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Lees(l960).g. 01~.2..£'il ~~ni>}lti A~AcJ~lil% ~~1 'i'i01 ~AJ"11 3:j%~ 3oj:i..91 ~Zj3:j 'i1
T£Al ~01\:l- ::J. 3J:B.-°l ~ol 3{'j7}~010~ ~"1l£ ~Ti>}Jl ~ 7}7.1 ~~3:j'd ~~% l.l1~i>}
Jl ~01 Chomsky(l970) g 1f.2..£ ::J.~ ~~~ A~AcJ.91Dl~7.}~.91 AlrJ1~ ~% 1.11t!171] ¥ll:}.
::J.cjt+ ~AcJ017} ?[~ ~.91 O~1J~AcJolt+ ~lilAcJ.91 '2~% %A}-!jl-"1Vl ~o}o~ ~q~ .:1.91 ~1'd
.g. Levi(1978)% l1;;<'j!;':!Al ~Aoj1 °1.s71771-7.1 £.0J=~ '@:t!1i>1-u'I ~%ol~Jl CU-ct.
Roeper/Siegel(l978).g. l:l1~ O1~~tg(lexicaltransformation)olet~ 01%% £Jl~ ~.2..t+ ~
-:;;-.g. ~AcJ.91 ~% .:1 7]Altg"11 Al ~7.}~ 51 °1 Jl, ~J801tgAcJlt:3J.g. %A}-!jl-.91 It:3J3!J- q~ 3!
°1 ~-ct~ Selkirk(1982)% 7j;<.ltB. Al 3oj'2"1l Sproat(1985)9} Lieber(l988, 1992)"11 °l.scj
Al~ ~A1f-7} .~~ ~ tgEl11f-~ ~.B.. ~q~ ~T(!3-]'d ?7-J"1l 01.s711 ~~l:}. ~D}t:1£ ~i;n
tgEl1~ 'i1T~ Lees(1960).91 °J~"1l Al'@:?;] %-ctJl5:. ~ 9- ~q. 01 ~.91 ~-3:j.g. Lees
(1960):i!} °13!9j ~~tg'd Levi(1978)%tB.uJi>1 i3£i>}cil .:1 ~~~% ~~i;1 m-i>1 1.1101 ~
.2..£.91 tg Ell~ 'i1 T"1l £%°1 ~£~ i>}?;] ~ 51 01 t:f.
II. Lees (1960), The Grammar ofEnglish Nominalizations
A~AcJ~lil.91 ~P¥·2-l 'd-oJ]Al ~Zj?ij.2..£ ~j-AcJ01% q~ 3oj:i..91 A]£~ Lees(1960), The
GrammarofEnglishNominalizationOletJl ~ 9- ~l:}.. °151.g. A~AcJ~lil.91 0]~~17-l] 'd-"1]Al °1
if-01{l 7.1-B"-7J}7.1 ~1E¥l ~~ ~oJ1Al 7}7-J ~01 ~Jl ~ ~ ~ ~AcJ01 'i1TetJl ~ 9- ~,q.
.:1~ -¥-{i 7.1 -B"-77}7.1.91 ~AcJ 01 'i1 T.91 3!J-~ % 7~ :B.-i>}~ 7.}t!1 oJVl &-%3-] (physical) 'd ~.6:j llJlil
01 ~1i'!i>}711 ~ 01?;]%% .!iLcil?71 ~i;n qg3!J-~.g. 011% ~Jl ~q. (Lees, 1960: xxi&
118-9)
-39-
40 mjj * IDfB ~ (46)
(l) TALKING MACHINE =machinewhichtalks
EATING APPLE = appleforeating
WASHING MACHINE = machinefor washingthings
BOILINGPOINT = point ofboiling
LAUGHING GAS = gas whichcauses laughing
FISHINGVILLAGE = villagein whichthey fish
BAKING POWDER = powderfor baking(with)
HUNTINGDOG = dogwith whichonehunts
ul~9-j T3':'t1.01~..2-5!.. rjjlE~~ 4%31 ~6:j1iJcifV-j~ 7rA131~ 7JA-jl~-0, 1:l Ar ~fll5:9-j '\'1~
trA-j, ~~ %A}9-j ~'6Hl trA-j u:j-.!f1~ ~6:j9-j 71~..2-£ %~ 31 01££ (l)9-j O1HH: .2..!f- %
~~ ~fll£ ~B-~ 31°lq. .::J..C1'-t 0131~ ~l:§il1 ~*~ 31°lq.
