Yyn yypxarZH yfrngespnsnnfrri rexxonorrfru yngec

HornyvgHftr r3corrrooH.q xopornox npaKrHK Eafigar. MexreH ycHsr

6onox ryyHr,rfi HorgnyyA xoprofr yqpaac regrespreil xapbL{ax.qaarxaapAarAax xypaM 3aaBpbrr xaTyy MspAex acrofr. Menren ycHstKnapK 8.3'10-6%

MeHrex yc aryynaru 20 op,urr,t opAoc 6Nfr. SArespeec yfrngsepnsnrfiHa,.t xo-n6orAonrofr Hb Kr4HoBapu HgS 6onxo. Meu xopgeporT, MeraqnHa6apur, fiilBHHrcroHrlr, MaKqepM[Tr4T 6onou 3gc, cypbMa, Mbt[rbnK,qafrpurH MeHreH yc aryynaru cyns$m.quu opAcyyA 6ahgar. MexreFtycHbr AaH Hafipnararaft epgcmfir ilcefiEyynox irtaraltraHA opyyrlxMoHreH ycbrr yypuyynaH xeprsx 3aMaap rapraH aBHa. XyApiafrr 500-6000C xyprsn xanaaHa. Xygpr,1ilx xaflaaJ'rrur Hnyyg3r'i xyqilareperq1yxnil opt{tiHA rByyflaxaA xufrt-t 6afrgnaap ffnrapcaH xyxopxyqr.nreper,{reft Hor.qox Al4oKa4A yycroHo. Xaprx xnitn 1afignaapnnrapcaH MeHreH yc xeprenrnfin eBL{aA LUtaHrgH TeneBT [rlr4nxl4Ho.Hepenresp rapcaH MeHr€H ycur uyfx qoBoprryynHo. l-yHqeBopulyynenruitr qaaur4A xyr{rdn, rxyfiT aurrnax, eHgep gynaanrafrH3p9nT XrfrX Sar\iraap eByynHa. Xonnuor xafipnai-arafr xygpeec MeHreHyc rapraxbrH TynA 6asxnransrr reppoMerannypi-rilH apraap xafrnyynx(6yqanruar ye Oyxmfi 3yyxaHA 6yxry ecaen BaKyyM 3yyxaH.q xni,x)FnraHa" 3csen rmgpoMeraneyprNilH apraap MeHreH ycbrr raprax aBHa.Teuepnerufix cynuSmgsrri Sanxmang 6yit MeHrsH ycHbr cynb$Hgctryycrax 6a gapaa nu xsHreH LlaraaH, Llafrp, TeMep 3spor reuepnerrsfrSapuqangyynax 6a gapaanrfru uJarHbr npoqeccyy.qaap AaMxyynaHHTTAX ABHA.

MarHH, Mg (o. Maftinfr, a. magnesium). l-Rnanscaa, MeHrsngr

ToMepner. MarHrafir xeHreH qaraaH 6yny ecaen qafrpurH xaftnu:mHgopyynx xafrnu:Hsr qaHapbrr Hb cafixpyyngar. Sgreep xafrnuyyg Hu

HHc3x oHroq, nyyxuH, qeuufix peaKTop, xeflenryypmilH eg aHril, 6arax,cyyAnbrH Ma[uHH, focHbr ulaxyypra, $oro 6a rmuo roxeepeMx, AypaH,qoxrnyypr anx 3oporr xaporlroHe. MarHufrr qoBpoop Hb BaHaAH,xpoM, Ti4Ta!-{, raflpHl4, ypaH, $p3r xyHA Fnrargax TeMeplrerYygwitrrsgreepxir'r HorAn3sc cafirax, rapraH aBaxag xoporflsHe. XruNfixHerI3J: 5ai,:.r,.aap rvrarunftr LleMeHT, rang recaepreil Toocro, pe3rH,Hgxu3ri uaac yfingBsplrsJltr 6onoH opraHrK xtaMr4E xop3rnoH3.

Marxufr; rxa3i ' .?7"':Maiur,ri. ! -:;a- 3::c\yg: AonoMrr CaMg(CO,)r, rrarHe3xr MgCC.,6pycrr '.': CH ; .,€!-3.i.:'rr,,:r lvlgCl,'KCl'6H:O. Surc;irra; MgClr'6HrO.Marani,: .:ix,i---33- i--:=- 'r.\'raaHbi api-aap iap:ax a3iia. Tuv'xi,riZ 3I Hb

[i4gCi 6i'r:y 1:3-r-"i*-.",.--- "a3iai,1t.f 5.i{a.

':a

Yyn yypxaffn yringaepnenriH rexnonorraftn yHgec

Ko6anur, Co, (o. xo6ansr, a. cobalt) finnrrrryfr FraaBTap 6yroy ecsen,

xexeBTep ryearafr 6Yger caapan uJaprarrEyy eHreTsr TeMepner.Ko6anurrfiH xepornoo:

. XanyyH Aaax, copoH3oH, xer xaryy, seapsxryil 6onox 6ycagxafinuJ, 6ypxyyn (rypxeq)-NilH 6yrqeg opHo. Sgreep Hb nyyxr4HoHroqHH ryp6nx, aroMuH 3agpanHr nByynax rexeeprmfiHxufiqyygeg qaHapnar raH, xaMraanaflTbrH Typxoq xsn6epeepaluHrrraEar.

. Ko6ansruu Hergnyygnfrr naaraH, 6ygar, Baap, wnnani,tnafipnarag opyynAar.

. Ko6ansrbrH'qaqpar uAoBxr4T 60Co rgoronsrr (xarac 3aApaflbrHxyraqaa ns 5.24 xrn) y- qaqparr yycBop 6onron rexuNx 6aaHaraax yxaaHE xepsrrreHe.

. Ko6anuraA rynryypfiaH opraHHK cmHreshfiH sopuynanrrafrKaranu3arop xufigar. Ko6anursrH KJ]apK 0.001 8olo

Ko6ansr aryyncaH 130 opvrarr,r epgoc 6uVt. Tyynnfi gorop 40 opvranlrxo6ansturH epAoc 6ah1ar. flnnHerr CO3S4, roEansrrafi nrpmr (Fe,Co)Sr, c$epoxo6anbrrr Co(Co.), cryrrepy4r4r CoAsr, lr.rruanurmx (Co,Ni)As., KappoJ'rrr Cu CorSo rcper epgcyyp MeH nhppon4H, neHTnaHAHT,xanbKonfipuT, apceHoflHpr4T sepor xygprfix opgcyygog ro6arsraryynargaHa. Ko6ansrnfiH epgcyygrafrr epenxnfrg Hb Mbr.ubcKr,xyxepnor, ncongcoH rex 6ynernsHe. Ko6ansrrafr nasrurusrr HAyyxtgpilfir HxoBt{JroH MexaHilK 6anxyynanraxg opyynax 6a 6anHxvgpufir ulyyg xafrnyyngar. Arralauarr aBToKnaBHH npoL{eccoopxafrnyynanr xnilrgeue" Cu, Au, Ag, Bi, U seper AaraflAax oneMeHTyygryxafiu 6yner xvAspr opr.rlgor. Ko6anururx xyxspner xygpyyg 6onoxxo6anur aryyncaH 3sc guqninn cyns$n4ufrx xygpufrr MexaHHK6anxyynanraHg opyynx Ehq, sechfix EaRxrraanur nupoMerannyprrafixnpoqeccr, rihppormHbr 6anxMaJrbtr ru.qpoMerannyprufrn;,6onoacpyynaflraHg opyynHa. Ko6ansruu ucoagceH xygep ryyxmfi goropxo6ansr aryynarq puqnfia xygprafir HxoBqfloH nhpoMeranflypr,rrgpoMerannyprrfix apraap 6onoacpyynx xo6anur 6a guqnrtrraprax aBHa.

