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8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
1/90
2009-2010
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i
, .
. 6
(). . .C.
.
. .
,
. . ,
.
.
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ii
.......................................................
.......................... ..
......................................................
1 ..........................................................1
1.0. C ...........................................1
1.1. C (C) ..1
1.2. C5
1.3. C .6
1.4. , ..6
1.5. ..7
2
2.0. C 8
2.1. .8
2.1.1. ..8
2.1.2. .12
2.1.3. / C (
).13
3 15
3.0. C ...........................................15
3.1. (C)
..15
3.2. (CB) 20
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iv
(
)..4
6.0. C .48
6.1. .48
6.1.1. ..48
6.1.2.
50
6.1.3. (
, )51
6.2. C .53
6.3. C.53
6.4. .54
6.5. .55
6.6. .56
6.7. C.57
.............................................59
A ...68
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1: ..162: ..34
3: C' A 384: 1 *** .40
5: 1 .41
6: 2 *** ..42
7: 2 *** .43
8: 3 .....45
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C
C B
A
:
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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vii
(, )
.
, . ,
(, , )
, ,
. 150
.
.
(, , )
,
.
.
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1
C : 1
1.0 C :
T .
T
/
. N,
(PC). T
.
1.1 C
T
. W
, , ,
(L ., 1962; A & S, 1998).
D A (1960), L, P, M, M, S
(1962), S (1965), R (1995)
. T
15 . I,
(S ., 2004; T & T, 2004).
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2
T ,
(Z 2007). P
( ) (M
R, 1997). A
(G ., 1994), (T F,
1998), (R M, 1995)
(M B, 1999).
I ,
, , ,
, . I ,
(R 1996). T
, (T,
1983). W , /
. N
,
(R & R 1994).
M
, (, ) /
(, , ). T
/ . M
W O P, ,
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3
(A & S, 1998).
S
, I
. P
.
F ( V
., 2003, R, 1990, 1995, T & A, 1998).
(CB)
(R R 1994).
(C)
(M R 1997).
: M
, , ,
. M
(T
F, 1998).
C
(M R, 1997; R, 1996;
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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T T, 2003; T & A, 1998, T F, 2000; S
., 2005; S, 2009; Z ., 2007).
T
P .
:
, ,
(R ., 2004).
: T
. T
,
(M B, P
., 2008).
T
. T
:
F,
W .. UK, USA, N, F, G, . T
/ A
. T W
A P, C, I, B, S
, , , .
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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5
S,
,
(B & O, 1983), PC
, , ,
(N, 2000).
T, /
MBA ,
(D ., 2006). T ,
.. , ( )
P.
1.2
R
. D ,
.
B , ,
, . I
'' ; ,
;
. M
. T
. I ,
. T
' , .
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1.3 C
T P
P (
, ) 1997. N P 30
. I P
.
1.4 G, , .
T P
,
. W
, HR
P,
/ .
F :
1. T (,
, ) P
.
2. T
P.
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7
K
A , ,
:
,
.
1.5 :
E . C 1
/
. I
. C 2
; , ,
,
. C 3
/ , .
I
.. . T
.
C 4 . I
,
, . C 5 . C 6
; , ,
, , ,
.
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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8
C : 2
E C C
2.0 C
T . F,
, S,
..
, T,
.
2.1 D C C
T . F
1930 1980,
. S
R 1989.
2.1.1 E A (C A) C
I ,
A (1960),L, P,
M, M, S (1962) S (1965) (M R, 1997;
R, 1996; Z ., 2007). A P
A (1960),
,
1930. M B (2000)
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.
A, B (1938),
,
. H
, ,
/ ( ) ,
, ,
( ) ,
. H
, ,
(B, 1938). B (1938)
,
M S (1958). M
S (1958) . T
. A
. W
,
.
T B (1938) M S (1958)
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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10
.
T M S (1958), A (1960)
..
. I
. A ,
. T
, . I
B (1938) M S (1958), A (1960)
. F, T T (2004),
A (1960)
,
. S,
B (1938).
S A (1960), L, P, M, M S (1962)
800 . T
. S B
(1938) M S (1958), L . (1962)
I
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11
. O
B (1938)
. B (1964)
. A B(1964),
, . H
;
, ,
, (B, 1962: B, 1964: 164).
