z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    1/90

    2009-2010

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    2/90

    i

    , .

    . 6

    (). . .C.

    .

    . .

    ,

    . . ,

    .

    .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    3/90

    ii

    .......................................................

    .......................... ..

    ......................................................

    1 ..........................................................1

    1.0. C ...........................................1

    1.1. C (C) ..1

    1.2. C5

    1.3. C .6

    1.4. , ..6

    1.5. ..7

    2

    2.0. C 8

    2.1. .8

    2.1.1. ..8

    2.1.2. .12

    2.1.3. / C (

    ).13

    3 15

    3.0. C ...........................................15

    3.1. (C)

    ..15

    3.2. (CB) 20

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    4/90

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    5/90

    iv

    (

    )..4

    6.0. C .48

    6.1. .48

    6.1.1. ..48

    6.1.2.

    50

    6.1.3. (

    , )51

    6.2. C .53

    6.3. C.53

    6.4. .54

    6.5. .55

    6.6. .56

    6.7. C.57

    .............................................59

    A ...68

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    6/90

    v

    1: ..162: ..34

    3: C' A 384: 1 *** .40

    5: 1 .41

    6: 2 *** ..42

    7: 2 *** .43

    8: 3 .....45

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    7/90

    vi

    C

    C B

    A

    :

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    8/90

    vii

    (, )

    .

    , . ,

    (, , )

    , ,

    . 150

    .

    .

    (, , )

    ,

    .

    .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    9/90

    1

    C : 1

    1.0 C :

    T .

    T

    /

    . N,

    (PC). T

    .

    1.1 C

    T

    . W

    , , ,

    (L ., 1962; A & S, 1998).

    D A (1960), L, P, M, M, S

    (1962), S (1965), R (1995)

    . T

    15 . I,

    (S ., 2004; T & T, 2004).

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    10/90

    2

    T ,

    (Z 2007). P

    ( ) (M

    R, 1997). A

    (G ., 1994), (T F,

    1998), (R M, 1995)

    (M B, 1999).

    I ,

    , , ,

    , . I ,

    (R 1996). T

    , (T,

    1983). W , /

    . N

    ,

    (R & R 1994).

    M

    , (, ) /

    (, , ). T

    / . M

    W O P, ,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    11/90

    3

    (A & S, 1998).

    S

    , I

    . P

    .

    F ( V

    ., 2003, R, 1990, 1995, T & A, 1998).

    (CB)

    (R R 1994).

    (C)

    (M R 1997).

    : M

    , , ,

    . M

    (T

    F, 1998).

    C

    (M R, 1997; R, 1996;

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    12/90

    4

    T T, 2003; T & A, 1998, T F, 2000; S

    ., 2005; S, 2009; Z ., 2007).

    T

    P .

    :

    , ,

    (R ., 2004).

    : T

    . T

    ,

    (M B, P

    ., 2008).

    T

    . T

    :

    F,

    W .. UK, USA, N, F, G, . T

    / A

    . T W

    A P, C, I, B, S

    , , , .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    13/90

    5

    S,

    ,

    (B & O, 1983), PC

    , , ,

    (N, 2000).

    T, /

    MBA ,

    (D ., 2006). T ,

    .. , ( )

    P.

    1.2

    R

    . D ,

    .

    B , ,

    , . I

    '' ; ,

    ;

    . M

    . T

    . I ,

    . T

    ' , .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    14/90

    6

    1.3 C

    T P

    P (

    , ) 1997. N P 30

    . I P

    .

    1.4 G, , .

    T P

    ,

    . W

    , HR

    P,

    / .

    F :

    1. T (,

    , ) P

    .

    2. T

    P.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    15/90

    7

    K

    A , ,

    :

    ,

    .

    1.5 :

    E . C 1

    /

    . I

    . C 2

    ; , ,

    ,

    . C 3

    / , .

    I

    .. . T

    .

    C 4 . I

    ,

    , . C 5 . C 6

    ; , ,

    , , ,

    .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    16/90

    8

    C : 2

    E C C

    2.0 C

    T . F,

    , S,

    ..

    , T,

    .

    2.1 D C C

    T . F

    1930 1980,

    . S

    R 1989.

    2.1.1 E A (C A) C

    I ,

    A (1960),L, P,

    M, M, S (1962) S (1965) (M R, 1997;

    R, 1996; Z ., 2007). A P

    A (1960),

    ,

    1930. M B (2000)

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    17/90

    9

    .

    A, B (1938),

    ,

    . H

    , ,

    / ( ) ,

    , ,

    ( ) ,

    . H

    , ,

    (B, 1938). B (1938)

    ,

    M S (1958). M

    S (1958) . T

    . A

    . W

    ,

    .

    T B (1938) M S (1958)

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    18/90

    10

    .

    T M S (1958), A (1960)

    ..

    . I

    . A ,

    . T

    , . I

    B (1938) M S (1958), A (1960)

    . F, T T (2004),

    A (1960)

    ,

    . S,

    B (1938).

    S A (1960), L, P, M, M S (1962)

    800 . T

    . S B

    (1938) M S (1958), L . (1962)

    I

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    19/90

    11

    . O

    B (1938)

    . B (1964)

    . A B(1964),

    , . H

    ;

    , ,

    , (B, 1962: B, 1964: 164).

