,

,

(, , , )

2000-2006

( 1.1., 1.1.3, )

.

2003

2

: (, , , ) : . , Ph. D. , , , , , , 26500 , . : 2610-991483, : 2610-997629 E-mail: porpodas@upatras.gr (2003): 2000-2006 ( 1.1., 1.1.3, ) : : .

3

.

4

, ,

1: 1.1. 1.2. - 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. , 1.3. 2: 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

2.4. 3: ( , ) 3.1.

5

3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. , 3.2.3. 3.2.3.(1). () 3.2.3.(2). 3.3.

3.3.1. 3.3.1.(1). 3.3.1.(2). 3.3.2.

3.3.2.(1). 3.3.2.(2). 3.3.2.(3). 3.3.2.(4). 3.4.

3.4.1. 3.4.2. 3.4.2.(1). 3.4.2.(2). 3.4.3.

3.5. 3.5.1. 3.5.2. 3.5.3. 3.6. 4: 4.1. 4.2. (Eric Woehrling)

6

4.3. (Gunilla Lfgren Nisser) 4.4. 4.5. (Pauline Cogan) 4.6. (Rachel Davies) 4.7.

5: H -

5.1. 5.2.

5.3. 5.4.

6: H

6.1. 6.2. -

6.3.

, 6.4.

6.5.

6.6.

, 6.6.1. 6.6.2. 100

6.7.

7

, 6.7.1. 20 6.7.2. 20 6.7.3. 100 (

) 6.8.

6.9. 6.10.

6.10.1. 6.10.2.

6.11. 6.11.1. 6.11.2. 6.11.3. 6.11.4.

6.12. 6.12.1 6.12.2.

6.13. 6.14.

6.14.1.

6.14.2.

6.15.

8

( (, , , ) ( 1.1, 1.1.3, ), , . ( ) . ( 2003-2004) , ( ) .

( ) ( ), : ( - - ), , . ,

9

( .. , , , , , ...), , , ( ) .. (.. , , ...);, ( , , ...;, ;, ;, ;, ; ...

, ( ) , , - . , ( ), ( ) ( ). , , , , , ( ). , , , .

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10

. , . . , - , .. . , , ( ). . . , 1.3 . - , 1.2 .

, 2003 . , , , ,

11

( , ), , . , , ( ) , , , , , , ...

, , .. ; , , , , ...;

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12

. . , , .

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13

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, : 1 . 2 .

14

. 3 , . , , . , 4 .

. , 5 , , . , 6 , - , , .

15

.

16

1

1.1.

, , . , . , ( ) , , .

. , . , , , , . , , ,

17

, (, 2003, . 331).

Samuel Kirk 1962 ( Educating Exceptional Children) ( , , , ) , . Kirk, (Kirk, 1962, . 263).

, , ..., ( ) , (.. Bateman, 1965, Clements, 1966, , 1970 ..). , , (National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities) , 1988. , , , , . , . , , , , , . (.. , , ) ( ),

18

(OShea .. 1998, . 37-38).

, (2003, . 332-333) ( ) . , , :

(). . (). , , , (.. ) . (). , , . (). , , , , (.. , , ) .

, (eier, 1971) 20-25% ( )

19

. , , , , , . , , , , , , , , (.. , , , ..) (, 2003, . 332).

, , . , , , , , . ( . / . (2003) ( ), 7.2, . 333-336).

1.2. -

, , , . , .

(Mattis, 1978, 1981, Morris & Satz, 1984, Watson, 1990. , . .

20

, .

, ( ) ( ) (Willows, 1991). , ( ) .

, . , . (Willows, 1991). :

(1). , (2). , (3).

.

, , . , ,

21

(., -, -) ( 1) ( 2). , .

, . . (. , , , , , , , .., ).

- ( )

1.2.1.

(). .

