R H B G N J U H F V V S

D J C N J R F

®Eueyc

2

© ɃÕ∆ πŒƒº ≠Œæ∆¬÷¤, û¬Ÿ πŒ”», 2003,

geñk b rfwbz yf cf q nt ≈÷÷œ://ŸŸŸ.ºƒÕ∆¤Œƒº.Œ”ƒ

Yfcnjzofz ãktrnhjyyfz dthcbz

geñkbretncz gj bplfybç:

Rhbgnjuhfvvs Djcnjrf.

3-t bplfybt, ljgjkytyyjt.

Hbuf: Eueyc, 1999.

1-t bpl._ •º”∆’, 1929

© Eueyc, 1992, c bpvtytybzvb

© Eueyc, 1999, c bpvtytybzvb

Dct ghfdf cjøhfyzçncz.

Kçñjt djcghjbpdtltybt ljgecrftncz

njkmrj c gbcmvtyyjuj hfphtitybz bplfntkz.

3

X f cnj nfr yfp s df tvst fgjrhbas cjø h f y z çn

v yjubt xthns lt q cn d b ntk myj cnb, bpüznst bp ja b-

w b fk my s ø nt rcnjd . D ãn b ø y tjå b l f y y s ø h f cc rf-

pfø b g h b n x f ø , h f c r b yen s ø c h tl b y f h jljd F p b b ,

epyfäv, rfrbt bvt y yj jñkbrb åbden d yfhjl yjv

cjp y f y b b .

Jn Fknfz lj Wt q kjyf yfhjls vtx nf çn j Dtk b-

rbø Ex b ntkzø, ghbgjvbyfz bp lhtdyj cnb xthns bø

åbpyb b ghbñk b åfz bpkjåtybt r øf h f rnt he cdjt q

cnh f y s .

Cjñ b h fnm ãnb rhbgnjuhfvvs dtkbrbø lev _

p y fxbn pf uk z yenm d leie yfhjljd .

Cnh f y b wf

cj r h jdtyyjq bcnj hbb

D kflsrb Ñe l l s

4

Y fx fkj gen b

D kf l s rf Ñellf lt q cn d b ntk myj gjr b yek hjl yjq

ujh jl. Lt q cn d b ntk myj cjpt h wfk gjl lt h t djv vel-

h j cnb. Lt q cn d b ntk myj exbk d Ñtyfhtct. Lt q cn d b-

ntk myj jrjyxbk Ex b ntk m cn dj Cdjä d Rei b y f uf h t .

Yj dt rf ghbñfdbkb vyjuj ñf ct y .

D kf l s rf gjr b yek hjl yjq ujh jl yf rjyt d cj-

g h jdjå ltybb gj c kf y yjuj ckeub. Ljh juf ktåfkf

yf ct dt h j - pfgfl, dljkm ljkbys htrb. Ldt ytltk b

g h jljk åfkcz ec rjhtyysq genm. Rjulf vbyjdfk b

ujhyst ghjøjls, rjy x b kcz rjyysq genm, lfk mi t

dtkf jøjn y b x mz nh jg f .

Pltcm zdktyysq ckeuf jcnfdbk Tuj, yj yf ghjof-

ybt crfpfk: ≤Ñhfn wfhtdbx, blb, b rjulf yfqläim

ø b å b ye jøjn y b rf, gthtlfq tve ãnjn recjr lt h t df ≥ .

B lfk Tve recjr lt h t df c nh tvz pyfrf v b .

D kf l s rf iäk ctvm lytq gj nh jgt. Yf dj c mvjq

lt y m lji ä k lj ø b å b y s . L dt h m ñ skf jn r h s nf , b d s-

cjrbq cnfhbr, jltnsq d cnf heç, uhz p yeç gjl l ä d re,

cnheufk lt h t dj .

5

D kf l s rf jñ h fn b kcz c ghbdtncn d b tv, cjukf c yj

jñsxfç Bylbb. Yj jøjnybr hfcc vt z kcz b erfpfk

y f lt h t dj . D kf l s rf dc gjv y b k j rec rt lt h t df b g t-

h tl fk tve. C nf h b r d y b vfntk myj jcvjnh tk pyfrb

b ljñ h jlei yj erfpfk yf cnjk d øbåbyt. Dkf l s rf

gjyzk ghbukfitybt b jn dtl fk lbxm b väl. Pfntv

cnfhbr pyfrfvb erfpfk Dkf l s rt jnljø yen m .

Rjulf Dkf l s rf Ñellf ghjcyekcz, cjk y wt njk mrj

x nj jpf h b kj cytuf. Jøjn y b rf yt ñskj d øbåbyt,

yj cj ldjhf hfpl f dfkcz cner tuj njgjhf. Yj djn

t uj abuehf gjrfpfkfcm d ldt hzø b gjl fkf Dkf l s rt

gbnmä bp välf. Pfntv cnfhbr dpzk ceve b rjgmä b

erfpfk yf cjk y wt. Dkf l s rf gjyzk, xnj gjhf d gen m ,

b, dpzd gj cjø, dsitk bp øbåbys. Cnfhbr nh b å l s

gjrkjy b kcz Tve b erfpfk cktljdfn m .

Gjljq l z r recnf h y b re, jy h fpl d b yek dtn d b , b jñ-

y f heå b kfcm ep rfz nh jgf. Jy cltkfk pyfr Dkf l s rt

c ktljdfnm pf ybv b ñscnhj gjiäk dgthäl, erfp s-

dfz yf cjk y wt. Nfr ikb jyb lj gjkelyz, ktc yfx fk

h tltnm, b cnfk ljyjcbnmcz iev htrb. Jyb dsikb

yf ñt h t u.

C nfhbr yfnz yek ker b gj c kfk cnh tke. Vjkx f

å l fkb jyb. Dkf l s rf cyzk c ctñz jcnf d i b tcz er h f-

6

itybz b gjl fk cnf h b re. Yj njn erfpfk ñhjcbnm

d htre.

D jn gjz d b kcz yf lheujv ñt h t ue dscjrbq xtkjdt r ,

d s l d b yek xäky b yfg h f d b kcz r ybv. Rf anfy tuj

ñ sk jnjh jxty vtøjv b kbwj jxtym cveukjt, ib-

h jrjt. Lj cn b u yed ñt h t uf, ytp y f rjvtw gjrkjy b kc z

D kf l s rt b ghbukfcbk d xäky.

D kf l s rf øjntk ghjcnbnmcz c jøjn y b rjv, yj njn

y tpf vtn yj bcx tp. Ytp y f rjvtw nf r åt øhfybk vjkx f-

ybt. Lj cn b u yed ñt h t uf, jyb ctkb yf rjytq b cnfk b

gjl s vfnmcz d ujhe.

Yjx mç lj cn b ukb jyb ghtltkf cytujd b yf hfc-

c dtnt cgecnbkbcm d Jñbntk m .

7

P f dt ofyysq Vfqnh t z

Ukfpf wf h t d b x f - h tñ ä y rf hfyj jn r h skbcm yf

xeltcf vbhf. Ybxnj yt ec rjk m pfkj jn Tuj ghjy b r-

yjdt y yjuj dybvf y b z .

Wfhm crfpfk: ≤Ghjy b wfntk myj cnm tcnm dtytw dkf-

lsrb, yj rhtgj cnm herb tuj tcnm tuj obn. Gecn m

erhtgbn here yf ntn b dt kerf. Gecnm ltnb pyfn y s ø

r i fnhbtd cj cnz pf çncz c wf h t d b x tv ≥ .

Vfn m - wf h b wf ghbñf d b kf: ≤Tckb ghjy b wfntk m-

yj cnm tcnm dtytw dkflsrb b rhtgj cnm her b _

o b n t uj, nj cbzybt dkflsrb tcnm vbkj cnm b pyf-

ybt. Ghtl gjx ne dbltnm vjt uj gjnjv rf d jr heåt y b b

g b cfdibø Dtls Lãd Vel h j cn b ≥ .

Njulf cnfhsq velhtw jñ h fn b kcz r wfhç, ujdjhz :

≤ Vfnm gjx b nf tvfz, b ns, dkf l s rf, gjdtk b nt vyt

cjtlbybnm dfib åtkfybz. Gjdtk b nt ghtlcnf d b n m

dfv ne, rjnjheç vs pjdäv ljx t h mç Dtk b rjuj Yfuf .

Rjnjheç vs ghbyzkb d ljv cdjq b eåt ctv b ktn b t

rfr bpev k z tvcz tä vel h j cnb b rhtgj cnb tä cnh tks .

Gjb cnbyt jyf lj cnjqyf herb, yfx t hnfditq vel-

h j cnm Dtl ≥ .

8

≤ G h b dtl b ≥ , _ erfpfk wf h m .

Velhsq cjdtnybr ghbdäk vjkjljt ceotcn dj b

c rfpfk: ≤Vf q nhb, gjikb kexibq ghbdtn yfitve

wf h ç ≥ .

Ytñ s dfkj ñskj dbltnm ctv b ktnyçç lt djx re

d ñtkjv jltzybb c kerjv d hert b rbyåfkjv

pf gjz cjv. Eñjh nävysø djkjc nz å rj yt ckei fkc z

jñ hexf Yfuf, b ukfpf cvjnh tkb uhecn yj b ceh jdj .

Wfhm ghbrfpfk: ≤Vf q nhb, tckb ns vjåtim gec-

nbnm cnh tke, nj ghjypb gfdk b y f ≥ .

Vf q nhb gjrkjy b kfcm wfhç, crfpfd: ≤Yt vjue kb-

i fn m å b djn yjt å b p y b . Yj gjp djk m , wf h m , g h jy p b n m

z ñkjrj yf dthibyt zñkjy b ≥ .

Erfpfk wfhm Vf q nhb ñsnm ghb wfhtdbxt b

v yjuj el b dk z kcz vel h j cnb, yfqlt y yjq yf ñt h t ue

jpt h f .

V yjuj ktn ghjdäk wfhtdbx c Vf q nhb, yfp s dfz

tä nj uhjp yjq, nj cbzçotq, nj djb yjv, nj ghjh b-

wfntk my b wtq vel h j cnb Yfujd .

B ldthm Genb jn r h skf Vf q nh b .

Rjulf åt vjoysq Ktd dt h yekcz b hsrjv Bcn b-

ys gjr h sk ujhs, Vf q nhb cjø h f y b kf Tve kex i eç

9

ex t y b we b crfpfkf: ≤Jyf ghjckfdbn vtcnj nheljd

Ndjb ø ≥ .

D kf l s rf Bcnbys crfpfk: ≤Vf q nhb, zdkt y y s q

G h jdjlybr b Lt håfntkm. Ns, cjrhsdibq vel h j cn m

c djç jn njkgs, Ns pf cnegbim vtcnj Vjä, rf r

D kf l s rf Cj cnhflfybz b Nhelf. Vf q nhtz gjdtl ä n

y f h jls r Cdtne, b cnh tkf gjl d b uf ghbytcän zñkjrj

P y f y b z ≥ .

C rfpf y yjt nfr åt dt h yj, rfr e vtcnf ghjckf d-

ktybz Ex b ntkz djpl d b u y tncz Øhfv Pyfybz.

C rfpf y yjt nfr åt dt h yj, rfr ex t y b wf Ñkf uj-

c kjdt y yjuj jnl f cn bvz cdjä Øhfve Pyfybz.

J c yjdfybt zdktybz Bcnbys pf r h t g kt yj nhel f v b

å b p y b .

L f yj d Xjhnty Rf h gj .

1 0

Eøjl

Rjulf ghbñk b p b kjcm dhtvz eqnb, Ñkf uj c kjdt y-

ysq crfpfk cdjtq åtyt: ≤Eq l ä v ≥ .

B nhbåls crfpfk _ x t h tp vuke yjxb, gjl pyjtv

gjkelyz b d kext dj cøjl f .

Yj yjx mç hsrfkb nbuhs. D pyjt dsgjkpkb pvt b .

B yfenhj cnjkgbkbcm jñtp mz y s .

≤Toä ñjçc m , _ crfpfkf åt y f , _ ysyt≥.

≤ Njåt y f ñkf uj , _ c rfpfk Ñkf uj c kjdt y y s q , _

ñtp pjdf cdjtç gj cneg mç gjy tcäim Ex t y b t ≥ .

B ckjy pfnheñbk ctvm hfp, jgjdt ofz chjr yjdj-

uj cdblfybz.

1 1

P f dtns

≤ Øjh jij, ødfkç ntñz, Fyfylf, bñj ñtp pjdf blän

en dt hl b ntk my b wf ≥ .

B Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq ed b ltk yf ifhat d Ytñt

cel m ñe Cdtnf Vfnthb Vbhf.

Pltcm Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq gthtlfän: ≤Dcä lkz dct uj

b dct ul f ≥ .

≤ P f vtnm xtnsht pf rjyf: Pfrjy Dvt otybz, Pfrjy

Ñ tccnhfibz, Pfrjy Ñk b pj cnb, Pfrjy Ñkf uf ≥ .

1 2

Bpñhfybt yf gjl d b u

Rfr Ñellf bpñ b h fk ex t y b rjd yf gjldbu? Chtl b

pfyznbq, rjulf enjv ktybt eåt jdkf lt dfkj ex t y b-

rfvb, Ñellf ghtl kf ufk cfvsq ytjåblfyysq djg h j c

b ålfk crjh t q i t uj jn dtnf .

Bkb, gj cnfdbd cfvsq ghjcnjq ghtl vtn, ghtl-

kf ufk jg b cfnm tuj yt ñjktt xtv nh tvz ckjdfvb bkb

vt y tt xtv cjnytç cnh f y b w .

Bkb, gj cnfdbd ex t y b rf gthtl pfg t hnjç ldt h mç ,

c g h f i b dfk: ≤Xtv jn r h jtim tä?≥

Bkb gj c skfk vep s rf y njd gjl jr yj b pf cnf dk z k

g tnm ubvys, cjdt h i t y yj ghjn b djgjkjåysø cjlt h-

åf y b q .

Bkb, pf vtnbd ljrex k b deç veøe, ghtl kf ufk ex t-

y b re gjdnjhbnm ckjdf, ytjå b l f y yj crfpf y y s t .

Bkb, ghjøjlz gthtl ex t y b rfvb, cghfibdfk :

c rjk mrj hfp ghji ä k ?

Bkb, pf vtnbd ñjzpym gthtl åbdjnysvb bkb

g t h tl zdktybzvb ghbhjls, cnfdbk ec kjd b tv gj-

ñjh jn m .

Nfr vjoysq Ktd pf rfkzk rk b yjr leøf .

1 3

K çñbvfz buhf Ñells

c ex t y b rf v b

Nf r åt yt yflj pf ñ s dfnm kçñ b veç buhe Ñells

c ex t y b rfvb d vbyene jnl s øf .

Ex b ntkm ñhjcfk d ghjcnh f y cn dj jl yj ckjdj, gj

rjnjh jve extybrb cnh jbkb wtkeç vsckm.

