Transcript

(....) .... . .

: ...

, 2012

ii

- (....)

....

. .

- ...

.

.

................................... ...

................................... ...

................................... ...

, 2012

iii

.... (...) . ... , , . .... ... . ...., , . .... . 1.119.455 m3/y 7.276.457,5 kwh/y. 11.422 m3/d 29 t/d . 36.570 38.536 CO2 . 29.658 CO2 . , 43.211,49 CO2e 11.684,14 CO2e. 34,54 % 98,75%. .... 1.000 150,64 GWh/y. .

iv

Abstract The organized waste management facility (OWMF) at the Region of Western Attica is a typical example of the wrong practices that are used on municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Greece. In Attica Region, as well as in Greece, the majority of MSW goes for landfilling without any treatment. However, this situation could be changed, should new sustainable treatment methods be adopted at OWMF of Western Attica. Specifically, a wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) could be developed in a neighboring area of OWMF. At the WWTF the wastewaters of Fyli Municipally will be co-digested with the organic fraction of Fylis MSW. The proposed area for the establishment of the WWTF is located at the northwestern borders of OWMF and it fulfills the land use requirements. The major advantage of establishing the WWTF at this location is the cooperation of the WWTF with the facilities of OWMF. From this facility 1,119,455 m3/y of biogas with calorific value of 7,276,457.5 kwh/y could be produced. At the same time, there will be an outflow of 11,422 m3/d of irrigation water and 29 t/d of compost. The produced water will be able to irrigate 36,570,000 m2 of pine forest over a 20-year period. This forest area can capture nearly 38,536 tons of CO2 over a 20-year period which overbalanced the emitted CO2 (29,658 tons) from the facility. Furthermore, the existing process of landfilling for the compostable fraction of the Fylis MSW would emit 43,211.49 tons of CO2e over a 20-year period. On the other hand, for the same period, the anaerobic co-digestion of the compostable waste fraction would emit only 11,684.14 tons of CO2e. In addition, the recovered amount of biogas from the co-digestion of compostable waste could be increased by 34.54 % compared to landfilling with an increment of calorific value reaching 98.75%. Finally, a total area of 1,000,000 m2 at OWMF could be covered by photovoltaic systems. These systems can produce 150.64 GWh of energy per year. Additionally, the use of wind energy does not seem to be advantageous.

v

1. 2. ......................................................................................................... 1 ................................................ 82.1. ....................................................................................... 8 .......................................................................................................................... 8 ................................................................ 8 .............................................. 12 ................................................................... 15 ....................... 17 ....................................................................................................... 20 ................................................................................. 20 ........................ 26

2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5. 2.1.6. 2.1.7. 2.1.8.

3.

...

...................................... 293.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. ...................................................................................................... 29 . 29 ... .. ........................... 32 ... ...

GRINDSTED ....................................................................................................... 34

4.

. .................................................. 444.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. .................................................................................................................................. 44 (...) ............. 45 ........................................................ 50 ............................................................ 55 ........................................................................................................................ 59

5.

(....) ......................................................................... 615.1. 5.2. .................................................................................................................................. 61 (....)

61 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.3. .................................................................................................................... 61 ................................................................................................................. 69

...................................................................................................... 71

vi

5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3. 5.4.

................................................................................................. 71 .......................................................................................... 75 ...................................................................................................................... 76

........................................................................................................... 81 ...................................................................................................................... 81 ................................................................................................................ 82 ........................................................................................................................ 83 ............................................................................................................... 84 .......................................................................................................................... 85 ..................................................................................................... 87

5.4.1. 5.4.2. 5.4.3. 5.4.4. 5.4.5. 5.4.6. 5.5.

.............................................................................................................................. 89 ........................................................................................................................ 95 - .................................................................................. 96 ............................................................................................................. 97 .................................................................... 99

5.5.1. 5.5.2. 5.5.3. 5.5.4. 5.6.

- ..................................................... 101 ...................................................................................................................... 101 ........................................................................................................................ 102 .... 105

5.6.1. 5.6.2. 5.6.3.

5.7. 5.8. 5.9. 5.10.

................................................................................................................. 105 ........................................................................................................................ 106 ............................................................................................................................. 107 ...................................................................................................................... 107

6.

