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31.12.1982 . , ( ) [1] ( - ) [2] . , , ? , , , - ( ) . [3]. , , , , . 1984 - [4]. ( ) , , . - , , [5]. . - . , [6], , - [7], , , , -, [8,9]. , [6] - - [10]. -, -

, () , ,

ES [11,12], . - ,

,

, , ..

D =

=N

1i

)( iqtQ

)1(,0),()( =

+

== IVdjdivtVdtxdtd

dttdQ

dtdQI = - D, )(tQ (.1).

1

1. : ) ; b) -

.1 ( ), , : -

=

=N

1i

)( iqtQ ( ) -

2/ rQE = Q ; b) ( ) - ,

2/)( rtQE = [11,12]

)2(.1tQ

rcSE

=

, (2) - , . [13]. - (2), . , -- -. , . , . , . . . , , (2) . . . . - .2, - 23 1921 , - . , 1931 . . . 75- :

2

.2 . . . 1921 . . ! , 75- , , - . . . . , . , - 80 , , , (2), Pierce-Arrow, . , . , 150 /, . . . -, , . : ?, . : . - . . . - . , : 1. ,

- .

2. , () , - .

3. , , , -- , , - .

3

(, , -) , , .

1.

, . 1, (2). . . , ( . 1) , . . , , - , . -, , , . , , -. . , . , , . , , . , , - . . , . -. - , . , , . , -, . , ; , . , . . -. . , . - . - . , 1842 ., , , , - , . . , ? , - , , . 1872 . . , , - . - , , . , . , - , . , , . , . , , -

4

. , -. . , -. - , , . Scientific American [13]. . , . . 1889 ., . , - 1892 ., . . , . - (.3).

.3.

, - , . - .

.4.

. , . - , (2-6 ). . (.4).

5

. , . , - . - . , - . . - . , , . - , . , . - , -, . . . . , , , . - , , ? , - , , , , , . . , , . . . , . , - , , - , -. , . - , . , . , . , - . - . , , , - . . , - , , , -. -. , , , . , , [13]:

1. , , -- () .

2. , .

3. - .

6

4. , - .

5. , .

6. - .

7. - , , . - , , -, .

8. 100 - .

9. 100 . 2. .

, . -, - (2).

1.1. ES

10 , . 5. - 12-50 . 2L ( ) 5000 .

.5. , ES .4 .5, , . 4 - . 5. . 4 .5, , -

7

1L . - tQQ sin0= ,

)3(,cos41

0 tRrcV

tQ

rcSE

=

=

R - , V - , - , 0 - (). (3) (. . 6), , , V , R . (3), . , R , V .

.6. ES

ES 1919 [14], (3) - . . 7 , (3).

.7. ES .8 , , . , , - . , .6 ) , .

8

.8. ) 220 40 ES -; ) , ES , 5 , - . . , - . - -, ES . ES , - . (3) -71 (.9.). . - , ES - (3). , - : )

.9.

; ) . - , , -

9

. . , . , .

1.2. ES

. 10. , - . 1897 .[10].

.10. ES - .11 ) , - 2 , . 10. - ES , ES , .. , - .

.11. ) ; ) 1000 , 5 . , ES , , -

10

. , , -. , , [15]. . 12 , - .

.12. ES : ) ; ) , 80 , , . , , .. [16].

2. ES

. , () , , 1931 . Pierce-Arrow . - (1929 .), -. , , - , , , , - ( ). , , - , [17].

.13. .

11

[18], 1980- (.13). , 200 . 30 . 750 . , , - , , - , .

.14. ES : - =2.1; =29.4 . 14 30 , 2 , 64 -. . , - () . . 14 =2.1. . 14 1.7 . ES 2 , 50 . , - : =29.4.

. 15. : - ; , ES - 20

12

. 15. , - ES . - 20 . -, . - , , ( ), , , . (- ) , . , , , - , . , , , -- .