Ytn ñjktt vel h juj bcgsnfybz cj cnjzybz cj-

p y f y b z .

1 4

J c y jdf Ex t y b z

K çlb yt ez c y z çn ctñt jcyjde Extybz Ñkf uj-

c kjdt y yjuj. Jcyjdf _ lbcwbgkbyf. Leøjd yj b nt-

ktc yj vjyfø jñobys cnh tv b kcz elt håfnmcz yf

genb. Gthdst ujls jy yäc nz åä kjt gj c kei f y b t .

T ve dj c g h t ofkjcm eñ b dfnm ctñz eg h f å y t y b z v b

cnjk g y b rf, yj ghtl g b c s dfkjcm dtcnb ñbnde tl b-

ysv yfx fkjv leøf .

Nfr ceh jdj exbk Ñellf ex t y b rjd .

D jb cn b ye, njk mrj d leøjd yjq ñbndt pyfkb jy b

h f lj cnm, gjnjve ujdjh b ncz j nthybzø gen b .

Njk mrj rjulf djkz gjl d b å y b rf hjå l fkfcm gj-

ljñ yj kmde b ct h tñ hzyfz eplf leøf cdt h rfkf yf

xedcn dfø ex t y b rf, njk mrj njulf Dkf l s rf ghbjn-

r h s dfk pf dtce b lfdfk pf l fxe.

P fntv eåt gj cnt g t y yj extybr gj c dz ofkcz d

Nfqys Pyfybz.

1 5

J n rfp jn cj ñcn dt y y jcn b

Jlyfåls extybr cghjcbk Ñkf uj c kjdt y yjuj :

≤ Rfr gjyznm bcgjkytybt pfgjdtlb jn rfpf jn cjñ-

cn dt y yj cnb? Jlby extybr gjr b yek dct dtob, yj

Ex b ntkm ghjljk åfk eg h t rfnm tuj d cjñcn dt y yj cn b .

L heujq jcnf dfkcz d jr heåtybb dt otq, yj yt pf-

c keåbk eg h ä rf ≥ .

≤ X edcn dj cjñcn dt y yj cnb bpvt hz tncz yt dt of v b ,

yj vsckzvb. Vjå yj bvtnm dtob b yt ñsnm cjñ-

cn dt y y b rjv ≥ .

Ñellf gj cnjz y yj cjdtnjdfk bvtnm djpvjå yj

vt y mit dt otq, xnjñs yt jnl f dfnm bv ckbirjv

v yjuj dhtvt y b .

1 6

J ceå ltybt bpe dt h jd

Ñellf ujdjhbk ñhfvbyfv: ≤R xtve ghbdtkf df i f

jnltk ä y yj cnm? Pf øktñjv ds blänt yf jñobq ñfpf h

b wt y b nt vjy tns bp rji tkz ielhs. Dfif jnltk ä y-

yj cnm ghjcnj yfp s df tncz uhfñtåjv. B cdz ot y y s t

dtob dfib ghjcnj jhelbz jñvfyf. Bveotcn dj

ñjufnjuj ñhfvbyf yt tcnm kb gjyjitybt Ñjåt-

cn dt y yjuj Pfrjy f ?

Ds cx b nf tnt çu cdtnjv b ct dth nmvjç. Ñeltn

d h tvz, rjulf ghble jn gjkeyjxb, b dfi cdtn

gjvt h r y tn. Lfåt gnbws ktnzn yf ct dth, xnjñs nf v

g h b y tcnb vbhe gnt y wjd. Lfåt cthst uecb pyfçn

wt y yj cnm bveotcn df yf ptv kt. Yj ñhfvby gsnf-

tncz yfñbnm pjkjnjv gjzc cdjq b yfñhfnm cjr h j-

d b of gjl jx f ujv b gjl gjh jujv ljvf .

Ñhfvby, ns dtläim åfk reç åbpym b rjytw ndjq

ñeltn åfkrbv. Ns gthdsq ñeltim gjl ktåfn m

ey b x njåt y b ç .

Tckb eq le yf ct dth, nj jn nelf b dt h yec m ≥ .

1 7

Nhb Fhøfnf

Nhb Fhøfnf ytjncneg yj ghjcbkb Ñel le gjp dj-

kbnm bv bcgsnfnm xelj. Ñellf gjvtcnbk rf å ljuj

d nävyeç rjv y fne b pfgth bø. Gj c kt ljk ujuj dht-

vtyb Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq dspdfk bø b cghjcbk j db-

lt y yjv bvb. Rfålsq hfcc rfpfk hfpyst dblt y b z .

Yj Ñellf crfpfk: ≤Ntgthm ds ljkåys cjukf c b n m-

cz, xnj xeltcf yt gjktpys, bñj ukf d yjt xelj ds

yt joenbkb. Bñj ds vjukb joenbnm ñsnbt dyt

p h b vj cnb, b ãnj joeotybt vjukj yfghfdbnm dfc

pf ghtltks ptv k b .

Yj ds ghjljk åfkb cjp y f dfnm ctñz cblzobvb

yf ptv kt, b vsckb dfib ghbnz u b dfkb r ptv kt

djkys cnbøbq. Yfñeøfybt cnbøbqysø jñk b rjd ds-

p dfkj gjnhz ctybz d hfpysø cnhfyfø. Ds hfp he-

ibkb crfks b ey b x njåbkb eh f uf yjv rjh f ñk b .

D jn ns dbltk rhfcyjuj pdt hz c gkf vt y yjq

rjh jyjq, yj jujym, bpdktxäyysq njñjç bp ñtpl y s ,

c g fkbk ljvf ñtppf o b n y s ø _ blb b gjvju b !

Ns dbltk zothf c jñk b rjv ltds, ns pf cnf d b k

djkys cvsnm hsñfwrbt kjl r b _ cgtib gjvjx m !

1 8

D jn ns dbltk jhkf ktnz ot uj, b eh f ufy cyäc

eh jåfq nhel z o b øc z _ blb b djpvtcnb!

Ult åt gjk m pf dfif, Fhøfns? Cjdf d leg kt gj-

ktp y tt ghjdtkf dhtvz. Bkb ds nhel b ntcm d gjnt

k b wf yf ptv kt, bkb d vbyene etlbytybz djp-

d s i f q nt ctñz yfl ptvkäç. Yj ñtcc v s c kt y yjt

djpveotybt cnbøbq gecnm yt ñeltn pf y z n b tv vel-

h juj ! ≥

Bcn b y yj, gthj, dsgfditt bp rhskf vfkt y mrjq

gnbws, ghjb p djlbn uhjv yf lfk mybø vbhfø.

Dl s øfz djpleø, vs ghbjñ of tvcz rj dctv

vbhfv. Velhsq blän jn ptvkb rdt høe, bñj vbhs

jn r h jçn lheu lheue vel h j cnm cdjç .

1 9

G f cn eø b cf y y m z c b y

G f cneø ed b ltk xtkjdt rf gjl lt h t djv, cblzot uj

d hfpv s i ktybb. Jy ctk hz ljv b gsnfkcz pf le-

vfnmcz, gjl h f åfz xtkjdt re.

Jy yfx fk gthtcx b n s dfnm cdjbø ñf h f yjd b vsc-

kt y yj dp dt i b dfnm dsujle heyf bø.

J ñf cbltkb vjkxf. Yfrjytw gfcneø cghjcbk:

≤ Uj c gjlby, j xäv levftim ns?≥ Njn crfpfk: ≤J

Ñ jut ≥ .

G f cneø cghjcbk: ≤Pyftim kb, j xäv levfk z?≥

≤ Njåt j Ñjut ≥ .

≤ J i b ñftimcz, j dsujlt ghjlfåb hey f ≥ .

≤ Bcn b y yj, njåt j Ñjut. Njk mrj vjtve Ñjue ytx t-

uj ghjl f dfnm, ndjq åt Ñju ljk åty cgthdf cøjl b n m

yf ñfpfh. Yj vjåtn ñsnm, jy yf genb dcnh tn b n

h fpñjq y b rf, rjnjhsq gjvjåtn jñ h fnbnmcz tve r

ãnjve lt h t de≥ .

Nfr ujdjhbk Ufenf vf .

C øjl b nt yf ñfpfh. Elevf q nt crjh tt, xnjñs dt h-

yen m c z .

2 0

G h jlf dtw jñtp m z y

Yf rjh f ñkt gksk ghjl f dtw jñtp mzy. Yf lj ceut

jy yfexbk bø gjl h f åfnm vjhz rfv, rfr nt hfcgec-

rfkb gfhecf .

Yj gjl y z kfcm ñehz, vjhzrb ñhjcbkbcm eñ b h fn m

c y f cnb. Jñtp mzys åt, pyfz kbim, rfr hfcgec rfn m ,

ikb cktljv b yfnz u b dfkb cyfcn b .

Rjh f ñkm gjubñ, bñj ex b ntkm ghtl d b ltk kbim

z c yeç gjujle.

Nfr crfpfk Ñel l f _ J ñ yjd b ntkm Kjnj cf åbpyb.

2 1

G hbnxf j dj g h j i f d i tv

L uek yjh cx b nfkcz cfvsv velhsv. Jy bvtk

cx f cnmt gjkexbnm Ex b ntkz bp Cdz ot y yjq Gjlptv-

yjq Cnhfys, yj Jy ñsk kbiäy zpsrf b ghfdjq

her b .

Ecnh tvbdibqcz extybr pf l fk djghjc, b Ex b ntk m

r b d yek ujkjdjq .

Extybr pf l fk ldf djg h j cf, b Ex b ntkm ldf å l s

r b d yek .

C rjhj extybr pf l f dfk ytghthsdyj djghjcs,

b Ex b ntkm ytghthsdyj rbdfk. Nhb ujlf ghjljk-

åfkjcm djg h jifybt, b nhb ujlf rbdfk Ex b ntk m .

≤ P y fx b n, gj jg s ne ndjtve, dcä ñsdf tn?≥

B Ex b ntk m y t njk mrj r b d yek , yj b gjrkjy b k-

c z d ptv k ç b , jn r h s d y f u hel b jltå le, gjrfpfk

yf uhelb bpjñ h f åtybt Ñkf uj c kjdt y yjuj, lfçot uj

jñtbvb herf v b .

Nfr ñskf en dt hå ltyf vel h j cnm b ñskj djp dt-

k b x t yj ndjhx tcn dj åbpyb.

2 2

Rjk tcj Pfrj y f

Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq crfpfk ghbnxe j Rjktct Pfrjy f .

R bcrec yjve gthtgbcx b re ghbiäk gjxnäyysq xt-

kjdtr b gjhexbk gthtgbcfnm djpp dfybt r Ñjue, lkz

x t uj ghbyäc lj cnfnjxysq gthuf vt y n.

D c ktl pf ybv ghbiäk xtkjdtr c gjhex t y b tv

g t h t g b cfnm gbcmvj, gjk yjt eu h jp, b lfk nf r åt gth-

uf vt y n, njh jgz jrjyxbnm crjh tt .

X njñ eujlbnm tve, gthtgbcxbr yfheibk jx t h tl m

b gjcgtibk c tuj gjhex t y b tv, ghbxäv d gj c g t i-

yj cnb cø dfnbk rjåe gthdjuj pf rfpf .

Eu h jåfdibq jcnfkcz jxtym ljdjkty b gjñtåfk

b pkbnm cdjç pkjñe.

P fntv ghbiäk gthdsq pf rfpxbr b, cvjnhz yf

g t h uf vt y n, crfpfk: ≤Ult rjåf, lfyyfz vyjç?≥ Ep y f d

dcä ckex b d i ttcz, jy ghjbpyäc: ≤Rjåf lkz vjk b n d

yj c b kf ñkf uj c kjdtybt bcgjkytybz, njulf rfr rjåf

lkz eu h jp ñskf kbityf djplt q cn d b z .

Xtkjdt r y t dt h y s q , y f hei b d pf rjy c h jrjd , n s k b-

ibk vjk b n de cbks, rjnjhfz ljkåyf ñskf gjvjx m

2 3

ñjk myjve, yj vfkj njuj, ns ghbdäk d lt q cn d b t

eu h jps, rjnjhst gjkys ytc ks øfyysø gj c ktlcn d b q .

G h jg fk nhel Fhøfnf, ñkf uj c kjd b d i t uj vjç rjåe.

G h jg fk nhel Fhøfnf, kbibdibq pkj cbks .

Ns dsgecnbk d vbh pkjñ yjt ghjrkznbt, b ytbp-

ñtå yj jyj dt h y ä ncz r ntñt. Ns cnjk r yek c gen b

Rjktcj Pfrjyf, b jyj yt ñeltn dtcnb ntñz, yj gtht-

ctxän genm ndjq ≥ .

Yt gbibnt pf rjys yf vähn djq rjåt, rjnjheç

gthdsq djh ey tc ä n.

Ytc b nt Pfrjys d leøt, b lsøfybt Ñkf uf gjy tc ä n

g t h tl dfvb Rjktcj Pfrjyf, jñktuxfz dfi gen m .

Yt dt h yj cnm gthtgbcx b rf vjåtn djdktxm wtks q

vbh d ñtlcn d b t .

2 4

X t hnf ytj ñøjl b v jcn b

J n x t uj yfx fkjcm hfpkbxbt vtå le Ñel ljç b

Lt df l fn njç ?

Lt df l fn nf cghjcbk: ≤C xtuj yfx b y fnm rf å ljt

lt q cn d b t ? ≥

Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq jn dtx fk: ≤C cf vjuj ytjñøj-

l b vjuj, bñj rf å ljt vuyjdtybt bvttn cdjç yt-

jñøjl b vj cnm b ãnj yfp s df tncz cghfdtl k b dj cn mç

lt q cn d b z ≥ .

Lt df l fn nf yfcnf b dfk: ≤Rfr djp y b rf tn jx t d b l-

yj cnm ytjñøjl b vj cn b ? ≥

Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq jn dtx fk: ≤Ybnm ytjñøjl b vj cn b

g h jøjl b n x t h tp dct v b h s . Yj y t gjy z d i b q t ä

j cnf y tnc z d jg f c yjv eotk m t b y t pf o b o ä y y s v

jn rf v y t q ≥ .

Nfr yt vju Lt df l fn nf jnkbxbnm xthne ytjñøj-

l b vj cnb, b ãnf nmvf pf c kjy b kf genm tve.

2 5

B crfn tkm Ñe l l s

Jlby xbcnsq xtkjdtr øjntk ed b l fnm Ñel le, elt h-

å b dfz cdjä dybvfybt yf cfvsø hfp yjjñ h fp y s ø

g h tl vtnfø. Herb tuj yt ødfnfkb velhst jñ h fps,

b ukfpf tuj yt ghjy pfkb ghtl vtns gjx b nf y b z _

z dktybt yt ghbøjl b kj .

Y f rjytw, ghtrkjybdibcm d vjk b n dt, bcrfntk m

gjxezk, rfr yf kjñ tve cgecn b kfcm ybnm gfen b y s .