(. / . , 2002, , 1.2) ( ), . ( ) , , . , ( )

22

. (iemiller, 1978, Corcos & Willows, 1992, Perfetti, 1985, Stanovich, 1984).

, , . (.., - , - ..). , ( ). , , . , , , . , . , .

(). . ( .. ), . , . , .

1.2.2. (). .

(. / . , 2002, , 5), , ,

23

( ) . , ( ) , .

(). . , (Donahue, 1986, Levine, 1987, Vellutino, 1978, Wiig & Semel, 1984). , , . , ( ) (Wiig, Becker-Redding & Semel, 1983). . , , . , , (Siegel & Ryan, 1984, Vogel, 1983).

1.2.3. ,

. , , -- , , (adian, 1983, Johnson, 1987, Kinsbourne & Warrington, 1966, Myklebust, 1975).

24

: - , - , (Golick, 1978, Johnson, 1987). .

( ) . , , (, , , ). , , , , . , .. . , , .

- , . , , - , , . (: ).

1.3.

1566/1985

25

. , 32-36 , . , 2 32, ... (, ) (. 137). 33, ... , ( 33, . 1) , . , 50 ( 35, . 2).

2000 N. 2817/2000 . , , , . ( 1, . 2) :

- , - (, )

(, ), -

, - , - , , ,

, - ,

.

(....), , . , , .

26

2

2.1.

( ) , . (, 2003, . 343-344.) , , . , . , .

27

. ( ) , , , , , .

, , , , . , .

2.2.

, , . (, 2003, . 344-345) , , , , . . ,

28

, , , . .

, . , . (, , ), . , , , , - .

(.. , ..), McLoughlin & Lewis (1994) : ) , , ) , ) . , . , , .

. ) , ) , ) , ) . , , (, 2003, . 344-345).

29

() . .. , , , , , , , , .. , , , .. .... , . .... ( ) , , , .

( ) . () . , . , , .

. ,

30

. .

O ( ) , (.. , , , ), , , . , , , .

( ) . , , , . . ( ). , (norms), , , (, 2002, . 452-453).

2.3.

, , . , .

31

, ( ) .

(2002) ( ) . , ( ) , . , . , . , , .

, ( ) , , , .. , (.. ) ( ). ( .. ),

32

, . , , . , , , , .

, , : , , , . , , , . , .

, ( ) . , , (. 472-474).

2.4.

.

33

.

(2003)

. . , , ( ) . , . , (. 346).

, , , . , , ( , , ) : , .

( ) () , , , . , (, 2003, . 19)

34

, , . , (. 19).

, ( ), . , , ( , ) , , , , .

( ) , , , . , ( ) , , , .

( )

35

.

( ) , . ( ) , , , . , , , , .

, , . , , , , , .

, ( ) ( ) . .

36

3

( , ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ), , , , , . .

( ) , , ( ) ( ). , , ( )

37

. , , , , . , , . , , , , . 3.1.

3.1.1. (2003, . 5), , , . : , . , , , . , , , . , . , .

38

3.1.2. , , , , ( ). ( .. ) .

() . . , (.. ), , , . , .

, , , . , .

,

39

, ... , , ( ) ... , , , .

, , , , , . , , . , Ellis (1984, . 11), , , (impulses), . , , , . , , .

, . . . , Piaget Bartlett. ( 4 / . ).

40

, , , , (.., ), .

, ( ) . , , , , . 3.2.

3.2.1.

(process) . , , (product) . ( ) . , ( ), , ,

41

. , . , , , - . , .

, . , , , . , , , , , U. Neisser (1967), "... ..." (. 136).

. Piaget , , , (Furth, 1978, Murray, 1978). Piaget (1976)

42

, ( ) . , ( ) , , Piaget, ( ), (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969). 3.2.2. , (, 2002), ( ) . , ( ) , , , , , .

, , ( ) ( ) , . , , , . ( ) . , , , , .

43

.

() , . ( , , .. , , , ...). , .

, . , , , , . , , .