3.

[5,19-22]. - , , (2). -, [11,12,23]

)4(,}]{[ KvSHvceEe

dtpd

E

=++=

vSF E

= e v . , , (4) , , . (4) , ES H

, , ,

ES EiSF E

+=1 , E

- . )( xdK

-

dt ,

)5(.)()( 20 vScevEeK E

+=

, . - (.16). - . , AR300+ 32~ +400 . -. , D = 90 (. . 16). Coo 35190 + (. .15). , - ( ) , 4-6 . . , , [24], - . ,

13

, ( ) .

.16. Coo 35190 +

, ES . [23]

)6(,ESejdiv

t =+

0div

01 +

divtc

.

4.

, 10- - , )6(4 [24]. --

,3,2,1,0...,,,3,2,1,0...,,

)2.(,22

)1.(,21

)(,0

][

]||[][

]

==

=++

=

=+

cbakji

BJTTTC

BTRgR

ATee

ijkm

smj

iks

imj

ijkm k

ikikik

mba

kb

ma

k

[

ijkT , [25]. (),() - [26], - [27-30] . [1] [2] , - , -. (.1) -

14

)7(,212

]s[][]||s[][

+

+= s

npii

inpi

pnjm

smj

ii

imjijm

TTTggTTTT

jkmimjikijkm TgTgJ ][])([ g312 =

)8(2

]s[][222

+=== smj

ii

imji

jmjm

jm

TTTc

g

c

Tg

c

T

ijkT . (),() , (),() (7),(8) . -, , (),() . : 1. (),() , , -

[31,32]. 2. (), () () -

, ( !) .

2 )6(4 , - , (7) (8) [32]

)9(,...21....1

s)(

= s

jiji

jms

jii

smjmgT

)10(,11 2....

2s

jisji

jis

smi TT

==

ijkjkijikijk TTT === - . - (7)

)11(22,0 ]||[]||[][*

mjs

ksi

mji

kjkmi

mjki

p TTTPP +== (7)

)12(.0* = ikiT (11) (12) i -

ijk

i* - ijk

, i jkjmi

][.. = )6(4 24 -

[32]. () , - jh , 0,, = jmmj hh (9)

)13(.211

= i

ijmmjjm hhghhT

- (13)

)14(.211

= i

ijmmjjm gT

jh mmh ,=

15

(14) - . mh ,

)15(,)(, mi

mm uxh ==

1=mmuu )(ix . (15) (14),

)16(,21)(1 22 jmmjjmmj

ijm pguuguuxT +=

=

)17(.21,0)(1 222 cpx

i

=>=

(16) - -, (17).

4.1 -

1 (), (), () [32]

)18(,)sin()(21)(21 222221

022

02 ddrdr

rtdtc

rtds +

=

)(0 t - . - (16) (18) [32]

)19(.0)(2),(,0,0,)(222

0

2

02 0 >

==> (), ()

constt = 00 )( (18)

)21(.2,)sin(11 222222

1

222

cMGrddrdr

r

rdtc

r

rds

g

gg =+

=

ge rr >> , (), () - (18)

)22(,2,)sin(112

222221

222

c

Zekrddrdrr

rdtc

r

rds

eee =+

=

16

[1]. (17)

constt = 00 )( )23(,)(rM

M

=

v )1.(

)24(,8 4cG

g

=

)1.( () .

)25(,...3,2,1,)( == ZrZee

v )1.(

)26(.84c

ee

=

(17) , -, [11,12]

)27(,*1)(*,)exp(8

2)( )(,2/1

2/1

MMdVgxikGM

x rM

nn

n ==

=

)28()( .*1)(*),exp(8

)( ,2/12/1

2

2

ZerZeedVgxikZe

x n

nn ==

=

(27) (28) -, ,

4.2 . ()

(17) (12), (27) (28):

1.

