4
:
:
(). O Bowlby
. ,
. ,
.
-,
.
1
4
.
Bowlby
Cambridge Craik (1943).
,
, Bowlby .
,
,
.
(Bretherton, 1991 Bowlby, 1973 1980 1988).
(West &
Sheldon-Keller, 1994).
.
,
.
,
, , , ,
. Stern
(Stern, 1995) : )
, ) )
.
Stern
, .
,
, ,
2
4
.
Bowlby ,
.
.
, .
, (Peterfreund,
1983).
.
- (social cognition)
.
.
, ( )
.
-
-
. Gestaldt
(Bartlett,
1932)
-
. , -
,
3
4
(. Fiske & Taylor, 19841990).
,
(.. , )
( ,
..).
.
Mary Main , 2,
,
(state of mind), , ,
.
/
.
.
.
(.. Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 Baldwin, 1992
Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel, & Thompson, 1993 Collins & Read, 1994 Collins,
1996).
1990
- . 1990
,
(Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel, & Thompson,
1993 Baldwin, Keelan, Fehr, Enns, & Koh-Rangarajoo, 1996)
(.. Collins, 1996; Pietromonaco &
Carnelley, 1994).
4
4
.
-
,
.
( ,
,
)
( .
Macrae & Bodenhausen, 2000).
. ,
Bargh (.. Bargh, 1997)
(top-down)
.
. ,
Bower (.. 1981)
.
-
.
Nancy Collins -
, ,
(Collins & Read,
1990 Collins, 1996).
- .
Collins & Read (1990)
, ,
,
.
,
5
4
.
(.. ,
).
(,
, , ).
,
-
.
-
(relational schema Baldwin, 1992).
Sally Planalp (1983 1985)
. , Planalp
: ,
-.
, Mark Baldwin (1992)
, .
Baldwin
(Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel, & Thompson, 1993)
.
.
Inge Bretherton (1987 1991)
. -
(Anderson, 1983. Smith, 1984 Baldwin et al. 1993).
,
: ,
6
4
.
.
( ) (
) ,
( )
.
/
.
(lexical decision task). ,
.
( 72
).
(
).
- .
Baldwin
(Baldwin, et al. 1996).
10
(
). 88%
, 47%
.
.
.
7
4
. Baldwin et al.
- :
(availability and accessibility, Baldwin,
Keelan, Fehr, Enns, & Koh-Rangarajoo, 1996).
-.
(Kelley, 1968).
( ),
.
,
(Baucom & Lester, 1986 Epstein, Pretzer, & Fleming, 1987 Fincham &
Bradbury, 1988 Fletxher, Fincham, Cramer, & Heron, 1987 Margolin & Weiss,
1978).
,
(Fincham, 1985.
Fincham & Bradbury, 1987 1989 Fletcher & Fitness, 1993).
.
- .
(social perception)
,
,
(. Markus & Zajonc, 1985).
(), .
(Sumer & Cozzarelli, 2004)
8
4
(. )
.
-
.
Collins & Read (1994)
. ,
. ,
- (, , )
.
Collins
-
. (Collins & Read, 1990)
,
, ,
.
,
.
(
,
).
(, , ,
). Collins & Read
-.
- .
(..
, reaction time)
.
9
4
Collins (1993. Collins & Read,
1994)
.
. ,
,
).
(..
, / )i.
.
(.. Shaver,
Collins, & Clark, 1996),
(..
Sroufe & Waters, 1977) (Kobak & Sceery, 1988).
.
,
(schema- triggered
affect Fiske & Pavelchak, 1986 Markus & Wurf, 1987).
/
(Shaver, Collins & Clark, 1996). ,
.
.
, . ,
,
.
10
4
, Collins
. ,
.
,
.
/ (appraisal) (.. Berscheid,
1983 Lazarus, & Folkman, 1984).
.
(Doherty, 1982 Fincham, Beach, & Nelson, 1987 Fincham & Bradbury, 1988
Fincham & OLeary, 1983). , 5.1
,
. ,
.
,
,
/ .
11
4
( 2).
,
-
, .
,
. ,
(
, . 3);
.
. ,
(Shaver & Hazan,1987 Bartholomew & Horowitz,1991)
. ( )
5.1 : Collins (1996) ,
12
4
(Maseyless, 1994) .
-
. ,
( ,
, , , );
(outcomes)
,
.
,
.
, Collins & Read (1994)
(top-down) .
(. 5.2). ,
13
5.2 : Collins & Read (1994)
4
Collins & Read (1994)
: 1) , 2) ,
, 3)
, 4)
.
Collins & Read
.
Lazarus .
Richard Lazarus (appraisal)
.
Zajonc 1980
. , Murphy Zajonc (1993)
(affective)
.
, Collins (1996)
.
.
Collins & Read
. ,
(1 )
(2 )
( ,
) . , ,
.
14
4
.
.
,
.
Bowlby (1969) Crittenden (1996). O Bowlby (1969, .113)
/ (appraisal):
. -
(3) (4)
. , Crittenden
(mental) .
.
. ,
(, , .).
( -).
, (heuristic),
Bowlby .
Bretherton (1987) .
. Bowlby
.
,
.
(1990)
15
4
(traits)
.
.
(Bowlby, 1979 .204). , Shaver
Hazan (1987)
(1987 .511, .521 ).
:
,
(Carnelley & Jannoff-Bullman, 1992, .5),
.
,
(..
Jones et al., 1990 --
). ( -
1990) .
,
.
,
-
.
(Bartholomew (1993).