    I B (1964) B (1938)

    ,

    .. .

    F B (1964), S, (1965, 1970, 1980)

    . A ,

    , ,

    . I S (1965,

    1970, 1980)

    (T T, 2004).

    I , B (1938) S (1965)

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    20/90

    12

    . T

    . I

    B (1938), S M (1958), B (1964) S (1965,

    1970, 1980)

    , ,

    . T 1970 1980

    K (1973)

    (T T, 2004).

    2.1.2 A C

    T R (1989)

    P (R, 1989). T

    . R (1989)

    ..

    . T

    A I

    E ( ). T

    (..

    ) (.. ,

    ),

    (R T, 1998; .679).

    T ,

    (M, 1985)

    (R, 1995, R & ML P,

    1993; R S, 2000; R & T, 1998; R, 1995). B

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    21/90

    13

    R ,

    R

    C S & K (2000), G, (1998), (1998),

    M & R, (1997). T

    . I , 1930

    1980

    (A, 1960, B, 1964, K, 1973,

    S, 1965, 1970, 1980). T 1989

    . R

    (M B, 2000).

    2.1.3 E A C / A

    C ( )

    I PC

    . T

    ,

    (D C ., 2005). A R

    PC

    . H,

    ( ) PC (.. G, 1998, 2004; T, & T, 2003). F,

    PC ( C, & B, 2005,

    ),

    (K, 1973) (R, 1990, 1995) (G, 1998;

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    22/90

    14

    ML P ., 1998). D ,

    PC (V B, 2002 D C ., 2005). T PC ,

    , , PC

    , . H,

    ( )

    , PC . I ,

    PC

    . F, PC

    ( D C ., 2005; C, & B, 2005).

    F I

    :

    P

    (/ ).

    I ( )

    .

    M , .

    PC .

    PC .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    23/90

    15

    C : 3

    C C

    ( , , )

    3.0 C

    T

    O

    . S (

    ) . T

    ,

    ( ).

    3.1 C

    :

    O (, , )

    ,

    (C & W, 1993). T

    ,

    /

    . M W O P,

    ,

    (A & S,

    1998). W

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    24/90

    16

    , ,

    (A & S, 1998).

    A S (1998, T 1

    .

    C E

    F S, , E,

    F S, , U, ,

    S ()

    U T, , M ,

    ,

    A ,

    E

    C, , E( ),

    ,

    E

    L, , E,

    S , ,

    C ,

    C F, I

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    25/90

    17

    ,

    ( )

    C O I ,

    R, O

    1:

    T ''

    '' . T , '

    ' , , ,

    ,

    (A & S, 1998.)

    E ,

    , , , . T

    . O

    . T (.. R,

    1995) .

    O

    . F,

    () . E

    . S,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    26/90

    18

    ,

    . I ,

    (, ,

    ) (S, C & F,

    1998). S &R (2007)

    /

    . S & R

    . T

    . I ,

    . I

    , ,

    . T

    , ,

    ( ,

    ) ,

    ' .A S & R (2007),

    . V

    / ' '

    , ,

    . P '

    ,

    . T . I /

    ' ',

    . I

    , (K, 1973).

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    27/90

    19

    F, . T

    , .

    I , .

    A, ,

    . O , ,

    (R, 1990). O .

    T .

    I

    . T

    , , ,

    , . T,

    , .

    T S F (2007)

    . T ,

    ,

    , ,,

    ,

    .

    A S F (2007),

    ,

    .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    28/90

    20

    3.2 C B

    T . T

    ,

    (P ., 2000; S ., 2004). I

    ,

    . M ,

    .

    P C B (PCB)

    (R

    R, 1994). M R (1997)

    PCB,

    (M R, 1997; . 230).

    I ,

    (M, 1994). E

    ,

    . I

    ,

    ( ). T

    (M & R, 1997).

    I

    . P

    ..

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    29/90

    21

    10%

    ..

    ,

    ,

    (R M, 2000). I

    PCB . M & R (1997)

    PCB.

    :

    .

    : ; R

    M (2000),

    ,

    .

    :

    . I

    . T

    .

    T ..

    .

    T ..

    .

    T .

    E ()

    /

    (R M, 2000).

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    30/90

    22

    A

    (G. ., 1994), (T F, 1998),

    (G, 1998;

    ML P K, 1994; R, 1990). T

    ,

    (P ., 2000; S

    ., 2004). O ' ,

    , (D, 1997, '

    (G ., 1994)

    (B C, 2005). I , R' (1996)

    (L A, 2003; R M,

    2000; T F, 1998). S M&A

    (V D ., 2004),

    / ,

    /

    . O

    , , , , .

    (.. R&M. , 1995; G ., 1994). T,

    PCB.

    1 (, )

    1 .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    31/90

    23

    3.3 CB

    I

    . P PCB

    .. , .

    C

    C

    , , , , ,

    , . T

    (Z ., 2007).

    G

    A , ,

    .

    W

    . I

    .

    E

    (Z ., 2007, . 656). T

    .

    T

    , ,

    ,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    32/90

    24

    (Z ., 2007),

    B

    (Z ., 2007).