(29).0)()(* =++= njjnnjjnii

ii Tuuuu

2. ,

)30(.0=++ nmmnknmmnkk

uuTuuds

du

3. )31(.0* == ii

17

)32(* W==

- ( ) x t . (29)-(31). (29) (30) , ( ) (27), (28). () - mnkT , - (29) (30) ()

(33),0)()( =+= njjniii

i uuu

)34(.0=+ nmmnkk

uuds

du

constt = 00 )( )1.( - [11,12]

)35(,*8)(88821 2

42

42

44 kikikieikikik uucceuucrZe

ceuuc

ceT

ceRgR Ze

====

jmR jkiE

)36(),(,)(2 ,,,

2

22 ikiki

ikmjkjkmkjmim

jki

jki aekxgaaagc

ceE

ce

+=+==

)37(.22 ]||[422

]||[2 mjs

isi

mji

ijm EEceE

ceR

+=

(35) , - ,

( ) )38(,z2121 22222

222

dddxc

edtcc

e CCds ++

+=

...3,2,1,/ == ZrZeC - . , . , v , (38) [33]

( ) ( ) )39(.321

22222

222

2 8z2

12

1 dtdzAdyAdxA

edddxc

edtcc

eds CC ++++

+= +

, v /

)40(.22,4,22 02202002200 A

ccavAA

aA

cca ======

(35) (34)

)41(,1

)42(,3,2,1,0,3,2,1,),(,41 22

2 =====

=

idtdxvcjj

cxFA

tc

i

eeeii

k

iki

)44( ,

00

00

,,

=

==

xyz

xzy

yzx

zyx

k

i

i

kkiikki

HHEHHE

HHEEEE

xA

xAAAF

, -

. (33) (34) -

(32)

(45),0*,3,2,1,0 ===+

vdivt

)46(.3,2,1,0,/1, 22020

=== icvdtdsuFce

dsdu

kik

i

, , 4D

)47(,3,2,1,0,20

== iuFce

dsdu

kik

i

, , () . , (45) (46) (28) *)( ZerZee =

, . -

(45) (46) (47). (38) ( (39)) 3D (46)

)48(,CUdtvd

=

rZeeC

U /2== - ( ). , (48) () , , ijkjkijikijk TTT === . , e , (48) , - W

)49(,WUdtvd

C

=

W

- . , (45) (49) ( (32)) .

)50(,02

22

=+

Ut

i

,

19

)51(,)/),(exp(),(exp),( 0

txiStxEtxpitx =

=

- , =E , kp

= -

, (51), ),( txS - . , (51) (50)

)52(,Sv = (50) (45) [28]

)53(,VUdtvd

C =

)54(222

)(4222

22

2

22222

=

=

=

=

V

V - , [34].

4.3

() (34), , (36),

)55(.222

dsdx

dsdxE

ce

dsdx

dsdx

dsxd kj

jki

kj

jki

i

==

(47), , , [12]. - (55) (38) e - Ze :

1) e ()

)56(;11211212/1

2

22/1

2

22

02/1

2

22 const

cv

rcZec

dsdx

rcZecE =

=

=

2)

)57(,2 constdsdrL ==

- . (56) (57) , - , .. . : - (55), - . - . , ( -). , - (30)

)58(.222

dsdx

dsdxT

dsdx

dsdxE

ce

dsxd kj

jki

kj

jki

i

=

(38), 3D (58) -

20

.3.2.1...,

)59(.032

3

2

002

002

2

=

====

ee WFxrZex

rZeTcE

ce

dtxd

)60(,32

xr

ZeF e =

,

)61(,32

einer WxrZeF ==

(58), . (59) , , - . - . ( ) - [1]. , , .

rZeU /2= [35]

)62(,2//2/ 22422222 constneZVrZermn ==+= ,...2,1,0=m , n + 1, = 0,1,2 . 0=m ,

)63(,2// 22422 constneZVrZen ==+= , V rZe /2 (. 17).