Cypuua, Sb, (o. cypbMa, a. antimony) Xexeerep rynarail MgHrener

qaraaH reruepner.Taflcrnar 6onon 3 eep arvrop$ xen6sprefr opu,qor.Anaop$ xen6epr opuJr4x cypbMa Hb rocpsMxvil, xap, uap rox HopnoAor.Tecpeuxnfr cypbMa Hb ryyHg xypGXoE rocopgor. Xap 6a uap cypbMans xyeNpanrxafr 6ereeg qaaufiE rancrnar 1ailtranA' ulr,rflxl,{Hg. Xap,LiaraaH iyranrarafr xolibcoH xarZnu: Safrnraap aKKyMnffTopbrH

21

i'\rJ, xa;4# 3i1.1 t4it TeX;".irJnOii4 t4H Yr rj;Se

xaBraHryytr, KaSenHrH oypxyylt xr4,7ix3t1 x3p3ra3g3r. Xonxxa.{,x3Bn3nhfrH YCerHi4r 6ap, c;r,nt, T3c3pA3r cyM YililgB3pfl3x3l x3p3rrl3r-is.

l-epruiaHu, qaxxyp 6ysag xarac' Aamx{Vyfi#.i,qeil cafrxpyynarq xo.rtbu6onros xopernorcqsHg. Lleapoepae xHMHfiH yfrngeecneng xsper.risFlc.l-.[aqpar hAoBXr4T '22Sb ugoron;tr y-qaL{par, Hefrrpou;i ox yycBsp6onrox auJilrfiaHa. CypurrrarrafrH KfiapK 5'10-s o/a

Cypurr,ta aryyncaH 120 rapyin opgcooc 3oHxunox aq xonbcrAonrofr as 27opgoc 5aintrar. Cypsnnanaftu, cypbMa-MsHreH ycHbi, cypbMa-xapryrafiraHbr, anr-cypbMarnfiH, cypbMa-Bonu$par,,ti,tH spAcYYA 6ni,t.YfingespnenmilH a.{ xon6orgonrotZ anrnuoHrr SbrS3, KepfiH3xr SbrS2,BafleHruHr4r SbrO., crr6uxoHrr Sb[Sb2O6(OH)] aeper ap.3cYYA 6aitaa.Seprsepmr, gxeMcoHr4T, Terpaogpl4T, trBarqhr, t'txtsHHrcroHt4T 33p3rcynu$Ngyyg, MoFrrHT, cepBaHTur, cru6nxoxnr rex Mor ot(ct4AyyA,Ha.qopilr sepor oxcfi.qxnopmflyygbrr cypsuarnfrH xygop 6afignaapauHr'raAar. cypurtrar nHpoMeranfiypr, rrgpoMeTann5,prrfin apraapraprax aBHa. Tyyxraft reMepnerree 90% Hb cypbMa 6ahAar. XnunfiHqercp cypbMar HAeexrYfi xuitn opLtt4HA xailnyynax 3arilaap rapraxaBEar.

Bucsmyr, Bi, (o. BHcbMyr, a. bismuth) Hraaerap ryaarail MeHreIter

caapan eHrereil TeMepner. ilaraaH Tyraflra, xapryraJ'tra, xagnarfiseperrefr Hufinyynx xnn6ap xafinax xafrnu rapraxaA Bi4cbMyrbtrxoporn3Ho. L{yrryypuu xapxfrH xuit4nfia xeB AapAac, ToMgsrns3,yrcpalrr, xsHaflTbrH Texeopryyg xuftxeg autaff]aHa. Hiacex cilrol{,aBToMaurHbr xegeflryyprafrH eE aurmfrx 3opnyr'tanrraft rax, ult4p-aM,

xsHreH LlaraaHH xaftnu:rfrs 3acarAax qaHapbtr cailxpyynax 3opuJ-:lcDpHafrpnarag Hb Br4cbMyrbrr opyynHa. Braeuuyrur oM V#.qxangBapryftxyynax, xaraax 3oprynanraap xopornens. Xttfruen MELifiacyfrnpeepns5eg ilEoBxxyynorqgap xsp3rnoHa. Arorirstu 3pqHM rey.lr+tx;i

yfrngaspnsn4 BmcbMyrbrr trlhHroH gynaaH reor.{ 6onoH xeprerc syfr;:Oonron aulfirnaHa. l-{axmnraau rexHIKT Br,lcbMyr opoflt-lcoH xaracgauxnTy;ranrNfrr rapraH aBq xsporneHo. BrcuuyrutH uergnyygrfiru:nnuNfr xafrpnarag opyyncHaap repnr,rfiH xyrapnbtH xoe$$uqexrxfrrHoMor.n\rynqe;-. Baapax s.qrsnufiH xnn6ap xafrnax naanaHA Bt'tcbMyroponuoHo. Bxcsruyrurx KnapK X.7'104 o/o

Brcsulr- aJl::a- 63 i-apyfr 3pA3c 6rafi. Bracsri,ryr Hb xap ryraflra-qafip,3oc, t'qc:'iH6:e.---"::5a:isi. uaraaH Tyraflra-BonsQpar.,tutn xQfitztti4ot-

xy.qprafix ;ai.c:,a-=- 5aFx xi roxl4onAoHc. 3:rsspsec B!4cbMyrbtrraprax 33?X=- :.3:3--33 si4cbMyrbrr eeprfrx>l H5 3p;1cYY433C finraxaa1ar. 6ai.l'a:,,7- :,r^=r,,,'- 3i=35.9-99 9oril ai,r:sr,.1\Tf1i Bi.S.. 6mo;r,,:r

BizO3, 6uctrnyrur Bi2CO3(OH),, xo3anur Pb2Bi2S5' afrxaxur CuPbBiS''

iJtp,lgr"rr' BirTerS, rennyijoaracMyrl4r BirTer, 33por-Hb Bt4cbMyrblH

epncwg 6onnol 3iprarr,r optro{ le.pparar (Cu,Ag). Pb2Bissrl' KpynKaur

CupOAirSu, naBoHl4r (Ag,Cu)(Bi,Pb)rSu rex Mer xapbqaHryfi xoabp

spACYYg TOXilOn,qoHo.