    3.4 CB

    R ,

    , (R, 1996; R & R, 1994; G .,

    1994; T & F, 2000; T, T, & T (2005);

    , .

    T , PC PCB

    (C B, 2005; S, 2009; Z

    ., 2007). K ., (2004) PCB

    .. (Z .,

    2007). I PC, P (2009)

    PCB .

    T .. ,

    , .. O C B

    (OCB), , , P (2009)

    PC

    PCB . H,

    PCB J

    (Z ., 2007).

    S . A ,

    : ,

    (Z ., 2007). H, PCB

    , . (Z . 2007) A E T AET

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    33/90

    25

    .

    C , ,

    ; (Z ., 2007).

    T : O

    (L, K, C, R, & S, 1998).

    3.4.1 (D)

    T OID

    (M A, 1992; .104). T

    .. I

    OID

    (M A, 1992; . 106). I OID

    (M & A, 1992); OID

    ,

    (V M & B, 1984). K & A (2004)

    W PCB

    I. I (R ., 2008)

    . T :

    2

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    34/90

    26

    3.4.2

    T

    . T

    . A J (1997)

    ' .

    F T (1989) ,

    . I ,

    (J ., 1993). W

    (B, 2001; L A, 2003; R

    M, 1995; R, 1995). R (1994: 140) ,

    '

    . H, ,

    , , . W

    : ) ,

    , , ,

    ) , ,

    . W

    , (J ., 1993).

    A , . I

    , ( )

    . I

    (L, K, C, R, & S, 1998).

    T, , ,

    . T

    (R R, 1994).

    M, M&A, , /

    (L ., 1996). S,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    35/90

    27

    (V K V L, 2001). A V

    D . (2004) ,

    ,

    . T, : D M&A,

    .

    2

    3.5 C

    P PC (

    )

    (R, 1995). L

    , ,

    . L

    (V K H, 2003). I

    , (

    )

    (D

    M ., 1997).

    O

    ,

    PC .

    M,

    (/ ).

    I LM E (LMX) ,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    36/90

    28

    ,

    . T LMX

    , , LMX

    (

    , )

    ( ,

    ). M

    . S

    ,

    .

    T LMX , ,

    , LMX

    (G & D, 1997;

    S, C, & C, 1999). K (2004) LMX

    , R

    . B L (1990) ,

    .

    F '

    . B ,

    . T

    ,

    . R,

    . O

    ,

    (S B, 1990).

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    37/90

    29

    B

    , , ,

    H 3

    .

    3.6 H:

    H 1:

    H 1: D CB

    H 2: CB D

    H2: CB

    H3:

    CB

    3.7 :

    1. W P

    , ?

    2. H

    ?

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    38/90

    30

    3.8

    B , .

    1

    ,

    &

    CB

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    39/90

    31

    C : 4

    D &

    4.0 C

    T

    .. , ,

    . T (P)

    . I

    ;

    .

    4.1 B

    P S A, S

    A S A C A ( A VI). P

    S A 140

    . P GDP 5% 200304.

    M ,

    .

    T P C B, D F

    I (DFI), M B (MFB), N F C (NBFC)

    ( , I B, D H, H F C, V

    C C, M F), M, S E I C.

    U B,

    D F I (DFI), M B (MFB)

    S B P

    S E C C I.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    40/90

    32

    T S B P (T )

    . D 1997

    , S

    . S

    .

    T P : 1) 2)

    I, P ,

    P ( ) 30

    . B P 5

    (CY200005) , .

    T P (, ,

    );

    P ,

    , ,

    .

    F I P,

    P (, ,

    ). I P

    .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    41/90

    33

    4.2 &

    A

    ( ) ( ,

    , , ), ,

    , 200 . B

    4 P

    PD N ( P), I

    B .

    I P E ,

    . E

    , P

    E. T , I

    . F, (

    III) 400 (200 200

    ) ( U T),

    ,

    ( I). O T

    400 , 150 ,

    7.5% 67.5%. A

    ,

    P. T 17% 83% 26 29. T 60 %

    ( , , (15% , 25%

    90 %

    , 9% .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    42/90

    34

    T .

    2: D

    4.3

    A L

    (1) (5). S

    . F

    . (S A III).

    :

    D ( , )

    W H. T D C. F.,

    : H

    2 ? I

    (=.837).

    A E D

    20

    40% B 9% B

    15%

    83%

    30

    38% 90%

    25%

    F

    17%

    40

    22% ./D 1% C, ,

    ,

    F.E

    60%

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    43/90

    35

    :

    F , MLQ I B & A (1995) .

    I (=.74).

    C B (CB)

    B

    S R M (2000). T

    . I

    (S, 2009),

    (R M, 2000). A S B

    (R). I C

    ( =.650).

    (D)

    H .

    OID M A (1992). A

    , I B, I . I

    ( =.892).

    :

    I

    3 M O A Q

    (C , 1979). T . T

    , (=.791).

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    44/90

    36

    C

    E , , , (W ,

    . S

    , B PCB

    (B , 2008; R , 2004; R, 1996, S, 2009). T

    : 1 = , 2 = ; ,

    1 = 25

    25 7 = 50 ; D 1 =

    , 2 = , 3 = (, , ,

    1 = , 2 = M, 3 = M., 4= PD/D.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    45/90

    37

    C : 5

    D A

    5.0 C :

    T , (

    )

    .