.................................................................................................................... 1086.1. 6.2. ................................................................................................................................ 108 ....................................................... 110 ...................................... 110 .................... 111 ............................................................ 111

6.2.1. 6.2.2. 6.2.3. 6.3.

112 6.3.1.

2011 2031 ........................................ 112

vii

6.3.2.

2011 2031. ............................................................................................................................. 119 6.4. .............................................................................. 130 ................................................................................................... 135

6.4.1. 6.5.

....

........................................................................................ 137

6.5.1.

... ...................................................................................................................... 138 6.5.2. (....) 139 6.5.3. 6.5.4. 6.5.5. 6.6. ................................................................................................ 143 ......................................... 143 ................................................................................................ 144

....

. ............................................................................................................................................ 145

7.

.... . ........................................................... 1487.1. 7.2. ................................................................................................................................ 148 148 7.3. .......................................................................................... 150 .................................................................................................................... 150 153

7.3.1. 7.3.2. .... 7.3.3.

........................................................................................................... 154 7.3.4.

..................................................................... 158 7.3.5. ....

/ 159 7.3.6. 7.4. .... ........................ 166

......................................................................................... 169 .................................................................................................................... 169 ... ........................................... 171

7.4.1. 7.4.2.

viii

7.5.

....

............................................................................................................ 175

7.6.

...................................................................................................................... 176

8.

1788.1. 8.2. ............ 178 ...

.............................................................................................................................. 179

8.3.

... .............................................. 184 8.4.

............................................................................. 188

8.5.

................................................................................................ 193

9.

......................................................................................... 194

10. ............................................................................................. 197 11. ................................................................................................ I11.1. ....................................................................................................................................... I .... ................................................... II ............................................... III / .... IV

11.1.1. 11.1.2. 11.1.3.

1: ... (/), (FA: FANGEL, HA: HASHJ, NY: NYSTED) (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ..................................... 3 2: (/) (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ........................................................................... 3 3: ... (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005)................................................................................................ 4 4: ... (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ..................................................................................... 4 5: (, ., 2010). ................................................................................................................................ 13

6: , 2005.(SWEDISH GAS CENTRE, 2005), (ENERGINET,

2005), (CLEMENTSON, 2007).............................................................................................................. 21

ix

7: (CLEMENTSON, 2007). ...................................... 22 8: (ZHANG, EL-MASHAD, & HARTMAN, 2007)........................................................................................................................... 30 9: ... ... (HARTMANN, ANGELIDAKI, & ARHING, 2003). ............................................................... 32

10: .../ (HAMZAWI, KENNEDY, & MCLEAN, 1998). ............................................................................................................................... 33 11: . (MCATEER, 2010). ............................................................................................................................ 35 12: (BJARNE, 2009)..................................................................... 37 13: (BJARNE, 2009). .......................... 38 14: COD (BJARNE, 2009). ........................... 39 15: (BJARNE, 2009). ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 16: (BJARNE, 2009)............................................................. 41 17: ( 2006) (MCATEER, 2010). ........................... 42 18: ( ) (EUROSTAT, MUNICIPAL WASTE [ENV_WASMUN], 2012). .......................................................................................... 46 19: % .(EUROSTAT, 2012). .......................................................................................... 55

20: . : (EUROSTAT, 2012). ............................................................................. 56

21: .... '87 ( .., 2009). ................................................................................................ 63 22: 1971 2001 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). ......................................................................................... 71 23: 1971 2001 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). ............................................. 72

24: 1970, 1980, 1990 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). .......................................................................... 72 25: , 1991-2001 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). .......................................................................... 73 26: .... () ( , 2011), ( , 2007). ......................................................................................... 73 27: 2011 ( , 2011)..................................................................................................................................... 74

x

28: (2001) (2006-2021) (, , & , : 2001-2021, 2011). ................................................................. 74 29: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ......................................................................................... 82 30: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ...................................................................................................... 83 31: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ...................................................................................................... 84 32: EAUFORT, (METEO.GR, 2011). ............................................................................................................................ 85 33: & (KT) . 1958-1997 ( , 2011)....................... 86 34: [KWH/(M2.MO)] ( , 2010). .............................................................................................................................. 87 35: / (KWH/M2.MO), () , () () , (

, 2010). .............................................................................................................................. 88 36: ( , 2010). ....................................................................................................................................................... 88 37: / , , , 1999-2000. ( , 2010). ..... 93

38: ( ) - ( , 2010). .......................................... 101

39: - ( ) ( , 2010). ......... 103

40: - (, ) ( , 2010). .............................................................................................................................. 103 41: - () ( , 2010).

