8.1
8.1.1Copernicus7027
8.1.2 Kepler7196
Pr
8.1.3 Galileo16099
8.2 1682
8.2.1
()()
20001.6 3
8.2.22050OBAFGKM O25000KB1100025000KB121
161002.512 0.770.031.4526.72430102.190.51.434.8
8.2.3 (NH3)
Chandrasekhar1.441.4433
X15.5 1990427M31M32300
Big Bang Doppler EffectRed Shift
100 49 75
70 10
8.2.4 19571969198119711999
1969721Armstrong1969197212
100
8.2.5 1990575 31908.4Large Binocular TelescopeLBT110LBT250200510161015LBT
8.3
8.3.1 17336 57070290082% 290050005000
8.3.2
197820100020500200023
8.3.3
1822
8.3.4 300033
71965
500101%18
8.3.5
Global Positioning System, GPSGoogle EarthGoogle Earth
Google Earth
4
60%4040403D
3D
1986SPOT1995921
20048
8.4 70%
8.4.1
8.4.1.180%198015%303001980630030
197650
8.4.1.2
20 1965197519818940100
8.4.1.3
8.4.2
8.4.2.1
8.4.2.219332008
8.4.2.3
8.4.2.4
[1][2][3]29
[4]
[5][6]partyA
[7] [8]