.

( ) . ( ) . , , .. ( ), ( ) , ,

44

. ( .. ) .

, . , ( ), . , . , , :

= x

, ( ) , ( ) . , , ( ) .

. Stanovich .. (1984), . , Hoover & Gough (1990), ,

45

. , . , (. . 1.2, 1 / . ).

.

, . , , , . , , ( ) , (Doehring et al, 1981, Snowling, 1980, Vellutino, 1979, Seymour & Porpodas, 1980).

, ( ) (hyperlexia), (Healy, 1982), : , , . , , . 1.3. / . (2002) , . 50. , , . , , , .

46

( ) . , ( ), (hyperlexia).

( ), . , ( ) , ( ) (, , ). . , ( ), . , , , .

, ( ). 3.2.3. , ,

47

. (.. , ...) (.. , , ...) , , .

. , , .. . , . , , ( ), , , , .

. , , ( .. ), , ( .. ). , , . , , .

48

, , : , . . 3.2.3. (1). () . (, , 4 . , / . (1998), ). , , ( ) , - . ( ) , , , . , , .

49

, ( , 80% ) , , , . , , , , , ... , ( , , ...), , , , . , , .

. , , , , ( .. 3, , ..). , ( 24 ) ,

50

( ) .

, , - . , ( , 19 ) , , , () . , , .

- , . , ( ) , , , ..

, , , . , , , , . , .

51

, , , . 3.2.3. (2). . , , , , .. , .. , . , , . , , ( ) , , . , , , . , , . ( ), .

, , , . ,

52

, , , .

, , . . 3.3. (, 2002, . 451-452) , . , , , ( ). , . .

( ) , , (

53

) ( ). . , , , , .

(, , ) , . .. , , , . , , .

, , , . , ( ) , , , , (, 2002, . 453).

,

54

. , :

, ( ,

),

3.3.1. , , . , , ( ) , .

(, 2002, . 217-220) , , . . , ( ,

55

). , , , , (Tunmer & Hoover, 1992, Tunmer & Herriman,1984, Tunmer, Herrman & Nesdale, 1988).

. ( , ), . , . .

, , : , , , , . [ , , (.. Fudge, 1987, Selkirk, 1982, Treiman, 1988), , (onset) (rime). . , ].

, , . ,

56

. ( , , 2002, . 5). , (Wagner & Torgesen, 1987). , (.. //), (.. //-//-//-//), .

, ( ) . ( , , 2002. . 5), (, , ).

, (, , ) , , , , . , .. // //-//-//-// .. // //-//-//-//, (

57

// // // //), - - () () .

( ) , , (.. ), , . , , , . , , (, 2002, . 217-220).

( ) (

) ( ) , ( , , , 2002, . 5.6), . . , , , , Peter Bryant Usha Goswami "... (Bryant & Goswami,1987, . 439).

(2002, . 5.6.1),

58

, , . - (Gough & Hillinger, 1980, Gough & Tunmer, 1986, Stanovich, 1986).

, - , : , - (Backman .., 1984). , - (Pace & Golinoff, 1976, Shankweiler & Liberman, 1972). , (Jorm .., 1984) , (Morais .., 1987).

3.3.1. (1).

, , ( 5 ), . 5 / . , . .

59

, , , ( (.232-233):

). ( ):

). (

):

(: To . , , ).

3.3.1.(2).

, . , . , . , , .

60

( ) . , , , . ( ) .

( ) ( ) / . (2002) ( 380-388). ( ). 3.3.2. , . , , .

: , . ( ) . , .

. ,

61

. ( , .. ) , . , , , , , . , . ( ) , , , ( ) . 3.3.2.(1).

. , , (.. , , , ) (.. , , , ). .

. , (, 2002, . 461).

62

, , . ( ) .

( ) , (, , , ) . ( ) . , . ; ; / . (2002) , . 7, 7.4.2.. , , ( ) . , :

().

