers Helmuth

4 1953 2.2

AEAE 2-1 0hrmax

2.2 Powers Helmuth 0

6

0

AEAE (3)

NaO KO Powers 1975 2.3 0 1 2

2.3

7

2.4 2.5 STEP5

1-15

1-2

1-3

1-4

1-5

STEP1-4 STEP1-5

STEP210 2-12 10

2-21 2

STEP

78

Powers AE

8

STEP 5

STEP

STEP

9

STEP

2.4

2.5

1

STEP

STEPSTEP

STEP1-5

10

0

2.3 (1)

2.6

2.7

11

(2)

(3) %0

2.8 2.9

().

12

2.4 (1)

2.10 2

5

2

2.10

13

2.11

1 20

3

2.11

1

1

14

4

2.12

5

2.12 5

6

15

(2)

2.13 7

8

2.13 (7)

2.14

7

16

2.14 (7)

/

2-1 9

2-2

6mm

11

17

2-1 9

(5

(160 )

2515

1510

105

19.8

19.4

18.3

43.3

19.2

19.4

2515

1510

105

6.3

1.9

3.2

46.5

20.2

7.4

2-2 10

12

51

4020 33 61

2010 12 34

105 1 6

10 1

2

2.15

123

18

2.15

2.16

4013

103104

40

19

2.16 (13)

40

1

20

Backstrom

200~250m(14)

2.17

2.18

non-AE

21

1%1% 10

-- 35%~55%

5% 5% 2.19

2.20

22

2.21 AEAE 55%90

2.22 90

23

2.23

4%2% 35%

2.24

( 4%)

24

2.25 ( 2%)

2.26 non-AE

25

2.5(22)

2.27(22)

2.28(22)

26

2.29(22)

2.27(22)

2.28(22)

27

2. PVAPVA 19241950 40

1980

FRC

PVA PVA 225 PVA

240

28

2.

29

1

3.1 3.1.1

JIS R 5201 JIS R 5202 3.1 3.1.2 3.1.1 3.1.3 mm

JIS A 1125 JIS JIS A 1102 JIS A 1104 JIS A 1109 3.23.3 3.1

3.1.4

20mm 2015mm515mm 2

4:3:3JIS A 1102 JIS A 1104 JIS A 1110

31

3.43.5 3.2 3.1.5 AE AE

AE AE AE AE 1

NO.70AE 3.1.5 3.1.6 MEGAMIXMEGAMIX 3.6 3.1.7 KURALON K- 3.7

32

3.1

JIS R

5210

JIS R

5210

JIS R

5210

3.0 1.7 3.0 1 1.6

5.0 1.45 5.0 1.3 5.0 1.3

3.0 1.95 3.5 2.9 3.0 1.8

0.75 0.58 0.75 0.53 - -

0.035 0.015 0.02 0.01 0.01

g/cm3 3.15 3.13 2.95

cm2/g 2500 3300 3300 4550 2500 3300

27.5 29.5 27.5

45 2-10 45 1-55 60 245

10

3-20

10

2-50

10

400

1 - - 10.0 28 - -

3 12.5 29 20.0 47 10.0 23

7 22.5 44 32.5 58 17.5 37

/mm2

28 42.5 61.5 47.5 68 37.5 56

3.2

(kg/l) 2.50 2.64

(%) 3.5 2.07

- 2.73

(kg/l) 1.50 1.69

(%) 55 66.2

33

3.3

(mm) (%)

10 0

5 0

2.5 9

1.2 29

0.6 59

0.3 82

0.15 94

FM 2.73

3.4

(kg/l) 2.50 2.68

(%) 3.0 0.81

- 6.72

(kg/l) 1.50 1.65

(%) 55 59.5

3.5

(mm) (%)

40 0

30 0

25 2

20 14

15 35

10 66

5 98

2.5 100

FM 6.72

34

3.6

1 21.2MPa

3 38.0MPa

7 47.2MPa ASTM C109)