Bncsrrayrstn xYgpraftx Aaranflax efieMeHTYYA Hs Pb, Cu,Ag' Au' Co' Ni'

BucuuyruH xygpr,rfrr $noraquap 6anxyynaxag gecrfru 3cB3'I xap

w*rin"' OasxMan Aorop Bt4cbMyr xypt4MrnarAaHa. YvNp Hb

"ii"i*yt"'* gnoraqnargax qaHap Asopx spgcYYEreft ofipo:tl4oo

6ahnar. XYgepr sec 6a xap ryranraHut cynsSNgyryfl 6ara xyaurain 6on

Bt4CbMyTbtH eepraftu Hb 6acxlvlan rapHa. BNCUnnyr aryy.r'larq

6yrsergexlryH Hb (ercuuryrutn 6a,xap TyraflraHbl 6anxr'nan) HxsBqfieH

xip ryiin#uu yilngaepr reBnopAer yqpaac xap ryraflrHr LleBsprrrYYnsH

snrax fiBqaA ByrcbMyrbtr raprax aBHa. Xap ryranraHaac BrcbMyrHr

,nruirt* ryn.q xaftnyyncaH xap ryranraHg xanuqrfi (Ca) rvrarHrafi (MgL

rfir xonnHo. t<anu[ili,t uaraufi seperrsfi Bt4cbMyr Hb xonbLl rrayyraft

*J.arn yycreH3. Scsen srleKrponl43 -

xopornox 6ereeg xap ryraflra Hb

KaroA Aoep BilcbMyr Hb uaapraHa 6Wa**

1.2.3 YHST TeMePflernt4H SPgCI4HH EAf,IIAT,

Yfn.qBePnsrl[4[4H CATIEAP T//

YHgr reuepnerHfix ep4crafirr 6agnarr a,IT, L{araaH aflT, MeHreHilfi

*Vg"p opro. Sgreep Hb xoBop o-ngoqrofi' 3aprau oHqrofr uvlry-x

*"Iib""bua 6ycgaZcaa flnrapHa. Sgreop 1annruiau yfrngaepnennfiH

""nil| ;" on6'opnonr flByynax *I, Aafig yypxail, 6onoecpyynax aHxaH

,rt*"' (6anxyyiranr) 5on6n ryfir{en 6onoacpyyfiaflrblH yilngaepeec

6ypgene. .

Anr, Au (o. sonoro, a. gold) 3eeneH ToE uap,.xYHA TeMepner' Hnrr us

rcgYo Kr/M3, xafrnax reMneparyp 1046'50C' Anruu yqH. 6onox

AaBrarAax qaHap Hu 6ycag 6yx ierr,'epnereac ranyy 6ailgar. 1rp arlrblr

?*, riliOuilraft 6onrofl Hb Hranrien oonrox AaBrax 6cnHo. Anr uaul

cafiH eHrenergeHe. Anr xvntinitrt xyBbg rageexryfr cyn 6a laTyy*Vrrng yycaxryil, epgililH Heir{eng xYqufirspe*:-IY.?'fiH Heneefieng

;b*W, ',aiarinnfis yc araapbtH HefleeHA esepexryfr. Anr .AaBcHbt

6bnoH a3orbtH xyqHnE yycaxry|4 xhpH33 (regreepnfrH 3:1 xonbq

HCI+HNOg) xaaH AapcaHA aMapxaH yycHa. MeH 3apilM sneMeHr

nergnyygreit anr ypBqlA opHo. Anr uu Ba'lloTblH YHACsH TeMepnerr

TooqorAAoryL{paac,gAufiHgacarrrX3SxSHL{}D(afiyypsrrefr'TexHmrranrbrr 6ycag r",*"pn"iyygrefr xonbx xafinu 6onrox auilrnaHa' HNcax

Z3

oHroq, caHcpblH TexHhKr 3apilM ofiflrorq, qaxHnraaHbl KoHTaKT'

AaMxyynarq 3A aHrr xrfrxog xepornox 6a pag[o rexeepeMxYYge'tq

xepern-ene. l-laxrart,t rexHhKT repMaHu, tt+Al , ra$Hu, qaxnyp, qaraaH

ryranra, seprrftr oponqyyncaH anr 6yxnft KoHTaKryyEHr xop3r'IeHo'

aAnrHur Hhnes.q xyBb Hb YHST eAnen xnitxsl 3op[ynarAaxa. Anrutr

aHaraax yxaaHg iepernex 6a rVYr-lrail le8Au qaqpar ilAeBxT l43oTonblr

xaBgpblH txt4Hxilnr39HA aujHrnaHa.Anrnur KnapK 4.3'10'7 o/o

Safiranug ul4xr4p anr xen6epssp 6onon riaenrerefi xonHMOr SneKrpyM,

secrefi xorlt4Mor KynpoaypHA, qaraaH annain xonHMor xaryy yycManHH

ien6epeep op,rriHo. kanaaeprar AuTer, uroxr6pefrr AuTe, rcpor

;;;6rA xen'6epeap oprxgor. Xoaop 6onosq anr MeHrexraft cynu$ugOono"*'yHreH66rapgri Ag.AuSr,roxnonAono.Yfingrcpnenufrx aq

xon6orgnoop r.uraxrap anr vyxan 6aftp cyyphfir s33flAsr. K|ocrenur

1Au=f O-ZOyo), xanaaepNr AuTer, (Au=10-43o/o), KpeHHepHr (AuAg)Tet

iRu=40%), irn"earrr AgrAuTer(Au=25%\ seper spAcYYI xo6pgorlbafp cyy;pnirir o3ofiger. Kynpoayprag AuCur, pogmr-Au, Rh, nponeqrrAn, irO, jypocru6ar Au Sbr,- rrlar uionrr Au2B i, eoreu6orapAerr Ag.Au 52

r3x MoT Mau xoBop roxnonAox anr aryynarq gpacvYgraftr on6opnogor.r Anrqur x\gpvriir.r on6opnonr 6onoecpyynanrbtH AaranAax 6YresrAexYYtt

MeHre, 3ec, xap ryraflra, qaftp, BHcbMyT, xYHtl3fl, CypbMa, Teflflyp,MeHrsH yc, aons$parvr, qaraaH Tyrarlra, Ko6anuT, fll4l-I, 33p3r

eneMeHryyg Eaftgar. AnrHut opgHr Eorop Hb ulopooH (tuNxupuer) opg6a yHgceH opA rox xyBaaHa. lllopoou opg Hb ryHaMarl xypgac,

YHACoH OpA Hb AaBxpara, MouIUn, YYp, cyEarl, cyEnaHqap, [IJToKBepK,

xsn6eprfrH 6rer yycregsr. AnrHst tuopooH opgog rn apraap, xygprafiHopAog nn 6a AanA apraap aurrnaltr nByytlx on6opnonr xufrHe.[lJuxNp anrHr 3oHxr4flx rpaararaqmfiH apraap ffflrax aBgar. Hynrarxxxnr u:npxerrefi HuMreH xyygacnar anrbtr rpaerrqrilH apraap gnraxap

xanrgafl wx rapAar. Anrutr yycrax, aHrrxpyynax aprblr eprsHxesierneHe. YycranranA LlhaHHAyyA, Teocyllb$ar, aeprrfir aurruIaHa.Anrur auanurarraaqufiu apraap MgHreH ycaH.q ultaHrcox Aapaa Hb

Rnrax 6afrgnaap raprax aBax npaKrnx 6ufi.

[araax a4q, Pt (o. nnarmHa, a. platinium). MeHrener LlaraaH reMepr]er.

panraapaa 6on uaur cafiH .qaerarAax, cyHax xoBnerAox vanaprafi. HnrrHb 21460r4iu3, xafrnax reMneparyp 1772oC xuvinila xyBbg 6araHA3B)oro4Jrrrafr. EpAutftn reMneparypr xaaH Aapc, 6poHaooc 6ycaA6ogrgr aaraxryfr, rorraoprofr opul/Ho.