. ().

. ().

(.. , , ).

63

(). .

(). ( , , ) .

(). ( ): , , , , .

3.3.2.(2).

() , , . . , , , :

() . ()

(-). ()

-. ()

, -- (--) (.. , , , , , , ..) ( ) -- (--) (.. , , , , ..) --- (---) (.. , , , , ..).

64

. , (.. ), -, - (.. --- --- ) , .

,

, ( ) .

( ) , , :

(). (-) () (.. , , , ...), .

(). , , , (.. , , , , ...).

(). (.. , , , , , , , , , , ...).

(). () (), (--) () (.. , , , , , , ...).

(). - () (.. , , , , ...) -- () (.. , , , ...), - () (.. , , ...), (, 2002, . 394).

65

, , : (.. , , , , ...), (.. , , , ..). ( ) ( , ), . , , , (, 2002, . 461-462).

3.3.2.(3).

. , ( ) . . , . , , .

, , ,

66

. , . . , , , . , ( ), , .

, , , . , , ( ) , . ( ) , . , - , ! , , , , . , , , . ,

67

, ! (, 2002, 462-464) .

, ,

. , , , :

() . () (.. ,

, , ..) --- (.. , , , ..). .. 10 .

() , , , .

() , , . . . ( , .. , , , , .), , .. , , (.. , , , , ..). , . ,

68

, .

() ( ), . O , , , .. , , .. : ( ), ( ) . , . ( ) , , . ( : , , , , , , , , ..) (, 2002, 464-466).

( ) , , , . ,

69

, ( , ), ( ) , .

, , , ... , ( ) , , , .

, ( ), ( ). , , , , , .

, , , . , . , .

() , . ,

70

, ( ), , , . , (, 2002, . 395).

3.3.2.(4).

( ) . .

, , , ( ) . , , , , , . , ( ) .

, , , , , , , ,

71

, . ( ) , . . , , .

() ( ), ( ) . , () .

, , . .

, ( ) , . . ,

72

. , , . , , . , , .. , , , ( ) . , (, 2002, . 474-476).

3.4.

3.4.1.

, , , ( ) . [ / . (2002) ( 8 , 9 ), ].

, (2002), : , , , , . ,

73

, .

, . , , ( 8.2.1, . 410).

3.4.2.

: . ( ) , .

, , . ( , , ) (, , .. , , ...). (2002)

74

, . , , , , . , ( ) , .

, , ( .. ..), . ( ) . , , , (. 8.1, . 407-408). 3.4.2.(1).

. , , , , .

75

, , , . - . ( ) , ( ). ( , , ...), ( ) .

( ) , - , , , . , , .

. , , , .

,

76

, . ( .. , , ). , .

3.4.2.(2).

, , : , , , , .

( ), : / . , . 8.2.2. (. 410-414). (. 415-420), (. 425-449). .

( ), (.. ), , , , . . ,

77

( ) . , , , (, 2002, . 466).

( ) : () , () () . [ : / . (2002) , 9.4, . 466-468].

: ( 2-3 , ) , . ( ) . ( , , . 9.4, . 468-472)

78

3.4.3. , . , ( ), .

, . , , , . , , .

, . , , . , , . , , , , , .

, ,

79

, ( ) . , . , , .

( ) ( ), . , , . .

. , , , . , ( .. , ...), .

, , ,

80

. , . , .

, , , . , , , . , , , (, 2002, . 476-479).

3.5.

3.5.1.

. , ( ), , , .

. , ( ) ( ),

81

. .

, . ( ).

n , ( , . . , , .

3.5.2.

H . , , . , . , , , . , ( ). , ()

82

. , , ( ) , ( ) .

(

) . . , ( ) . . , , (.. , ...). , (.. , ...). , , .

3.5.3.

, , , .

83

, . , , . H . , , , ( ) (, , ) ( , , ) ( ). , ( ) , ( ) .