28 59.3MPa

(ASTM C78) 28 8.2MPa

(ASTM C496) 28 4.2MPa

ACI 503R) 90 2.3MPa

28 572 (ASTM 1202)

90 420

4 10 (ASTM C266)

7 10

3.7

RECS100L12

100

12

MPa 1100

10

GPa 25

35

(mm)

()

()

0 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.5 5.0 10 15

100

100

80

80

60

6040

40

20

20

0

0

3.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

(mm)

(%)

(%)

100

80

60

40

20

0

3.2

36

4

41

42 421 (1) 41

50100() 3

100mm200mm

41

W/C

(cm) (%) (%) (kg/mm3)

50

65

80 1215 4505

110

180

37

(2) JIS A 1132 JIS-A-1118

(3) 24 24 202 1 422 ()3

01 41JIS A 1148 423

42

38

41

42

39

424 17 4515 45 217 1357142815 35717 135 65 71428 50658011015 357 65 42

42

W/C 1 3 5 7 14 28 3 5 7

50%

65%

80%

110%

40

43 60 60 43

43

-17 -15

W/C

50% 65% 80% 110% 65%

1 40

3 60 50

5 80 150

7 330 150 50 20 180

14 270 240 150 20

28 420 330 180 90

431-17 (1) 43 49 4346 W/C 47 49 W/C 43W/C=50% 100%14 728 7 300 14240 44 W/C=65% 14 200 28 60%

41

45 W/C=80% 28 90 28 120%60% 46W/C=110% 7 14 20 60% 28 90 60 14 28 47 7W/CW/C=50% 300 W/C=80% 50110% 20 48 14 W/C=110% 20 W/C=50%65%W/C=80% 150 49 28W/C=110% 90

714W/C=80% 60%

W/C

110 50 28

110

42

(2) 410 416 410

413W/C 414 416W/C 410W/C=50% 28 100% 7 28 5% 14 15%

411W/C=65% 1 100%

412W/C=80% 7 50 8%14 28 14 5% 413 W/C=110% 14 7

28 9 414 7W/C=65%80%

W/C=80% 8%W/C=65% 14% 415 14W/C=65%80% 100 5%W/C=50% 60 15%

43

416 28

W/C=50%80% 5% W/C=65% 10% W/C=110% 9%

28

(3) 417 423 417

420W/C 421 423W/C

431(2)W/C=50%

(4) 424 432 424

427W/C 428 430W/C 431 432 W/C W/C

W/C W/C

AE AE

44

AE AE

(5) 433 439 433 4

36 W/C 437 439W/C

50 71428 65 571428 80 1428 110 28 65 13 80 7 110 714 (6) 440 446 440 4

43 W/C 444 446W/C

50 7 14 28 65 7 14 28 80 14 28 110 28 65 135 80 7 110 714431(5) 65 5

45

432-15 (1) 447

(2) 448

(3) 449

(4) 450 451

3 5 7

(5) 452

46

(6) 453

433(-17-15) (1) 454 457 454 455 457

3 5-15-17-15 7 100 -17100 -15 3 -15-17

(2) 458 461 458

459 461

3

-17-15

47

-15

(3) 462 465 462

463 465

350-17-15

-15

(4) 466 470 466 467

468 470 5-17-15 (5) 471 474 471

472 474 -15-17-15

48

(6) 475 478 475

476 478 -15-17-15 44 -17-15W/C 100%

W/C

W/C

-17-15

-17

-15

49

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

(%)

7

14

28

4.3 (W/C=50%-17)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

(%)

1 3 57 14 28

4.4 (W/C=65%-17)

51

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200

(%)

71428

4.5 (W/C=80%-17)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

(%)

7

14

28

4.6 (W/C=110%-17)

52

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

(%)

50%65%80%110%

4.7 ( 7-17)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

(%)

50%65%80%110%

4.8 ( 14-17)

53

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

(%)

50%65%80%110%

4.9 ( 28-17)