Jy jnñhjcbk tä, b hfpl fkcz xänrbq ujkjc: ≤Pfx tv

g h jujyztim here Vjç? Kex Vjq cktljdfk pf nj-

ñjç, gjp djkm jñyznm ntñz ≥ .

Njulf pf l h jåfk d xtkjdt rt cjk y txysq pvtq, b

yfiäk jy jn ñ h ji t y yeç ybnm. B d herfø tuj jy f

jñ h fn b kfcm d cjh jr åtv xeåby, b rfålfz yj c b kf

Kbr Ñells. Gj c h tlb ñsk rf vtym, b yf yäv yfl-

gbcm: ≤Jndf uf _ jn x f z y b t _ jnh f l f ≥ .

Gj c ktljdfntkm Ñells gjkexbk jnh f le, bñj pyfk

genb r ytq.

2 6

G jp y f d i b q

R dtk b rjve Gjp y f d i tve ghbiäk extybr, åt-

kfdibq xeltc _ ≤ gj c kt xelf edt heç ≥ .

Ex b ntkm gtx fk myj eks ñ yekcz b gjrfpfk tve

dtk b rjt xelj .

Extybr dj c rk b r yek: ≤Ntgthm z cjukf cty gjl

Ndjtq herjq ghjqnb cnegtyb Ex t y b z ! ≥

Yj Ex b ntkm gjrfpfk tve yf ldthm b crfpfk :

≤ Ntgthm ns Vyt ñjk mit yt yeåt y ≥ .

2 7

C g f ctybt xtk jdt rf

Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq cbltk yfl cnhezvb ukeñjrjuj

jpthf. D ukeñbyt vjå yj ñskj hfcc vjnh tnm wtks q

vbh hsñ b djljh j c kt q .

Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq pf vtnbk, rfr ãnjn vbhjr cøjlt y

c wfhcrbvb ldjhfvb. Tckb nelf jgecn b ncz xtkjdt r ,

jy cnegyäq cjr heibn dct ghbphfxyst xthnjub, yj

cfv pf ljø y ä ncz. Bp nfrbø ukeñby yt gjl s vf tnc z

leø xtkjdt rf .

≤ Dg h jx tv , _ eks ñ yekcz Ex b ntk m , _ yf dcä tcn m

c h tlcn dj. Vjå yj ghjñbnm crfke b dsgecn b n m

jpthj. Ekbnrb ljkåys ñelen bkb pf cjø yenm, bkb

yfqnb lheujt ceotcn djdfybt, yj xtkjdtr eåt yt

gju b ñ y tn ≥ .

Rjks ñtkm vkf lt y wf gjøjåf yf ljvbr ek b n r b .

L f q nt ltnzv djpleø. Lfqnt yt cnh tv ktybt r ghtl-

vtnfv hjlf cdjt uj, yj gecnm rfålsq htñ ä yjr

d s q ltn ghjnbd cjk y wf ñtp ødj cnf kjø vjn m t d !

2 8

G hbnxf j wfht Vfhfuj h f

Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq lfk ãne ghbnxe Yfhflt .

D kf l s rf Låfnfrb crfpfk cdjtve kçñ b vjve cj-

dtn y b re: ≤Pyftim kb ltkf wf hz Vf h f ujhf? Cks øfk

kb bvz tuj? B ep y fk kb lt q cndbz tuj ? ≥

Cjdtnybr juk z yekcz b ghji t g nfk: ≤Dkf l s rf, ãnj

pkjt bvz ytghjb p yj c b vj ecnfvb. Rfålsq vhfr

øhfybn cktl lt q cndbq tuj ≥ .

≤Lfç ntñt gjhextybt: cjñthb cnj dthysø kçlt q

b yfqlb yføjl x b dj cnm jñjqnb ptvkç Vf h f ujhf b

njx yj jgbib vyt dct jñsxfb tuj. Tckb åt dcnh t-

nbim cf vjuj wf hz, nj gthtlfq tve, xnj z yt ñjçc m

g h jb p yjcbnm tuj bvz≥.

G h ji kj ltcznm ktn. Djp d h f of tncz cjdtn y b r ,

evelhäyysq dbljv, yj gjkysq cveotybz. Eåt

yt cnj xtkjdtr, yj nsczxf cjg h jdjå l f tn tuj .

≤ D kf l s rf, vyjuj gjkjåt yj vyjç nhelf, b cnjb n

g t h tl njñjç nsczxf cdbltntktq, yj gjhextybt ndj ä

yt bcgjk y t yj. Ñtp cx ä nf jg h ji t yj kçltq, b vs

gjnt hzkb cxän ptvtkm ghjq ltyysø. Crf åe ntñt ,

2 9

dkf l s rf, cf vjt ytjñ s x yjt _ wfhm Vf h f ujhf yt

ceotcn detn, b ytn pksø jñsxftd tuj ≥ .

≤ Ljñ h j , _ crfpfk dkf l s rf ,_ vjåtim gjrk z cn m-

cz d ckjdfø ndjb ø ? ≥ _ ≤ Gt h tl njñjç nsczxf b jl y f

rk z n df ≥ .

≤ Njulf djp mvb cdbltntktq b jñjqlb dct gkjof l b

b øhfvs, b jñüzdb b yfgbib yf cnjkñfø nj, xnj

en dt hå l f t i m .

Csy vjq, ns bcgjkybk vjä gjhextybt. Ns nhe-

lfvb cdjbvb gjh fpbk pdt hz nmvs. Ghbphfr eåf cf

h f cct z kcz, b ybrnj yt ñjb ncz njuj, xnj pyfçn.

Vf h f ujh zdkty eåf cjv xtkjdtx tcn df b hfp hei t y

nhelfvb jn dfub b ghtl f y yj cnb. Ñelm vjbv csyjv ,

h fp hei b ntkm vhfrf ! ≥

3 0

Y f cnf dktybz ghfdbntkç

Hf l å f u hb ø b

Jlyfåls Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq gj ctnbk ghfdbntk z

Hf l åfuhbøb. Ghfdbntkm jñ h fnbk dybvfybt yf xb-

cnjne c djt uj g h b ä v yjuj gjrjz . Yj Ñkf uj c kjdt y-

y s q c rfpfk: ≤Gjrfåb kexit xbcnjne jgjx b dfk my b ,

ev s dfk myb b jx f uf. Ghbävysq gjrjq jcrdt h y ä y

v yjubvb ytlj cnjq y s v b , yj nf v , ult n djh b nc z cj-

p y f y b t n djä, nfv gecnm ñeltn xbcnj ≥ .

B crfpfk Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq: ≤Yeå yj hfpk b x fn m

gjy b vfçobø b cjukf i f ç o b øcz. Gjyzdibq Ex t-

ybt yt pf vtlkbn ghbvtybnm tuj r åbpyb. Cjukf-

cbdibqcz ñeltn rbdfnm ujkjdjq b ghtdjp yj c b n m

Extybt rfr pf vtx fntk myeç vel h j cnm, yj yt ghb-

vtybn ãne vel h j cnm d åbpyb.

Cjukf c b d i b øcz vyjuj, yj jyb, rfr ceøjq ktc ,

ñtc g kjlys b ñtp ntyb, njk mrj nktybt jå b l f tn bø.

Gjyzdibø vfkj, yj jyb, rfr ueñ rf, dgbnsdf çn

l h f ujwt y yjt pyfybt b ujnjds lhfujwt y yjq dkf ujq

jvsnm crdthys vbhf.

3 1

Gjyzdibq yt vjåtn yt ghbvtybnm Extybt, bñj ,

gjy b vfz wtktcjjñ h fp yj cnm, jy gjkex f tn tuj rf r

b cøjl åbpyb.

Yt nt hz q nt vyjuj dhtvtyb yf cjukf c b d i b øc z ,

gecnm cgthdf gjrf åen ghbvtytybt gthdjuj pjdf ≥ .

Nfr ghbgbcsdf çn Ñkf uj c kjdt y yjve wtktcjjñ h fp-

yjt jn yjitybt r ghbøjl z o b v .

3 2

Bp åbpyb Øhb cnf

3 3

P dtplf

X nj ãnj pf P dtpl f , rjnjh f z dtkf vf ujd ? Rjy tx-

yj , ãnj Erfp Ñhfncn df, xnjñ ghbdtncn djdfnm Bbcecf

b cjøhfybnm b gthtl fnm ñtl yjq ctvmt ytrjnjh s t

c h tlcn df .

Gj kbwe ptvkb, yt pyfz njx yjuj vtcnf, vs ikb.

Erfps Nt h f a b vf dtkb bpj lyz d ltym. Rjulf vs

c ks i fkb: ≤Ñk b p rj≥, bvt y yj njulf vs nt hzkb dc z-

rbt ghbpyfrb åbkmz .

Vjå yj kb jå b l fnm xelj ytc ks øf y yjuj Ghjdjp-

dtcnbz chtlb dt h ñk çå mbø jn ñ h j cjd b htdeo b ø

j c kjd? Vsiktybt xtkjdtx tc rjt gsnfkjcm gjvtc-

nbnm ñeleot uj Ghjh jrf øjnz ñs jrjkj øhfvf bkb

c h tlb dtk b x tcn dtyysø cnt y .

Vs gjkexbkb Erfp jcnf yjdbnmcz yf ñtl yjv

gj cnjz kjv ldjht. D ybprjv gjvt otybb, jñvfpf y-

yjv uk b yjç, vs jcnf yjdbkbcm yf yjxm. Rj cnäh

b vfkt y mrfz vfckzyfz kfvgf yfgjkyzkb rjv y fne

rhfcysv cdtnjv .

Gj c kt eåbyf vs pf vtnbkb, xnj ckeåf y rf ckb-

df tn jcnfnrb vjkjrf d jnltk myeç fvajhe. Crfpfk b

3 4

tq: ≤Yt ujl b ncz cjøhfyznm ãnj≥. Jyf åt crfpfkf :

≤ Yt lkz ntñz, uj c gjlby, yj lkz ñtl yjq åt y o b y s .

Pltcm pf cnt yjç åbdän gkjnybr, e ytuj ytl f d yj

h jl b kcz csy!≥

Gjneibd jujym, vs djpkjåbkb herb b cghj-

cbkb: ≤Relf yfv blnb lfk mit?≥ Ñskj crfpf yj :

≤ Ñk b åt ñk b p rjuj, ybåt ybprjuj, dsit dscituj ≥ .

Yt gjyzd cvsckf, vs ghjcbkb Erfpf. Yj ñskj

c rfpf yj njk mrj: ≤Gecnm eib cks i fn ≥ .

B cbltkb vs d ntv yjnt b d ñtpvjkdbb. B ec ks-

i fkb, rfr pfg kf rfk htñ ä yjr ult - nj pf cnt yjq. Vs

cnfkb pf vtx fnm yfg h f dktybt gkfxf b ec ks i fk b

vfnt h b y c reç gtct y re, rjnjheç vjå yj xfcnj ec ks-

i fnm d ljvt ptv kt g f i wf. Jyf pyfxbn: ≤Gecn m

k çlb cx b nf çn ntñz gføf h tv, yj z pyfç, csyjr,

x nj ns wfhm. Rnj åt, rhjvt ntñz, djp h f cnbn pt h yj

cf vjt nex yjt? Gjpjdän Dkf l s rf csyrf vjt uj b crf-

åtn: ¥ Njk mrj ndjä pt h yj er h f c b kj gbh Vjq. Czlm

cj Vyjç, wfhm kexibø pähty!¯≥.

Rjulf vs ec ks i fkb ãne gtct y re, nhb elfhf hfp-

l fkbcm d gjnjkjr. Vs crfpfkb: ≤Vs enh jv gjq l ä v

nel f ≥ .

3 5

Gt h tl hfcc dtnjv vs jltkb kexibt jltåls b

ghjcbkb ckeåf y re ghjdtcnb yfc gj yfg h f dkt y b ç

g kfxf. Jyf crfpfkf: ≤Uj c gjlby øjx tn gj ctn b n m

ctv mç gkjn y b rf, kexit z ghjdtle dfc rheujv, gj-

njve xnj pltcm yflj ghjqnb xthtp pf ujy crjnf ≥ .

Gjvyz Erfp, vs bpñ h fkb rhfnrbq gen m .

D jn pf z c k z v b vfkt y mrjt å b k b ot , g h b c kjy ä y-

yjt r crfkt. Djn e jx f uf åtyobyf b yf herfø Jy!

Rfrbt åt ñskb pyfrb ghb ãnjv? Jy ghjnz yek

r yfv hex re, b yf kf ljyb ñsk rhfcysq pyfr. Yf

ãnjn pyfr vs gjkjåbkb kex i eç åtv xeå b ye bp

g h b dtpäyysø yfvb.

Gt h tlfd wt y yj cnb b cdz otyyst ghtl vtns, vs

g h tleg h tlbkb vfnm j ytjñøjl b vj cnb cnh f y cn d b q .

B ytvtl kt y yj jnghfdbkbcm jñ h fn yj, dsqlz xthtp

njn åt pf ujy crjnf .

Gjpflb vfnm crfpfkf: ≤Dblbim, csyjr, ns wf h m .

à njn fk vfp gj cnfdm yf kjñ rjyz cdjt uj ≥ .

Vs eikb, gjvyz pyfr rhfcyjq pdtpls yf

kf ljy b .

Njulf åt ñskj crfpf yj gjvybnm dhtvz rhfcyjq

p dtpls yf kñe djb y f .

3 6

Ø jå ltybt Øhb cnf

Nfr yfxyäv jg b cfybt Tuj åbpyb, xnjñs ytbpdhf-

o ä y yjt ckjdj ñskj pfg b cf yj yf ptv kt .

Nh b l wfnm ktn øjlbk Jy, gjdnjhzz xnjñ jnl fn m

ntv, rnj yt ghbvtn. Extybt Ñells, Pjh jf cnhf b

cnfhst crfpfybz Dtl ep y f dfk Jy yf crhtot y b z ø

gent q .

Edblz xbcnst ukfpf, Jy cghfibdfk: xnj pyftnt

j Ñjut ?

Xt h tp gthtdjp htr gjl å b l fk Jy gen y b rjd, cghf-

i b dfk: yt ns kb ytcäim lkz Vtyz? Bñj ljk åt y

ñ sk ptvysvb yjufvb ghjqnb b xtkjdtx tc r b v b

c kjdfvb cghjcbnm.

Rjulf Tve ujdjhbkb j pyfrfø pdäpl, Jy øjntk

p y fnm htitybt, yj fpñerf Tuj yt ghbdkt rfkf. ≤Yt

ntv kçlb åbden. Rfr vjue ghtrhfnbnm ueñ b ntk m-

yeç ñehç? Rfr vjue jnrhsnm ytñj kçl z v ?