Leessl 019J- ~~ 7-131~ Jespersencifl -cl1~ T3':"T-9-j7,}%9-j 1:l1J8.-, .::J..C1Jl o]cif] rjj~ Chomsky
9-j 1fr~, .::J..C1Jl Jespersen(1937), AnalyticSyntaxcifl t11~ 1~J{37}9J- 019-j *:zl %9-j ~i(!9-j A}
7,}%~ '\'1AJ711 '6~~q. Jespersen-S '\'11:l G!* [unctionis] '?'!7-l1 (:i!~ nexus)~ ~l:§"6}~ c4c.-j
7,}C1cif1J.-j (2)9-j !f- oj1~ .::J.. lEl~FJ9-j %A}-"'acif1s:. ~T"6}Jl ~5i ~~ 31 01 0}"Y4~ "T-AJ% "6}
(2) (a) doctor's house
(b) doctor's arrival
(2)9-j !f- T~ .2..!f- 5:%24 l:§A}9J- EE q-e l:§J.}9-j '\'1~£ °1lf-01A'1 ~%cifls:. ~T"6}Jl (2a)~
~~(~B9)~ 1.11%% ~~1Ol1 1fr'6~ (2b)~ %~(jj]B9)~ 1.11%~ ~~q . .::J.. 7<}01~ (3)cif1J.-j t:-j
~~ ill '-tEt\::!-q.
(3) (a) I saw the doctor'shouse.
(b) I saw the doctor'sarrival.
(3b)9-j the doctor's arrival-s- .::J.. A1-7.11£).-j "T-01+%A}9-j 1.11%% W~"6}Jl ~q. (l)9-j ojl%~
.::J.. lE~~~ %).}Aacifls:. ~Jl"6}Jl ~%c4 ~~ '6~6:jol ,&'6~"T-* q0J=~ ~~:tl-7-l1~ 7}7-1Jl ~q.
Lees-e Jespersen (1942) , A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, Part VI-
Morphologye- ::L !A01\± ~~i9oJ].5: *T<5r$ ~}.a~J..r9.1 ,Jf:--jf011-E ~ii\1~t1-Jl ;;<.1~t>"l-Jl '3J
t1-. Jespersen-S. Jf~;"J£1 s:.°JoJ1 42} '~PclO1~ 1;l}.}~}.<lO1 (JU$%ffi:Mf substantive
compound), ~±1l~A<101 U!&Ji%ffi:Mf string-compound), ~t!~}.clO1 (tollilT%1tt~ clipped
compoundi si l-j-TJl, r:H ol~% i. T}.a4:J.~ "-"1-019.1 91p1~Zj {l-/l1oJ1 lIJ-2} ,Jf:--jft>}$ ~q.
0\1~ ~ol ~"-HFa01-E qg4 tt.g-67~9-j <5}~~9-.£. l-j-T$ ~q (Jespersen,1942: 142).
(4) (a) AB means B modified by A:gas-light
(b) AB means A modified by B: tiptoe
(c) AB means A plus B:Alsace-Lorraine
(d) AB means: at the same time A and B: maid-servant
(e) Bahuvrihi-eompounds: red-coat
(D'Iype son-in-law
%~~AJ0191 TJ.J4:J.~ J..}0]91 {l-/l]7} 0]:;1'?}°1 o}y2}-E :;1.g- ll"-}ij {]-3f~ ~ <uq.
Jespersen.5: qg 4 tt01 ~"5}Jl <uq.