    5.1 D AI , .. ,

    , , , , L

    SPSS.

    5.1.1

    A 150

    , , . T,

    150

    .. S K +1 1,

    (REST2, JS3, TRNI3, LSTYLE1, LSTYLE2, LSTYLE3) S K

    +1 1, (A IV).

    I ,

    (.. =

    .001); 7 (10, 15, 57, 115, 117, 146) = .001.

    N 6

    S . T

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    46/90

    38

    +1.5 1.5 +3 3. I 150

    NN.

    I

    . B

    , REST (3 ), PCB (5 ), OI (6

    ), TRNI (3 ) LSTYLE (3 ) ,

    : REST ( ,

    C' A ( A IV) 3. O

    (REST, PCB,OI, TRNI, LSTYLE) ,

    (RESTSUM, PCBSUM, OISUM, TRNISUM, LSTYLE1).

    E CB E

    =.837 =.650 = .892 =.791 =.74

    3: CAlpha

    5.1.2 AH . I

    ,

    . T,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    47/90

    39

    ANOVA

    (P, 2009). F ,

    P ANOVA

    . T

    . K ,

    . F

    .

    5.1.3 H &

    5.1.3.1 H 1 ( CB)

    H1 (REST) (PCB),

    , PCB SUM

    , , , & (SEXN, EDUN, DESG, N,

    ) 1,

    .. P (DESGN) PCB,

    (=.236

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    48/90

    40

    M

    S

    B S. R R S C

    F

    1

    P .236 .004 .136 .136 5.698

    2P

    .174 .023

    RESTSUM .360 .000

    .257 .121 23.480

    4: 1***

    * 0.05 ; ** 0.01 ; *** .001

    1 2

    . (), , , ,

    . (), , , , ,

    1***

    5.1.3.2 H 1 ( CB

    )

    H1 (PCB),

    . F , RESTSUM

    (, ),

    1.

    S (=.322

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    49/90

    41

    S

    B S.

    1

    .332

    .000

    2 .332 .000

    5: 1 .

    . (), , , ,

    .

    1

    5.1.3.3 H 2 ( CB D)

    H 2 PCB

    , , OISUM

    , , ,

    & ( SEXN, EDUN, DESG,N, )

    , (DESGN)

    OI, (=.148; =

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    50/90

    42

    I OISUM. A

    : 2 PCB ( =.588;

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    51/90

    43

    TRNI (=.219; =.006, = .168; =.051) . T R . 124

    R .124.

    I TRNISUM PCBSUM

    , (=.390;=.000),

    PCB SUM TRNI SUM. I

    G (=.232; =.002, =

    .177; =.027). R .255 R .131.

    A 3 PCB ( =.390;

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    52/90

    44

    . (), , , , ,

    2 ***

    5.1.3.5 H 3( CB

    )

    H3 , PCB

    (RESTSUM)

    (A & W, 1991; B & K, 1986; C,

    C, W, & A, 2003; J, T, & W, 1990) I

    . H

    ,

    (B K, 1986).

    M (.. )

    (C, 1991; J ., 1990).

    H 1 , I

    (PCBSUM) (RESTSUM),

    (L1) , , ,

    & (SEXN, EDUN, DESG, N, A)

    ( *)

    ( ) .

    T 7 ,

    (SEXN, EDUN, DESGN, A)

    (PCBSUM), (=.59, .189,

    .168, .074) (=

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    53/90

    45

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    54/90

    46

    RESTSUM .282 .000

    LSTYLE1 .335 .000

    2G .075 .252

    L

    .201 .005

    P .147 .033

    A .070 .333

    RESTSUM .475 .000

    LSTYLE1 .123 .193

    modr_catg_new(RESTSUM*

    LSTYLE1)

    .326 .001

    .404

    8: 3***

    * 0.05 ; ** 0.01 ; *** .001

    1 2

    . : (C), E, G, A, , 1,

    .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    55/90

    47

    . : (C), E, G , , , ,

    , modr_catg_new

    . D : CB

    B =

    3***

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    56/90

    48

    C : 6

    D

    (, , , )

    6.0 C

    T

    . T

    . D

    .

    6.1 D

    O, . 1. T

    (, ,

    ), P

    .

    2. T

    P.

    6.1.1 ()

    .

    P (G, 1998; ML P

    K, 1994; R, 1990). T

    ,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    57/90

    49

    (P

    ., 2000; S ., 2004). S .. (R', 1996)

    (L A, 2003; R M, 2000;

    T F, 1998). T, ,

    P

    . T

    1

    PCB (= .360;

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    58/90

    50

    PC . T ,

    PC .

    6.1.2

    .

    O,

    . P

    ()

    ,

    (R, 1995). B L (1990)

    ( )

    .

    T

    . T

    3 (, , &

    ) P,

    (PCB).

    R

    (S & B, 1990).

    O

    ,

    (.., )

    , (J ., 1990).

    I PCB

    ( = .335; < 0.001) ( = .326 < 0.5). I

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    59/90

    51

    , P ,

    (, , & )

    PCB

    PCB.