. ,
16
4
(Ainsworth et al.,1978 Brazelton et al., 1975 Stern, 1974 Sroufe et al.
19831984).
/ .
.
Collins
Lazarus
.
,
Lazarus
. Zajonc
.
.
(.. McDougall, 1908), - (.. Cannon, 1927),
- /
(... James, 1890/1922).
. ,
,
1950.
17
4
,
:
- (e.g. Bower, 1981), (Frijda, 1986),
(propositional theories Lang, 1979) -
(ie. Power & Dalgleish, 1997).
(.. Beck,
1976 Power & Dalgleish, 1997).
(cognition)
(,
, , , , Fletcher & Fitness,
1996). (emotion)
/ .
Bedford (1956) ,
,
.
(.. ). / (affect)
.
(top-
down) (Frijda, 1986 Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O'Connor, 1987).
1980
:
; ,
;
,
(Zajonc, 1980).
. ,
Zajonc ,
18
4
. (
)
.
Zajonc (Preferences
need no inferences)
. Zajonc
,
, -
,
.
-
. Richard Lazarus (1982.1984)
.
, .
Zajonc
, ,
.
Lazarus
, ii.
Lazarus (1984) Zajonc
. Murphy and Zajonc (1993)
-
- (
).
/
,
(p. 67, Powell & Dalgleish, 1997).
19
4
.
.
.
, Zajonc
.
:
,
(. Sroufe et al. 1983 1984). O .
( )
( )
/ ( )
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
20
5.3: Lazarus
4
.
(Goldsmith & Alansky, 1987 Thompson,
Connell, & Bridges, 1988 Vaughn et al., 1992).
(Ainsworth et al. 1978 Sroufe & Waters, 1977 Sroufe
& Fleeson, 1986)
(Cassidy & Kobak, 1988 Kobak et al. 1993 Kobak & Sceery, 1988)
. Grossman Grossman (1991)
.
.
-,
(Kobak & Sceery, 1988).
,
, (Dozier &
Kobak, 1992).
(Mikulincer & Orbach, 1995). Fuendeling (1998)
affect
.
.
(Simpson, 1990 Magai, Distel, & Liker, 1995).
(Simpson, 1990).
,
. 1980
(Kobak & Sceery, 1988).
21
4
( )
( ). Fuendeling (1998)
(trait)
.
. ,
/.
,
(Sroufe & Waters,
1977 Berman, Marcus, & Berman, 1994).
(. )
(.
/ , .)
. , ,
(.. Nelson &
Panksepp, 1998).
,
(Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978).
() ,
( .)
. ,
.
- ( anxious-avoidant)
(disattachment)
22
4
. ,
- (C anxious-resistant)
() ,
.
(control systems)
(Kobak, Sudler, & Gamble,
1992).
( ).
() (Dodge, 1991).
( )
( C)
.
(- [repression]
[hyperactivation] )
. , Kobak Sceery (1988, :
35)
.
(Ainsworth, 1985).
(Kobak et al. 1993) (
).
(Kobak & Hazan, 1991 Simpson, Rholes & Nelligan, 1992
. Miulincer & Florian, 2001) .
23
4
- P. Crittenden
Pat Crittenden
.
. Crittenden (1995)
. ,
. Crittenden
:
,
(Lymbic
System)
.
(Le Doux, 1997).
, Le Doux,
- .
.
.
.
, .
.
(Lymbic system)
.
(, )
.
-
-
24
4
-,
/.
/
. /
. /
( ).
/ ,
,
.
, ,
-
(Kafetsios, 2004).
. /
-
.
.
.
/
, .
(Mickelson, Shaver & Kessler, 1997 Kafetsios, 2003).
Crittenden
1. ,
.
( 4
). -
25
4
(
C5-6).
.
5.4: Crittenden (1995) ( Prof. P. Crittenden)
,
C /A
B
AD
3
1-2 4
1-2
3
4
A5-6 -
C7-8 -
C5-6
C3-4 -
C1-2 -
26
4
. Bowlby
.
Mikulincer, Birnbaum, Woddis, Nachmias (2000)
(priming)
.
- .
(.. ,
.) (lexical decision).
Mikulincer, Gillath, Shaver (2002)
.
- (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2001)
(Mikulincer et al., 2001).
(Pre-emptive) - (post-emptive).
:
, -
.
- Fraley,
Garner, & Shaver (2000)
. , -
, .
.
, (
-) - .
27
4
.
(Bower,
1981). Joseph Forgas
(Forgas, Bower, & Katz, 1984).
.
.
.
.
Pereg (2001)
. Pereg (2001)
.
( ECR)
: ) (
), ) , (
-).
.
(.. /
).
.
-
.
28
4
( )
( ..
Kelley, 1968).
- .
Shaver Mikulincer (2002)
(working memory).
.
Pereg
.
:
(Isen, 1987). Barbara
Frederickson - (broadening).
Isen
(Isen & Daubman, 1984 Isen,
Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987).
Mikulincer and Sheffi (2000)
. ,
.
29
4
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
Zikos Kafetsios (2003)
.
, ,
Jim Russell .
Russell
Frederickson
(Tugade, Fredrickson, & Barrett, 2004).
( & , 2004)
.
, Michael Cohen Shaver (2004)
Cognition & Emotion
30
4
.
(
) .
(Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999).
.
( - ).
.
.
,
(, )
.
,
,
.
(Mickelson, Kessler & Shaver, 1997).
(Davila, Karney, & Bradbury, 1999).
31
4
- (r (82) = .26, p
4
.
.
(
)
.
33
i Bowlby . .ii - , , ( ).
: -