2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

2.1 2.1.1

CPUA=A+BAB200200 6, 4200*200=40000CPU 2440000 340000 740000

1, 4*40000=16000012/ CPU

(table graphrecordtree)(int floatstack)

1.16 -327683276702.1.2

2.

3.Nme rm re prm 16q(

mermrep()q () 0.00345 0.34510-2

1pqN

p=23q=7 rm = re=2N

q=2p=4rm=2rm=16rm 2 p=4(bit3~bit04bit3=1

rm 16 q2, p=4(bit3~bit04,bit3~bit0 110 bit3~bit0 00011111

1 rm rm248162816rm=232rm=215/2

2 rm1/2-2rm 215rm 168rm 21/2 rmrm 211bitrm 164bitsrm rm =2, 20(0.1001~0.1111) , 21(0.1~0.1111)rm =16, 160(0.1001~0.1111) , 161(0.0001

11691616q=5p=9re =2rm =16

117821 1 16

10.1211: 0 1000001 , 10000000>1 0 1000001 , 10000001

0.100000000

qrm qrm rmrm

22 1

rm 16 re 2, 44q=2rm 28 (124) 22 =(24))221/4rm=2rm 1615 1161162=(1/16)16216

rm2rm163

rm4rm 250%100% rm2rm 400011011

IBM370IBM430016BurroughsB6700,B77008DECVAX-11CDCCDC6600IntelX862

511211310114ROMPLA

2.2 Self-defining /

2.2.1

1.

2.2 A32B335301ABIC2R1AB2BA

1AB2MB3R>3

=++

LISPPROLOG

2.BurroughsB65007500

1010000101

:

3.

2.2.2 A=(a0,a1,a2,,an-1) -

ci=ai+bi, I=10,11,,1000(C)for(i=10; i

=+ =- a0an-1a10

C(411)=A(411)+B(-43)=+=-

2.2.3 - - LISP,PROLOG

,

F=A*B+C/(D-E)AB*CDE-/+

12

2.3

2.3.1

DJS20081101VAX-114

2.

- - - - - -

op m1 m2op r m op r1 r2op op m op r(2)

3.

(CPI)

2.3.2

= + 2.3.3 1.

I/O21016: : :

: , , Huffman: , , : (Huffman), ()(), ()(),

R

1. I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 0.4 0.3 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 H=2.17R=(3-2.17)/3=0.28=28% 1 0001107 I1: 000 I2: 001 I3: 010 I4: 011 I5: 100 I6: 101 I7: 110

2

(1) (2) (3)(2)1) (4)10 (5)

10000001110.090.1510.061I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 0.4 0.3 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.030 10 110 11100 11101 11110 11111

I1: 0 I2: 10 I3: 110 I4: 11100 I5: 11101 I6: 11110 I7: 11111 R=(2.20-2.17)/2.20=1.36% =4L=0.4*1+0.3*2+0.15*3+0.05*5 +0.04*5+0.03*5+0.03*5 = 2.20

Huffman: - - 0, 1 3 Huffman,

1: Huffman0, 10, 110, 11100, 11101, 11110, 111110.4,0.3,0.15,0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.03I1, I2, I3 : 00, 01, 10I4, I5, I6, I7 : 1100,1101,1110,1111L=(0.4+0.3+0.15)*2+(0.05+0.04+0.03+0.03)*4 = 2.30=(2.30-2.20)/2.30=0.0565=5.65%

2. 2 2.3

4-8-124 4-6-10(B-1700)

0001000011101500000001...1110151111...11111111...000000011110151111...11111111...111111111111...15/15/158/64/5124-8-12

4-8-12 15-15-151545=(4812)15/45=84-8-12 8-64-5125848464851212/584=11.45

242150.05130.015140.004 (4-8-12) (15-15-15) 15-15-15000011101111

37440.12150.02550.004 (14)(3-6-9) 4-16-640XX1XX0xx 41xx 0xx 161xx 1xx 0xx 64 4-16-64 =0.12*4*3+0.02*15*6+0.004*55*9=5.22

478100.049180.02500.003 125( 4-6-10) 410(0000-1001) 5(1010-1110)220 (1111)664

(1)

(1)

5.IBM370IBM3701632483800RR1601RX3210RSSI3211SS48RSXI

RR(R1) OP (R2) R1RX(R1) OP M[(X2)+(B2)+D2] R1RS(R3) OP M[(B2)+D2] R1SII OP M[(B1)+D1] M[(B1)+D1]