(5) As already mentioned (8. 14) , the number of possible logical relations between the two
elements is endless. The following grouping, therefore, does not pretend to any degree of
exhaustiveness, but is meant merely to illustrate the manifo1dness of the relations
(Jespersen, 1942: 143).
<5r-E %AoJ] t11"5~ 9-01 ~:Jojl 1:1]"5~ +;;<.}91 78 ~oj1~ ~ oj] .2..-E %A91 &Zj 01 iI--E "-Hi ~ ;;<.] Zj
~ -Iespersenc] O1~]<5}~ 01~% 47] Thesunrises.2} Johnworshipsthesun:l!J- tt.g- ~AJJI} {l
~-?l;;<.1 *~-E7}~ o}91~<5r$ ~q. °1:;1.g. Jespersens] ~~01 91p1~Zj~ :;10171 u:J1~oj1
:2..~ 91ul~Zjq} ,Jf:-fi-~(semantictaxonomy) 01 ~O10): <5}-E ~/ll~ Jespersen.5: ~01l-j-;;<.1 *i5}
~ :;1o]il-J1. Lees-1=- }.~Zfi5}$ ~q.
~~ Lees-E t!tt~ ~~ (simple concatenation) ~ ~ ,,-}Zj ~}.<l 01 (nominal compound) ~ A<l91
~ .:£t@.£. }.~Zf"5~ ~q. 0]:;1.g. -'f-{i (6)°] .!i!.cxj9--E :;1JI} ;Q~ ~7V<l (recursiveness) ~ 1i~
"5~9-t:9, ~{! N1o] N2~ ~-!oJ~q$ ii}1(! (7)91 (a,b)91 7.}01~ 1i~"5~~ ~ ~q.
(6) typewriter repair, repair shop, typewriter repair shop, typewriter repairr shop supplies, etc.
(7) (a) flower garden
(b) garden flower
JCjy. (SJ.i1J- {f,c: ll-H~' .!iT?! B-'i?0] N1o] N2-fk "T-~~Ii-JZ. fiRAH:' ~l-a017} :Q1::- ~%
~ ~"%f "T- ~ 7ll ¥:! Ii-.
(8) (a) man-servant = ~<>1 +9-<>1
(b) windmill = 9-01 +~.?<j 01
(c)flourmill = ~.?<j01 +9-<>1
~-C T.JcHd~ A}ol9J -tl-7-l]-c (S)oJ]Ai .!i!* J.i.5!- {fA] ~q. ~Fj~J.}~Ol 7}A1JZ. °19l- :tf.g.
ff-~T~9j ~rOl-c Ol~% zj-71 (9)oJj ~%~ ?;l.~ :tf.g. ~.AJ-~9j 717.HJ011J.i £.*~ Ul1~ 01
fi]7r 7r~~rqJl Leese- 'T-,.AJ~q.
(9) (a) man-servant ¢= The servant is a man.
(b) windmill ¢= Wmd powers the mill.
(c) flour mill ¢= The millgrinds the flour.U
01$!} :tf.g. ~~.g. oj1~ ~<>1 snake-poisons] :tf.g. ~:Vj<>17} ~-c ~9j o]I1]l-j (ambiguityl E
(10) snake-poison
1) Lees-c (Sb) £]- (Sc)7} q%lll- :Q.g. !E qe JR-% 7HJ. 'T- ~q-e ~% 7-17.4 fi}.:il ~q.
(1) (a)windmill: the huge machineused tocreate powerful drafts in wind-tumnnels for aerodynamic research
by means ofrotating blades
(b) flour mill:the well-known and dangerousexplosive propertyofflour dust utilized to powera mill of
somesort (Lees, 1060: 117)
"6"Jii-9'1"§:]-7.4 {!~% ~"5l1 'li~ ii-%(~ifo])~ llHr% ~.9..71-e 1l}~7nlll~ windmillo1Cl-.:il ~ 'T- ~.9..11j,
-q}~ 7}5f- ~7-1~ 7}ii-~ ~~~% 01%~ lolJ-o}.:j-o] ~qTt! .::z.?l% flourmill°l2f.:il .!f-~ 'T- ~t:j- . .::z.ci.:il
.!itt! windmilllll- flourmill.g. 471 (2)£]- :Q.g. .'f-7n~ l-i52. qe 71 AHl% 7}7-1.:il ~q.:il ~ 'T- ~q.