    6.1.3 (

    , )

    T ..

    P.

    O

    PCB

    P. I P

    ,

    M A (1992), A (2004),

    PCB . T

    . P

    ( =.588;

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    60/90

    52

    , , I

    PCB ,

    . A ,

    /. T 2

    ( = .390;

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    61/90

    53

    6.2 C C

    S A , P

    .. P, (A 2000).

    I

    (A 2000). T ,

    PCB ,

    , ,

    , ,

    . I

    PCB, P.

    S, PCB ,

    P, (

    2). I PCB,

    , PCB

    P. O,

    PCB .

    6.3 C

    T

    /

    :

    T

    P ,

    PCB :

    .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    62/90

    54

    D

    : A .

    F,C.(2007), A : K

    J, L SW, B E. (2004A), P (M, D. E. ,1994). T

    (S & F, 2007),

    ,

    (B & O, 1983),

    .

    O

    PCB

    .

    F ,

    (R M, 2000) ( , , , )

    .

    6.4

    B ,

    . C,

    . N,

    (, ).

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    63/90

    55

    S,

    . A

    (.. H & L, 2005; L, K &

    B, 2007).

    T, PC; ,

    PC ,

    , , .

    F, S

    .

    6.5 D

    T

    . F,

    PCB

    (, ) C C ,

    ,

    (S, E & W, 2005). A

    .

    T ,

    : .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    64/90

    56

    C ,

    .

    T

    . I

    ,

    .

    A PCB P ,

    PCB P

    .. , .

    M

    (N=400)

    ,

    .

    A ,

    , M R (1997).

    6.6

    A ,

    PCB

    P, T HR

    , ,

    S

    ,

    ,

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    65/90

    57

    (F,2007,.14).

    T :

    F, P

    , ,

    .

    :

    PCB (

    ).

    , P,

    PCB

    . F , P

    ,

    .

    6.7 C

    T . F,

    P ,

    ? S,

    ?

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    66/90

    58

    D 150 ,

    P. M

    . T

    (, , )

    PCB,

    . T

    PCB.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    67/90

    59

    A, L. S., & W, S. G. (1991). M : T .

    , CA: .

    A, N. & , R (1998), T ,

    , V. 19, . 637647.

    A, S.J. (1988), I ,

    A B , V. 24, .1936.

    A C. (1960). , H, IL: D P.

    A, Z., K, R.N., M, M., Y, K., D, J., S, G., K, A. (2000),

    I C H R M P: A 10 ,

    A : A R, V. 49(1), 192221.

    B, R. M., & K, D. A. (1986), T

    : C, , ,

    , V.51, . 11731182.

    B, C. (1938). .C, MA: H .

    B, B., A, B. (1995). : T R, M

    G I., R C, CA.

    B,T.S.,& O, D.W(1983), J :

    , A A , 26,587

    595.

    B, T.N. G, S.G. (1996), D : A

    ,A , V. 39 N. 6, . 15381567.

    B, C. L, G. (1992), L :

    , H , V. 45 N. 9, . 957

    89.

    B, P.M. (1964). E , N Y: W.

    B MC, C MK.(2005), P :

    , E , V.27(5), .495510

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    68/90

    60

    B JS. (2001), H

    : , B, V.

    22(7), .71741.

    C, W. F. (1991),T , , 59, 143178.

    C, J., C, P., W, S. G., & A, L. S. (2003).A /

    (3 .)M, NJ: E.

    C, N., & B, R. B. (2005).

    . O U P.

    C, N., & CS, J. A.M. (2006), R :

    , A

    ; B C .

    CS, J. AM. & K, I. (2000), C

    : , , 37 (7):

    903927

    C, T.G. & W, C.G. (1993). O . S. P: W.

    D, F., G, G., H, W.J. (1975), A

    W : A

    , B H , V. 13 N. 1, . 4678.

    D, M.T. A, N. M. (2002), E

    , ,V. 13 (5), . 615634.

    D C, N., D J, J., D W, H., I, K., R, T., & S, R. (2008),

    :

    T , I , V. 10 (1), .

    2551.

    D M., B.J., V.A. (1997), C D S M

    F , V.6, N.2, 168176.

    D V & D. B & R. S, (2003), "P C D

    O S: A R R R,"

    F E B A, G , B.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    69/90

    61

    D, R.J. (1998), L : T

    , G ,

    V. 23 N. 2, . 189216.

    D, S.J., I, R.D. W, J.T. (2006), T : , A

    , V. 91, . 166175.

    D, E. B., & G, S. G. (1999), C , A

    B , 35(1), 25 41.

    D P. (1997), L , H B ,

    75(5), 1832.

    D V, S., B, D., S, R. (2003), P

    : , B, 24(5), 537559.

    F A, T L. A.(1989), T

    , ,74, 855

    68.

    F,C.(2007), O : A

    . D T . T N.

    G, C.R. D, D.V. (1997), M

    : C , A , V. 82 N. 6, . 827844.

    G, D. E. (1998), I ? , J

    B, 19 (S1): 649664.

    G, D. E. (1998), O , :

    R, B, 19 (S1): 673677.

    G RA, N, N KA.( 1994) H R

    , H , 33(3): 44762.