Xnnarfrx yingaepnena ngemxnil 6ogracrofi xapbqax, 6a eHAepTeMneparyp yfrn rnsx Sarax xeparcnnfrH oA anrwitr qaraaH anr 6a

24

ryyHu, xafifluJyyAaap xnilHe. OHgep renrneparypraft opLlaHA Sroparyyflarq Hergnyygufru yilnrneng qaraaH anr oHqrofi rscaeprefi6,ailAar. IJaraax anrHbr ynoMx xyBb Hb Karanhsaropr cnaHryga ra3pbrHroc 6onoecpyynax yftngaepr xepornoHe. [axnria rexHilKT qaraaH arirHbrxahnwnfir KoHTaKT xmilxeA xopernoHe. L{araax anraap 6ypcensjreKrpoAyyEbrr fix xgp3rureHe. Ko6ansr, caMapn seprrfrr opoflqyyncaHqaraaH alrrHbt xafrnul Hs copoHgoH sauaprafr yl{paac rorrMoncopoH3oH rapraxaA auJnrIraHa. l-o6n qmrrasrnsnilfiH yHsT 3An3n xnfixs.qqaraaH aflrbrr vpaqn 5-10%, pyreH 5% oponqyyncaH xaftnu EafranaapxspsrnoHe. 10000c-aac Aeelu reMneparypbrr xoMxr4x repMoMerp,TepMonap seprnilr xrftxefl qeBep qaraaH afiTbrr_ xep3rr.r3Ho. LlaraaHarrf HeH xoBop reMepfler. Tyyxrft Knapx xs S.10-7 %

Yngcsn 6a u.ropoon opgog qaraaH a'rrHbr xyAep opul4x 6onno. opRyygHb AaH qaraaH aflrHbr xyfiprfrH 6a 6ycag reMepflernrzH spgscibfixoj]mMor 6yreqrsfr 6ailgar. 3ec, gec-xurcenrfin cyns$ragrafiH"xyA3p,aflTHbt [lopooH opEoA qaraaH aflTHbt aryynaMx 6aiapar. ljaraaH anraryyncaH 100 rapy! 3pA3c 6uh. Terraepr qaraaH anr pt, Fe,nso$epponflarilH ltr.F", ur4xr4p LlaraaH alrr, Terpa$epponnarrax (piFe), ocruNpNE (Jr, Os), rapragocnnuH (Os, Jr), Spy4rar pi Air, reaepcNr pti?q,. _cnepilflnilr PtAs2, naypur RuS2, xonnunryoprur

-(Rh, irt, Rd,

J0(Assr) rox Mer spflcyvA ranyy roxraongono.t-laraan arrrHbi xygprafirvn 6a gang apraap on60pnono. L[esep qaraaH afiTHr rapraxHH TynArxr4xr4p qaraaH aflT, 6agxMa.n gncmfir 60noH qaraaH aflTFrbt xyapraxH6aqx'ranarr rhApoMera nnyprnfrn apraap yycranraHA opyynx eHAopreMneparypr ycrsperqeep aHrfixpyynHa. n[apaa Hb ulaxafiraHAopyyrlx HnrrpyyfiaaA xyL{r4rrreperv-ycreperurfix Aeneep 6yroy eceeneHAep gaerannxnfr H Llaxilfl ra aa nniriwn4q xafi nyynHa.

Meure,rAg (o. cepe6po, a. silver) SeBneu, qaraaH rsMepner. Hcrr10500xrirvr3 xafrnax reMneparyp 961.goc. 6ycag reruepnerreftxapbL{yynaxaA xarrnrrrzx cailu qaxufiraaH EaMxyyflax uauaprafr, cafiHAaBTarAax 6a eHrenree cafrx aBHa. Xyvranreperqr.q r3cB3prefi, gapanr,reMneparypbrr HeMorgyynoxoA AgO, oKct4g yycroHo.

, Hyypcreperv,asorro_fr sHAep reMneparypr q ypBanA opoxryr. fla'scHsi 6bnoxxyxputZH cyn xY.{hnA- aeraxryrZ, xyvrefi xyxpraftH xyr{hn 6a asorsrFlxyuxnrefr ypBang opHo. [Jynr 6a opraHilK. xyqnyyA MeHroHAHeflee'lexryrz. MenreHrfr hxSHx EaBC r3p3n rtregpervrxrafr. MeHre HUYHSI reMepneryygssc xanarnfiH nx ryr33M3n rapxanrrafr. MeureHnrTKnapK 7-10-6 %

Mexre xafrnu lailgnaap 3ooc, roeflsrn syfrn, naSoparopra iln 6a axyrzxcaB cyyflra, ToMepner raAapryyr MeHrenexeA, xyHCnNil yrTngsepvfrn

25

Yyn yyoxaftu yfrngaepnsnrfrn rexHonqgrH YII499-

TOHOrnofi, TOnb, Llaxl4nraaH BaKyyM 6arax, LlaxrnraaHbl KOHTaKTyyE,

"n"*rpoa' xmfrxeg x3p3rfi3H3. Srr{raftn oogncstn Haftpnaraxg opHo.

MeHreHlailHsrAnYYAH[rsorosyprrailHMaTepraflblryfingaepnsxegxepsrneHs.

MeHre aryyncaH 50 rapyfi epgac 6raft' Tegr33p33c 15-20 optlnM Hb

VfngeepninNf H aL{ xon6orAonroft. :tr,ailrannha MsHre' 3'leffipyM'

KlocreMhr, apreHTI4T AgrS, npycrl4T Ag.AsS., .nrp.apJrpar A9' Sb 53'

"i-"+"*rt' Ag, Sb S-* nonraOa3nr (Ag,Cu)''.Sbr!,,' $pefi6eprur'

"piJ*io"po.uii Rg reuibon)r(oH)u, .gracrpasrar

Ag.Sb' reecrr AgTe'

,I"r""pri Agosel *eppatmiitat nlct rex Mor sp.qcYYA L{yxan 6afrp

;yy;"i; ,.sn"ris. N4eFrrb;{ily1 'ep.qcyigeec

ragHa eHrer 6onou 6ycag yger

i6iri"pn.rrfix xonrauor xygpyyAooc r,teHrmfrr raprax aBHa' MeHreHfifr

*yaprr, vn 6a traflA apraap -on6opnono'

3pAcesc quaHxyynanr'

xeecpyyn3H ffnrarr, Snorarlraf n apraap ffnrax 6aaxyynax

axHnllaraar'lByynAar.EanxuanyyEblrL{ilaHxyynxyycraHuJmHrsox,"**onorr, 6onoi'nrappoMerannyp*ailn apraap 6onoacpyynx ueHrufrr

;;td* aena.Teprsop op.qrcoc rapq 6yfr 33c, xap ryranra' qafrpstx

SlcxMang Oaitraa'Nl'sHrrfir reMeprter xafinyynax, 6onoacpyynax

"rtlaA HnraHa. Secvittr. 6anxrvran4 6y[ MeHre xafinyynax rBqag

aHoAblH luaapHaac 3fie]$poi1t4333p finrapHa'

1.2.4 qALlPAr nESBX[4T TeMgPnorHmH SPgCH[4H EAffflAr,

YHfiEBoPfiSTIHHH CA^nEAP

Aiorr,tutu epqilM xyvHraft 3x YYcBop, aroMblH xegenrYYpr ganafrH xener

oHroLl, ycaH AOOryyp r.r.ryrvroagar oHroLlHbl TYIlLu, L{axnflraaH BaKyyM,

LlaxhnraaH roponrYYrlsr, trynaaH raprafiT, pagronnerpmfiH xailryyn'paAnorpasilK tllHHxt4flr33, paElJotuerprfiH UJ14Hxl4flro3 33p3rT qaqpar

r4E3Bxr reuepnerufrn ep4oafiH" 1aanrnfrr aurrnaHa. Spgcyygeec

qaL{par fiA3BXr 6o}uc, regrseprfiH Hergnyygnftr raprax aBaxarq

irtnro* yfrngaepnanNfiH rexnororr 6onoacpyynar,caH 5afraa'