Gjx tve jyb jnjh dfys jn Ñsnbz dtx yjuj, rj-

njh jve ghbyflktåfn ? ≥

3 7

Nf rjt Extybt ceo yj cnb pfnvt dfkj vf u b x tc r b t

ghbävs. Bñj dvtcnj gjrjhtybz vfksø leøjd ghb-

h jls, Jy vtxjv leøf cdjt uj hfp heñfk dct ght-

g z ncndbz. Extybt Tuj ecnh tv k z kj kçltq r djp-

vjå yj cnzv leøf. Gjnjve djk ø djd yt ñskj jrjkj

Yt uj, yj kbim gj pdäplfv pyfkb j Yä v .

Vs pyfkb vyjujt, Jy åt vju dcä. Gj c keå b n m

T uj Extybç htibkb vs njul f .

3 8

G hb øjl Øhb cnf

Y f lj gjv y b n m lt y m rjy wf cf vjuj ñtp h f lj cn-

yjuj ghbyji t y b z Ø h b cnf, rjnjhsq njk mrj lfdfk ,

yt ghbyzd ybxtuj. Ãnf htibvj cnm c hfyybø ktn

g h jdtkf Tuj xthtp hfcgfk ä y yeç gecnsyç, b yju b

T uj ujh tkb nfr åt, rfr e ghjcnjuj gjujy o b rf .

Vs ålfkb Tuj, yj, rfr ñsdf tn dct ulf, vbyenf

T uj ghbøjlf ñskf ytjåblfyyf. Vyt gjl dtkb rjy z ,

b cjñ b h fkcz z ghjcnbnmcz c ctvmäq, rjulf ckeuf

pf vtnbk jñjh df y yjuj gen y b rf. Tuj lkbyyjt kbwj

ñ skj ñktl yj b djkjcs ñskb cgeotys ep r b v b

g hzlzvb ybåt gktx. B njk mrj cthsq øjkcn gjr h s-

dfk Tuj ntkj. Lfåt nsrds lkz gbnmz z yt pf vtn b k .

Yj åtyf gthdfz gji kf Tve yfdcnh txe, b rjul f

gj c kt z cghjcbk, gjx tve jyf ecnh tv b kfcm, jyf crf-

pfkf: ≤Rfr pdtplf pf ujh tkfcm d vjtq uhelb, b åf h

lj ñjkb ñhspyek åbkrfvb jn ytä≥. Bñj øjl b k

d s cjrj genybr, rjulf gjljiäk r ifnhe. B z gjy z k ,

Rnj ghbiäk.

Gj c kt gecnsyb ghbyzk Jy kbim vf b cjdsq øktñ

b xfie djls. B cghjcbk rjh jn rj: ≤Rjulf gjq l ä v ? ≥

3 9

Z jn dtnbk: ≤Rjulf Pdtplf gjp djkbn≥. B vs

å l fkb pyfrf Pdtpls, b vjkx fk Jy, njk mrj ujdjhz :

≤ Rjulf?≥ B yfñk çlfz pdäpls, z crfpfk: ≤D hsñf ø

r h jdm≥. Jy njk mrj rbdyek ujkjdjq .

Nfr ålfkb vs nhb ujlf rfålsq ltym, b cdtn

P dtpls yfl yfvb cbzk.

Vyt gjv y b ncz, Jy ujdjhbk jxtym vfkj j dblt-

ybb Cdtnf, rjulf vfkt y mrbq Vfk mxbr ghbyäc Tve

vtx, b rfr Cdtn hfleujq kbkcz gthtl Ybv b ñtp-

p dex yj ujkjc gj c skfk Tuj blnb.

Vyt nf r åt erfpf yj ñskj ghjdjlbnm Tuj, relf z

cfv yt vju toä djq n b .

Yf ñtkjv dt h ñk çlt dstøfkb vs yjx mç b yjx-

ysvb gthtøjlfvb ljikb lj Kf øjhf, ult yfikb

rfpfkjcm ålfdituj yfc gj c ktljdfntkz Ñel l s .

Y b rjulf yt dbltk nf rjq htibvj cnb, bñj ñskb

d genb nhb ujlf. B nhb ujlf ghjñ sk Jy nfv, rel f

z yt vju djq n b .

Vs ålfkb Tuj b ghjdtkb lj Bjhlfyf. Nfr åt

ñtksq øjkcn gjr h s dfk Tuj, b nfr åt jl b yjrj

gjiäk Jy gjl enhtyybv cjk y wtv. Yfl Ybv ñskf

h f leuf .

4 0

Pyfrb Øhb cnf

P dtplf Fkkf øf ñflf erfpfkf genm. B nfr vs

gj ctnbkb Cf h y fnø b Ufç. Dtplt yfikb gjyji t y b t

h tkbubq. Yf jñ h fn yjv genb, d gjk yjkeybt, ghj-

b pji kj gfvznyjt bphtxtybt Øhbcnf .

Dj dhtvz yjx yjuj gthtøjlf ghjdjlybr gjnt hz k

genm. Z yfiäk, gj c kt gjb c rjd, Øhbcnf, cblzot uj yf

g tcx f yjv øjk vt b cvjnhz ot uj yf gtcrb, pfk b n s t

keyjç .

Z crfpfk: ≤Vs gjnt hzkb genm, yflj ljå l fn m c z

p d ä pl yjuj gjkjåt y b z ≥ .

≤ Hf cek V., xnj yfv genm, rjulf dcz ptvkz ålän

y f c ! ≥

Dpzd ñf vñerjdeç nh j cnm, Jy jx t hnbk rdf l h fn

djr heu jn g tx fn rf Tuj cktlf, ghbñfdbd: ≤Bcn b y yj

ujdjh ç _ yjujç xtkjdtx tc rjç ≥ .

Gjnjv, jn g tx fnfd kf ljym, nf r åt pf rk çxbk tä

d rdf l h fn. ≤Bcn b y yj, herjç xtkjdtx tc rjç ≥ .

Vtå le rdf l h fnfvb Jy yfx t hnbk gjljñbt rj-

kjyys b gjr h sk rfr ñs gjkecat h jq .

4 1

Jy ujdjhbk: ≤J, rfr Fev ghjy b r y tn d cjp y f y b t

x tkjdtx tc rjt! Djn Z cltkfk gtcnbr b yfl ybv leue,

b pfkjåbk jcyjdfybt yf xtnsht cnjh jys. Rjul f

yjufvb xtkjdtx tcrbvb b herfvb xtkjdtx tc r b v b

ñeltn gj cnh jty Øhfv, ult ghjw dtnän pfkjåt y y s q

v yjç gtcnbr, gecnm Vjbv genäv ghjq len cnh jb-

ntkb. Gjx tve åläv genb, rjulf jy gthtl yfvb?≥

B dcnfd, nh j cn mç cvt i fk yfx t hnf y yjt .

≤ Rjul f b v z Ø h f vf g h jb p y tct yj ñeltn, njul f

d s cnegbn yfx t hnfybt. Pfgjvybd Vjä cjp dtpl b t ,

r df l h fn b lt dznm pdäpl pf c b z çn yfl Øhfvjv. Pyfr

cnegyb b herb ñeltn yfx t hnfy yfl rf v y tv rhft-

eujk my s v ≥ . _ Nfr ãnj Cfv crfpfk yfrf yeyt yjdj-

key b z .

Åfh gecnsyb ñsk dtk b r .

4 2

Hf ccrfp Vfhbb Vfulfkb y s

Ds pyftnt vjq jñ h fp åbpyb, rjulf gj yjxfv yfc

p y fkb b lyäv jn djh fx b dfkbcm. Nf r åt b r Øhbcne

gj yjxfv øjlbkb, f lyäv kbwj jn d h f ofkb. Vyt

gjlevfkjcm: djn z cf vfz ybprfz b vtyz cn s l z nc z

ghb cjk y wt, yj cf vjuj dscjrjuj Ghjh jrf nf r åt

lyäv bpñt uf çn. Nfr cf vjt ybprjt b cf vjt dscjrjt

jl b y f rjdj bpñt uf çnc z .

B djn htibkf z yfqnb Tuj b lyäv ghjnz yen m

T ve here. Jltkf cdjq kexibq øbvfn b jåt h tkmt

b p C v b h y s b y f lei b kf djkj c s _ nf r gji kf , x nj-

ñs crfpfnm yfhjle: ≤Ghb cdtnt cjk y wf bpñt uf tv s t

njñjç ybprjt b dscjrjt dcnh tx f çnc z ≥ .

B rjulf ed b ltkf Tuj, cblzot uj gj c h tlb hsñf rjd ,

njk mrj øjkcn b yjq gjr h s njuj, jcnfkfcm xthtp ek b we

b gjljqnb yt vjukf. Vtå le yfvb ghjøjlbkb kçl b ,

jl b y f rjdj bpñt ufz yfc.

Nfr ñskf htityf vjz åbpym, bñj Jy crfpfk

ex t y b re cf vjve kçñ b vjve: ≤Djp mvb ot gjnm gskb

b jn y tcb ãnjq åtyobyt, xnjñs ñskj yf xnj ghj-

vtyznm tä jåt h tkmt. Djb cn b ye, d ãnjq pjkt ñjk mi t

4 3

c dtnf, ytåtkb d tä rfvyzø. Bñj bp pjks vjue

cjpl fnm rf vtym, yj bp rf v y z _ njk mrj gsk m ≥ .

J cnfk myjt ds eåt pyftnt, bñj Jy yt jcel b k

vtyz, yj kbim dp dtcbk vjb wtgb, b wtgb gjpjh f

h fpktntkbcm gsk mç .

G h j cnj htifk Jy, ybrjulf yt pfnhel y z kc z

gj c kfnm cfvsq ghjcnjq ghtl vtn, htifdibq dc ç

åbpym. Lj ãnbø gj c skjr Jy ljnh f u b dfkcz, rfr ñs

jleøjn djhzz bø.

G enm Tuj ñsk gecn, bñj yfhjl, gjkexbd jn Yt uj

lfh, gj c g t i yj hfpñt ufkcz. B åtkfk Jy djpkjå b n m

herb, b gecnj ñskj .

A ehbb chfvf ytckbcm pf Ybv b ghbndjh yj

vf øfkb dtn dzvb, rjulf Jy eåt ñsk jceåläy. Wt y f

h fpñjq y b rf zdbkfcm lj cnjq yjq njk g s .

Hfpñbk wtgb djb cn b ye, bñj lfk pyfybt, yt ghb-

yzd vpl s .

4 4

Ry b å y b r b

Eåt dtxth yfcnfk. Øhbcnjc cbltk yf gjh jut .

G h jøjlbk rybåybr b cghjcbk: ≤Gjx tve cblbim

yf ghjøjåtv vtcnt ? ≥

J n dtx fk Øhbcnjc: ≤Bñj Z gjh ju r leøe. Tckb

øjxtim ghjqnb, ghjqlb xthtp Vt y z ≥ .

Yjdsq rybåybr cghjcbk: ≤Ghfdlf kb, xnj csy

Lfdblf cblbn yf gcbyjv vtcnt ? ≥

Ø h b cnjc jn dtx fk: ≤Bcn b y yj, gjyjcbim Lfdblf,

J n wf Vjt uj ≥ .

C nfkj ntv yj, b nh tnbq rybåybr cghjcbk: ≤Xnj

cblbim, njx yj ñjbimcz ljvf cdjt uj ? ≥

J n dtx fk Øhbcnjc: ≤Åle, xnjñ nmvf yjxyfz jcdj-

ñjl b kf Vtyz jn kbwf ndjt uj. Bcn b y yj, nmvf dj

n mve eq l ä n ! ≥

Gjnjv dcnfk b erfpfk yf ujhe Vjhbf, ult cnjz k

Øhfv. ≤Vjq Ltl cjpl fk rf vtyysq Øhfv, yj cblbn

gjl øjkcn b yjç ifnh f ≥ .

C rfpfk rybåybr: ≤Ñtpevtw, Cjkjvjyf åbdsv

gjx b nf tn ≥ .

4 5

B gjikb d ytp y f y b b .

Gj c kt dsikf Vfhbz bp ljvf b, ed b ltd Øhbcnf ,

c rfpfkf: ≤Hfpltkb, Ex b ntkm, dtxthç yfie≥ .

Ø h b cnjc jn dtnbk: ≤Lfh ct hl wf cbztn dj nmvt ≥ .

4 6

D j g h jcs Cbytl hb j y f

C g h f i b dfk Øhbcnf xkty Cbytl h bjyf: ≤Gji ä k

ñs ns r yfv, tckb gjpjd ä v ? ≥

Ø h b cnjc jn dtx fk: ≤Kexit gjq le yf rkf l ñ b ot ,

b ñj nfv ytn kåb≥.

G h jljk åfk xkty Cbytl h bjyf: ≤Gjx tve yt ghb-

pyfäim yfc, tckb lfåt jn wf ndjt uj ñhfrj cjx tnfk

yfi xkt y ? ≥

≤ Gjljå l b nt, gjrf hfp dfk b ncz ljv dfi, njul f

Vs ghbläv≥.

≤ P fx tv ghblänt, hfp hei fnm bkb ckjå b n m ? ≥

≤ Yt hfp heitybt b yt ckjåtybt, yj jx b ot y b t ,

b ñj yt jñ h f oecm r cnf h jve gtgtk b oe≥ .

≤ Rfr åt ns, yt edf åftim ghfjn wtd cdjb ø ? ! ≥

≤ Yjdst cj cels gjl f çn yf gbh. Edf åfz ltlf,

yt gmçn bp tuj xfib≥.

4 7

Ukfp f _ j n r h s nst hfys

Gjrfpfkb Øhbcne bpjñ h f åtybt lfk mytq cnh f y s .

Yf kf ljyzø b yf cnegyzø ñskj dblyj bpjñ h f åt y b t

h f c r h s njuj ukfpf .

Cghjcbkb: ≤Cet dthbt kb ãnj? Vjå yj kb dbltn m

herjq bkb cneg y ä q ? ≥

Ex b ntkm crfpfk: ≤Bcn b y yj, yfex f tvcz dbltn m

herjç b yjujç. Ñeltn kb pyfnm ceo yj cnm yt-

ldbåysq? Rfr ckjå b ncz eñtå ltybt yfit, tckb yt

g h b kjåbv herb? Leø yfi yf ptv kt gthtyj c b nc z

cneg y z v b ≥ .

Ex b ntk m ljñf d b k : ≤ Vel h s t k çl b l fk b ãnj b pjñ h f-

åtybt, xnjñs yfgjvybnm j ceo yj cnb dt ot q ≥ .

B toä ljñfdbk: ≤Yt gjøjåb kb ãnb ukfpf yf jn-

rhsnst hfys? Bcn b y yj, bcn b y yj, xthtp jn r h s n s t

hfys ghbøjlbn Cdtn ! ≥

4 8

V fnthm Vbhf

4 9

V fnthm Vbhf

Vfnthm Vbhf crhsdf tn Bvz Cdjä. Vfnthm Vbhf

pf r h s df tn Kbr Cdjq .

Vfnthm jñ ofz Dkf l s rf v _ yt cbvdjk, yj Dt-

k b rjt zdktybt Åt y c rjuj Yfx fkf, ghtlcnf dk z ç ot uj

leøjd yeç Vfnthm Øhbcnf b Ñells. Nf, rjnjh f z

ex b kf b herjgjkjå b kf Bø yf gjl d b u.