I B (1964) B (1938)
,
.. .
F B (1964), S, (1965, 1970, 1980)
. A ,
, ,
. I S (1965,
1970, 1980)
(T T, 2004).
I , B (1938) S (1965)
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12
. T
. I
B (1938), S M (1958), B (1964) S (1965,
1970, 1980)
, ,
. T 1970 1980
K (1973)
(T T, 2004).
2.1.2 A C
T R (1989)
P (R, 1989). T
. R (1989)
..
. T
A I
E ( ). T
(..
) (.. ,
),
(R T, 1998; .679).
T ,
(M, 1985)
(R, 1995, R & ML P,
1993; R S, 2000; R & T, 1998; R, 1995). B
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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13
R ,
R
C S & K (2000), G, (1998), (1998),
M & R, (1997). T
. I , 1930
1980
(A, 1960, B, 1964, K, 1973,
S, 1965, 1970, 1980). T 1989
. R
(M B, 2000).
2.1.3 E A C / A
C ( )
I PC
. T
,
(D C ., 2005). A R
PC
. H,
( ) PC (.. G, 1998, 2004; T, & T, 2003). F,
PC ( C, & B, 2005,
),
(K, 1973) (R, 1990, 1995) (G, 1998;
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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14
ML P ., 1998). D ,
PC (V B, 2002 D C ., 2005). T PC ,
, , PC
, . H,
( )
, PC . I ,
PC
. F, PC
( D C ., 2005; C, & B, 2005).
F I
:
P
(/ ).
I ( )
.
M , .
PC .
PC .
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15
C : 3
C C
( , , )
3.0 C
T
O
. S (
) . T
,
( ).
3.1 C
:
O (, , )
,
(C & W, 1993). T
,
/
. M W O P,
,
(A & S,
1998). W
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16
, ,
(A & S, 1998).
A S (1998, T 1
.
C E
F S, , E,
F S, , U, ,
S ()
U T, , M ,
,
A ,
E
C, , E( ),
,
E
L, , E,
S , ,
C ,
C F, I
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,
( )
C O I ,
R, O
1:
T ''
'' . T , '
' , , ,
,
(A & S, 1998.)
E ,
, , , . T
. O
. T (.. R,
1995) .
O
. F,
() . E
. S,
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18
,
. I ,
(, ,
) (S, C & F,
1998). S &R (2007)
/
. S & R
. T
. I ,
. I
, ,
. T
, ,
( ,
) ,
' .A S & R (2007),
. V
/ ' '
, ,
. P '
,
. T . I /
' ',
. I
, (K, 1973).
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F, . T
, .
I , .
A, ,
. O , ,
(R, 1990). O .
T .
I
. T
, , ,
, . T,
, .
T S F (2007)
. T ,
,
, ,,
,
.
A S F (2007),
,
.
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20
3.2 C B
T . T
,
(P ., 2000; S ., 2004). I
,
. M ,
.
P C B (PCB)
(R
R, 1994). M R (1997)
PCB,
(M R, 1997; . 230).
I ,
(M, 1994). E
,
. I
,
( ). T
(M & R, 1997).
I
. P
..
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21
10%
..
,
,
(R M, 2000). I
PCB . M & R (1997)
PCB.
:
.
: ; R
M (2000),
,
.
:
. I
. T
.
T ..
.
T ..
.
T .
E ()
/
(R M, 2000).
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22
A
(G. ., 1994), (T F, 1998),
(G, 1998;
ML P K, 1994; R, 1990). T
,
(P ., 2000; S
., 2004). O ' ,
, (D, 1997, '
(G ., 1994)
(B C, 2005). I , R' (1996)
(L A, 2003; R M,
2000; T F, 1998). S M&A
(V D ., 2004),
/ ,
/
. O
, , , , .
(.. R&M. , 1995; G ., 1994). T,
PCB.
1 (, )
1 .
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3.3 CB
I
. P PCB
.. , .
C
C
, , , , ,
, . T
(Z ., 2007).
G
A , ,
.
W
. I
.
E
(Z ., 2007, . 656). T
.
T
, ,
,
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24
(Z ., 2007),
B
(Z ., 2007).
3.4 CB
R ,
, (R, 1996; R & R, 1994; G .,
1994; T & F, 2000; T, T, & T (2005);
, .