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

%

7

14

28

4.10 (W/C=50%-17)

54

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

%

1 3 5

7 14 28

4.11 (W/C=65%-17)

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200

%

7

14

28

4.12 (W/C=80%-17)

55

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

%

7

14

28

4.13 (W/C=110%-17)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

%

50%65%80%110%

4.14 ( 7-17)

56

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

0 50 100 150 200 250

%

50%65%80%110%

4.15 ( 14-17)

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

%

50%

65%

80%110%

4.16 ( 28-17)

57

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

%

7

14

28

4.17 (W/C=50%-17)

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

%

1 3 5

7 14 28

4.18 (W/C=65%-17)

58

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200

%

7

14

28

4.19 (W/C=80%-17)

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

%

7

14

28

4.20 (W/C=110%-17)

59

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

%

50%65%80%110%

4.21 ( 7-17)

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

0 50 100 150 200 250

%

50%65%80%110%

4.22 ( 14-17)

60

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

%

50%65%80%110%

4.23 ( 28-17)

92

94

96

98

100

102

92 94 96 98 100 102

7

14

28

4.24 (W/C=50%-17)

61

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102

1

3

5

7

14

28

4.25 (W/C=65%-17)

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

90 92 94 96 98 100 102

71428

4.26 (W/C=80%-17)

62

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

90 92 94 96 98 100 102

7

14

28

4.27 (W/C=110%-17)

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102

50%65%80%110%

4.28 ( 7-17)

63

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

50%65%80%110%

4.29 ( 14-17)

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102

50%65%80%110%

4.30 ( 28-17)

64

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

85 90 95 100 105

50% 750% 1450% 2865% 165% 365% 565% 765% 1465% 2880% 780% 1480% 28110% 7110% 14110% 28

4.31 (-17)

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

85 90 95 100 105

50% 750% 1450% 2865% 165% 365% 565% 765% 1465% 2880% 780% 1480% 28110% 7110% 14110% 28

4.32 (-17)

65

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

7

14

28

4.33 (W/C=50%-17)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

13571428

4.34 (W/C=65%-17)

66

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

7

14

28

4.35 (W/C=80%-17)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

7

14

28

4.36 (W/C=110%-17)

67

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

4.37 ( 7-17)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

4.38 ( 14-17)

68

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

4.39 ( 28-17)

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

7

14

28

4.40 (W/C=50%-17)

69

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

13571428

4.41 (W/C=65%-17)

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

7

14

28

4.42 (W/C=80%-17)

70

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

((%)

7

14

28

4.43 (W/C=110%-17)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

50%65%80%110%

4.44 ( 7-17)

71

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

4.45 ( 14-17)

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

50%65%80%110%

4.46 ( 28-17)

72

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200

(%)

3 5 7

4.47 (-15)

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

0 50 100 150 200

%

3 5 7

4.48 (-15)

73

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200

%

3 5 7

4.49 (-15)

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

92 94 96 98 100 102

3

5

7

4.50 (-15)

74

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

92 94 96 98 100 102

3

5

7

4.51 (-15)

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

3

5

7

4.52 (-15)

75

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

3

5

7

4.53 (-15)

76

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200

(%)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

4.54

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8

%

0

-15-17

4.55 ( 3)

77

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

%

-15

-17

4.56 ( 5)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200

%

-15

-17

4.57 ( 7)

78

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200

%

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

4.58

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8

%

0

-15-17

4.59 ( 3)

79

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16

%

0

-15 -17

4.60 ( 5)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200

%

-15

-17

4.61 ( 7)

80

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200

%

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

4.62

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8

%

0

-15-17

4.63 ( 3)

81

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16

%

0

-15

-17

4.64 ( 5)

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 50 100 150 200

%

-15-17

4.65 ( 7)

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

4.66

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

4.67

83

92

94

96

98

100

102

92 94 96 98 100 102

-15

-17

4.68 ( 3)