C lfdybø gjh Vfnthm Vbhf gj c skf tn yf gjl d b u.

Gj bcnjhbb xtkjdtx tcn df Tä Herf ghjdjlbn ythfp-

h s d yeç ybnm.

Ghb Cbyft ujkjc Tä pdex fk. Jñhfp Rfkb ñsk

g h b y b vf tv, jcyjdf Bcbls, Binf h .

Gj c kt Fnkfynbls, rjulf Kçwbath yfyäc el f h

rek mne Leøf, Vfnthm Vbhf yfx fkf yjdeç ybnm.

Gj c kt Fnkfynbls Vfnthm Vbhf cjr h skf Kbr

C djq b pfg h tn b kf ghjb p yjcbnm Bvz, gjrf yt ghj-

ñmän xfc cdtn b k .

5 0

Cbzybt Vfn t hb Vbhf

K b kjdfz Fehf Vfnthb Vbhf cdtnbn yfv. Rnj yt

g h t rkjy b ncz? Rnj lt hpyän yf Yt ä ?

C h tlb ceåläyysø cjr h jdbo øhfyzncz Tä cdtn-

kst erhfitybz. Extybt j Ytq ujhbn abjktnjd s v

kjnj cjv .

G ecnm ñjkm wt y nh jd cjk y tx yjuj cgktntybz ñeltn

c dz pfyf c Tä lyzvb.

G ecnm yjdst rjk mwf pvbz hfcgktnf çncz d Tä

d h tvz. Gecnm nheñs djpleøf pdex fn d Yfx fkj Tä.

Vfnthm Vbhf, gecnsyç ghjqlb, bñj wdtns pf

Njñjç. Vfnthm Vbhf, yf ujhe dp ukzyb, bñj cdt-

nz ncz ujhs juyäv Ndjb v !

Eikb ytyfdbcnyst kçlb, gjl s vf çncz jhl s .

Yjdst xeltcf, yjdst yj c b ntkb, b heitybt cnt y

gjr h s nj ukf cjv: ≤Vfnthm blän!≥

≤ Vfnthm Ñells, Vfnthm Øhbcnf, ecnh tvb Csyj-

dtq Ndjb ø !

Tckb lfåt crfkf gflän yf vtyz, ñele pyfn m _ jn

I f ujd Ndjb ø ! ≥

Nfr yfgjkybv ghjcnh f y cn dj .

5 1

G hb rfp

B gjdt hø dctø ckjdtcysø ghbrfpjd pdex b n

G h b rfp Ñtpvjkdysq, Dct g h jy b rfçobq, Ytjnvt y-

ysq, Ytltkbvsq, Ytjn dt h uf tvsq, Jckt g b ntk my s q ,

Otlhsq, Ytjg b cetvsq, Yt gjdnjhz tvsq, Yt gjd h t-

åläyysq, Yt b p h txtyysq, Ñtp d h tvtyysq, Ytjn-

kjåysq, Pfåbufçobq, zdktyysq d Vjk y b b .

D jn ldf Ghbrfpf _ yf rjy wfø Vbhf Dkf l s r b

Ø h b cnjc b Ñellf. B ckjdj Bø rfr vtx cdt h rf ç o b q ,

yj gjdt hø Bø uhjvf zdkty Ghbrfp Ñtpvjk d y s q .

Gjdt hø Bø gjrhsdifz Kbr Cdjq, cjn rf d i f z

g hz åe lfk mybø vbhjd, Gj c kf y y b wf Ytc rfpf y yjuj ,

Gjdtk b ntk my b wf Ytekjd b vjuj, Lfntk my b wf Yt gj-

dnjh t y yjuj !

Ndjbv Ghbrfpjv jrtfy pf vjk rf tn b dbøhb xthn s

ytdblbvsø pyfrjd yfyj c z n.

B Jyf, Kbr cjrhsdifz, dcnf y tn yf cnh f åt Jl y f

d cbzybb pyfrjd .

B ybrnj yt dpjqlän yf Dthibye, ybrnj yt ed b-

lbn cbzybt Ljlt rfãlhf, pyfrf Tä Vjo b .

5 2

Bp cgbhfkb Cdtnf pyfr cjn rfkf Cf vf d vjkx f-

ybb. Jyf, Djl b ntk my b wf bleobø yf gjl d b u !

Xtn s h t eukf _ p y f r En dt hå lt y b z z dkt y T ç d y f-

gencndbt htibdibvc z .

5 3

Buhf Vfn t hb Vbhf

Rf rfz dtk b rfz buhf Vfnthb Vbhf! Jyf gjlp s-

df tn ltntq jn lfk my t uj gjk z .

≤ C g t i b nt, ltnb, øjxe yfexbnm dfc. E Vtyz ghb-

ujnjdktys lkz dfc pjhrbt ukfpf b jnrhsnst ei b .

G h b c z l mnt yf Vjä gjr h s dfkj, ñeltv ex b n m c z

ktnfn m ! ≥

5 4

Juytyysq obn

Erfpfkf Vfnthm Vbhf: ≤Cjñt h b ntcm dtnhs, cjñt-

h b ntcm cytuf, yt zdk z q ntcm gnbws b yt gjl øjl b nt

p dt h b .

Yt en dt hl b ncz yjuf xtkjdtx tc rfz yf Vjt q

Dthibyt. Yt en dt hl b ncz jcyjdf lt hpfybz nävyjuj .

Yt elt hå b ncz cdtn vtc z wf, yj kex cjk y wf lj-

cn b u y tn Dthibys.

Cjøhfyb, cjk y wt, Dthibye Vjç, bñj ult dcnf ye

yf cnh f åt ?

Y b rjulf yt dpjqlän pdthm b yt elt hå b ncz cbkf

x tkjdtx tc rf z ≥ .

Cf vf Vfnthm Ceot uj c juytyysv obnjv cnf y tn

yf cnh f åt .

X nj ñktcnbn yf Dthibyt? Xtve dbøhb ckjå b k b

dtytw cbzçobq?

Jyf, Dtk b rfz Vfnthm, jlyf gjl y z kfcm yf Dth-

i b ye.

B ybrnj yt dpjqlän pf Yt ç .

5 5

G kfvtyysq gkfn

Yf cf vjq dscjrjq ujht cbztn Vfnthm Vbhf.

Jyf nmve gjh fpbnm dsikf .

Gjx tve eg f l f çn dhfub b relf c jn x f z y b tv jñ h f-

of çn ukfpf ?

Jyf jltkf gkf vtyysq gkfn b jr heå b kfcm cnt yjç

ju y z .

Jyf yfif rhtgj cnm b ecnh tv kt y b t !

5 6

F g jkkjybq Nb f y cr b q

5 7

G jct otybt Fgjk k j y b tv

Nb f y crbv ct dthf Bylbb

Cjøhfybdibqcz hfcc rfp j tuj åbpyb cjlt hå b n

gjdtcn djdfybt j gj ct otybb bv ct dthf Bylbb.

L f ä ncz gjl h jñ yjt jg b cfybt ujh jljd, vtcn b åb-

ntktq, yj cjdt h i t y yj egeoty dyenhtyybq cvsck

t uj gjtplrb. Ghfdlf, Fgjk kjybq Nbfycrbq ñsk

b p dtcnty rfr kçñ b ntkm cnh f y cn djdfybq, yj ãnj

g kjøj jñü z c y z tn tuj gjtpl re.

Toä ñelexb vjkjlsv xtkjdt rjv, jy cks i fk jn

jl yjuj wt y b ntkz b cjñ b h fntkz ytjñ s r yjdt y y s ø

b cnjhbq j ceotcn djdfybb Jñbntkb Ñhfncn df. Njul f

jy vfkj jñ h fn b k d y b vf y b z , yj cj d h tvt y tv , rj-

ul f tve ghbikjcm vyjujt ep y fnm b vyjuj ed b ltn m ,

jy dc gjvybk b d nfqyt leøf htibk gj ctnbnm ct dt h

B y l b b .

E ytuj ñsk lheu, ñjk mijq exäysq b ghbyzdibq

v yjubt cntgtyb gj c dz otybz; r ytve jñ h fn b kc z

F gjk kjybq pf cjdtnjv. Cnfhtw pf levfkcz b jñt ofk

ep y fn m .

5 8

B djn xthtp ujl ghbiäk jn dtn. Cnfhtw jñ h fn b kc z

r Fgjk kjybç: ≤Lheu vjq, djb cn b ye cx f cnmt c nj-

ñjç. Vyt gbien, ns vjåtim cjñ b h fnmcz d gen m .

D Rfivbht ns dcnh tnbim jl yjuj vjt uj lheuf _

cx b nfç, jy vjåtn lfnm ntñt ytjñøjlbvst erfpf-

ybz. Bnfr, cjñbhfqcz d gen m ≥ .

G enm Fgjk kjybz ñsk ljkju. Yf genb dcnh tx f-

kbcm hfpyst kçlb. Jlby bp dcnh txysø, rfr ñs

jn uf l s dfz yfvthtybt Fgjk kjybz, crfpfk: ≤Vjue

ñsnm ntñt gjktpysv. Kbwj, r rjnjh jve yfg h f dk z-

timcz, vyt pyfrjvj. Ghjie ntñz dj c gjk m pjdfn m c z

vjbv ljvjv, rjulf lj cnbuytim lhtdytq Uf y l øf-

hs≥. B dcnh txysq gjl fk Fgjk kjybç øhfybkmy b we

l f h jd. Fgjk kjybq nfr b yt ep y fk bvtyb ytp y f-

rjv wf .

Lj cn b u yed Nf rc b ks, Fgjk kjybq yfiäk ljv yt-

p y f rjv wf b, gjljqlz r ldthb, elfhbk vjkjnjv .

L dthm jn r h skfcm, b vjkjljq bylec ghbukf c b k

F gjk kjybz djqnb. Nen njk mrj Fgjk kjybq dc gjv-

ybk, xnj yt pyftn bvtyb dkf ltk mwf ljvf. Ghbdhfn-

ybr, dblbvj, ålfk. Fgjk kjybq, xnjñs jñü z c y b n m

c djq ghbøjl, gjrfpfk øhfybkmy b we lfhjd. Ghb-

d h fnybr cltkfk pyfr herjq b ghjdäk Fgjk kjybz

d rjv y fne, ult cnjzk cnjk b ldf rhtc kf .

5 9

Xt h tp ytrjnjh jt dhtvz ldthm jn r h skfcm b d rj-

v y fne djiäk dscjrbq xtkjdtr. Yf yäv ñsk rf a-

nfy b pyfrb lj cnjb y cn df rjy yjuj yfx fk my b rf .

Yjdjg h b i tlibq yfp dfkcz ñhfnjv ytp y f rjv wf b,

rfr ñs pyfz, pfx tv ghbiäk Fgjk kjybq, crfpfk :

≤ Vjb kçlb pf dnhf ghjdjlzn ntñz ≥ .

Y fenhj Fgjk kjybq ed b ltk yf ldjht ytc rjk mrj

djb yjd b rjytq. Nh jyekbcm d genm b cgtiyj lj-

tøfkb lj Ct dthysø ujh .

Pltcm djbys jcnfdbkb Fgjk kjy b z .

6 0

Eøjl Fgjkkjybz Nb f y crj uj

D åbpytjg b cfybb Fgjk kjybz bp Nbfys bcrf-

åt yj ckjdj jñ eøjlt tuj. Yj bvttncz cdbltntk m cn dj

ex t y b rf Rfk k b r h fnf j gj c ktl y tv øjå ltybb Ex b-

ntk z .

F gjk kjybq yfx fk cks i fnm ujkj cf, pjdeobt tuj

jgznm r ntv ñt h t ufv, ult jy eåt gjñ s dfk c gjk m-

pjç lkz leøf. Dpzd c cjñjç ex t y b rf Rfk k b r h fnf ,

Ex b ntkm, yt ujdjhz j wtkb cdjt uj genb, ytvtl kt y yj

jn g ksk .

Rjulf åt ghbñskb r gtotht, ult Dtkbrbq Ex b-

ntkm lfdfk gj c dz otybt Fhøfnfv, yfdcnh txe bv

d s i tk dscjrbq Cnfhtw b ljk uj ñtctljdfk c Fgjk-

kjy b tv. Rfk k b r h fn ec ks i fk kbim gj c ktlybt ckjdf

C nf h wf: ≤Tckb ns htibk ghbyznm xfie Fgjkjutnf

Extybz, nj yt vtl k b ≥ .

F gjk kjybq, rjulf Cnfhtw crhskcz d ukeñ b y t

g t oths, erfpfk Rfk k b r h fne cgtiyj cjñ h fnm lj-

cnfnjx yjt rjk b x tcn dj ñkf ujdjyysø lthtdmtd b

c kjåbnm d gtotht gjljñbt dscjrjuj kjåf. Nf r åt

erfpfk, rjulf Rfk k b r h fn ec ksibn ujkjc gjl cdjljv

6 1

g t oths, pf åtxm, yt juk z l s dfzcm, lt h t dj, b vjåtn

cgtibnm r ñt h t ufv Uhtwbb, pfñsd j ghjb c i tl i tv .

P fntv Ex b ntkm gju hep b kcz rfr ñs d cjy .

Rfk k b r h fn cbltk ytgjl d b å yj, gjl lt hå b df z

jujym lj ukeñjrjq yjxb, rjulf dscjrj gjl cdjljv

h fpl fkcz ytjñ s x yj pdexysq ujkjc Ex b ntkz: ≤Bnf r ,

z yt evth, yj ble ghbyznm xfie Fgjkjutnf ≥ .

Njulf Rfk k b r h fn bcgjkybk dcä erfpf y yjt b pf dt-

ofk gjkjåbnm cdbltntk m cn dj c cjñjç d uhjñ y b we.

6 2

Bp åbpyb

Cthubz Hf lj y tåcrj uj

6 3

G h jdjpdtcnbt Dkf l s x b w s

G h b i kj dhtvz erfpfnm ukf d yjt j cbzçotv

d b ltybb Dkflsxbws. Yteåtkb dtk b rjt ghtlerf-

pf y yjt dbltybt ñskj vjkx fk b dj? Yteåtkb gjnhz-

ctybt leøf b ctlbyf djkjc yt ñskb cktlcn d b tv

G h jdjp dtcn b z ?

D kf l s x b wf crfpfkf: ≤Ghblän dhtvz Vjä, rjul f

y tñtc yjt c dtn b kj Vj ä r P tv kt ecnh tv b nc z , b nj-

ulf ghbläim ns bcgjkybnm djkç chjrjd .

B ytyfdbcnyst ñelen cgfcbntkzvb, b gjñtå l ä y-

ysq ñeltn dtcnb gjñtlbdibø. B nhb rjhyz, hfp-

ltkäyyst ghjrk z n b tv, chfcnencz kçñjd mç, b dtcn b

bø ñeltn Gj c kfyysq yt bp bø gktvtyb. Lj chjrf

g h jrk z yen nfnfh b tdhttd, b jyb ghjrk z yen ptv k ç

H ecc reç .