T , PC PCB
(C B, 2005; S, 2009; Z
., 2007). K ., (2004) PCB
.. (Z .,
2007). I PC, P (2009)
PCB .
T .. ,
, .. O C B
(OCB), , , P (2009)
PC
PCB . H,
PCB J
(Z ., 2007).
S . A ,
: ,
(Z ., 2007). H, PCB
, . (Z . 2007) A E T AET
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.
C , ,
; (Z ., 2007).
T : O
(L, K, C, R, & S, 1998).
3.4.1 (D)
T OID
(M A, 1992; .104). T
.. I
OID
(M A, 1992; . 106). I OID
(M & A, 1992); OID
,
(V M & B, 1984). K & A (2004)
W PCB
I. I (R ., 2008)
. T :
2
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3.4.2
T
. T
. A J (1997)
' .
F T (1989) ,
. I ,
(J ., 1993). W
(B, 2001; L A, 2003; R
M, 1995; R, 1995). R (1994: 140) ,
'
. H, ,
, , . W
: ) ,
, , ,
) , ,
. W
, (J ., 1993).
A , . I
, ( )
. I
(L, K, C, R, & S, 1998).
T, , ,
. T
(R R, 1994).
M, M&A, , /
(L ., 1996). S,
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27
(V K V L, 2001). A V
D . (2004) ,
,
. T, : D M&A,
.
2
3.5 C
P PC (
)
(R, 1995). L
, ,
. L
(V K H, 2003). I
, (
)
(D
M ., 1997).
O
,
PC .
M,
(/ ).
I LM E (LMX) ,
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,
. T LMX
, , LMX
(
, )
( ,
). M
. S
,
.
T LMX , ,
, LMX
(G & D, 1997;
S, C, & C, 1999). K (2004) LMX
, R
. B L (1990) ,
.
F '
. B ,
. T
,
. R,
. O
,
(S B, 1990).
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B
, , ,
H 3
.
3.6 H:
H 1:
H 1: D CB
H 2: CB D
H2: CB
H3:
CB
3.7 :
1. W P
, ?
2. H
?
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3.8
B , .
1
,
&
CB
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C : 4
D &
4.0 C
T
.. , ,
. T (P)
. I
;
.
4.1 B
P S A, S
A S A C A ( A VI). P
S A 140
. P GDP 5% 200304.
M ,
.
T P C B, D F
I (DFI), M B (MFB), N F C (NBFC)
( , I B, D H, H F C, V
C C, M F), M, S E I C.
U B,
D F I (DFI), M B (MFB)
S B P
S E C C I.
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T S B P (T )
. D 1997
, S
. S
.
T P : 1) 2)
I, P ,
P ( ) 30
. B P 5
(CY200005) , .
T P (, ,
);
P ,
, ,
.
F I P,
P (, ,
). I P
.
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4.2 &
A
( ) ( ,
, , ), ,
, 200 . B
4 P
PD N ( P), I
B .
I P E ,
. E
, P
E. T , I
. F, (
III) 400 (200 200
) ( U T),
,
( I). O T
400 , 150 ,
7.5% 67.5%. A
,
P. T 17% 83% 26 29. T 60 %
( , , (15% , 25%
90 %
, 9% .
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34
T .
2: D
4.3
A L
(1) (5). S
. F
. (S A III).
:
D ( , )
W H. T D C. F.,
: H
2 ? I
(=.837).
A E D
20
40% B 9% B
15%
83%
30
38% 90%
25%
F
17%
40
22% ./D 1% C, ,
,
F.E
60%
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35
:
F , MLQ I B & A (1995) .
I (=.74).
C B (CB)
B
S R M (2000). T
. I
(S, 2009),
(R M, 2000). A S B
(R). I C
( =.650).
(D)
H .
OID M A (1992). A
, I B, I . I
( =.892).
:
I
3 M O A Q
(C , 1979). T . T
, (=.791).
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36
C
E , , , (W ,
. S
, B PCB
(B , 2008; R , 2004; R, 1996, S, 2009). T
: 1 = , 2 = ; ,
1 = 25
25 7 = 50 ; D 1 =
, 2 = , 3 = (, , ,
1 = , 2 = M, 3 = M., 4= PD/D.
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C : 5
D A
5.0 C :
T , (
)
.
5.1 D AI , .. ,
, , , , L
SPSS.