92

94

96

98

100

102

92 94 96 98 100 102

-15

-17

4.69 ( 5)

84

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102

-15

-17

4.70 ( 7)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

4.71

85

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

4.72 ( 3)

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

4.73 ( 5)

86

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

4.74 ( 7)

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

4.75

87

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

4.76 ( 3)

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

4.77 ( 5)

88

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

4.78 ( 7)

89

5

5.1

4 W/C=65%

-15 5.2 5.2.1 JIS A 1132100200mm JIS A 1108 5.2.2 JIS A 1132100100mm JIS A 1113 5.2.3 -15+4.5 3 5 7 5.1

5.1

-15

65%

3

5

7

90

2 5.2

5.2

0 10 30 50 60 70 3

3 5 10 14 16 21

0 10 20 40 60 120 150 5

5 10 14 16 21 35 39

0 10 30 50 70 110 140 170 180 7

7 10 16 21 24 35 39 45 47

5.3 5.3.1 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.4

5.3

N/mm2)

W/C

50% 65% 80% 110%

1 7.01

3 9.86

5 12.2

7 24.1 13.3 8.00 3.55

14 27.3 18.8 11.2 5.39

28 29.8 21.3 12.4 6.36

91

5.4

N/mm2)

W/C

50% 65% 80% 110%

1

3 1.35

5 1.46

7 2.23 1.88 1.17 0.61

14 2.36 2.33 1.40 0.83

28 2.91 2.61 1.63 0.81

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.7

5.3 5.4

5 7 40 16

5.5 5.7

5.3.2 5.8 5.9 5.10

5.12 5.8 5.9 3

5 7 -15 5 5 120 3 7 10120

92

35

5.10 5.12 3

57

5.3.3 5.13 5.17 5.18 5.19

5.5 -17-15 5.18 -17

5.5

y=14.7x-44.5 0.901 -17

y=177x-106 0.941

y=38.2x-324 0.988 3.5.7 -15

y=440x-524 0.830

y=23.4x-179 0.770 3.5.7 -17

y=329x-390 0.965

93

5.4

3 3 57

94

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

()

N/mm2)

-17 50%-17 65%-17 80%-17 110%-15 65%

5.1

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

(

N/mm2)

-17 50%

-17 65%

-17 80%

-17 110%

-15 65%

5.2

95

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 5

()

(N/mm2)

0

357

5.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 50 100 150 200

(N/mm2)

3

5

7

5.4

96

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

(N/mm2)

5.5( 3)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

(%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

(N/mm2 )

5.6( 5)

97

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200

(%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

(N/mm2)

5.7( 7)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 10 20 30 40 5

()

(N/mm2 )

0

357

5.8

98

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 50 100 150 200

(N/mm2)

3

5

7

5.9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(%)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

2.4

(N/mm2)

5.10( 3)

99

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

(%)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

2.4

(N/mm2)

5.11( 5)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200

(%)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

2.4

(N/mm2)

5.12( 7)

100

y = 14.711x - 44.495

R2 = 0.9014

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

(N/mm2)

50% 7 50% 14 50% 2865% 1 65% 3 65% 565% 7 65% 14 65% 2880% 7 80% 14 80% 28110% 7 110% 14 110% 28

5.13 -17

y = 14.113x - 25.961

R2 = 0.9142

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

(N/mm2)

50% 7 50% 14 50% 2865% 7 65% 14 65% 2880% 7 80% 14 80% 28110% 7 110% 14 110% 28

5.14 -17

101

y = 177.27x - 105.86

R2 = 0.9407

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

(N/mm2)

50% 7 50% 14 50% 2865% 7 65% 14 65% 2880% 7 80% 14 80% 28110% 7 110% 14 110% 28

5.15 -17

y = 38.177x - 323.57

R2 = 0.9877

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 5 10(N/mm

2)

15

3

5

7

5.16 -15

102

y = 439.7x - 524.09

R2 = 0.8304

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 0.5 1 1.5

(N/mm2)