    H, V.T., L, L.L.(2005), ( ):

    , , 16: 257289.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    70/90

    62

    (HC C &CJ F. (2005), A

    . A H D, . 663

    669(.291).

    J SJ. A M A' (1997), T , J ,V. 51,

    . 31937.

    J, S .J. J, J..,K, J.W.,& S, T.(1993), E , ,

    : A

    , A , 36(5), 951996.

    J, J., T, R., & W, C. K. (1990). I . N

    P, CA: S.

    J, T. A., & I, R. (2004), A : A

    , A , 89, 661673.

    K J, L SW, B E. (2004), A

    : A U S H K C,

    I C C , 4, 229 252.

    K, J. P. (1973), T : , C

    , 15(3), 9199.

    K, V.R. (2004), I , D , V. 25 N. 1, . 5872.

    K, G.E. A, B.E. (2004.), E

    , B, V.25, . 1 27.

    L TW, M TR, W L, F S. (1996), A

    , A , V.39, . 536.

    L H, P C, M K, M H, S C. (1962). M . C, MA: H U P.

    L, P., T, A., & S, M. (20032003). E :

    E . E: F T P H.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    71/90

    63

    L S, A S. (2003), P C :

    , J M S, 40:100520.

    L L, K J, C K, R F, S W. (1998), E : J

    , , ? J B, 19, 305320.

    M, F. A, B. (1992), A A M: A P T

    R M O I, B, 13:

    10323.

    M B. P, D L. A.H, J. P.G.W, M E.G, V.V.D. (2008), P

    : A ,

    B, V. 72, . 143158.

    M J G, G H & S H. . N Y: J W & S, 1958. 262.

    ML P, J., & S, D. A. (1994), W : I

    , H , 33: 403

    423.

    MK W, S AG(2000), S

    R , A , 25:73552.

    M, L. J. & B, P.M. (2000), P :

    21 , I I , 15: 162.

    M, E.W. R, S.L. (1997), W :

    ,A , V. 22, . 226

    56.

    M, D. E. (1994), P , H ,

    33, 353372.

    M, G., & G, R. W. (2004). :

    . 6 . H M (A).

    N, C.P. (2000). M WTO.

    B F .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    72/90

    64

    P J, M G, B P, MG J. (2000),C : '

    , J E I , 24(24):14957.

    P J, M G, MG J. (2003) T

    , E R, 25(6), 55773.

    P.M. (2009) , G GWV

    FGH, W.

    R, U., J, G., & N, F. (2004), T

    ,A , 47(3), 350367.

    R S.D, H M.J., B P. E S.R. (2008), E P

    C B C B: I G V

    M, , 13771400.

    R, S. L., K, M. S., & R, D. M. (1994), C

    : , A , 37(1), 137

    152.

    R, S.L. R, D.M. (1994), V :

    , B, 15, 24559.

    R SL, M EW. (1995), P OCB: T

    , B, 16, 289298.

    R, S.L. (1996), T ,A , V. 41, . 57499.

    R SL, M EW. (2000), T

    : A , B, 21, 526 546.

    R DM. (1989),P , E

    , 2, 121139.

    R DM. (1990), N : A

    , B, 11, 389 400.

    R, D. M. & ML P, J. (1993), T O,

    R B, 15 (4): 143

    R, D.M. (1995). C :

    A, S, T O, CA.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    73/90

    65

    R, D. M. & T, S. A. (1998), A : ,

    , B, 19 (S1): 679 695.

    R, D. M. & T, S. A. (1998), A : , , B, 19 (S1): 679 695.

    R, D. M. & S, R. (2000), :

    : .

    R DM. (2000), P U S: D, ,

    . I R DM, S R (E.),

    : C (. 250282).

    T O, CA: S.

    R, D. M. (2005), I: I , NY: M.E. S.

    S, J. B, B., (1990), T :

    , , V. 16 N. 4, . 693704.

    S, R., C, J.W. & F, C. (1998),C ,

    D , 19 (3), 157163.

    S, R. & R, R. A. (2007),T ,

    , 37, 16782.

    S MJD, F C (2007), T

    I: I K, H

    C, E C, T T, . H . N Y:

    S, E. H. (1965). . E C: PH.

    S, E. H. (1978). C D: I .

    AW, R, MA.

    S, C.A., C, S.L., C, C.C. (1999) L (LMX)

    : A , , ,

    , V. 10 N. 1, . 63113.

    S LM, J, V B I.( 2004), A :

    , B,25:46188.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    74/90

    66

    S, J. B, B.M. (1990) T : B

    , , V. 16 N. 4, . 693703.

    S LM, T LE. (1994), T

    , I C C, R D (E.), ,1, (. 91109). N Y: W.

    S, E & W( 2005),T

    M: A , 10 1 96121.

    S PR, H C. A : .

    M P P 1988:159 [S].

    S, M.M., T, W.H. MD, R.R. (2005), T

    , &

    , V. 12, . 2436.

    S, M.M. (2009), T

    ,

    , V. 24, . 136160.

    S, M.M. (2009), T

    ,

    , V. 24, . 136160.

    T, S. M. & T, A. G. (2004), T :

    , , . I J. AM.CS, L. M. S, M. S. T, & L. E. T (E.) 2004,

    : : 253 283. N Y:

    O.