(2) (a) windmill: (i) Wmdpowersthe mill.
(ii) The mill createswind.
(b) flourmill:(i) Themill grinds the flour.
(ii) F10ur powersthe mill.
(a) poisonous substance made from snake venom ¢= The snake gives the poison. (cf.snake
oil, snakeskin, snake tract, etc.)
(b) snake's saliva-like secretion {= The snake has the poison.(cf. snake venom, snakehead,
snakeblood, etc.)
(c) a repellent called snakepoison {= The poison is for the snake. (cf.snake food, snake pit.)
01 ~1 ifJ snake-poisonv] 7}~ 'T ~ t e:j t'1 7}7.1 ~, ql-.1 w5R " oJ1 I-.i Ha~ \!l ~', 'IlJ01 7}7.1
:iL ~t ~', " §1~1~' rrt.$l91 e:jt'17}7.1 ~.g. °15!°1 (lO)oJjAi .!I!.* e:jt'1 7~91 Ai.£. q~
717,l~oJ]Ai s:.~~ 'T ~71 u:JHH1 7}-'6"~ 5!°lq.
Leest q%o~uFcl (multiple ambiguity) 91 :E q~ oj1.£.Ai (ll) 91 oj1~ ~:iL ~)A.
(11) pontoon bridge
(a) bridge supported by pontoons
(b) bridge floating on pontoons
(c) bridge made of pontoons
(d) pontoons in the form of a bridge
(like steamboat =boat powered by steam)
(like seaplane = plane landing on the sea)
(like blockhouse';' house made of blocks)
(like cellblock = cells in a blocks)
(12) (a) bridge of a pontoon
(b) bridge for pontoons
(like steamboat = boat powered by steam)
(like ashtray=tray for ashes)
e:j 71 Ai -'f-C1 t Jespersen.J1} Leess] -c~-3j ~ A}:iL91 ~}01 ~ ~ 'T ~q. Jespersen-S 9-01~
~I-.cl 01~ ~~1l..2...£. '8"}e:j 015!01 7}~ 'T ~ t 7}-'6"~ ~% '€[o}iJ1 31:iL "91..2..9, .:J. :r.~.g.
{l"'1l.£. it';;J:q, e:j71oJ] 1:l15R LeeSt ~"'clo1~ol ?tt q0cl'~ ~91 ~}olt :J.~91 717,1 ¥-;>eJ-°1
?tt q0cl'~ ~oJ1A1 1:l1~~ 5!..2..~ .!I!.:iL ~"'clo191 q°cl''''cl% ..2.,'8"131 tJ'tl~ 5!..2...£. ~o}~~
q. q A1 ~5R Jespersenv] ~l-.clo1oJ1A1 ~~'8"}e:j :J. 5! 01 ?tt ~~ '€[o}iJ131:iL ~ 5!oJl 1:l15R
Leese- ~rJ1.£. ~l-.clo1~ol ~t e:jt'1 ~oJ1Ai ~~'8"}e:j :J. Rlf:!~oJ1 01,S.:iL;A} '8"}~~ 5!°lq.
7}~ u:j] :J.5!~% Zf71 q~ 717,1~oJ1A1 s:.~~qt tJl-.l91 A~"'cl¥-~91 ~3joJl '\]Zf'8"}lf:! tJ'tl
~ ~~loIJ-~ol~JA:iL ~ 'T ~q. AHl91 A}~% Chomskyr- q%.J1} ~01 ~'8"}:iL ~q.
(13) In the earliest work on transformation grammar [cf Lees (1960)], the correctness of the
44 Giji:* fnH * (46)
transformationalist position was taken for granted; and, in fact, there was really no
alternative as the theoryofgrammar was formulatedat that time (Chomsky, 1970: 188).