Ypaxf {o. ypaH, a. uranium). tlenxepayy rynaraft MeHrefler qaral:

TeMepnsr. YpaH Hu qaqpar^ hAaBXrT 3fleMeHT, Hgrr rru 18700xrlrvr3,

xailnax r"*n"prryp--iissoc.' Safrranug 238U(99'3%), 235U(0'7olo)'

;tUtO.OOOyai xsc;ciyya 6afrgqr. Tyyneec raAHa 11 yya,ren rsoron 6Nfr'zaag' zasg nu'sa;ap:*ir aYng

206Pb,207Pb 33por rori'soprofr h3oTonyyAblr

yycrsHo. Arouu; uaxriiaaH craHq, aroMblH xeAenryYp' xorblH EynaaH

xaHrauxufrx So.rcrr 5y-ca; 3opr4yflanTaap aToMblH spqrM Xyuumfr 3x

vt;r;t oonron *spslia'+e. Ypansr KaapK 2'5'10'o

26

Ypax aryynarq 100 rapyfi opfloc 6rafi. Tegreopoec yrzngaspnennrzu aqxon6orgonrofr Hu 12 sp4ec orrn. Hacrypax kuo2.luo3.lpbo, ypaHuHr4rkUO2'UO3.mPbO, ypaHbl xap Kx(U, Th)O2.lUO3.mpbO, Xyxpraftx xyqrr.r,3apilM ToxrongonA a3orbtH xYqHrl, scBon co,qHH yycManaap xygprarZruynrryrzxyynex, l40Hbr corrmnqoor EaBxapraap uJ[Hr33x, OpraHhKyycrarqaap qoBopnox 3aMaap xygpaec ypaHHr Rnrax aBHa. [ynqsBep[rJyyncsH ypaH rapraxbtH TynA HOMsnr qsBopllyynsrrTruaapEarAAar,l-aspurx ryHA ypaHu xygprafir llynrryfixyyneH ypaH rapraxrexnonorN 6ufi.

Topra ThJo, ropraft, a. thorium). 3eeneH MeHrensr qaraaH reMepner.

llagRar n+esxvlT eJreMeHT. EafrransA 232Th receH roprailx Her u3oron6afigar. MeH 6orrno xyrallaaHA 3aApax 4 reoron 6irfi. vycrenasn 1gr3oTonur rapracaH. ToprafiH Hqrr 1 1300xr/u3, xafinax reMneparyp17500C.

laxNnraan BaKyyM, L{axnfl!-aaH repeflTyyngrq rexH}rx, qaxrurraai.lAaMxyynarL{ Marepmaa 60nroH a[JilrflaHa. Snerrpox 6a eons$par,ryrac xmfrxs.q 6onon roprfix pg?rqopr x3p3rn3H3. Toprafix AaBxap Hc3rlMau eF{Asp reMneparypr (30500c) xafingar yqpaac ryyr3ep rarrArocaeprsr ocMt4, poAr4, qaraaH ajtr r9x Mer reMepj]er raprax aBaxxaftnyyp xrafix 6a qaxranraax nnfturrnrnfia xanaax ofleMeHT 6onroxauilrnaAar. MarHr,r, MaHraaHTail XOnnuor xaftnuyygur rrfrpenreroHroq, nyyxwar niaH TexH IKT xopernsHg. T opwila xnapx' 1 .3. 1 O-3 %'

TopmfrH yHFqeH opgoc- Hb MoHaqrr (ClTh)t (p, Si)O4], ropr4r ThSiO4,r:pnatilr Jho, 3sper 6on Ho. Moxaqraru n 6asixrvrantrr"cynsgunxyyn;6yoy 200C

-reMneparypr . xyvrefi xyxprafiH xyqneop' yrznvnyynex,wynrufir 140oc reMneparypr yycrax 6a'papaa Hb aHn4xpyyflax',iyroy3CB3fl efielCporil43T opyyrDK ropnilr raprax aeHa. l-yu qercpujyvncaHtopui,tr rapraxAaa AynaaHaap flfirapyyna,lt xwhx aprbtr x3p3rn3H3.

Pagn, Rtlo pagnfr, a. radium). Menrener LlaraaH reMepnsr. Hsrr nu5300xr/u3, xairinax reMneparyp g690C. z23Ra,- z24Ra, ,ruRa, ,rBRa seper6afiranufiu qaL{par ,,AeBxr r43oronyyAaac raAHa yycroMon qaqpartA4oBxttr l43oronyyA F,ailgar.

PaAnfi 220Ra nb 223U-nsr^ Oyng 6arrgar yvpq?c yp,aHu 6yx xy4opr6afrHa. Ypauur xyAopr rr.Ra, roprafrx xygipr224Ra,'l2BRa 6ahna. vpaHsrxyEpnrzr yraacaH ycaHA pagvtfi yycca* 1afrganrail oprrjr4Ho. papuilr

2V

ypaHH xygpoec xrMrfiH apraap Rrlrax aBHa. RaCl, yycManHreflel$polu3T opyyrlx MeHreH ycHbl KaroA geep pagrftr cyyflrax3aMaap raprax aBHa. Pa1nfru il3oronyygbtr AanafrH ryaufr ryHaManxypgac, synypnafrH HacxnflrHr rorrooxoE a[JnrnaHa. HefrrpoHu exyycBop Ra-Be 6enrrsxeg q-6eer\icufiH 3x YYcBop 6onrox 6a ZnS-refrxoflbx rspnnftH 6yreq Eenrrexeg xeporfl3H3. Auaraax lD(aaHApaguiar pa,qoHbt ox YYcBop 6onroH aul[rrlaHa.Paauinr qyrraMaJ]btH

6onoH rarHaacblH cororHr rorroox, L{axrflraaH craruK qenerNfirapHnraxaA xspsrnoHe.Pa1nfra KnapK 1'10'10 o/o

1.2.5.XOBOP TeMePnernnHSPECHHH EAffflAr,,,Yt4IItrBgPrIsIIl4l4H CAIEAP tl/'

TaHtan, HNo6H, 6epmnnN, IIHTI4, Llt4pKoxm, ra$Hr, Lle3vl, Py5nau 33porxoBop reMepnor uu oxqrofi uafipnararait xaitnw raprax, arou qennrfin

fbxunr, xuunh:H 6a reMspfler xafinyynax yftngeep, Hucox oHrol-I,

caHcpbrH TexHuK, qaxnM 6a qaxnnraaH, Soro, peHTreH TexH[K, aHaraaxyxaaH sepgr Malu opreH xYpeeH.q xepornorAeHe. Eafiranb A33p xoBopoprrll4x ryn yHo lloHo eHgepreil. On6opnocoH xyapyfii 6onoacpyynaxyfin axrnnaraa uapuiax reaerreft, 3apAafl exgeprsfr 6ailAar.