2

3

5

7

5.17 -15

-17y = 23.399x - 179.29

R2 = 0.7697

-15y = 38.177x - 323.57

R2 = 0.9877

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 4 8 12 16(N/mm

2)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

5.18

103

-17y = 329.15x - 390.47

R2 = 0.9653

-15y = 439.7x - 524.09

R2 = 0.8304

0

40

80

120

160

200

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

(N/mm2)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

5.19

104

6

6.1 4 5

(Red0)(REd1)(Red2) 6.1

REd0=REd1+REd2 6.1

110

6.2 (16) 6.2 6.2

6.2

REd(1)

Ea Eb

*()() 6.3

105

6.3

Va Vb

6.4 6.4

REd(2) E 01

Va V 01

6.5 6.5

E 02 E b

6.6

6.6

106

(REd(1) ) 6.7 6.7

V 01V 02V a V b 6.8 6.8 6.2.1 6.3

6.9 6.3

6.9

V M

M 0

107

6.2.2 -17 6.4-15

1 6.5 Saul 6.10 0 Nykane 6.11 -15

6.10

6.11

M (DD) t ()

()

6.46.5 -17 14.23-15 15.48 15 6.3 6.3.1-17 (1) 6.6 6.20

W/C 100% 6.10 7W/C=65% 6.13 6.15 14W/C=50%65%80%100% (2) 6.21 6.27 6.21 6.24W/C 6.25 6.27W/C

108

W/C (3) 6.28 6.34 6.28 6.31W/C 6.32 6.34W/C

W/C 6.3.2-15 (1) 6.35 6.37 100% 6.36 5 100% (2) 6.38

(3) 6.39

6.3.3(-17-15) 6.40 6.42 6.43 6.46 6.47 6.50 4

109

6.3.4 6.516.57

-15

-17-15

6.3.5

110

6.1

111

6.2

6.3

112

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

h

6.4(-17)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3

h

.5

6.5(-15)

113

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

%

Ed'

REd'

6.6 W/C=65%-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7

%

0

Ed'REd'

6.7 3W/C=65%-17

114

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9

%

0

Ed'REd'

6.8 5W/C=65%-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

%

Ed'Red'

6.9 7W/C=50%-17

115

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

%

Ed'Red'

6.10 7W/C=65%-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80

%

100

Ed'Red'

6.11 7W/C=80%-17

116

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

%

Ed'Red'

6.12 7W/C=110%-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

%

Ed'Red'

6.13 14W/C=50%-17

117

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

%

Ed'Red'

6.14 14W/C=65%-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200

%

Ed'Red'

6.15 14W/C=80%-17

118

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

%

Ed'Red'

6.16 14W/C=110%-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

%

Ed'Red'

6.17 28W/C=50%-17

119

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

%

Ed'Red'

6.18 28W/C=65%-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200

%

Ed'Red'

6.19 28W/C=80%-17

120

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

%

Ed'Red'

6.20 28W/C=110%-17

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

7

14

28

6.21 W/C=50%-17

121

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

13571428

6.22 W/C=65%-17

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

7

14

28

6.23 W/C=80%-17

122

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

((%)

71428

6.24 W/C=110%-17

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)((%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

6.25 7-17

123

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

6.26 14-17

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

((%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

6.27 28-17

124

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

7

14

28

6.28 W/C=50%-17

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

13571428

6.29 W/C=65%-17

125

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

7

14

28

6.30 W/C=80%-17

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

((%)

7

14

28

6.31 W/C=110%-17

126

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

50%65%80%110%

6.32 7-17

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

50%

65%

80%

110%

6.33 14-17

127

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

(%)

((%)

50%65%80%110%

6.34 28-17

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

%

Ed'REd'

6.35 3W/C=65%-15

128

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1

%

60

Ed'

REd'

6.36 5W/C=65%-15

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200

%

Ed'

REd'