    T, N M(1983). M , , , /

    N M.T W, N Y.

    T, A. G. & T, M. S. (2003), A

    ? A

    , B, 24: 585608.

    T, A.G., T, R. T, M.S. (2005), E

    , , :

    ,A , V. 48, . 1467.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    75/90

    67

    T, H. D. C., & A, N. (1998), C

    : A B A,

    B, 19, 745 767.

    T, W.H. F, D.C. (1998), P , H , V. 37, . 7183.

    T, W. H. F, D. C. (2000), R

    : ,

    B, 21(1), 2542.

    V M A. H (2003), L : I P

    G O. L: S P,

    V D R, W U, L G.( 2004) T

    , E ,13(2):12138.

    V K D, V L E.( 2001) S

    . I: H MA, T DJ, . S

    . P: P P; . 24964.

    V L E. (2001), S . I: H

    MA, T DJ, . S . P:

    P P; . 24964.

    V M, J. B, S. R. (1984). : C . I: S, B. M. C, L. L. (E) R O B,

    V. 6, JAI P, G, C.

    Z, H., W, S.J., G, B.C. B, J. (2007), T

    : , , V. 60,

    . 64780.

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    76/90

    68

    A &

    (C )

    D S/M

    I P H R M U T,

    ET N. I '

    .

    I

    .

    I P

    5 7 .

    ://../S.?=9755740456224727747382

    T . ,

    I

    , .@... Y

    .

    T ,

    S,

    R I HRM

    I M A G

    U TET N

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    77/90

    SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCEOPERATIONS ORGANIZATION AND HUMAN RESOURGES

    ffi\***To

    Your ref.:Our ref.:Date: 12-01-2010Phone: +31 53489 3480Fax +31 534892159E-mail: [email protected]

    Dear Mr/Mrs,Enclosed you will find a hyperlink to a zurvey. This survey is an essential part of theMBA-thesis of Sumayia Syed.The rezults will be communicated among the participating companies.On behalf of the University of Twente (the Netherlands), I kindly request you tocomplete the questionnaire.By this, you are helping research and education in the important topic of the impact ofworkplace transformations on the psychologicai contract of employees. This part ofthe worldwide ongoing research is taken place in the banking industry in Pakistan.Thanks in advance.

    Department of Operations, Organization and Human Resources

    HRM

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    78/90

    69

    A

    ()

    Please, do not mention your bank name or your name

    Please select your desired response Strongly

    disagree

    Disagree

    either

    Agreenor

    disagree

    Agree

    Strongly

    Agree

    01 Has your bank initiated a significant layoff/Quit in the past3 years? 1 2 3 4 5

    02 Has your bank undergone significant

    reorganization in the past 3 years?1 2 3 4 5

    03 Has your bank merged with or been acquired by

    another bank in the past 3 years? 1 2 3 4 5

    04 Almost all the promises made by my bank during recruitment

    have been kept so far.

    1 2 3 4 5

    05 I feel that my bank has come through in fulfilling the promisesmade to me when i was hired. 1 2 3 4 5

    06 So far my bank has done an excellent job of fulfilling its

    promises to me.1 2 3 4 5

    07 I have not received everything promised to me in exchange for

    my contributions. 1 2 3 4 5

    08 My bank has broken many of its promises to me even though ihave fulfilled my obligations.

    1 2 3 4 5

    09 All in all, I am satisfied with my job.1 2 3 4 5

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    79/90

    70

    10 In general, I do not like my job.

    1 2 3 4 5

    11 In general, I like working here.

    1 2 3 4 5

    12 When somebody criticizes my bank, I feel it like a personal

    insult. 1 2 3 4 5

    13 I am very interested in what others think about my bank. 1 2 3 4 5

    14 When I talk about my, I usually say rather we rather than they. 1 2 3 4 5

    15 My bank successes are my successes. 1 2 3 4 5

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    80/90

    71

    Please select the appropriate choice

    Gender: Male Female

    Education:select the highest educational degree.

    Bachelors Masters M.Phil Doctorate

    Designation: General Manager Operational manager others __________

    Age: 25 or less than 25 years

    26 to 30 years31 to 35 years36 to 40 years

    41 to 45 years

    46 to 50 years

    Greater than 50 years

    16 When someone praises my bank, I feel it like a personalcompliment

    1 2 3 4 5

    17 If a story in the media criticized my bank, I would feelembarrassed /uncomfortable.

    1 2 3 4 5

    18 I will likely actively look for a new job in the next year.1 2 3 4 5

    19

    I often think about quitting. 1 2 3 4 5

    20 I probably look for a new job in the next year..

    1 2 3 4 5

    21 My manager instills pride in me for being associated with

    him/her.1 2 3 4 5

    22My manager talksoptimisticall about future. 1 2 3 4 5

    23 My manager Keeps track

    of all mistakes.1 2 3 4 5

    24 My manager provides me with assistance in exchange for my

    efforts.

    1 2 3 4 5

    25 My manager avoids getting involved when important issues

    arise. 1 2 3 4 5

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    81/90

    72

    A

    (D )

    N Mean Std. Deviationskewness Kertosis

    Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic

    Has your bank initiated a

    significant layoff/quit in the

    past three years.