5.1.1
A 150
, , . T,
150
.. S K +1 1,
(REST2, JS3, TRNI3, LSTYLE1, LSTYLE2, LSTYLE3) S K
+1 1, (A IV).
I ,
(.. =
.001); 7 (10, 15, 57, 115, 117, 146) = .001.
N 6
S . T
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38
+1.5 1.5 +3 3. I 150
NN.
I
. B
, REST (3 ), PCB (5 ), OI (6
), TRNI (3 ) LSTYLE (3 ) ,
: REST ( ,
C' A ( A IV) 3. O
(REST, PCB,OI, TRNI, LSTYLE) ,
(RESTSUM, PCBSUM, OISUM, TRNISUM, LSTYLE1).
E CB E
=.837 =.650 = .892 =.791 =.74
3: CAlpha
5.1.2 AH . I
,
. T,
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39
ANOVA
(P, 2009). F ,
P ANOVA
. T
. K ,
. F
.
5.1.3 H &
5.1.3.1 H 1 ( CB)
H1 (REST) (PCB),
, PCB SUM
, , , & (SEXN, EDUN, DESG, N,
) 1,
.. P (DESGN) PCB,
(=.236
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40
M
S
B S. R R S C
F
1
P .236 .004 .136 .136 5.698
2P
.174 .023
RESTSUM .360 .000
.257 .121 23.480
4: 1***
* 0.05 ; ** 0.01 ; *** .001
1 2
. (), , , ,
. (), , , , ,
1***
5.1.3.2 H 1 ( CB
)
H1 (PCB),
. F , RESTSUM
(, ),
1.
S (=.322
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41
S
B S.
1
.332
.000
2 .332 .000
5: 1 .
. (), , , ,
.
1
5.1.3.3 H 2 ( CB D)
H 2 PCB
, , OISUM
, , ,
& ( SEXN, EDUN, DESG,N, )
, (DESGN)
OI, (=.148; =
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42
I OISUM. A
: 2 PCB ( =.588;
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TRNI (=.219; =.006, = .168; =.051) . T R . 124
R .124.
I TRNISUM PCBSUM
, (=.390;=.000),
PCB SUM TRNI SUM. I
G (=.232; =.002, =
.177; =.027). R .255 R .131.
A 3 PCB ( =.390;
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. (), , , , ,
2 ***
5.1.3.5 H 3( CB
)
H3 , PCB
(RESTSUM)
(A & W, 1991; B & K, 1986; C,
C, W, & A, 2003; J, T, & W, 1990) I
. H
,
(B K, 1986).
M (.. )
(C, 1991; J ., 1990).
H 1 , I
(PCBSUM) (RESTSUM),
(L1) , , ,
& (SEXN, EDUN, DESG, N, A)
( *)
( ) .
T 7 ,
(SEXN, EDUN, DESGN, A)
(PCBSUM), (=.59, .189,
.168, .074) (=
8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf
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45
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RESTSUM .282 .000
LSTYLE1 .335 .000
2G .075 .252
L
.201 .005
P .147 .033
A .070 .333
RESTSUM .475 .000
LSTYLE1 .123 .193
modr_catg_new(RESTSUM*
LSTYLE1)
.326 .001
.404
8: 3***
* 0.05 ; ** 0.01 ; *** .001
1 2
. : (C), E, G, A, , 1,
.
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. : (C), E, G , , , ,
, modr_catg_new
. D : CB
B =
3***
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C : 6
D
(, , , )
6.0 C
T
. T
. D
.
6.1 D
O, . 1. T
(, ,
), P
.
2. T
P.
6.1.1 ()
.
P (G, 1998; ML P
K, 1994; R, 1990). T
,
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49
(P
., 2000; S ., 2004). S .. (R', 1996)
(L A, 2003; R M, 2000;
T F, 1998). T, ,
P
. T
1
PCB (= .360;
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50
PC . T ,
PC .
6.1.2
.
O,
. P
()
,
(R, 1995). B L (1990)
( )
.
T
. T
3 (, , &
) P,
(PCB).
R
(S & B, 1990).
O
,
(.., )
, (J ., 1990).
I PCB
( = .335; < 0.001) ( = .326 < 0.5). I
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, P ,
(, , & )
PCB
PCB.
6.1.3 (
, )
T ..