..................................................................................................................................................... 104 42: ( , 2010).

....................... 104

43: . ........................... 113 44: (, 2003). ........... 114 45: 1997 (-, , & , 2005). ........................................................................................................................................... 114

xi

46: ... (, 2000). ........................................................................................................................................... 115 47: ... . ............... 115 48: ... . ..................................................................................................................................................... 116 49: QE . ....................................................................................................................... 120

50: ( . ., 1995). ................................ 124 51: . ..................................................................... 124 52: 2011 2031. .......................................................................................... 126 53: 2011 2031. ....................................... 128

54: ....... 129 55: ....( .., 2010). ............................. 131 56: ( , 2001). .............................................................................................................................. 136 57: COMPOST ( ) (ENVIROPLAN .., .., . & - . .., 2008) .............................................................. 142 58: COMPOST ( ) (ENVIROPLAN .., .., . & - . .., 2008) .............................................................. 142 59: (SAMPSON, 2009). ............................ 157 60: .... '87 ( ..)................................... 160 61: ( ) .... '87 ( ..). ............................................................................ 162 62: ( ) .... '87 ( ..). ................................................................................ 163

63: .... '87 ( ..). .................................................................................................... 164

64: (GREENENERGIA, 2008). .................................................................................................... 168

65: .... '87 ( ..). ....................................................................................................... 172 66: . ..................................................................................................................................................... 178 67: CO2E . ........................... 178 68: . ........................ 178

xii

69: CO2E . .............................. 179 70: . ................................................................................... 180

71: , 2011 2031 . ................................................................................................................... 181

72: , 2011 2031 . ................................................................................................................... 182

73: 2011 2031 . ................................................................................................................... 183

74: , ... . ........................................................................................ 185

75: . ..................................... 187

76: . .......................................... 189

77: . ................. 189

78: , ( 80568/4225/91). ................................................................................................ 192

1: . : --, . (MADSEN, ESBEN, & HOLM-

NIELSEN, 2010). .................................................................................................................................. 9 2: ( ) (HAANDEL VAN & LUBBE VAN DER, 2012). ....................................... 12

3: (STEFFEN, SZOLAR, & BRAUN, 1998). ........ 16 4: (STEFFEN, SZOLAR, & BRAUN, 1998). ................................................................................................................................. 17 5: GRINDSTED (BJARNE, 2009) ..... 34 6: (APPELSA, ET AL., 2011). .............................. 53 7: (, 2009). ........................................ 55

xiii

8: (, 2009). ......................................................................................... 59 9: (GOOGLE, 2011),( , 2010). ....................................................................... 62 10: (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010) ..................................................................................................... 62 11: (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). .................................................................................................... 63 12: .... (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). ............................................................................................... 65

13: .... (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). ................................................... 66 14: .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ................................................................ 66 15: T (.... ) (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 67 16: .. 23,5MW (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). .................................................... 67

17: (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 68 18: ( 2008). ................. 68 19: (GOOGLE, 2011). .............................................................................................................................. 69 20: (GOOGLE, 2011). ................................................. 70 21: .... ( 2008). ....................................................................................................................................................... 71 22: ( 2008) .................................. 77 23: ( 2008)......................................................................... 77 24: ( 2008) .............................................................. 78 25: ( 2008) ..................................... 78 26: ( 2008) ............................................................ 78 27: .... (OPENSTREETMAP, 2011)........................................................................................... 79 28: ) .... . ) .... ................................................................................... 79

29: ... ( ) ( ) (GOOGLE, 2011). ............................................................................................ 80