Lees(1960)91 '1J;;<J~ 1l~.:ps}~ qg$J- i{q. ~;;It ~Ac!tg)lc 71A~ ~PJ91 TAc!.B..S:% A}
0]91 %A~~ {l7-j]oJ] -cJjti}o'J zi ~~ i5R~w 'T ~t:J-. %;;Ifl, tgJ-t~~Ac!~7t ?!-~ t:J-%,oR
URAc!.g.. ~+91 71 A~ {t;;<J$J- Jt!~ OJ1 91 i5R ~ tg~ 'T ~ t:1-. ~;;Ifl, Jt!~ oJ1 91~ ~Ac! ~ ~ Ac!.g..
:£ ~Tti1-Jl z: TAc!~% A}0191 {tli] {l1l17} i{7.1 ?,lq~ 4-:c.l91 3j{l% AJtgi5R €-q.. ~p}
t:]£. ~i5R Lees~ ~Ac!~~ %A-¥-oJ]Ai s:..~tit39.q~ ~01t:J-.
01S} i[~ ~~~~Ac! ~li]OJ1Ai 'f!% 'T ~~ <3"}y.91 -¥-{}~.g. ~Ac!~91 ~~.J3 ~ z: 71A~
~;;<J91 {tli]Ac!oJ1 <tl1l1A1~ 'T ~t:J-~ ~olq. q;..] ~i5R ~tt! tgAt~ ~AJ~7t ~1tf~..2..£. AJ
~~ 'T WA~ ::r~.g. ::ri{.g. ~Ac!~ ~ ~~{lW'fr~ 71A~{t;;<Jo1 W-71 U1l{t°1t:J-, oj1~ %~
sky fishi\-~ ~Ac!~7} Ac!~~ 'T W-t:J-~ °1~.g. 4-:c.l7} °1S} i{.g.. ~Ac!~~ s:..~i5R\!i 'T ~
~ ~2'j91{t;;<J% A~Zfi5R\!i 'T W-71 U1l{t°1q. 01 ~~ "fl{j..2..~ ~~% lU10J1 Al10}lf-:c.l .!fA
~7} lflq~ 5!°lq. 01~.g. tgAt~~ ~-@A (prenominal adjectivel R J-i~~%A(predicative
adjective)OJ1J-i s:..~~..2..£.,y.~ °JA} A}0191 ~l2J1fil1~(selectionalrestriction)91 ~%~% ±.3j-ti}il
~1(i %;"}~91 {l~~$J- ~~1~t:J-.
LeeS71- 71A~91 ~;;<JOJ1J-i ~Ac!~~ s:..~i5Rl.11~ $J-1l91 t117J~ ~0}Ji!.71 ~i5R s:..~91 ~ oj1~
~%lfl Jt!~ Tl-:31 %oJ1 t11~ ~ tg W- 01 (14) OJ1 filV1 i5R ~~q.
(14) girlfriend
the friend is a girl =? the friendwhois a girl =9 the frienda girl =? the girl friend
01~.g.. l:J1.Ji!.~ Zl:t!~ oj1OJ1 4f~t:J-. curling iron$J- i{.g.. ~Ac!~~ (15)S} i[.g.. 71A~~OJ1Ai
s:..~ti}71 ~i5RAi If-il 10o'J 7R91 Jt!~Tl-:31°1 J-}%5lJl ~t:J-.
(15) The iron is forNa. }
Mary curlshair with the iron.
The iron is forMary'scurlingofhair with the iron.
...iron whichis forMary'scurlingofhair with the iron...
...iron forMary'scurlingofhair with the iron...
Nao::action nominel
...iron for Mary's curling of hair with the iron Pron ...
...iron for Mary's curling of hair...
...iron for the curling of hair...
...iron for hair curling...
...hair curling iron...
...curling iron...