P.
O
PCB
P. I P
,
M A (1992), A (2004),
PCB . T
. P
( =.588;
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A, L. S., & W, S. G. (1991). M : T .
, CA: .
A, N. & , R (1998), T ,
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B, R. M., & K, D. A. (1986), T
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(HC C &CJ F. (2005), A
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M J G, G H & S H. . N Y: J W & S, 1958. 262.
ML P, J., & S, D. A. (1994), W : I
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MK W, S AG(2000), S
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P J, M G, B P, MG J. (2000),C : '
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P J, M G, MG J. (2003) T
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R S.D, H M.J., B P. E S.R. (2008), E P
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R SL, M EW. (2000), T
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R DM. (1989),P , E
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R DM. (1990), N : A
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: .
R DM. (2000), P U S: D, ,
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,
, V. 24, . 136160.
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, B, 24: 585608.
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: ,
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V D R, W U, L G.( 2004) T
, E ,13(2):12138.
V K D, V L E.( 2001) S
. I: H MA, T DJ, . S
. P: P P; . 24964.
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A &
(C )
D S/M
I P H R M U T,
ET N. I '
.
I
.
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5 7 .
://../S.?=9755740456224727747382
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SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCEOPERATIONS ORGANIZATION AND HUMAN RESOURGES
ffi\***To
Your ref.:Our ref.:Date: 12-01-2010Phone: +31 53489 3480Fax +31 534892159E-mail: [email protected]
Dear Mr/Mrs,Enclosed you will find a hyperlink to a zurvey. This survey is an essential part of theMBA-thesis of Sumayia Syed.The rezults will be communicated among the participating companies.On behalf of the University of Twente (the Netherlands), I kindly request you tocomplete the questionnaire.By this, you are helping research and education in the important topic of the impact ofworkplace transformations on the psychologicai contract of employees. This part ofthe worldwide ongoing research is taken place in the banking industry in Pakistan.Thanks in advance.
Department of Operations, Organization and Human Resources
HRM
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A
()
Please, do not mention your bank name or your name
Please select your desired response Strongly
disagree
Disagree
either
Agreenor
disagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
01 Has your bank initiated a significant layoff/Quit in the past3 years? 1 2 3 4 5
02 Has your bank undergone significant
reorganization in the past 3 years?1 2 3 4 5
03 Has your bank merged with or been acquired by
another bank in the past 3 years? 1 2 3 4 5
04 Almost all the promises made by my bank during recruitment
have been kept so far.
1 2 3 4 5
05 I feel that my bank has come through in fulfilling the promisesmade to me when i was hired. 1 2 3 4 5
06 So far my bank has done an excellent job of fulfilling its
promises to me.1 2 3 4 5
07 I have not received everything promised to me in exchange for
my contributions. 1 2 3 4 5
08 My bank has broken many of its promises to me even though ihave fulfilled my obligations.
1 2 3 4 5
09 All in all, I am satisfied with my job.1 2 3 4 5
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10 In general, I do not like my job.
1 2 3 4 5
11 In general, I like working here.
1 2 3 4 5
12 When somebody criticizes my bank, I feel it like a personal
insult. 1 2 3 4 5
13 I am very interested in what others think about my bank. 1 2 3 4 5
14 When I talk about my, I usually say rather we rather than they. 1 2 3 4 5
15 My bank successes are my successes. 1 2 3 4 5
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Please select the appropriate choice
Gender: Male Female
Education:select the highest educational degree.
Bachelors Masters M.Phil Doctorate
Designation: General Manager Operational manager others __________
Age: 25 or less than 25 years
26 to 30 years31 to 35 years36 to 40 years
41 to 45 years
46 to 50 years
Greater than 50 years
16 When someone praises my bank, I feel it like a personalcompliment
1 2 3 4 5
17 If a story in the media criticized my bank, I would feelembarrassed /uncomfortable.
1 2 3 4 5
18 I will likely actively look for a new job in the next year.1 2 3 4 5
19
I often think about quitting. 1 2 3 4 5
20 I probably look for a new job in the next year..
1 2 3 4 5
21 My manager instills pride in me for being associated with
him/her.1 2 3 4 5
22My manager talksoptimisticall about future. 1 2 3 4 5
23 My manager Keeps track
of all mistakes.1 2 3 4 5
24 My manager provides me with assistance in exchange for my
efforts.