SS LM2[(B2)+D2] M1[(B1)+D1]16RR 3248SS8RR2440SSR

1.419216123

1.OPC 000 xxx xxx xxx 011 xxx xxx xxx 000 000 xxx 111 101 xxx111 111 110 000 111 111 111 1114192163333419216

2.166XX

5123(45()

155XagAGX2 5

1B2B4B0.5B32

1 ADD XAB X MUL XXC MUL YDE Y ADD XXY SUB YFG DIV XXY63//63=1861+3242B421844272112B

1B2B4B0.5B

( MOV XA X ADD XB MUL XC MOV YD MUL YE ADD XY MOV YF SUB YG DIV XY X9263/32+63=2491+2245B452444596141B1B2B4B0.5B

LOAD F FSUB G GSTORE X f-gXLOAD AADD BMUL CSTORE Y (a+b)cLOAD DMUL EADD YDIV XSTORE X1212/12121+236B36124364884B

PUSH A a PUSH B b ADD PUSH C MUL PUSH D PUSH E MUL ADD PUSH F PUSH G

SUB DIV POP X X

148263/ 82+63=3481+2630B3034430136166B

R1R2 MOVE R1A R1 ADD R1B MUL R1C MOVE R2D MUL R2E ADD R1R2 MOVE R2F SUB R2G DIV R1R2 MOVE XR1 X10448

25

32 R-S

2.4 (CISC) (RISC)

2.4.1(CISC)CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computer) CISC 1.2. 3.

CPU1.

Z80LDIR254100499 LDIRLDDR POLY

1 2 3

2.

DEA()B-1700

3.

VAX-11CHMXRETHOT SPORTS) I/O

(1)200(2)VLSI(3) 20%-80%80%20%CISC1979David PattersonCISC

2.4.2 RISC RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) CPU

1.RISC Cache PattersonRISC1979IBMIBM80110MIPS

2.RISC(1) (2) (3) (4) -CPU-CPU-CPU

CPURISC

ABAABBABCCBCCC

RISCRISC

()Y=(X)+1Y=(X)+1+R2

RISC RISC. RISCLOADSTORE

Tcpu=IN*CPI*TcTc:IN:CPUCPI:CISCRISC RISCTcpuCISCRISCCPITcpu,CISCINTcpu

RISC

RISCCISCCPUVLIWRISC

2 231415162061. X86SZX22@126.COM

2.RISC3264 ANSI/IEEE i86081632

(1) 32RISC4G(2) i860SPARC4K

RISCCPU Cache

RISC

p=6m=48rm=28162.3 6482816

15. 9ADD30%SUB24%JOM6% STO7%JMP7% SHR2%CIL3% CLA20%STP1%

,16

12345

Carnegie Mellon(1)(2)LOADSTORELOADSTORE(3)(4)(5)(6)

IEEEMichael SlaterRISCRISC LOADSTORE LOAD

Patterson1981198332RISC CPURISC IRISC IIRISC(1)Carnegie Mellon(2)IEEEMichael Slater

15. (1) Huffman0.010.020.03010.030.06010.060.12010.070.070.14010.260100.300.200.240.44010.5610011

Huffman ADD() 30% 01 SUB() 24% 11 CLA() 20% 10 JOM() 6% 0001 STO() 7% 0011 JMP() 7% 0010 CIL() 3% 00001 SHR() 2% 000001 STP() 1% 000000

(2) 2-5 ADD() 30% 00 SUB() 24% 01 CLA() 20% 10 JOM() 6% 11000 STO() 7% 11001 JMP() 7% 11010 SHR() 2% 11011 CIL() 3% 11100 STP() 1% 11101

(3) 23=8(4) -OP(2)R1(3)R2(3)OP(5)R1(3)X(2)d(6)(5) 64(-32~+31)-

1.2.3.4.

1.10I1 20%I2 12%I3 11%I4 15%I5 8%I6 3%I7 2%I8 18%I9 10%I10 1%11023.22.12348180

1.3.033-43.143-53.122.

2 23141516206

2.RISC(1)OS

3.rm 2pm

rmmrp2p

-1 -(rm -1+ rm -p ) 0 -(1-rm -p ) - rm -1

317(82 16

q=6p=8re =2rm =2

q=6p=48rm=28162.3 6482816

p=16q=6 rm=16 re=2N

rm20rm>2|log2rm|10rm1630rm23

OS

2816P=4rm=2,rm=16 -- eta2+

=+

+