Tauran, Tp,(o. TaHraI'I, a. tantale). caapafl eHrereil TeMepner. TyyHrfi

eHreHE *Kp ,yrrnr""r, eHrnilH ryea atlonrnargaHa. Hnn 16600xrftv13,

xailnax reMneparyp 2014oC epgrailn Hexqeng raHrall l4goBx 6ararafr,2800C -nac Eooul AyllaaHA l4corlAox TarOu 6ypxyyn YYcreHs. [saepTaHTan [tlhHreH, ulynrnilx reMeprer, taxoHx opraHHK, opraHilK 6yc xyvrn6onox 6yca,q u,qerr,txrft opq[HA recaepreft. TaHranutr LlaxrnraaHTexHuK, LlaxHM TexHnKt xeporngHe. CaHcputu xefigr, xnftuen Aaryyn$psrr sopNynarflcaH xer sHgep gynaaHbtr recBopnox xafrnulnutxafrpnaraHg opHo. Xyvrang rscaspreil rexeepeMx xrfiue. XannrrtZH

oHAep reMneparypr (49000C) xailnax raHrafi Eeep rynryypnacaH xafinurapracaH 6afrna. TaHran 6yxuh xailnu.ryygaap xrnlrnfiH yilngaepr3opHyncaH seapexryfr TexeepeMx, caB cyynra, qyrryypblH caB, qen,tutiH

spr{r,rM x\n-rxrafr crcreurfrH AynaaH- connflqooHbl rexeeper xnfrxeAx-pernere. Msc sacnutH 3opmyflanraap nae4penuilu cy,qan, 1ueniln eE

ssprufrr xon6ox 6ex-nex xyygac, yrac xrfrxeg 6onou o6.qon raBl4x,

Fc opnox xufiusn opxroH xuilxeg auurnaHa. TaHranutH xap6rgxaryy xafinurHu xafrpnarag opHo. TaHtanutu xap6mg xaryyllraapaaaflMaacHaac xar11f 6afigar. TauranulH KnapK 2.5'10'4 o/o

28

Yvn vypxafr H vfi n,&esDnsn r fr s rexHonorN i s vH.aoc

Hmo6n, TaHTafiHH epAcyyg Hu 6afiranufrH xonxruor HorAnyyA 6,afrAar.Taxran &ryyncaH 60 rapyfi epgec 6rafr. Konyrr,r6rar-raHraflNr (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)rO5, nonapur (Na, Ca, Ce)(Ni, Nb, Ta)O., nrpoxnop-Mr4Kpolll4rbrH 6yner (Ca, Na)z(Nb, Ta), O6(OH, F) seper yHEcsH opAcyVA6afiAar.TaHTaJ'uir, nonaprrbrH 6anxuan Hb raHran 6a ryyHrafixailnu:yygaac raprax aEax yHgceu ryyxrafr eE 6onno. Sgreep ns TarO5-8%, Nb2Os-60% 5a tyyHsec goorx xoMxseroep aryynHa. EaRxuanurxyr{iln, octsolr uJynroop yycrax 6a nonapmTbrr xnopxyynHa. TaHran 6aavo5nilr xaHAnax apraap canraHa. Taxranurr laxoBqnoH TarOu-uilrHyypcreperqegp eHruxpyynax saMaap raprax aBHa. ecaen L{axmnraaHxnrrar*H apraap xailflujHaac rapraHa.

Hno6n; Nb (o. nmo6ril, a. niobium). raH lrJrr caapari eurnfiH TeMepfler.n3Nb receH Hor HSoTonrofr qaqpar ilAoBxr oneMeHr. Hcrr Hu 8570xr/u3,xafinax reMnep€Typ 25000C._ XyfrreHg recaeprsfrreoc ragHa nx 6nutreMneparypr byfi n$suxtrtil opt{r4H ryyirurfr Aorop xyvnyygrfirrocBopnoHe. Hr,loGyrfir seBxeH xafinyyp xyqilr], ryyHrafi asorbrH xyuunrefrxom4Mor 6a ruy;ttyyg yycraxa.Hro6raftr raHranrafi xaMr aryynarq 50rapyil epgsc 6ptfi, Konyu6ur, flonapur, Seprocourar 3oper qyxafiopgcyyg 6at},qur, Xyvnng receaprefr 6onou AyflaaHA recaeprefrraurufrH Hafipnarag nuo5nfrr opyynHa. Tegraep Hb Hucox oHrot4,peaKropyyn, XrtfiMon AaryylrbrH Texeeper, aroMbrH pealcoprxopsrnsrgsHo. Mar+ qaxuM 6arax, UaxhflraaH KoHgeHcarop, x3T

AaMxyynarq T6Xg6peMx 3ep3rT x3p3rnarE3He.

Hmo6rryy4urr oBrHeroolrerrpnr(engep gmeneKrpr4K xeevunreff),nbe3oerreKrprar(rancrsru r4pMercop L{oHor yycex) na3epbtH Marepman6onrox arJrlrieHA. l-yyp, xener oHroLl 6afrryynarux, roMep 3aM, yyrlyypxafir roHor toxoepeMxmA xepernorgox xafrnu: xufixeg xopornoHo.Auaraax yxaaH,q Mgc sacnaap uepMec odx, Hae.qpsnufrx cyAnyyAHrodx yrac xwfixeg xopornorgeHo.

Hrao6NfrH Knapx 2'10'3 %Hno6nilr raprar( aBaxbrH ryng 6anxManHr n1evxuit natpureh 6yroyocBon cogroft kafinyynx, xafrnunfir ruynrryftxyynAor. Yycaaryfiyn[sr^qoflA opu]r4x auo5wilr, Tan?aflbtH oKcr4pooc rycr Hb

aHrrxpyyflanTaHg opyynHa. Hynrrrafiri reMepnerilfrn apra, LlaxilflraaHHyrvr, BaKyyrvrr 6a qaxhnraaH ryHaHbt xafinyynanTbrH apryyAbrr x3pern3xauo1urtr rapraHa.

SepnnnurBe(o. 6epmnnn, a. beryllium). qarZaap caapan xeHreH

reMepfior. Hsrr 1844xr/rrlt3, xarlnax reMneparyp 1287aC. ,QynaaH

2g

6arraauxaapaa 6ycaA rsMepnersec mflyy, ax yfrngaspr x3p3rn3rAA3r

qyxan ,"*tpntrfrg*7, *.t 6onno' Eara HRrr' yFH xapmMxaiiH en4ep

y3yYn3flT, TeMopnerYYgs3c ilnYY 6ar 6ex )^1paac ryyHiailr aroMblH

peaKrop goropx HefrrpoHyygur ofinrorq' ygaaupyynarl{ 6onroH

xspornoHs. AtoM, Ht4c3x oHroll, nyyxt4H' caHcpblH TexH[K' 6araxHut

yfrngaepnen, MnKpocKon xrilxeA 6onox qaxl4M' L{axrflraafi ^1".}:ISirp]t",ir" 6sc, uarrr, xeHreH qaraaH 6onon 6yca'q reMepneryYArol4

xonbx rapracaH 'xaftnu:yygur oHroq' goroorq ularafiTblH

xegenryyprafrn eA aHrN, nYpul- xraftxsg xsporneHs' Pesrren

i"I'""pbi,i*rfr x qoxx xuft xe,q raHrr,rfr n ra,apraA HoBrpYYnx 1"!-"_'l-"1",nyyxranrrafH TYnuuHa xonil{ 6onroH xopornoHs' Xanyyng TocBoprol4