.17.

rZeU /2= V

(59)

21

)64(,0)( =+= inC UUdtvd

)( ein WrU

= -

)65(.32

xr

ZeWe

=

(64)

)66(constUU inC =+ ( ) (63), . - V inU , (63)

)67(.2// 22422 constneZUrZe inn ==+= [36], ,

)68(.])([2

)( 2rWrUin

=

V inU - W

, (63)-(67) , -

, - (50), , (68) . , -

)69(...2,1,0,21

21 22 =+=+=

+= nUVxVnn

, 0=n , .. 0=x , 2/=V .

)70(.)( /tiEnn nexu= ,

)71()(),( /0

tiEn

nn

nexutx

=

=

[35]

)72(.)!2()( 4/2/12/2 annnn ena

=

0=t , ax = ,

22

)]2sin21sin2)(/()[2/()cos)(2/(exp)/(),( 224/1

+= tatxatitaxtx

)73(,)cos(),(2

02 taxtx =

ax = (. 18).

.18.

ax = S , V [35]

)74(,)2sin21sin2(

21

21),(S 2 tatxattx =

)75(.cos)(21

21)),(( 0

222 taxattx ++=

)76(.)cos(21

21),( 22 taxtxV =

0x - . (70)-(76) (69), 2/U 22 x= - . (69) 0=n ( ),

)77(,21 =V

.. - .

)78(,0)( =+= inUUdtvd

)79(0=+ inUU

23

)80(,2/22 xUUin == (68). - (77) (80) ( (68)).

5.

(18) -

, )(0 t -

, constt = 00 )( . -, . , , - (38), (39)

( ) )81(,z)(21)(21 22222

222

dddxc

tedtcc

te CCds ++

+=

( ) ( ) )82(.)()()(22

222

2321

222 8z)(2

1)(2

1 dtdzAdyAdxA

edddxc

tedtcc

teds tttCC ++++

+= +

(45), (46) , -

)83(),()(,1,)(00,00

2 tZetQtQ

rcSSetEu

cevdiv

t EE=

===+

)84(.200

0

0

0

00,00

0

00,

2

0

0

00,220

2

++

=

dsdx

dsdx

dsdxE

dsdx

dsdxE

dsdxE

ce

dsxd

1/ 00 dsdx , (84)

)85(,}]{[ vSHvc

eEedtvd

E

++=

ES - , . (83) -, Q ( ). (85)

)86(,}]{[ vSHveEedtvd

E

++=

ES .

)87(,vSF ES

=

24

ES , , SF

, , [37].

)(0 t (18)

)88(,)()(2

0

c

teZet

=

(19) ( (26))

)89(.),(41)(1

41)(2),(

22

0trS

rttQ

rcrrc

ttrEe

=

=

=

, *),(),( trQtr

e= , (89)

)90(.*),(4),(4),( trrQtrrtrSeE

=

, E

S -

, E

S , () . , . -, . , . , , , . -. , -, -.

ES -

. , - . - - ( ), . , () , - , . . 24.05.2015

1. .. // . .: , 2007, .38.

2. .. // . .: , 2007, .59.

25

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11. .. // , , - . , , ., 77-6567, .15740, 07.01.2010, http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0231/008a/1081-sh.pdf .

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EXPRESS, 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 12. 16. .., ..,//

. .: , 2008, -352 . 17. ..// . .: ,

1966, .120. 18. Baumann P. // Testatica generator.

http://www.rexresearch.com/testatik/testart.htm#demo99 . 19. . // . - , 1997, -

118 . 20. ..// . , .

, , 2002, .2, . 287-294. 21. ., ..//

. , http://mipt.ru/education/chair/theoretical_mechanics/f_booklets/02-07-90327/phys/mw

22. ., ..// . - -. , 2015, .2, .1, . 37-50.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUvgOOSOCw8 .

27