30: . ................................ 80 31: .. (GOOGLE, 2011). ........................................................................................................... 81

xiv

32: ( , 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 82 33: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ......................................................................................... 83 34: . 1958-1997 (: ). ............................................................................................................... 84 35: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ...................................................................................................... 85 36: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ......................................................................................... 87 37: 38 ( , 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 89 38: CORINE ( , 2010). .................................................................................................... 90 39: Z ( ) Z ( ) (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). ........................................................................................................ 90 40: - . ( , 1999). .................................................. 91 41: .... (, , & , 2009). .............................................. 94

42: .... ( ,

1996). ............................................................................................................................................. 95 43: 2 1,2 .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ...................................................................................................... 96 44: .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ........................................................................... 97

45: .... 220 (GOOGLE, 2011). ....... 97 46: 67 (...) (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 98 47: 206 .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ....................................................................................................................................................... 99 48: , , (GOOGLE, 2011). .................................. 99 49: () T , 4 . .X., ( & M,

2005) () (, 2008). .............................................................................. 100

xv

50: .... (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ..................................................................................................................... 101 51: .... (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ..................................................................................... 102 52: . 1: , 2: , 3: , 4: , 5: ( ), 6: , 7: -

, 8: (-), 9: , 10: .(, , & , 1999). ........................................................................................................................ 106 53: (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , , 2010). ...................................................................................................... 107

54: . ............................. 109 55: .... (, , & , 2010) ............................................. 131

56: ... ( ) (GOOGLE, 2010), ( , 2011). .................................................................................................. 132 57: ( ) ( ) .... ( ) (GOOGLE, 2010),( , 2010). ................................................................... 133 58: .... (GOOGLE, 2010). ................................................. 133 59: (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................................................ 134 60: ( 2008).................................................. 134 61: ( 2008). ................................................ 135 62: .... (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................................................................................................................ 138 63: .. (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2012) ............................................................................................................................................ 138 64: (....) (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2012) ...................................................................................................................... 140 65: , (ENVIROPLAN .., .., .

& - . .., 2008) ................................................................................ 140 66: ( ) ( ) (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................................................................................................................ 143 67: ( 2008). ..................................................................... 144 68: ( 2008). .................................................................................... 145 69: ( 2008)....................................................................... 145

xvi

70: (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................... 146 71: , .... , , (GOOGLE, 2010). ................................ 147

72: FORT CARSON, CO LACKAWANNA, NY (EPA, 2008). .......................................... 149

73: . (EPA, 2008). .................................................... 150 74: HAMBURG(BECK ENERGY GMBH, 2008). ..................................................................................................................... 151 75: / .................................................. 151 76: BROMLEY................................................ 151 77: (SWANA, 2010). ........................................................................................................... 152

78: / (SWANA, 2010) .......................................... 152 79: / (SWANA, 2010). ................................................................ 153 80: UNI-SOLAR (UNI-SOLAR, 2009). ................................................................................ 154

81: (TANSEL, 2010). ............................................................................................... 155

82: PENNSAUKEN LANDFILL NEW JERSEY (SOLARFEEDS, 2009). .. 156 83: ... FORT CARSON ARMY BASE (GALENTINE, 2008). ..... 157 84: .... ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). .................... 161 85: ... ( 2008)....................................... 161 86: / ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). ........................................................................................................................................... 163 87: / ( 2008)........................................................................................................................... 164 88: ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). ................................................ 165 89: .... (GOOGLE , 2012). ...................................................................................... 165 90: (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY UNIT, 2007)............................................................ 167

91: (GREENENERGIA, 2008). ............................... 169 92: ) ) HULL (FISCHER, 2011),(WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). ............... 169

93: HULL (WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). ........................................................................................................................... 170

xvii

94: HULL (WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). .................................................................................................. 170 95: HULL (WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). .......................................................................................................... 171 96: ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). ..................................................................................................................................................... 172 97: (, 2001). ......................................... 173 98: (, 2001).174 99: () ( , 2006). ........................................................................................................................................... 175 100: .... (GOOGLE , 2012). .................................................... 176 101: ( ) . ..................................................................................................................................................... 192

1: 27 & 15 ( ) (EUROSTAT, 2012). ............................................................................................................................................. 46 2: ( ) (EUROSTAT, 2012).. 47 3: (KG/) 1995,2002 2009 2009. (EUROSTAT, 2011). ................................................................... 47