, (, , ) , . , , ( ) , , , , , ... //.

( , .. ..), ( )

84

- . , , .

3.6. ( ) . , , . , , , .

, (.. ), , ( ) . , , ( ). , , ( ) , ( , , ). , , , , .

85

, , , . , ( ). , , ( ) ( ), ( ). , () , . , , . , .

86

4

4.1.

, . ( .. a: H ). [ 3.2.3.(1) 3 ] , ( ) , , .

, , , (Language Shock), ( ) European Children In Crisis (ECIC), . ECIC.

European Children In Crisis (ECIC) , , , , ,

87

. ECIC , , , .

, , - .., - .., . , - .., , , , .

.., , . ECIC, o , , . , , . (: ( ) ECIC. . / . ).

88

4.2.

Eric Woehrling, Ph.D.

(O Eric Woehrling European School of Brussels II 1988. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University of Liverpool. Stewart Ivory & Co., Edinburgh, U.K.).

. , - . . . , , , , . , , ! , , ! .

. , , . .

, , , . , .

89

.

, .

. , . . A , . , .

, , . , , , . , , , . , , . , . , , .

. , . , , . . , . . , .

90

, , , , , . , ( ) , . , .

, . . , . , , , . , , . , . , .

. . . 95% , 96% , . , .

, .

91

. , , .

, , . , , . , , . , , , ; - . 4.3.

Gunilla Lfgren Nisser, M.Sc. Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

, , , . . , , , , 10% . , , .

. . , , . ( ). .

92

. . . : , , , , . , , . .

, : , . , , ( ), , , , . , , , , . , .(Orton Dyslexia Society, 1994).

. . . , . , , . , .. , . .

93

, . . , , , .

- : , .

- : , .

- : , , (.. ).

- : , , , .

, . , .

. , . , , . , . , .

, , .. WSC (Wechslers Intelligence Scale for Children) WAIS (Wechslers Adult Intelligence Scale) .

94

, , , , , . .

, , . . , . , , , .

, . , . , , , . , . , .

, , . .

, ,

95

. , , ( ), , .

. . , . , . .

4.4. BBC . . : - - - - : - , -

96

- - : - - - . . , , , 4.5. Pauline Cogan, Dip.Rem.Ed., M.Sc. () , . ( ) . , , . , ; ;

- . :

.

, .

(Richard Lavoie)

97

. , . .

, : .

. , , .

.

:

10% . . , .

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. , ,

, .

:

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98

- ,

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- ,

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( , , , ),

- , - ,

,

- .

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- , - , - , - , - ,

99

- , , , ,

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, .. ), , - , , , ,

/ , .

. :

.

, , .

.

100

.

/ .

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.

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.

.

.

-. :

.

.

.

.

101

.

.

.

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-. -.

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.

.

.

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.

102

:

.

.

/ .

, , .

, , , .

, , , .

.

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() - , - , , .

:

,

, , .

103

-- -- . - - - . 4.6.

Rachel Davies , , , , , , , . , .

. , , . , .

, . , , :

104

. , .

, . . , . , .

. .

, . . . .

. . .

, : , , , (Richard Lavoie).

, . , .

:

.

.

105

. .

. .

, .

:

, . , , .

, , , .

. , . . . .

. , ) . .

, . , .

4.7.

106

(European Dyslexia Association) (EDA) 12 Goldington Avenue GB-Bedford MK40 3BY : +44 1234 261897 Fax: +44 1234 261897 E-mail: eurodysass@kbnet.co.uk EDA . EDA , 25 , . , . EDA : , . , . (International Dyslexia Association - IDA) International Dyslexia Association (IDA) International Office 8600 Lasalle Road Chester Building, Suite 382 Baltimore, MD 21286-2044, U.S.A. Tel: +1 410 296 0232, Fax: +1 410 321 5069 E-mail: info@interdys.org Web site http://www.interdys.org

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159

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