    150 3.63 1.255 -.905 -.359

    Has your bank undergone

    significant reorganization in

    the past three years?

    150 4.04 1.181 -1.293 .662

    Has your bank merged with

    or been acquired by another

    bank in the past three years?

    150 3.70 1.268 -.839 -.463

    PCB1R 150 3.10 1.214 -.148 -1.028

    I feel that my bank has come

    through in fulfilling the

    promises made to me when i

    was hired

    150 3.33 1.190 -.488 -.900

    So far my bank has done an

    excellent job of fulfilling its

    promises to me.

    150 3.25 1.275 -.369 -1.075

    I have not received

    everything promise to me in

    exchange for my contribution

    150 3.43 1.206 -.384 -1.029

    My bank has broken many

    of its promises to me even

    though i have fulfilled my

    obligations

    150 3.82 1.153 -.812 -.468

    All in all i am satisfied with

    my job

    150 2.57 1.277 .487 -.920

    In general i do not like my

    job

    150 3.01 1.201 -.272 -.924

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    82/90

    73

    In general , I like working in

    this bank

    150 2.97 2.190 5.997 56.635

    when somebody criticizes....

    person insult

    150 2.73 1.241 .692 -.193

    I am very interested ....what

    orher think about my bank

    150 2.667 1.2188 .687 .081

    when i talk about ...we rather

    than Ithey

    150 2.72 1.210 .440 -.864

    my bank successes are my

    successes

    150 2.49 1.145 .726 -.314

    when someone preaises....

    personal compliment

    150 2.75 1.183 .382 -.821

    If a story in a media criticized

    my bank ......feel

    uncomfortable

    150 2.85 1.083 .329 -.322

    I will likely activily look for

    new job in the next year

    150 3.81 1.328 -.941 -.377

    I often think about quitting 150 3.77 1.227 -.817 -.479

    I probably look for a new job

    next year

    150 3.49 1.374 -.473 -1.154

    My mananger pride in me for

    being associted with him

    150 2.56 1.435 .506 -1.203

    My manager talk

    optimistically about future

    150 2.61 1.361 .355 -1.237

    My manager keep track of all

    the mistakes

    150 3.03 1.348 .039 -1.379

    My manager provides me

    with assistance in exchange

    for my efforts

    150 2.47 1.162 .913 -.160

    My manager avoids getting

    involved when important

    issues arise

    150 3.21 1.379 -.220 -1.373

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    83/90

    74

    (D)

    Reliability Statistics (REST)

    Cronbach's

    Alpha

    Cronbach's

    Alpha Based

    on

    Standardized

    Items N of Items

    .837 .837 3

    Reliability Statistics(PCB)

    Cronbach's

    Alpha

    Cronbach's

    Alpha Based

    on

    Standardized

    Items N of Items

    .650 .650 5

    Cronbachs

    Alpha

    Cronbach's

    Alpha Based

    on

    Standardized

    Items

    N of Items

    .892 .892 6

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    84/90

    75

    Reliability Statistics(TRNI)

    Cronbach's

    Alpha

    Cronbach's

    Alpha Based

    on

    Standardized

    Items N of Items

    .791 .791 3

    Reliability Statistics(LSTYLE)

    Cronbach's

    Alpha

    Cronbach's

    Alpha Based

    on

    Standardized

    Items N of Items

    .741 .738 3

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    85/90

    76

    A (F )

    E: ( ) /

    ,

    = .837.

    1. H 2 ?

    2. H 2 ?

    3. H

    I 2 ?

    CB: ( )

    , I = .650.

    1. A

    (R).

    2. I I (R).

    3. S (R).

    4. I .

    5. M

    .

    ( )

    , .892

    1. W , I

    2. I .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    86/90

    77

    3. W I , I .

    4. M .

    5. W , .

    6. I , I .

    ( )

    = .791

    1. I .

    2. I .

    3. I .

    E ( )

    = .74.

    1. M .

    2. M .

    3. M .

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    87/90

    78

    A

    (B F F )

    B F

    O I R O P

    C I

    A 796,095

    307,374

    P 176,242,950 ( 2009 )

    P 1.95 ( 2009 )

    P 2025 228,880,744 ( 2009 )

    P 226 ( 2009 )

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    88/90

    79

    /

    S U 37 ( 2009 )

    S R 65 ( 2009 )

    O U

    (E )

    R S, P, P, B, S.

    A

    S M 77%

    S M 20%

    C, H

    3%

    H

    L

    64.5 (( 2009 )

    M

    65.6 ( 2009 )

    F 63.4 ( 2009 )

    I 65 1,000 (2009)

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    89/90

    80

    E

    G P (GDP, U.S.$)

    $ 143 (2007)

    GDP (U.S.$) $ 879.40

    GDP

    A, , 20.6

    I 26.6%S 52.8%

    A

    S, , , , ,

    P, , , , , ,

    1 P (P), 100

    T, , , , , ,

    C , , ; ; , ,

    .

    T 54.9%

  • 8/12/2019 z MA_thesis_S_Syed.pdf

    90/90

    M, , , ,

    , ,

    U S, U A E, U K, G, H K SAR

    U A E, S A, K, U S, J

    E E, 2009