6.37 7W/C=65%-15

129

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

3

5

7

6.38 W/C=65%-15

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

3

5

7

6.39 W/C=65%-15

130

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 8

%

0

-15

-17

6.40 3W/C=65%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

%

-15

-17

6.41 5W/C=65%

131

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200

%

-15

-17

6.42 7W/C=65%

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

6.43 W/C=65%

132

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

6.44 3W/C=65%

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

6.45 5W/C=65%

133

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

6.46 7W/C=65%

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)(%)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

6.47 W/C=65%

134

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

6.48 3W/C=65%

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

6.49 5W/C=65%

135

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

-15

-17

6.50 7W/C=65%

y = 15.066x - 56.816

R2 = 0.9141

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

(N/mm2)

50% 7 50% 14 50% 2865% 1 65% 3 65% 565% 7 65% 14 65% 2880% 7 80% 14 80% 28110% 7 110% 14 110% 28

6.51 -17

136

y = 14.334x - 35.141

R2 = 0.9326

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

(N/mm2)

50% 7 50% 14 50% 2865% 7 65% 14 65% 2880% 7 80% 14 80% 28110% 7 110% 14 110% 28

6.52 -17

y = 179.97x - 116.15

R2 = 0.9589

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3

(N/mm2)

.5

50% 7 50% 14 50% 2865% 7 65% 14 65% 2880% 7 80% 14 80% 28110% 7 110% 14 110% 28

6.53 -17

137

y = 36.33x - 311.79

R2 = 0.9789

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 5 10 15(N/mm2)

3

5

7

6.54 -15

y = 454.77x - 556.4

R2 = 0.9722

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 0.5 1 1.5(N/mm2)

2

3

5

7

6.55 -15

138

-17y = 29.557x - 258.57

R2 = 0.8848

-15y = 36.33x - 311.79

R2 = 0.9789

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 4 8 12 16(N/mm

2)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

6.56 W/C=65%

-17y = 394.47x - 493.82

R2 = 0.9989

y = 454.77x - 556.4

R2 = 0.9722

0

40

80

120

160

200

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0(N/mm

2)

-15 3 -15 5 -15 7

-17 3 -17 5 -17 7

6.57 W/C=65%

139

7

7.1

MEGAMIXKURALON K- 7.2 7.2.1 (1)

MEGAMIXW/P101214 12 1014%

KURALON K- 7.1

7.1 KURALON K- kg/m3 (g/m3)

AE

740 320 530 370 2.6 26

(2)

MEGAMIXMEGAMIX 10 40 KURALON K- AE 1 KURALON K- 1 1 (3) 50100mm4040160mm

140

7.2.2 JIS R 5201 5550mm

7.2.3 JIS A 1132 50100mmJIS A 1108 7.2.4 JIS A 1132 4040160mmJIS A 1106 7.2.5 (1) 7.2 10%12%14%MEGAMIXW/PECC KURALON K- W/P=10%12%14% (2) 7.3MEGAMIX 7.4 7 ECC MEGAMIX10% 7ECCMEGAMIX (3) 7.5MEGAMIX 7.6 7 MEGAMIXECCMEGAMIX

141

(4) MEGAMIX W/P=10%12% 14% W/P=14%ECC 7.3 7.3.1 MEGAMIXECC 7.2 50100()

3 7.2 100200mmMEGAMIX75

150mm100200mmW/P=14%MEGAMIX 7.1MEGAMIX

7.2

W/C AE

(cm) (%) (%) (kg/m3) (g/m3)

121.0 2.00.5 65 180 1000

MEGAMIX

MEGAMIX 7.1MEGAMIX

142

7.3.2 15 4.5 7 7.3.3 (1) 7.3 7.4

7.3

(N/mm2) 7 14 28

90 29

35.1 38.8 41.4 41.5 11.8

300 68

MX 17.5 19.6 22.8 4.61

150 41

ECC 40.3 44.2 46.0 54.5 26.1

7.4

(N/mm2)