6a ilx3Hx XOflUMOT TeMepnerTsu HarAsxryfi qaHapblr auuffIaH

qyrryypbtH caB, Tycrafr. .sopraynanrblH Baap xhftxsA xopsrnoH3'

slpraihrar,tr KnaPK 3.8'10-4 %

Eafiranu A33p 6epiannm aryyncaH 55 spgoc 6uit' TeArespeec

yilngeepnenrafrrr ,* xonoor.qonrofr 6raHgeplca Be,Al,(Si.o.'),

ipr!"OEpr"" Al, (BeOo), 6eprpangrar Beo(Si'OJ'(OH)'' renbBrH'rtinrielsioolusr,

6erarrri'Bersioo' Xygp'rfir ycaH Ncen 6yoy scBon

cynu$ar oonroH xyBilpraaA Aapaa nu ir.rvnrrvfrxYYrlsx, rafiGTxyynax 6a

MarHmraap aHrilxpyynx sfleKtponr3oop flnrax aBHa' Baxyyru opqt4Hg

;;p;; ,pr"rp 6on6H 3c83fl eneKrpon,r qoBopl'xYYnenrssp L{.Bop

"6epmnnmilr rapra,aar'

IlvtrrytLi(o.nvrvi't,a.lithium)'MexrenerqaraaHxarurrfiHXeHreHterr,relner. flr,rrra 6eusrHg xeBHO. Hgrr 539xr/M3, xafiflax TeMneparyp

igg.drc. finrnfrr xsporflox qyxafi can6ap Hu qerurltu opLll'1M xyu 6afrAar'

Pearropyygurn xaMraanax cucreM Eox 3oxtlqyynaru ron xrailxe4

*rprinJtii. litmureH 'Li-nfrr qerumfin pealcrop Eorop AYn??l l?:l:.:31aulmrnaHa. Ilutnhr peaKrop rsop ypaH, roprilr yycrarqaap' qoprhrH

TexHhK, qax!!nraaH rexHrxnfrn yfrngaepnen' urynrufrH aKKyMnHTop'

MhKporanb"r*r* 3neMeHT, $OrO Syprn*n 6onoH peHrreHorpasniln

Marepnan xrafrxeg xopornoHe' Oprauux. Hergnyygufin cilHTe3'

nl4porexHHK, Baap onrurufrH wunaui't yilngsepnen' L{axmnraaH

rycraapnarq, ,oJi-rootit o'ng"'-l raprax' araapblH cenreeuufr 6onox

xeprex rexespeMx xt4lzxoA nirnhr -'*-Lti-?:a'

Teruepnernftx

, canbapr MarHu xeHreH LlaraaHbl xafinuryygal nnrnilr oponqyynx ytlH'

6ar6exqaHapHrA33UnYYI]3X,33Bp3flTl4frrnu6aracraxaAx3p3rn3H3'Ilurn aryyncaH ZA

'epasi'6afrgar' Tegreepeec cnoAyMeH ^LIA[SI'OJ'

neran!fi Li[AlSi.o'3]' I'lenH'qonilr K(Li'AI)2 s3 o[Al1 o-03Si3 o-3 601o](F'oH)2'

a u6nrarosrr r-inlipcjrt tr, o H ). fi nrm fr n rn a px 3'2' 1 0-3 "/o

30

[1vrt4, xanmfru xnopr4AyyAuH xafrnnnar xorndMornfir 4ao-4600c xanyynopqrH,q eflexTponu3oA opyyn€x 6a xonuqyygaac Hb BaKyyM HoporlT,qflranr xrfrx sauaap 6yoy ocBon xafinyynanraap raprax aBHa.

{mpxonm Zr (o. r4upxoHuil, a. zirconium). Ear 6ex ynH vanaprafrrErran3caH MeHreller qaraal TsMepner. Hsrr us 6500xrirra3 (o-r.lnpxouH),xafinax reMneparyp 18550c. lrapxoHrarix rycrafi xaianwufir nynaannfirapyynax oneMeHTyyg, aroMbtH peaKropbtH 6ypxyyn xufixsgxapgrnoHo. [uproxrfrx nyntrwilr nfiporexHrm (goxroxbt ran, ny)DKr4H,luarEar xoflbr-l xnfix), geacrilfiFr yilngaepnen, qaxHrrraaH BaKyyM TexHrK,sororepenryynor s3porr xopornoHo. l-lrpxoxr, nuo6niln xaEnuufir xorAaMxyynaru copoHsoHA xopornoHa. {upxoxrfir 6ycag reuepnerrilHxafinurxur nafipnarax4 opyyflAar. Llrapronrafix KnapK 1.7.10'2 %

t-frapxonra aryyncaH 27 epgec 6nfi. Yiln+eepnenufix aq xon6orAonrofi14f pIgH. _Zr[SiQcll 6a.qgenrar (210r=96. 5-99%), eBghanur (NaCa)u(Zr, Fe,Mn)[O, OH, Cl][Si6O,r]. EanxMarrbrr Hb Hyypc oponqyyflaH xnopxyynx,ugen,txNfi narprrafi xafinyynax, uroxoftn vynyyrafi uraraax, xorrbrlyyAbrrHb trlynrryilxyynox 3aMaap caflrax, Tarlcrxyyflax HoH conHflqoruAaBxapraap xaHgnax, BaKyyMT nnfiwung xaftnyynax goBefl oneKTpoHryffaraap xailnyynax 3opor Mau Hapuftx reeerrefi apraap qupxoxufirraprax aBHa.

l-a$xn Hf, (o. ra$xrft, a. hafnium) MeHrefier qaraaH xnn6ap AaBrargaxreMepfier. Hnrr Hb 1309.0rrftu3, xafinax reMneparyp 2ZZz*.3OoC.Xnuwitn uJfiHx L{aHapaapaa qhpxoHrrofi recrefi. t-aSHrafir qeuNiHspqmM xyvHNfi can6apr peaKropyygbtH 3oxr4qyynax rofl, xefirpouuri{aqparaac xaMraaflax uryyflryyp (expan), erreKrpog, nyypc 6a 6ani{ynyyH aHo,qHH rop $pgrr xgporneHo. Hnaax oHroq, nyyxuarnilaIexHhKr 3opmyncaH xanyyHA recaepreil xafinuJ rapraxaA x3porfleH3.Fa$uuilx KnapK 1.1A'4 Yo

HfClo -uftr MarHr, Kanbqm, Harprraap aHrrxpyynax 3aMaap ra$nrafirraprax aBHa.

HesrarCs (o. qesrafr, a. caesium) Py6ngn, Rb(o. py6raguil, a. rubidium).Her repnrfrn sp.qcyygoA ToxronAogo. l-.[eeu MeHrefler LlaraaH r.uynrrafixreMepner. Hcn 1904xr/u3, xafinax reMneparyp 28.50C- ypeax qaHapeHpep, araapr aBanLlax oKct4A yycrcHe. Yc, ranoreuyyg xyxeprsfiTSOpS,IT yycrsH ypBarrE opx ycaH t4c3n, oKcr,q, ranoreHyyA,cynu$ragyyg yycreHo. Xanaaxag Hvypcrsperl{, $oc$op, qaxrayfiafH3rE9H3. HapHSr 60nou caHcpbtH TyHaHbt Heneereep 60non xanaaxaA

3t

qe3n Hb sneKTpoHbr ypcranHH 3X YYcBOp 6onAor. (Doro3nemeHt,

SoroenextpoH YpxYYflsrq, eneKTpoH onrilK YpxYYnorL{, HapHbl sah

xrfrxeA qesmfir xepernoHe.