1 2 3 4 5
25 My manager avoids getting involved when important issues
arise. 1 2 3 4 5
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A
(D )
N Mean Std. Deviationskewness Kertosis
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic
Has your bank initiated a
significant layoff/quit in the
past three years.
150 3.63 1.255 -.905 -.359
Has your bank undergone
significant reorganization in
the past three years?
150 4.04 1.181 -1.293 .662
Has your bank merged with
or been acquired by another
bank in the past three years?
150 3.70 1.268 -.839 -.463
PCB1R 150 3.10 1.214 -.148 -1.028
I feel that my bank has come
through in fulfilling the
promises made to me when i
was hired
150 3.33 1.190 -.488 -.900
So far my bank has done an
excellent job of fulfilling its
promises to me.
150 3.25 1.275 -.369 -1.075
I have not received
everything promise to me in
exchange for my contribution
150 3.43 1.206 -.384 -1.029
My bank has broken many
of its promises to me even
though i have fulfilled my
obligations
150 3.82 1.153 -.812 -.468
All in all i am satisfied with
my job
150 2.57 1.277 .487 -.920
In general i do not like my
job
150 3.01 1.201 -.272 -.924
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In general , I like working in
this bank
150 2.97 2.190 5.997 56.635
when somebody criticizes....
person insult
150 2.73 1.241 .692 -.193
I am very interested ....what
orher think about my bank
150 2.667 1.2188 .687 .081
when i talk about ...we rather
than Ithey
150 2.72 1.210 .440 -.864
my bank successes are my
successes
150 2.49 1.145 .726 -.314
when someone preaises....
personal compliment
150 2.75 1.183 .382 -.821
If a story in a media criticized
my bank ......feel
uncomfortable
150 2.85 1.083 .329 -.322
I will likely activily look for
new job in the next year
150 3.81 1.328 -.941 -.377
I often think about quitting 150 3.77 1.227 -.817 -.479
I probably look for a new job
next year
150 3.49 1.374 -.473 -1.154
My mananger pride in me for
being associted with him
150 2.56 1.435 .506 -1.203
My manager talk
optimistically about future
150 2.61 1.361 .355 -1.237
My manager keep track of all
the mistakes
150 3.03 1.348 .039 -1.379
My manager provides me
with assistance in exchange
for my efforts
150 2.47 1.162 .913 -.160
My manager avoids getting
involved when important
issues arise
150 3.21 1.379 -.220 -1.373
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(D)
Reliability Statistics (REST)
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.837 .837 3
Reliability Statistics(PCB)
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.650 .650 5
Cronbachs
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Standardized
Items
N of Items
.892 .892 6
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Reliability Statistics(TRNI)
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.791 .791 3
Reliability Statistics(LSTYLE)
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.741 .738 3
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A (F )
E: ( ) /
,
= .837.
1. H 2 ?
2. H 2 ?
3. H
I 2 ?
CB: ( )
, I = .650.
1. A
(R).
2. I I (R).
3. S (R).
4. I .
5. M
.
( )
, .892
1. W , I
2. I .
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3. W I , I .
4. M .
5. W , .
6. I , I .
( )
= .791
1. I .
2. I .
3. I .
E ( )
= .74.
1. M .
2. M .
3. M .
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A
(B F F )
B F
O I R O P
C I
A 796,095
307,374
P 176,242,950 ( 2009 )
P 1.95 ( 2009 )
P 2025 228,880,744 ( 2009 )
P 226 ( 2009 )
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/
S U 37 ( 2009 )
S R 65 ( 2009 )
O U
(E )
R S, P, P, B, S.
A
S M 77%
S M 20%
C, H
3%
H
L
64.5 (( 2009 )
M
65.6 ( 2009 )
F 63.4 ( 2009 )
I 65 1,000 (2009)
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80
E
G P (GDP, U.S.$)
$ 143 (2007)
GDP (U.S.$) $ 879.40
GDP
A, , 20.6
I 26.6%S 52.8%
A
S, , , , ,
P, , , , , ,
1 P (P), 100
T, , , , , ,
C , , ; ; , ,
.
T 54.9%
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M, , , ,
, ,
U S, U A E, U K, G, H K SAR
U A E, S A, K, U S, J
E E, 2009