90 29

2.32 0.991

300 68

MX 1.79 1.20

150 41

ECC 5.61 3.21

143

(2) 7.7 MX MEGAMIXECCMEGAMIXMEGAMIX 300 90%MEGAMIXW/P=14% (3) 7.8MEGAMIX ECC

ECC 102% 103%ECCMEGAMIX

(4) 7.9MEGAMIX ECC

ECC (5) 7.10 7.11MEGAMIX ECC

(6) 7.12MEGAMIX ECC

144

(7) 7.13MEGAMIX ECC

7.4 MEGAMIXECCECCMEGAMIXMEGAMIXW/P=14%

MEGAMIX 7 MEGAMIX

145

90

100

110

120

130

140

W/P=10% W/P=12% W/P=14% ECC

mm

015

7.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 7 14 21 28 35

()

(N/mm2 )

W/P=10%

W/P=12%

W/P=14%

7.3MEGAMIX

146

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

W/P=10% W/P=12% W/P=14% ECC

(N/mm2)

7.4( 7)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 7 14 21 28 35

()

(N/mm2)

W/P=10%

W/P=12%

W/P=14%

7.5MEGAMIX

147

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

W/P=10% W/P=12% W/P=14% ECC

(N/mm2)

7.6( 7)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

(%)

MX

ECC

7.7

148

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

%

MX

ECC

7.8

99

100

101

102

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

%

MX

ECC

7.9

149

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

98 99 100 101 102

MX

ECC

7.10

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

98 99 100 101 102

MX

ECC

7.11(2)

150

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

MX

ECC

7.12

98

99

100

101

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

MX

ECC

7.13

151

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80

%

100

Ed'REd'

7.14()

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

%

Ed'REd'

7.15(MX)

152

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

%

Ed'REd'

7.16(ECC)

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

MX

ECC

7.17

153

98

99

100

101

102

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

(%)

(%)

MX

ECC

7.18

154

8

8.1

(1) ,

(2)

(3)

155

(4),

65% 3

9.86N/mm21.35N/mm2

28110%

(5)

3 5

(6) 3 5 7 120

156

(7)

(8)

(9)MEGAMIXECC ECCMEGAMIXMEGAMIXW/P=14%

MEGAMIX 7 MEGAMIX (10)

157

1)(), No.62, pp.13~16, 1989 2)Vol.22,No.3,1984.3,pp3846

3)p92

4)LyseIDurability of Concrete in SeaWater,Jour.ACI,Vol.57,No.2,1961.6,pp.1575

15846

5)Vol.15,No.9,1977.9,pp.5

7

6)CzerninW()p.151

7)Vol.13,No.3,1975.3,pp.3344

8)

No432,1983.2,.29

9) 21

1966

10)Verbeck,G,R.Landgren:Influence of Physical Characteristics of Aggregates on Frost

Resistance of Concrete,Proc.ASTM,Vol.60,1960,pp.10631079

11)ACI committee 201:Guide to Durable Concrete,Jour.ACI,Vol.74,No.12,pp.537609

12)Macinnis,C,E.C.Lau:Maximum Aggregate Size Effect on Frost Resistance of

Concrete,Jour.ACI,Vol.68,No.2,1971.2,pp.144149

13)CzerninW()p.66,p.67

14) , , pp.15~25 15) , , No.317, 1973.7 16) ,,No.433, pp.7180,1991.8 17)

, 52, pp.221232,1997 18) 2,3 ,,pp.261263,1969 19),.pp.118121,1985 20),pp.349352,1983

21),,pp.815,1986.9 22), 608,2003 23)Vol.62 No.3pp.592-6052006.9 24)PowersT.C.A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete,J.ACIVol.16No.4pp.245-2721945.2 25)PowersT.C.Void Spacing as a Basis for Producing Air Entrained ConcreteJ. ACIVol.50No.46pp.741-7521958 26) AE Vol.11pp.405-4091967 27)Vol.7No.2pp.179-1861996.7

MCR 200 2 2

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