4: 27 (KG/) 19952009 :(EUROSTAT, 2011). .......................................................................................................... 48 5: ... , . (EUROSTAT, 2011). .............................................................................................. 49

6: - 2000/01 2010/11 (DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, 2011). .............................................................................. 50 7: 2006 2005. (EUROSTAT, 2011). ........................................................................................... 51

8: 1990 2008 (EUROSTAT, 2011). .................................................................................................................. 52

9: ( KG CO2-EQ) 1 ( ) (EUROSTAT, 2011). .... 54

10: 2009 (% ) (EUROSTAT, 2011). ............................................................................................................................ 57 11: 2009 (EUROSTAT, 2011). ............................................................................................................................ 58

xviii

12: (EUROSTAT, 2012). ................................................................................................................ 58 13: ... 2011 2031. ............................................................................ 116

14: ... 2011. ................................................................... 117

15: ... 2031. ................................................................... 118

16: ... . ........................................................... 118

17: . ...................... 129 18: ....................... 130 19: , 2011 2060 . ................................................................................................................... 182

20: , 2011 2060 . ................................................................................................................... 183

21: 2011 2060 . ................................................................................................................... 1843

22: (M ) . ......................................................................................................... 1853

23: % (M ) . ......................................... 186 24: CO2E (M ) 2011-2031. ..................................................... 1863

25: CO2E () 2011-2031. ................................................ 187

26: (KWH) . ................................................................................................... 188

27: . ................................................................................. 191

1: ... (.....) GRINDSTED, LBORGAND RHUS. (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ............................................................................. 5

xix

2: - , N.D.: , FA: FANGEL, HA: HASHJ, NY: NYSTED (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). .............................................. 6 3: 30 C (JORGENSEN, 2009). ....................................................................................................................... 23 4: , .. ... (HARTMANN H. , 2002). .................................................................................................... 30

5: H GRINDSTED: (AL SEADI, 2010) .................................................................................................................................... 37 6: (MCATEER, 2010). ........................................ 43 7: . ........................ 45

xx

1. (...) (Eurostat, 2011). 47% ... (, 2003), . 31/1999 . , , . . . ... . (....) . .... . , ... . 1980 ... . , ... ... 1980 Refcom (refuse conversion to methane). Pompano Beach (WALTER, 1984). 1

, Vaasa . WABIO-Vaasa, , Ecotechnology JVV OY. (Deublein & Steinhauser, 2011). . ..., ... , , . (TS) 10-15%. , Kil . . , 1.325.000 , 20 , 50.000.000 m3, 1 PJ ( . , 2008). 20 (Fangel, Grindsted, Hashj, Nysted, Snertinge, Studsgrd, lborg and rhus) ... , .... Studsgrd 129.000 . 5% ..., 7% 88% . 35 m3 m3. 2.700 700 (Hartmann, Angelidaki, & Arhing, 2003). 1 ... , 2001, .

2

1: ... (/), (FA: Fangel, HA: Hashj, NY: Nysted) (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted FA, HA, NY 6000 12000 lborg Snertinge Studsgrd rhus

2001

2000

300 3000

900 1800

11000 11000

2000 17000

4000

2 ... . Grindsted ... ... 2: (/) (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted ... FA, HA, NY 175.000 .. lborg Snertinge Studsgrd rhus

28.000

-

40.000 -

113.000 -

100.000 -

4.000

-

8.000

9.000

-

... , ( Studsgrd). , , ... ... . 3 .

3

Grindsted. 3: ... (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted FA, NY HA, lborg Snertinge Studsgrd rhus

..., , . 4 , ... . 4: ... (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindste d FA, NY + 3% 25-30% 15-45% 20-40% 15-25% 15-45% Dewaste r HA, lborg Snerting e Dewaster Studsgr d rhus

Grindsted, ...,

4

1% (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). 97% ( 4). , , , . ... ... ( 1).

1: ... (.....) Grindsted, lborg and rhus. (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). lborg rhus Grindsted ( 4). ... 33% 1% Grindsted . ... (CADDET Danish National Team, 2001).

5

Grindsted : , , , 80 / (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005).