0]7.~ "tl Leesi:- ~ejj.9j 0]~7}~0] t§ Ell oj] J.~ ~% ~~ 41 to;j Jl ~ r.a ~Jl}i:- JV:tl1£ ~oJP·i ~ Ell
~ ~~lilL2.£M1 WAa~7} ~i:- tt-l~FaJl} O~U~Aa, .:lij.:il If.l?PJ.9j %(~PaoJ]£ ~T"B"}.:il TAa
Rs:~ J.}o]oJ]J.i ~ 'T ~Ji:- AJO]~ tt-'i1 ~7-1]~ ~~"B"] lij-Q{~ ~o]c}.:il '%f 'T ~q. .:::z.c'Lt
.:::z..9j 12j-~~ .3]{}oJ]£ ~T"B"}.:il .:l.9j ~]'t!'-€:- q%Jl} {}-€:- ~ 7}A] ~~~'il ~~~ 4l~<5}.:il
~~ 4-il~ .:l~% ~o}~~ 'T ~i:- ~olq. .:loJl qj~ l:llJtl-€:- qjEf 4%Jl} {}-€:- q-)i 7}Al£
R'?)'W 'T ~q. ~-?I)], (14)7} li!.O:J"r*0] 7].::<i.9j tt-.AJoJ]J.i wAae>i~ £ %"B"}7] #I%~J.~i:- ~7-1]
1!oJ] ~~ %J.}~ ~~]%~o]: "B"}i:-ril, 0]7.~"tl ~~]~i:- ~o] ·01~~ Rs:~ u:jJ 0].2l- {}-€:- ~~]
~~ iT::&i~ ~~1.9j ~qd7}~Aa.9j 2E7,} (recoverability condition (on deletion» % 017171] ~A.
*~7}'oAa.9j 2E7,}-€:- KatzlFodor (l 964) oj] .9j%R ~]'t!'¥! ~..2...£J.i 01-5!-€:- ~Al1\!!t8°] 7}~ 'T
~i:- If-~~ ~% ~017] #I~ ~o]9J,q. Chomskyi:- o]~ ~ q%Jl} {}o] iT~<5}.:il ~q.
(16) ...a deletion operation can eliminate only a dummy element, or a formative explicitly
mentioned in the structure index (for example, you in imperatives), or the designated
representative of a category..., or an element that is otherwise represented in the sentence in
a fixed position (Chomsky, 1965: 144-5).
Chomskys] 0] ~% {}t!<5] ~o]'i':! *~7}*~ -5!'?l- \!!t8iT:3J..2..£ ~Al1"B"}c}i:- ~olq. 0].2l
{}~ 2E7,} 01 ~q'i':! oj]~ ~01 John ate a hamburger (an apple/three slices of pizza) ~.9j 4'-'T~
1J%T2EoJ]J.i ~.9j.9j &~~~ ~~1"B"}O:J John atec}i:- %~~ tt-.AJ% £%"B"} 71] ~oj, 01-5!-€:
'\!!i@-€:- ~~ l:l}.:lfA] \?J"i:-q'i:- If.€-o]~(standardtheory).9j ~~]~ 017]711 ¥!4.
(17).91 ojl~% ~ll'jli!..::<}.
(17) (a) windmill ~ Wind powersthe mill.
(b) flour mill ~ The mill grinds the flour.
(c)car thief ~ the thiefsteals the car.
46 ~ijj:*:. ~ ~ (46)
T01{} ~Ad01%~ (17)°1 &o:jT.e 3J.Jlj- iJ-..g. ZfZf.91 71A1~oJ1J..i s:_~~q~ (17).91 A~l ~
Ad01~ ~i;~J..1.e ZfZf powers,grinds,steals.911(!:01%~ ~A11t~0]: ~q. 013J.%..g. (16).91 .:1:Zi
% 0171Jl nO-1 ~Sfio1 ~7r~~ IN!-T?J: 0r1--Jet ~Ad01~ ~;:<J-oJjAi .£~~}.e ~ <>(A-I!?;I!O): ~ %
J..}9J Y T?J:%.91 ¥1~1t2,)01 ~.B..~}Jl1 '[!q.