Rjulf åt ndjb rj cnb ñelen ghtlfys ey b x njåt-

ybç, nhäv ghjrkznbzv bcgjk y b ncz chjr. B ytdb-

l b vj dblbvsq cnfytim e ghtcnjkf, jñktx ä y y s q

D t y wfvb b Gt h cn y tv .

B ult ghbkjåbim Gt h cntym, nfv ñeltn Herf Vjz

b Dkf l s r ≥ .

6 4

Y f cnf dktybz Ct h u b z

≤ B åt ec g ttn ec ks i fnm cdjt uj leøf ujkjc, yfl

ñtpl yjç djp y tc ä ncz≥. Nfr ujdjhbk Ct h u b q .

≤B ei tlibq d ktcf yt cvjåtn cks i fnm htx m

k çlc reç. B yf kjåt ec yedibq yt ec ksibn gnb-

xtr, cjk y wf djp dtcn y b rjd. B xele zdkt y yjve vjk-

xfobq jn rf åtncz jn ukfpf. B vjkxfobq yf ñhfne

gjvjom pf yjpe bp yjub cdjtq yt dsytn≥. Nfr ujdj-

hbk Ct h u b q .

R Cthubç ghbiäk Cdz n b ntkm Fkt rcbq c djg h j-

cjv: xnj ltkfn m ?

Cthubq jn dtnbk: ≤Gjvjub ptv kt Hecc rjq ≥ .

Rjulf Cthubz cghjcbkb rhtcn mzyt: xnj ltkfn m ?_

jy jn dtnbk: ≤Gjvju b nt ptv kt Hecc rjq ≥ .

Rjulf Vbyby jñ h fn b kcz r Cthubç, njulf ghbiäk

jn dtn: ≤Gjvjub ptv kt Hecc rjq ! ≥

6 5

Nhels Ct h u b z

D jn eåt ñjh jlf ctlfz. Djn eåt Leø Gkf vt y y s q

d cj c keåtybb. Djn eåt ryzpm gjrkjy b kcz, yj cnjb n

djpe c øktñjv pfgjpl fn m _ b ñhfnbz djpk çñkt y-

yfz yt dthbn yb yf xfc.

C njbn dhtvt y yj jcreltnm rji tk ç _ b ñhfn b z

lj cnjqyfz b bpñhfyyfz ujnjdf ghjvtyznm xeltc-

yeç Ñkf ujl fnm yf xeåjq uhji. Toä crf åen: ≤Xnj -

nj Eujlybrb ndjb jcreltk b ≥ .

B lyäv, b yjx mç yeåyf yt Ñkf ujl fnm, f ñkf uj-

lt y cndbt ntkf .

Ujdjhbkb j Cthubb, xnj buevty xfcnj ukeøjç

yjx mç jñøjlbk rtk mb, b, yføjlz cgzobø, jy iäk

l fk mit, yt nh t djåf .

Vjåtn ñsnm, jy yflt z kcz yfqnb ñjl h cn deç ot uj .

6 6

G h tl d b ltybt Ct h u b z

Nf r åt Cthubq ujdjhbk byjulf j Ñtkjq Ujht,

yj ybrjulf yt erfp s dfk vtcnj tä.

Rjulf rnj - nj cnex fkcz ytjå b l f y yj, ñhfnbz ujdj-

h b kf: ≤Yt buevty kb?≥

Cthubq ujdjhbk: ≤Yf Ñtkjq Ujht åbden hfp y s t

n dfhb. Rjulf bv yeå yj, j ldeø ujkjdfø b j gznb

yjufø. Yf yfibø ytgjøjåb. Cfyb nfv ñtp rjytq

b lkz crjh j cnb vjuen ktnfn m ≥ .

6 7

Fr ñfh Dtkb r b q

6 8

Ct h tñ hzysq Dtcn y b r

Gjl lt h t djv Frñfh bvtk dbltybt. Ct h tñ hz y s q

D tcnybr ytjå b l f y yj ghtlcnfk b crfpfk: ≤Djn db-

lbim Vtyz d gthdsq b gj c ktlybq hfp, ñel nj Vt y z

yt ñsdfkj. Ñeltim cnh jbnm wf h cn dj b d yäv Øhfv

ñeleobq. B rfr dkf l s rf ghjqläim gjkt åbpyb,

y tcz d leøt Øhfv ñeleo b q .

Gjb cnbyt, ljk uj ns ghtñ s dfk yf genb c Uj c-

gjljv. Yeå yj jrjyxbnm ptv yeç gzne. B Ujkj cf

Vjt uj yt ec ksibim, b Cdtnf Vjt uj yt ed b l b i m ,

b ujnjd yj cnm cjøhfybim blnb genäv Ñjåtc r b v .

Yj rjulf ghblän xfc jnrhsnm cktleçobt Dhfnf ,

nj åt y f n djz , l f y y f z Uj c gjljv , ec ks i b n cner

Vjq b crf åtn: ≤Jy e djh jn≥. Ns åt ed b l b i m

Vt y z , k b i m g t h t q l z x t hne. Yj rjul f åt y f dcne-

g b n yf gj c ktlybq genm, jyf edblbn ntñz d jñ h fpt

Vj ä v .

Ns åt ñelm ptv yjq wfhm b ptv ktltktw gjnjv. Ns

åt, rjyxfz ptv yjq genm, jñjqlb gjkt cflf ndjt uj .

Rfålsq, eøjlz, yt jcnfdbn rhjøb yf cnjkt gbhf.

J ñjqlb dct nh jgbyrb pfhjcibt b gjvyb: xtv

6 9

ñk b åt, ntv lfk mit. Cyfx fkf d uhjpt, gjnjv d

dbøht, gjnjv d vjkx f y b b ≥ .

B gjnjv Dtcnybr pf ujh tkcz ct h tñ h jv, b kbcn mz

lt h t df cnfkb ghjp h fxysvb b hfleåysvb. B gj c kt

pfnh t g tnfk djpleø b dcä ghbikj d jñsxysq dbl.

F rñfh ñjk mit ybrjulf ybxtuj yt dbltk. Rjul f

åt ghbiäk xfc jcdjñjå ltybz, jñf hfljdfkbcm, bñj

toä jlby chjr ghbñk b p b kcz. B chjr ghfdbkmy s q ,

b ñj vju b ks yt ceotcn detn.

7 0

G jvjom Ytñf

En dt hl b kc z dkf l s rf , x nj gjvjo m Ytñf g h b-

län d rfålsq nhelysq xfc. Djn yfcnfkj dhtv z

jñüzdbnm djq ye dkf cn b ntkzv Ujk rjyls, b pfnhel-

y b kcz dkf l s rf h t i t y b tv . Ñkeå l fk ukfp dkf l s r b

gj gjke, b dblbn: veh f dtq ytcän ju h jv yeç yji e,

b ljk uj vex b kcz veh f dt q .

Y f rjytw Frñfh dj c rk b r yek: ≤R xtve pfnhel y z n m

ctñz nz åtcn mç Ujk rjyls!≥ B ghbrfpfk jcnf yjd b n m

g h b ujnjdktybz r gjøjle.

L heujq hfp ghbcencn djdfk dkf l s rf d cjñ h f y b b

celf b øjntk ghbcjtlbybnmcz r ghbujdjhe, yj dyb-

vfybt tuj ñskj ghbdktx t yj nh t g tnf y b tv ñf ñjx r b ,

ñbditqcz e jryf. B pf ñ sk ckjå b d i ttcz eåt

c kjdj, b gjlevfk: gecnm bcgjkyzn ljku cel mb , _

c rfpfd: ≤Ct ujlyz z kbim uj cnm pltc m ≥ .

B ghbujdjh ñsk cghfdtl k b dj vbkj ct hlt y .

Gjrei fk b c m d h f u b y f å b p y m F rñf h f . Eñ b q wf eåt

cnjzk pf lt h t djv cflf, rjulf dkf l s rf cjdt h i fk

7 1

jlby ghjuek re. Xähyfz pvtz gthtgjkpkf ljh jå re,

b dkf l s rf gjdt h yekcz gjp dfnm ckeue. D gjb c rf ø

pvtb yfikb eñ b q we pf lt h t djv .

C rfpfk dkf l s rf: ≤Gjvjom Ytñf gjkpf tn gj ptv-

kt. Gecnm kbim ukfp b eøj ñelen jn r h s n s ≥ .

7 2

G jk rjdjl w s

J ldeø gjk rjdjl wfø Frñfhf. Jlby gjkex fk ghj-

cnhfyyst erfpfybz, lheujq kbim cfvst jnh s djx-

yst. Yfrjytw dnjh jq jñ h fn b kcz r Frñf he, ujdjhz :

≤ Xtv z yt pf c keåbk ghjcnhfyysø erfpfybq, rjul f

cnjk mrj gjñtl ghbyäc?≥

F rñfh jn dtx fk: ≤Ndjz gjy z nk b dj cnm elt håfkf

gjnjr ckjd. Gecnm rf å ljt vuyjdtybt, njñjç cjø h f-

y ä y yjt, jnvtx t yj ñeltn kexitç åtv xeå b yjq ≥ .

Gjnjve dtk b rf hflj cnm ntø, rnj vjåtn gjy z n m ,

cjøhfyzz yfg b njr Bcnjx y b rf .

G h b ñf d b v j nh tn m tv . J y c g h j c b k : ≤ Gjx tve gjpl-

yj bkb ckbirjv hfyj gjh b wf tncz jl b y f rjdj ? ≥

F rñfh crfpfk: ≤Lheu vjq, ytn jl b y f rjdsø dtk b-

xby. Gjnjve, tckb ghtå lt d h tvt y yj cnm pf rk çx f tn

d ctñt yføjl x b dj cnm, nj tä wtyf kexit, bñj pfgjp-

l fkj cnm cjtlbytyf kbim cj cvt hn mç. Ghtå lt d h t-

vt y yj cnm cel b vf, pfgjpl fkj cnm eåt jceå lt y f ≥ .

7 3

C ntcyäyysq b eu h jåf tvsq, Frñfh ujdjhbk cdj-

bv djålzv: ≤Xtv vt y tt djk yetncz dt otcn dj, ntv

z c y tt jnh f åtybt dt h i b y ≥ .

Gj c kt cvjnhf djq c rf Frñfh crfpfk: ≤Xtn d ä hnf z

x f cnm cltkfyf. Dbltk csnsø kçlt q , _ jcnfk myjt

edblbv gj c kt lyz pyjz, gj c kt lyz ljålz, gj c kt

ñtccjy yjq yjx b ≥ .

7 4

D h f u b

F rñfh, yfp dfyysq Dtkbrbv, jxtym ñt h tå yj jn-

yj c b kcz r dhfufv. Kçñbvsq cjdtnybr däk cgbcjr

d h f ujd. Frñfh xfcnj jcdtljv k z kcz, yt gjz d b kjcm kb

d cgbcrt rf rjt -k b ñj lj cnjq yjt bvz.

≤ Rjulf ed b åe lj cnjq yjuj xtkjdt rf, gjikç ghb-

dtn gthtjltnjve lheue≥ .

B toä ujdjhbk Frñfh: ≤Cx f cnkbd, bñj vju

g h b kf ufnm d åbpyb cdz ot y yjt Extybt, vju lfn m

ljdjk m cn dj yfhjle b ñsk jn ntyäy ñjk mi b v b

d h f uf v b ≥ .

Nfr ujdjhbk Frñfh, pyfz wt y yj cnm dhfuf v .

C h tlb dhfåtcrbø el f h jd Frñfh ñsk cghji t y :

jn relf cnjk mrj yfg f lt y b q ?

F rñfh jn dtx fk: ≤Lfqnt b dhfufv vbyene pf-

y z n b z ≥ .

7 5

Dblbvsq ytdblbvj

G h b l djhysq bcnjhbr Frñfhf jlyfåls crfpfk

g h f d b ntkç: ≤Chtlb ghfdbntktq yfñk çlfç ythfp-

h t i b vjt zdktybt. Jlyb dkflsrb lt håfk b c m

y tlj cneg yj dl fkb jn yfhjlf, bø cdt h ufkb pf yt-

yeå yj cn mç. Lheubt døjlbkb d åbpym rf å ljuj lyz,

r ybv ghbdsrfkb b cdt h ufkb pf jñ s x yj cn mç ≥ .

F rñfh eks ñ yekcz: ≤Pyfx b n, ghfdbntkm ljk åt y

j cnf dfnmcz ytdblbvsv, døjlz b yfg h f dkzz dct

lt q cn d b z ≥ .

Nfr htibk velhsq ghfdbntkm b ghtlerfpfk

ñeleott .

Dblbvsq ytdblbvj !

7 6

C rfp f y b z

7 7

Rjc v j uj y bx tcrfz crfp rf

Rj c vjujy b x tc rfz bylecc rfz crfp rf cjjñ of tn :

Å b kj eåf c yjt xeljd b ot, gjå b h f d i tt kçlt q .

Jlyfåls xeljd b ot ghtc ktljdfkj yfvtx t y yeç

åt hn de. Xtkjdtr, cgfcfzcm, yshyek d jpthj. Xelj-

d b ot ghsuyekj pf ybv. Bof cgfctybz, gkjdt w

c rf r yek yf cgbye xeljd b of b rhtgrj cø dfn b kcz

pf njhxfobq uhtñt y m .

X eljd b ot yt vjukj jg h jr b yenmcz yf cgbye, bñj

ñ h çøj tuj yt ñskj pf o b ot yj. Jyj ecnh tv b kj c m

ñtitysv ñt ujv, jåblfz, rjulf xtkjdtr bpyeh b nc z .

Yj xtkjdtr levfk, xnj jy cdjbv jnxfzyysv gj-

kjåt y b tv cgfcf tn xtkjdtx tcn dj. B d ãnjq vbhjdjq

vtx nt cbks tuj yfg hz ukbcm ñtp ecnfk b .

X eljd b ot vtå le ntv nfr ec rjh b kj ñt u, xnj

bcrhs ktntkb juytyysv ødj cnjv. B d gkf vt y b

xeljd b ot cnfkj gjl s vfnmcz yfl ptvkäç. Vbhjdf z

vsckm xtkjdt rf gjl y z kf lfåt dhfuf .

7 8

Rjulf kçlb dblzn rjvtne, jyb ñkf ujl f hzn jn df å-

yjuj, ecnh tv k ä y yjuj dtx yj. Vsckb kçlcrbt vxfnc z

b lfçn yjdst cbks dcf l y b re xeljd b of .

Ñ tkst, åäknst, rhfcyst b xähyst kçlb ecnh tv-

k z çn vsckb r njve, rnj lfdyj cnfk ju y t y y s v .