2: - , n.d.: , Fa: Fangel, Ha: Hashj, Ny: Nysted (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted , 3 . ... . ... Viareggio Treviso (Bolzonella, Battistoni, Susini, & Cecchi, 2006). Viareggio 100.000 Treviso 70.000 . ... . Viareggio 3 / ... 1.0 1.2 kgTVS/m3d. 50%. 6

... Treviso. 99% 90% . 3.500 m3/ 17.500 m3/ . 50 / . ... Treviso pH , VFAs 100 mg / l ( COD). , , , . , ... (Zupancc, Uranjek-Zevart, & Ros, 2008) ... 50.000 . , , 0,8 kg m-3d-1 . 25% 1,0 kg m-3d-1 . 80% 0.39m3 kg-1 0,60 m3 kg-1 0,89 m3 kg-1. 50 kW, . 130% 55%. 71% 81% .

7

2.

2.1. ... . 2.1.1. . (CH4) 55-70% (CO2) 3045%. , , , , 20 25 MJ/m3 ( . , 2008). : + CH4 + CO2 + NH3 + H2S + + 2.1.2.

. , : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ( 1).

8

1: . : --, . (Madsen, Esben, & Holm-Nielsen, 2010). . . . (, ., 2010),

(AGROENERGY S.A. ):

9

1:

. (, , ), . , , . , . , , , . . . 2:

, . , (CH3COOH) (50%), (CO2) (H2) (20%), (VFAs) (30%). 3:

, . , , . . . . , . , .

10

4:

. 70% , 30% CO2. , . ( 20% ) . . , , pH . , ( ), (DO) . : : 2 CH3CH3OH+ CO2 2 CH3COOH + CH4 CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 (.. ) CH3OH + H2 CH4 + H2O CO2 CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + 2 H2O

11

2: ( ) (Haandel van & Lubbe van der, 2012). 2.1.3. , pH, , , . : 10-25C ( ), 30-37C ( ) 48-55C ( ). , , , 12

. (.. -10C 90C) . 5: (, ., 2010). < 20 C 30 42 C 43 55 C 70 80 30 40 15 20

, . . , , . (, , ) . ( ) . , . , (.. ) . , . , . , ( ), . 13

. (.. ). , . . . . 1-2C . , , (.. ) . , : . , , , . (, ., 2010), (Biomass Energy , 2012) PH pH / ( ) (ppm). pH , (, , ). pH, 5,5 8,5, 7-8 . , , pH (, ., 2010). , , , , , , , , . , , , (C::P:S) 600:15:5:1. 14

, . . , . , , , , (, ., 2010). (VFA). (, , , ), , . , VFA , pH. VFA, , pH, . .. , VFA pH. , (, ., 2010). 2.1.4. ( 3). ( , , ) . , 1970, , . , 15

, COD .

3: (Steffen, Szolar, & Braun, 1998). ( 4) ( ) .

16

4: (Steffen, Szolar, & Braun, 1998). . . . 2.1.5. : , , . , (, ., 2010). 17

(Adhikari & Visvanathan, 2006): 8% - (-) , 7-15%. , 20-40%.

15% . 15% ( 20% 40%) . . , , , . . : : . , . . . . : . . 18

. .

. : . . , . 14 28 . (Verma, 2002). : . , , . . (WtERT Germany GmbH, 2009). . . . . . 19

. 12-14 15-30 . . , (Monnet, 2003) 2.1.6. . (Monnet, 2003): 1. 2. 3. . 4. . , , . 2.1.7. . . . , . (CH4) 65% , 20

( 6). (N2), ( 6). 6 , 2005. 6: , 2005. (Swedish Gas Centre, 2005), (energinet, 2005), (Clementson, 2007). , MJ/Nm3 kWh/Nm3 MJ/kg Wobbe, kg/Nm3 MJ/Nm3

16

23

40

4,4 12,3 1,3 18 > 130

6,5 20,2 1,2 27 >135

11 48 0,83 55 72

, CO CO2 CO2,

vol-% vol-%

45 35-65

65 60-70

89 -

vol-%

0

0

0

vol-% vol-% vol-% vol-%

0-3 0 40 15-50

0 0 35 30-40

0 0 0,9 -

21

N2 N2, 2 2, , Cl-

vol-% vol-% vol-% vol-% ppm ppm ppm mg/Nm3

15 5-40 1 0-5


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