°19t 7,£ ~ ~fi1H:l..g. Lees A}~.£ .91 ~ ~rJ1. CU:d~ 3J...2...£ &~q. :I.e ~.91 143-¥foJl J..1
steamboatt-l car thiefe] 7d.q..~11'J N1Jlj- N 27} T019t -&~01£.j ¥J:7-11oJ] n1::- ~Ad01oJl rJl?;1! ~
t"r.e A}c.]oJ1J..1 qgJlj- :Q:..g. ~% ~}Jl CUq.
(IS) In many such compounds the omitted verb itself is one only of a very small set, all similar in
meaning, and it might be possible therefore to formulate the rules for generating these
compounds in term of one or a few individual verbs, such as make,yield, cause, produce, etc.
(Lees, 1960: 143)
qJ..l ~?;~ <>(A11£l.e %J..}%.91 y~ ~O:j ~j;Jl *01&;z}.e 3J.°lq. :Iely. :I.e °101 :I7,£..g.
7r~Ado1 §1~~rq.e 3J.% ~~~rJl CUq.
(19) Unfortunately, however, it seems quite unlikely that all the members of one large,
productive class of subject-object compounds can be so treated in terms of just a few
specified verbs.
For example, while disease germ, oil well, credit union, and many others in this group
might betaken from sentences with one of these cognate "cause"-verbs, it is at least diffidult
to so construe hour glass, gas stove, sunflower, and the paradigm example itself, CAR
THIEF. The most natural source to chose [sic] for the latter would, of course, be the
sentence: The thief steals the car,... (Lees, 1960: 143)
(IS)Jlj- ~..g. A&ZfoJl rJlt~ Leese D1~% ?(.:il n:dJl, {lA11£ Lees(1970)..g. :I7,£..g. A~Z}%
T~l:§1-~ A11~01aj, qgoJ1 ~}11 ~ Levi(197S)..g. q~ o}'d (IS)~ T~l.:§1-~ A11~01q.
%~, ~fi111::- 'r!~1t2,)£.j y 7r ~r:t1::- 3J...2...£ ~y.A1 ?l1::-r:t. "5-.B..~ 3J...g. ~Ad01~ )'~Aa~r
7) -*ltl! ~i?.~::J. YPl..g. 6{Al11t2,) % 01 ~).a01~).a014.e -&~ °1.'tJoJ1.e '€tc] ~.B..7} ~q.e
J..}{l °1q. 01 tE1 'r!~ n- 2,) 01 01 tE1 tj- 01 ~}y. T?J: ~ ~?;~ ~ .B..~}q ~ :I7,£ ..g. n-:%1 91 '* 'itAd..g. {J
"5"1 91{JA'i"lqJl 0}1--J~ y ~q.
Jj)~t Lees~H1 ~J,aoj{t 71 A1Qj ~AJ-011A1 s:.~"t}-2 7d.!f-- "t}-y.Qj ~J,aoj{t ~ii~ ~'1=-Qj 7]
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(20) (a) The wind powersthe mill.
(b) The wind activates the mill.
(c) The wind makes the mill function.
(d) The mill is activated by the wind.
(21) (a) an egghead ¢= (an intellectual person) ¢= ?
(b) a green blackboard ¢= *a blackboard which is green
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(b) a red coat ¢= a redcoated man
(c)a birdbrain ¢= a birdbrained man
(23) (a) The person has a head which lookslike an egg.
(b) The-man is wearing a coat which is red.
(c)The man has a bird's brain .