7 9

G jc kfytw Cdtnf

C nfhfz kt utylf ujdjh b n :

C lfk my t uj vbhf ghbiäk Gj c kfytw, xnjñs lfn m

k çlzv hfdt y cn dj, ñhfncn dj b hflj cnm. Kçlb lfdyj

pf ñ skb gtcyb b jvt hndbkbcm ytyfdbcn mç .

Gj c kfytw bpujyzk ntv yjne b ntc yjne, gjh f åfk

pf h fpe b cnh jbk hflj cnysq nhel. En b økf ytyf-

d b cnm, b vtx Gj c kf y wf jcnfkcz yf cntyt. Yj dct

ñ skb vjkx fkbds b yt evtkb pfg tn m .

Njulf Gj c kfytw cjñ h fk vfkt y mrbø ltntq b ed ä k

bø d ktc b crfpfk: ≤Dfib wdtns, dfib hex mb, df i b

lt h t d mz. Ybrnj yt gjiäk pf yfvb. Z jnljø ye, f ds

y fgjk y b ntcm hflj cn mç≥. Nfr yfx fkbcm hjñrbt ghj-

uekrb gj ktce.

Y f rjytw cfvsq vfkt y mrbq jcnf yjd b kcz yf

gjkzyt b pf c vjnh tkcz yf kex cjk y wf. Njulf åä k nf z

b djk uf yfx fkf cdjq ghbpsd. Pf ytç vfksi pf-

i t g nfk b crjhj hflj cn yj pfp dt y tk: ≤Yfit cjk y wt ! ≥

D t h t y b wtq dt h yekbcm ltnb yf gjk z ye, b pfp dex fk

yjdsq ubvy Cdtne.

Gj c kfytw crfpfk: ≤Kçlb pfg tkb. Yfcnfk chjr ! ≥

8 0

Ctvm cke u

D jn vs gjikäv ctvm ckeu yf ñfpfh ghbytcn b

d b yju h f l .

X nj dbåe? Gthdsq ent hzk lt y mub. Dnjh jq ghj-

vtyzk bø yf øvtk myjt dbyj. Nh tnbq enfbk bø.

Xtn d ä hnsq yt hfcgjp y fk ptkäysq dbyjuhfl. Gz-

nsq, ghjñez phtkj cnm, hfplfdbk dcç dtn re. Itcnjq

jnjñ h fk evtkj, yj njk r yek b hfcc s g fk gj ytj cnj-

h jå yj cnb. Ctl mvjq ghbyäc cgtkeç dtndm b yfiäk

k b cn mz, xnjñs erhfcbnm dtn re.

Nfr ctvthj ghjikb jl yjç ljh jujq b d jl yj

d h tv z .

8 1

Jgkjn dt h y jcn b

Gjdtk b ntkm cghjcbk vel h t wf: ≤Rfr ed b ltnm uyt-

plj bpvtys b jg kjn dt h yj cn b ? ≥

Velhtw gjrfpfk yf njk ge hfpjltnsø dcf l y b rjd

b crfpfk: ≤Uy tplj bpvt y s ≥ .

Gj c kt erfpfk yf jl b yjrjuj gen y b rf b crfpfk :

≤ J g kjn dt h yj cnb, bñj jl b yjx tcn de ybxnj yt bp-

vt y b n ≥ .

B c njuj lyz gjdtk b ntkm jr heå b kcz dt h yj cn mç .

8 2

G jx b nfybt Ex b n tk z

Vfkt y mr b q b y lec , gjp y f d i b q Ex b ntk z . V s c g h j-

cbkb tuj: ≤Yteåtkb cjk y wt gjntv y ttn lkz ntñz ,

tckb edblbim tuj ñtp Ex b ntk z ? ≥

Vfk mxbr eks ñ yekcz: ≤Cjk y wt jcnf y tncz cjk y wtv ,

yj ghb Ex b ntkt vyt ñelen cdtnbnm ldt y f l wfn m

cjk y w ! ≥

Cjk y wt vel h j cnb Bylbb ñeltn cdtnbnm, bñj yf

ñt h t ue htrb cblbn vfk mxbr, pyfçobq Ex b ntk z .

8 3

V b kf h t g f

Ex b ntkm Vbkfhtgf xfcnj ñtctljdfk c åbdjn-

ysvb. Jrjkj tuj etlbytybz uytplbkbcm gxäks ,

cjp b l fkb ujh jlf veh f d mb, pfktnfkb gjgeufb b

jñtp mzyf cf l b kfcm gjljñ yj Ex b ntk ç .

Ex b ntk m c rfpfk veh f d mz v : ≤ G f øf h b b cjp b l fnt-

k b , y b rnj dfc yt pyftn, yj ds djp yj c b nt dscjr b t

jñ o b y s ≥ .

C rfpfk gxäkfv: ≤Cjñ b h f q nt väl pyfybz b jñ h f-

pjd kexibø. Ybrnj yt ghthdän ckflrbq nhel df i ≥ .

P f vtnbk gjgeufç: ≤Gj rhbre ndjtve dbåe, xnj

cjñ h fkcz ñsnm celmäq b ghjgjdtl y b rjv ≥ .

B gju h jpbk htp djq jñtp mzyt: ≤Ns hfp heibk ve-

h f d mbyst cnh jtybz b gjøbnbk xeåjq väl. Vjåtn

ñsnm, htibkcz cnfnm ghfdbntktv ? ≥

8 4

J n i tkm y b r

Nh b v s i b g h b ñk b p b k b c m r jn i tk my b re, g h b-

dktxäyyst tuj ytl d b å yj cn mç. Jy crfpfk rf å ljq

bp ybø: ≤Ns gj ctk b kfcm d vert. Øjnz pfg f cjd tä

ø dfnbn yf dtcm hjl ndjq, yj jn njuj ns yt cnfkf

ljñ h tt .

Ns bpñ h fkf vtcnjå b ntk m cn dj d rybufø b gtht-

u h s pkf ytvfkj bø, yj yt cnfkf jñ h fpjdf y y tt .

Ns gjvtcn b kfcm chtlb cdz otyysø ghtl vtnjd,

yj yt cnfkf djp d s i t y y tt .

G h f dj, vsib, ds vjåtnt cnfnm kçl mvb. Rf r

k çlb, ds gj c h f v k z tnt lfyyst cjr h jd b of ≥ .

Nhb kmdf ghbikb r jn i tk my b re. Jy crfpfk rf å-

ljve: ≤Ns njk mrj xnj evt hndbk gen y b rf, cgtibd-

i t uj r ctv m t .

Ns gjøbnbk tl b y cn dt y yeç jd we e ckt gjq .

Ns ey b x njåbk rjyz e dtcn y b rf df å yjuj .

8 5

Vjåtnt, kmds, cnfnm kçl mvb. Yflt y mnt cnh f i-

yeç uhbde b yfx y b nt djq ye. Yt el b dk z q ntcm, xnj

k çlb jrf åencz ñjktt åtcnjrbvb, ytåtkb ds≥.

Nhb ujkeñz ghbktntkb r jn i tk my b re. Jy crfpfk

rf å ljve: ≤Ns crkt dfk xeåjt pt h yj b cxäk tuj

c djb v .

Ns dsnfobk wtktñ yjt hfcntybt b gjx b nf t i m c z

c dz ot y yjq gnbwt q .

Ns ghbkt g b kcz r xeåjve øhfve b dj bvz

cet dthbz pf cnfdbk rjhvbnm ctñz .

G h f dj, ujkeñb, gjhf dfv cnfnm kçl mvb. Cet dt h b t

b øf y åtcn dj ckf d yj ghjrjhvzn df c ≥ .

8 6

Ñ fn eh Ñfrif

Ñ fneh Ñfrif ghbiäk crfpfnm yfhjlfv ckjdj

Bcn b y s .

Ujdjhbn Ñfneh njdf h b ofv: ≤Crf åe dct ckjdf

Bcnbys≥. Ecnhfibkbcm njdfhbob: ≤Kexit crf åtv

gjkjd b ye Bcnbys, byfxt yt ecnjbn ndählfz ptv k z ≥ .

Yj Ñfneh yt vjåtn ghjvtlkbnm, blän crfpfn m

gjk yjt ckjdj Bcnbys. Jñhfn b kfcm pvtz d xähyeç

cnh tke. Rfr el f h b kf pvtz gj c h tlb Ñfneh jdjq uhel b .

C kjdj Bcnbys yt crfpf yj .

Ñelen øjh jybnm Ñfnehf yf gtx fkm dctv kçl z v .

Yj yt vjåtn jn pvtb gjrjyxbnmcz cfv Ñfneh.

Jy jcnfdbk d uhjñt jheåbt cdjä b jnjiäk nf q yj

d gjkt. ≤Gjq le bcrfnm yjdsø njdf h b otq, rnj yt

ñjb ncz gjk yjuj ckjdf Bcn b y s ≥ .

Øjlbn Ñfneh gj ujhfv, øjlbn gj gecnsyzv. Rf r

cjk y wt, ååän gjk yjt ckjdj Bcnbys. Gjñtktk Ñfneh

jn pyjz Bcn b y s .

P jd ä n Ñ fneh f Cf v D jb ntk m I f vñfks : ≤ Ã q , Ñ fneh !

Lfv ntñt jl yj bp Vjbø Bväy, lfv ntñt yjd s ø

8 7

njdf h b ot q , y t gju yenc z jy b jn gjk yjuj c kjdf

Bcn b y s .

Ns dpjqlb yf ujhe Flsufy, ns gj c vjnhb yf gjk-

ltym: rjulf pf vtnbim gskm dtk b reç, rfr pf c vj-

nhbim rjg mz, rfr gj cx b nftim rjytq, nfr Cfv Z

b le. Zvexb Cfv cktljv pf Vyjç .

Gjcgtifq, pfx tv juk z l s dfnmcz, cvjnhb yf gjk-

lt y m _ c kjdj Bcnbys ghbikj ! ≥

Nfr gjçn d ukeñbyt Fpbb.

Ñ fneh Ñfrif yt evth, yj botn yjdsø njdf h b-

otq, yt ñjz o b øcz gjk yjuj ckjdf Bcnbys. Jnvt-

x t yj jñjh fx b dfybt Ñfnehf yf gjk lt y m .

Nfrbvb ckjdfvb Fpbz ålän gjk yjt ckjdj

Bcn b y s .

8 8

Ñ tkfz Uj h f

Ujhf Ñtkfz, Ujhf, gjpyfdifz, jn relf djlf ñtkf z

gji kf .

Gjikän Ujhf rfvyb Rfneyb. Cyjczn rfvyb ñt h t-

uf ñtkst, hfpltk z çn rfvyb ñhfnf jn ñhfnf. Pfrhfc-

y tkf rhjd mç Rfneym, blän djq y f .

Ñ tkfz Ujhf, ns kb gj c kfkf rhfcyst rfvyb? Ult

n djä Ñtkjdjl m t ?

D jp mve gj cjø rtlhf, jr hexecm ñtkjç jltå ljç ,

gjl s vecm yf Ñtkeç Ujhe, e ytä cghji e _ jn rel f

gji kf ñtkfz djl f ?

Jn Ujhs, jn cf vjq dthibys gjrfpfkbcm cjh jr

cjh jrjd dthiby. Pf ybvb cdtn b ncz Ujhf Ñtkf z !

Rf vtym kb ujhbn? Nfqyf jñjp y fx b kf c m .

Gjqläv, ñhfnbt, yf njn Cdtn cbzçobq!

Yt d b l f y yjt ed b lt yj. Ytc ks øf y yjt ec ks i f yj .

Yf Ñtkjq Ujht cnjbn uhfl. Pdjy cksity. Gtneø

d chjr pf r h b x fk .

El fk b vcz d ujh jl b gj c kei f tv Rybue Dtk b reç .

8 9

Cnh tks vscktq

Gj c vjnhbv yf pdäpls. Yfv crfpfkb, xnj cj cel

Vel h j cnb ghjk b kcz bp Neibns b rfgkb xeltc yjuj

y fg b n rf pfcbzkb d Ghjcnh f y cn dt .

Yj Ex b ntkm crfpfk: ≤Ãnj cbzçn yfrjy tx y b r b

cnh tk vscktq. Bñj vsckm djy pf tncz d kex t yj c yjt

dt otcn dj b pfx b y f tn vbhs≥.

Vsckm ndjhz ofz! Yt jcnfdm er h f i fnm Ghj-

cnh f y cn dj wdtnfvb Cdtnf !

9 0

V s c km vbhf

Cjkjvjy ujdjhbk: ≤Gj cnf dkç ntñz yf hfcgen m t ,

b cltkfç ntñz vjkxfobv b ytl d b å y s v .

B gthtl njñjç gjq len pyfrb cjñ s n b q .

Nfr evthbim xtkjdtx tc rjt kçñjg s ncn dj .

Nfr pf ukzytim d ceå l ä y yjt ntxtybt gjnjrf .

B ñj gjdt hø xtkjdtx tc rjuj vsiktybz ytc ä nc z

vsckm vbhf≥.

Nfr yfñk çl f q nt ntxtybt cjñsnbq, rfr ñs c dt h-

ibys ñfiyb cx b nf tnt cnflf jdt w .

9 1

B cnjxybr nthgtybz

≤ D kf l s rf ctv b D h fn ! Gjdtl b y f c d cnjh jye cjk y-

wf, yfc, ghji tlibø gjk yjx m .

C nh tks yfib ghbyflktåfn Ntñt, Dkf l s rf .

Ñ tp Ndjt uj Erfpf vs yt djqläv d cntys jnl s øf .

Yb xfc, yb ltym, yb ujl yt ghtuhfålfçn gen m .

D tlm Ns, Ñscnhtqibq, lt håbim gjdjl rjy t q

y f i b ø .

D tlm Ns, Cfv, bcgsnfk genm b gjhex b kcz nt h g t-

y b tv .

C rfåb, Lt håfntkm, jn relf ntxän bcnjxybr nt h g t-

y b z ? ≥

≤Bp hels ljdt h b z ≥ .

Rnj pyftn, ult dtcnybr vt y z tn rjy z !

9 2

Ø h f y b n tkm ctvb Dhfn

J ujhx b kcz Øhfybntkm ctvb Dhfn. ≤Lfç kçl z v

y tc rjy x f tv s q gjnjr xeltc , yj jy b y t h f c gjp y f-

ùn bø.

Lfç yjdst pdäpls, yj cdtn bø yt bpvt y z tn xtkj-

dtx tc rjt vsikt y b t .

Gju heåfç d ukeñ b ye djl wtkst cnhfys, yj

vjkxbn cjpyfybt xtkjdtx tc rjt .

D jp yjie ujhs b Extybz Bcnbys, yj lfåt uj-

kjds kçltq yt jñ h f of çncz r pjde.

Gj c skfç djqys b vjh, yj lfåt eåfc yt pf cnf d-

k z tn kçltq gjv s c k b n m .

Gj c skfç hflj cnm pyfybz, yj kçlb ltkf çn bp

c dz ot y yjq nh fg tps gjøk ä ñ re.