Cancpun xenrNfiH HoHT nyyxraHrNfiH xegenryYpr rYnu 6onroxx3p3rn3x rapeegyfi 6uft. l-lnaeMHx reHepaTopblH axnblH Yp EYHr

AsstxflYYnexeg6yroyAy'IaaHHepqHMxyuraftru:YygqaxnfiraaHspt{l4MiV.l 66nroH

' xyerapraxag xoporrlox 6onoux 6nia. CopousoHr

rrApo.quHaMl4K reHeparop, AyIIaaH qaxilflraaH xyBupraqAaA x3p3rfl3H3'

{esrafix KnapK 3.7'104 o/o

Lfeera Hb nvrn, 6epunnu, TaHTan, xnoEmrofi qyr nerMarilryy'qag

u'rWn"tg"*a. t{esrafiH 3apuM 6ne. traacaH ep,qoc 1aryzay' Tsgreepeec

ilJy,{il ci, -r1A siroul' Na*1nro;" (1wxa arvvlarqal .c.1zo-22'8-32'4%}

"roi"iprt '--tXC-sltiFo, "' ioqo6uegrr BerC-sAlz(Si6O18) 33por

Vmng;ipn"nrafin aq xonoorgon oyxraft opAcYY'A 1afiAar. EasxuanaacMarHn, Kaflbqm, xeHreH qaraaHaap "'aaryynar AynaaHbl- . opqnHg

aHrHxpyynaH raprax aBHa. He$enmneec rfluHo3eM (Alr9J raprax

aBaxag yngex coA, 6ailranrafiH epgecr yc 33per ns qeauilr raprax

aBax ox yycBop 6ongor'

Py6ragra, ,Rb (o. py6r,tpuir, rubidium) MeHrener LlaraaH' 3seneH

,"r"pn}( HRrr nu 1525rr/ru3, xafinax reMnepary-p 39.47oC. Araapr uau.t

aMapxaHaBqaflAaxxYqrflTeperqrefiepurureftHsrAsxAaBxaphceaRb26z, HagHepoKoag RbOz YYcroHs. Ycrafr HsrAoxgm rocpenr YYcr9x

6ereeg ycreper,lr,rfrr nnripyynx ycaH racen (RbOH) yycrsne. Py6n1nrt

opranNx'6yc ner,qanrefi ypean.q op_Ho. Py6vrpwiln hxgHx HerAsrl yCaHfl

yycHa. CapHrauran 6afrgnaap py5nanin 6afrransg HHIo3A epreH

iip*"a* bono".{ ryyxraf ebprailHx Hu 6re Eaaca' sp,oc 5aiaxryfi.

Py6ragraftn KfiapK 1.5'10'2'/o

llJynnafin reMepnerYygrafiH epgecr pylowgn aryynarAaHa' Kanuil

aryynarL{ epAcYYAoA Hrn33A -. .ToxronAoHo' Py6wan aryynarLl

nonnHLlHT, nennAorIl4T K(Li,Al)2 s3 o[A11.0-o.4si3.o-3.oO1o(F'OH)r] qranaanugrr

iire,*ut-io*,u1Al,Fe;l'[si3s-2s,Alos-1soi0(oH,Fe)r] - - ouorrr KFe,

tOff ,Fffnf S[' O,o] aMo3oHr4r op,cyyA' JosxNn6i 6ailp cyyprafi r eseriFre.

py6ragHiir- Soroeneuenr, rporo qaxnM YpxYYnerq MeHrert ycHbl

naMnaHU rctToA xrfrxeA x3p3rn3H3. Py6ngnltr MarHeTouerp xrafrxeg

aujurnaHa. ?y6nani,tn AaBCyyAblr gpraHrK cfiHre3T Karanm3arop

$onrOx xgporn3Hs. Spgacr 6yil t'Rb,u7Sr - rafrH XoMxSsr_ TorTOOcHOop

rsgreepnfrH ,a"*rnr"i. roaopxo.frnox apra 6uir. ?y6nArfrH Aaecgrr Li,

Mg, K 33p3r srel\aeHrrfin-iAagc rapiax aBaxa4 AaranAax

6yreergexyyn xen6epesp rairrax aBHa' Teuepner py6r'tgvfrr ryyHnfr

32

AaBcyy,qbtr (xraluee nu Rbcl) aHrHxpyynax apraap raprax 6a gapaa uu

BaKyyM H3p3I1T33p Xonbllooc Hb canrax LlsBspLxYYnEOr.

1 .2.6. CAP H 14 MAJI TeM ePn e rnhH. SPAC 14 H H 5Aff -nAr,

YI4flgBSPII en m 14 H CAII EAP

capxNruan TsMepner-(ener,aeHr) -T KaAMM cd(O. Ka.qMfi, a.Kadmium),

nnAn,!d (o.uugttfi, a. indium), rannr,Tl(o. tafinn[1, a.thallium),

repruaxu,Ge ( o. l-epuaHnil, a.germanium), rannH Ga (o' fannufi,

a.gallium), cerleH, Se (o. ceneH, a. selenium), rennyp,Te (o' rennyp, a'

tellurium), peHy, Pe ( o. peHmfi, a. rhenium)xarraaapna. SgreeprftH KnapK

1' 10-7 (Tl,Re)-ooc 2.5.1A'5% (td) 6ailgar' Sgreepraftx 6ne AaacaH opg

6afrgarryfi.

KaAM}{

Kagrurailr ranbBaHoTexHilKT 6onOH XeH[eH xaftnui xrfrxeg xopsrneHs'

Men qervrNfiH peaxrOpblH Texeepe1,rxyygraftr xrfrxeg au.lhrrlaHa, Kagum

6a secrftH xailnu-laap LlaxnflraaH reeeprfrH KoHTaKTbIH uyraMblH yTac,

aBTOMatxrHbl 3A AHrU, paAro TexoeporT xsperngHe. KaEuu-grq,Ka.qMfi-MeHreHilfi xaftnu.lyygurr aKKyMnsTOpT xopgnlsggr. ArOnnutx

peaKTopbtH ron xrafixeg ragrvrrfir L{3Bp3Sp Hb XOPqrnsHs. Ka.qMUfiH

bpgcW,: I-pauormr CdS, K.aHroxpot4r CdS (HrO), Ka.qMoceMrr

Cdse,iiiogreoHrr Cd O, oraBrr CdCou. Kaflnrm MeH xapryraflra qafipblH

xoflHMor xYEspT ilxeBq'leH TOXI4OJIAOHO-

Vagyt ?

Xer -unuron, yAaaH eAsnreerefr xyqaac xmfixeg xoporneHo. Meure,qaraaH Tyranra cypbMa 6onon 6ycag TeMepfler 6yxrafr xafinlurHAopHo. t_{araaH ryranra 6a ungufia rcfl3ec 6ypgex xyynra u.!14r1

'1b*ryyni*ry[ xepercen 6yroy wvnnfit L{axilnraaHaap xanaaxag cafiH

gaNrxyynar.{ 6ongor. eHaxyy xoflbqbtr Hilc3x oHroqHbl - l-loHxoHa

rypxg'oi. L{ar araapurH xvHA Hexqeng qaHapaa angaxryfi. Llanapnar

rJbrniWnir.{HfiH MeHreH ronninr xrfrxeg nn1n[t agrrnaHa. L(aAnila 4

,pae" "6nin. F,aiarannfia nHAn, poKe3rr CuldSr, ]yt{Ayr| FeldrSo,

gxanNngur ld(oH)3 KaccmreprT cKapH' cyns$rger KaccrHreprrblH

op.qbrH xyApyyEsg Vuryaias aryynaMx eHflep 6ahgar Hb TorToorAcoH.

JJ