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(b) a rea coat= a British soldier
(c)a birdbrain = a stupid man
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(25) (a)The servant is a man =} a man-servant
(b) The servant is a maid =} a maid-servant
(c)The friend is a girl=} a girlfriend
(d)The servant is a girl=} *a girl-servant
(e) The servant is a widow=> *a widow-servant
(f) The servant is a soldier=> *a soldier-servant
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(26) (I) Subject-Predicate
(n Subject-"Middle Object"
(Jll) Subject-Verb
(N) Subject-Object
( V) Verb-Object
(VI) Subject-Prepositional Object
(Vm Verb-Prepositional Object
(VlID Object-Prepositional Object
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(27) It is apparent that any attempt to formalize these factors in terms of a list of possible
compoundingrelationships is boud to fail. Sincevirtually any relationship may serve in the
appropriate context, such a list wouldbeso long as to beuseless. (Downing, 1978: 840)
50 ~iji"* ~ lli (46)
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(b) BECOME + NEG+ ALIVE =die
(c) CAUSE + BECOME + NEG+ ALIVE =::kill
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(1978) <>11 -qjtR ~Ai ~0}li!.7].£ "t}3&t+.
III.Levi (1978) , The Syntax and Semantics o{ComplexNominals
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3l01q.
(l) apple cake
timebomb
doghouse
windmill
daisy chain
(2) Markovian solution
American attack
presidential refusal
musical criticism
(3) electric clock
electric shock
electrical engineering
electrical conductor
electrical outlet
.deficiency disease
autumn rains
nicotine fit
color television
surface tension
film producer
cityplanner
dream analysis
metal detection
musical clock
musical criticism
musical interlude
musical comedy
musical talent
(1)-(3).9.] All 7eH- .2..!]'- ~A}t+ ""'S%A.9.] 9-~0]7} 9Jl.Jf-(head) ~oJl .2-i=- 91""'SAJ.9.] ~%11
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(4) (a) a rural policeman (b) *a policeman who is rural
a logical fallacy *?a fallacy which is logical
an electrical engineer *an engineer who is electrical
a solar generator *a generator which is solar
a musical criticism *?a criticism which is musical
a linguistic scholar *a scholar who is linguistic
a dental appointment *an appointment which is dental
a rural policeman-S 7] Al9.J {}-ll]~% ?fA] *<5"}Dj, a logical fallacy-c "~t:.l "§fell}.-j 91 .2..*" (a
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(5) (a) musical clock = clockwhich makes music
musiucal comedy = comedy that has music
musical interlude = interlude which is music
musical criticism = criticism ofmusic
(b) electrical clock = clock powered by electricity
electrical shock = shock caused by electricity
electrical generator = generator producing electricity
electrical heating =heating by means of electricity
01~1if! ~%A} musicals] electrical-€:-.::1 !f1oJl "11f! 1:§A}7} .2..i:-7}oJ] rr}e} ~ol ~e}:zlq. ~l(!
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crack pattern studies, etc.
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54 gijj *- itm1 ii (46)
DeletablePredicate-RDP) ,*.:i!. -¥-g~ 97H.9J Ai~%Al-~ o]q. (7) ojl °1%% ~71tH ~~q.
(7) CAUSE tear gas/drug deaths (causative)
HAVE picture book/lemon peel (possessive/dative)
MAKE honeybee/snowball (productive, constitutive,compositonal)
USE voice vote (instrumental)
BE soldier ant (essive/appositional)
IN fileldmouse (locative [spatial or temporal]
FOR horse doctor (purposivelbenefactive)
FROM oliveoil (source/ablative)
ABOUT tax law (topic)
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:JJ]- Levi(l978)oJ1 J:11iiH 7t~Jti 31.:JJ]- %~~ J:llo&% 7}~ 'T ~% 31. 014.
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Downing, P. (1977). On the creation and use of English compound nouns. Language 53, 810-42.
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60 ~iji"* ~ 'lli (46)
Abstract
Compound Formation in Generative Semantics
Sang-buom Cheun
Department of English Education
Collegeof Education
Seoul National University
The purpose of this paper is to show the inadequacy of the early approach to word-formation by
the generativists. Two important monographs proposed in this framework, Lees (1960) and Levi
(1978), are critically reviewed and it is shown that both of them confront many difficulties which
are insurmountable. Same kind of criticism will hopefully apply to the revival proposals by Sproat
(1985) or Lieher(1992).