Ytn e Vtyz pyfrjd, xnjñs jn d h fnbnm xtkjdtx t-

cn dj jn ubñtk b ! ≥

C rfpfk Øhfybntkç Dscibq: ≤Rjulf cnh jb ntk m

pf rkf l s df tn plfybt, hfp dt jy gjdt of tn dctø hfñj-

nfçobø yf gj cnh jq rt? Vt y mifz xfcnm pyftn j ht-

iäyysø hfpvt h f ø .

9 3

Njk mrj ytc rjk mrbv ljdt h t yj yfp y fxtybt pl f y b z .

Nt, rnj hjçn rfvyb ghtåybø jcyjdfybq, yt dvtc-

nzn lfåt jl yjuj jcyjdfybz yjdjuj .

Yt vjåtn ãn b v jujhx fn m c z cnh jb ntk m , tc k b d jñk b-

rt hfñjnfçobø ytn pyfybz j ceo yj cnb tuj pf v s-

c kf. Jy njk mrj vjåtn cjjn dtncn dt y yj hfcghtltk z n m

h f ñjne≥ .

Nf r åt b d cjpyfybb kçltq ñeltv pyfnm, xnj yt-

dvt ofçobt b ytdybvfçobt vjuen bcgjk y b n m

kbim ybpieç hfñjne.

G ecnm jlby gjyzdibq en dt hl b ncz rfr cnj nsczx

vel h t wjd. B pyfrb lkz ytuj hfp dt h yencz rfr yf-

x t hnf y b z .

9 4

G kf v t y y s q

G kf vtyysq crfpfk Ryzpç Nmvs: ≤Ns jnh f d b k

djpleø, Ns pf u hzpybk djls, Ns bcnjobk ptvkç,

yj r juyç Ns yt ghbrj c yekcz, b jujym yt nh jyen

Njñjç. B jujym ñeltn åtxm Ntñz, rfr cdtn nmve

gjh f åf tn. Yt ecnf y tn dtk b rjt gkfvz, b yt lt hp-

yäim dsqnb bp jñ b nfk b of cdjt uj .

G h b pjde bp Ghjcnh f y cn df yjdst juyb, b jy b

b ccei fn ltkf Ndjb. Rfr nhtobys ñtc g kjlyst, rf r

rj cnb bcnktdibt, nfr ñeltim ey b x njåty, bpuyfy,

jncneg b i m .

C ntyf gkf vtyyfz gjl d b y tncz, b yt yfqläim

d ytq cktljd cdjbø. Jøhfyç gkfvz lfk mybvb vb-

hfvb. Yt vjåtim jnhfdbnm, pf u hzpybnm, bcnjo b n m

t uj .

Cjñt he hjl gkf vt y y s q , _ hjåläyyst ju y ä v ,

jyb yt gjl l f lencz, b cveoäyyst Njñjç djls yt

pfk mçn bø ujh t y b t .

Ryzpm Nmvs, ñjqcz Juyz!!≥

9 5

Lfh Nm v s

Leø Nmvs vsckbk: ≤Rfr toä rhtgxt ghbdz pfn m

x tkjdtx tcn dj r ptv kt? Gecnm ñelen cjøhfytys jñ s-

xfb b ghbdsxrb. Ybxnj nfr yt ghbrhtgkztn xtkj-

dtx tcn dj r jñsxysv jñk b rf v .

Yj ãnj chtlcn dj ujl yj kbim lkz vyjåtcn df ,

ujh fplj jg f c y tt jl b yjx tcn dj. D yäv ghjcdtnk z tnc z

cjpyfybt b cjp b l f çncz yjdst gj cnh jt y b z .

Y eå yj juhfybxbnm xfcs jl b yjx tcn df. Yt cktletn

k çlzv jcnf dfnmcz jlybv. Cyfñåe bø jnh f åt y b tv ,

b gecnm ghbdsrf çn r cdjtve jñk b re≥ .

C keub Nmvs ghbytckb kçlzv pt h rfkj .

9 6

D jp y f u h f å lt y b t

Jlby xtkjdtr jnl f dfk vyjuj pjkjnf yf ljñ h s t

ltkf, yj ålfk djp y f u h f å ltybz. Jlyfåls Ex b ntk m

t uj ghbckfk tve rf vtym c pfg b c rjq: ≤Ghbvb djp-

lfzybt, cjr h jd b ot lfk mytq pdtpl s ≥ .

Xtkjdtr djp y t ujljdfk: ≤Dvtcnj vjt uj pjkjnf

vyt lfy rf vtym! Xnj vyt lj lfk mytq pdtpl s ! ≥ _

b ñhjcbk d jujhxtybb rf vtym d ujhysq gjnjr .

Yj ghbiäk Ex b ntkm, ujdjhz: ≤Rfr yfiäk ns

cjr h jd b ot? D rfvyt pf rk çxäy ñsk cfvsq wt y y s q

fk vfp, cdt h rfçobq ñjk mit dctø lhfujwt y yj cnt q

v b h f ≥ .

D jnxfzybb xtkjdtr ñhjcbkcz r gjnjre b, cktlez

gj ntxtybç, cgec rfkcz dcä ybåt b ybåt .

Yj vtk mrfybt djky yfdct ulf crhskj cjr h jd b ot .

9 7

L df Gbnhb

L df Gbnhb gj c gjhbkb vtå le cjñjç j xtkjdt rt .

C dtnksq ujdjhbk, xnj xtkjdtr dcä jnl f cn.

Yj Nävysq ghjn b djh txbk, jn dtxfz, xnj xtkjdt r

enfbn lkz ctñz ytx nj .

Y fx fkb jyb bcgsnsdfnm xtkjdt rf. Dct uj kbib-

kb, nfr xnj rfr jl b x fksq ñhjlbk jy, gjr h s n s q

jl yjq bpjh df y yjq nhz g rjq .

≤Dblbim, dcä jnl fk b åbdän≥, _ erfpfk Cdtn-

ks q .

≤ Gjljå l b ≥ , _ ec vtø yekcz Nävysq. B gjl r b yek

yf ljh jue gkfxeot uj htñ ä y rf .

Xtkjdtr ghbrhsk htñ ä y rf gj c ktlytq nhz g rjq

b ghjkbk cktpe.

≤Dblbim, dcä jnl fk ≥ , _ crfpfk Cdtnks q .

Yj Nävysq jn dtnbk: ≤Lf, nhz g re jnl fk, yj

ct hl wt cjø h f y b k ≥ .

Nfr gthtø b nhbk Nävysq Cdtnkjuj .

9 8

Ryzpm Vbhf ct uj

9 9

K ç w b at h

Nfr vyjuj ujdjh b kjcm j nävysø, xnj cktletn

c rfpfnm jcyjd yeç hfp y b we vtå le Øhbcnjv b Fynb-

ø h b cnjv, yfp s df tv s ø ljñ h jv b pkjv, bkb cjdt h-

i t y cn djv b ytcjdt h i t y cn djv, bkb toä ñk b åt

c rfpfn m _ b ltfk b pvjv b vfnt h b fk b pvjv .

D xäv ñskj dj ccnfybt Kçwbathf? Jy pf øjntk

j cnfnmcz d ghtltkfø gkf y tns, b kt utylf j Ryzpt

Vbhf ct uj ljdjk myj ghfdbkmy f .

J rjkj ctñz jy yfx fk cjñ b h fnm leøjd, ljdjk m-

cn deç o b øcz ptv k z yjq feh jq. Xnjñ elt håfnm ghb-

dt håt y wtd, jy yfx fk hfp d ä hn s dfnm gthtl ybvb

djpvjå yj cnb Ptvkb, gjl h f åf z _ b yjulf ljdjk myj

b c rec yj _ g h jn b djgjkjåtybzv lheujq cnjh jy s .

Vjå yj ujdjhbnm j xeltcfø Fynbøhbcnf. ≤Pfx tv

yfv cjpyfybt j ñeleotv, rjulf vjue gjrfpfnm df v

c b ks Ptv k b ! ≥

Yj vtå le tuj gj c ktljdfntkzvb ybrnj yt crf åtn,

gjrblfz Ptvkç: ≤Djcøjåe, Uj c gjlb≥. Yj cjl h ju-

y ä ncz, jnh s dfzcm jn ptv yjuj cdt h rf y b z .

1 0 0

G h f dlf, Kçwbath ñsk ghtrhfcty b lfk kçl z v

gj - c djtve gjpyfybt ptv yjuj cbzybz. Yj ñtp ytuj

yt ñskj ñs jg h tltk ä y yjq uhfybws vtå le ptv k ä q

b lheubvb cathfvb. Ñtp ytuj hfpkbxbt åbpyb yf

ptv kt b d lheubø cathfø ljk å yj ñskj gj cnt g t y yj

cn b h fnmcz, lfdfz djg kjoäyysv leøfv gjl d b å-

yj cnm vfnt h b b .

Yj l h t d y b q R y z p m V b h f , y f jñjh jn, g h b rjd s-

df tn vfnthbç r rjht pf y b vf tvjq bv gkf y tns.

Rfr gkf y tnysq leø, jy pyfk ytlhf Ptvkb, yj tuj

pf ñkeå ltybt ktåbn d ytåtkfybb cjnhel y b x tcn df

c lheubvb gkf y tnfvb. Bvt y yj jyj lfkj vbhe

Ø h b cnf .

D nj dhtvz rjulf Kçwbath ghtdjp yjcbn cdtn

P tvkb, Øhbcnjc erfp s df tn yf rhfcjne dct uj Vbhj-

pl f y b z .

Vs ujdjhbv: ≤Gecnm ujhbn cdtn Kçwbathf, yj

pf ybv yt crhjtncz dtkbxbt lheubø juytq≥. Vs yt

ñjb vcz ghjb p y tcnb tuj bvz. Vs pyftv tuj ceot-

cn djdf y b t .

Vs ujdjhbv: ≤Genm ndjq yt vjåtn pf dt h i b n m

P tvkb cel m ñe, bñj njk mrj jñ ot y b tv c lheu b v b

vbhfvb åbpym ndjtq ndt hlb jñ yjd b ncz. Bpyj c z nc z

1 0 1

n djb crfks, b ult en dt hlbim ghtcnjk cdjq? B

åbpym dtxyfz b jñvty dtxysq lfän yfv dtx y s q

ljv. Øhbcnjc ybxtv yt jnk b x fkcz jn ckeu ndjbø,

yj gjrfpfk ghtbveotcn dj ldbåtybz pf ghtltks

P tvkb≥. Øhbcnjc ujdjhbk: ≤Vjue gthtyjx t dfnm yf

g h t r h f c yjq Ptv kt, xnjñ ghjljkåbnm genm. Yj ,

Øjpzby Ptvkb, elt håb ckeu, xnjñ yt ghtgzncn dj-

dfkb Vyt ghb dj cøjlt ghjljkåbnm gen m ≥ .

Bnfr, jlby dj cø b n b kcz vfnthbtq, lheujq åt blän

r vbhfv djpvjå yj cntq Cdtnf .

Ø h b cnjc cnh jbn dtx yjt ldbåtybt. Øhbcnjc, ujdj-

hz : ≤ R x tve jl y f P tv k z , rjul f ceå lt y s dct v b h s ! ≥ ,

nfr cjplfän ghfdbkmysq genm xtkjdtx tcn df, rjul f

i b h jrbv rjjg t h fn b djv ñeltn pfkjåty yfcnjz o b q

jñvt y .

K ç w b ath, yfcnfän dhtvz, rjulf jñ yjdbnm kf v ge

n djç !

K ç w b ath, vjuibq ñsnm Ghtlcnf d b ntktv Tlby-

cn df, ghtl gjxäk juhflbnmcz jn cj ctltq. Rjy tx yj ,

vjå yj njk mrj pfnhelybnm, yj ghthdfnm gjnjr

y tkmpz. Cf vjljdktybt ptv yjq vfnthbb dspsdf tn

rjh h t rnbd d kbwt Ñhfncn df Cdtnf _ Ex h tå lt y b z ,

y tp y f rjvjuj lheubv gkf y tnfv gj cdjtq ytdjk myjq

1 0 2

ñjt ujnjd yj cnb. Ghfdj, r xtve ãnb Wfhb Vbhf,

r xtve ñtkst b xähyst ghjwtccbb, rjulf vjå yj

z dkznmcz cjnhel y b rf v b ?

Gj cnh jtybt vfnthbb b leøf yt pf rk çx f tn d

j c yjdt dhfåls. Pfx tv jcnf y f dk b dfnm ldbåtybt

d ghtrhfcyeç Ñtc g h tltk myj cnm? B pfx tv yfuhj-

vjå l fnm ghbphfxyst pfg hels jrjkj Ptvkb? Åfk m

y t yeå yj pf lt håfyysø gen y b rjd, bñj ãnb ptv y s t

cnfywbb bv dc ä - nfrb yt ghbujl z ncz lfk mit bp-

dtcn yjuj chjrf. R xtve cjnyz djg kjotybq, tc k b

ltc z n mç vjå yj gthtifuyenm gjh ju ?

Yj ñjh m ñf jnxfzybz gthtvt y b kf Yj c b ntkz Cdt-

nf, b heñ b yjdfz fehf yfgjk y b kfcm fksv pf h t djv .

Gj c ktljdfntk b t uj , gjb cn b y t , y fx fk b g h b ñt ufn m

r gj cnslysv chtlcn dfv, rjnjhst kbim pf lt hå b-

df çn chjrb, yj yt bcx t h g s df çn cel m ñe.

Gjnjve Yfib lj c g tøb b vtxb c hflj cn mç vjuk b

ñs ñsnm gthtrjdfys yf xfcnb kf ñjh fnjhysø fg g f-

h fnjd ujh fplj hfymit, b Yfif ktcn y b wf, pdt yj

ptvkb b Ytñf, vjukf ñsnm ujh fplj ñk b åt .

Rfr vjå yj dc gjvybnm gj c ktl y t uj Dtk b rjuj

Ex b ntkz, ghbyzdituj gjpjh yeç cvt hnm pf nj, xnj ,

rfpfkjcm, eåt lfdyj ñskj bpdtcn yj xtkjdtx tcn de !

1 0 3

Ñ tlysq Yj c b ntkm Cdtnf, d rjyxbyt Øhbcnf ns

ljgecnbk ytgjg h f d b veç ji b ñ re. Rtlh kbdf y c r b q ,

gjlyzdibq ntkj Øhbcnf, kbim cjr h fnbn genm r

D s c i tve Vbhe. B ghbläncz ntñt jnjqnb yf Cf-

nehy, gjnjve eåt lfdyj ntñz yfp s df çn Cfnf y. Yj

b nfv Cf ljdybr vfnthbb yfqlän gjkz b vjåtn nhe-

lbnmcz, rfr yf Ptv kt. B ghbvb gj c ktlybq cjdtn _

g t h tc vjnhb hzls ckeu ndjb ø .

Gj ktcn y b wt åbpyb ns øjntk jg t h tlbnm Ex b ntk z .

D jn ntñt lfyj jcnt h tåtybt. Djn cnjbn Yfif cdb-

ltntk my b wf ndjtq ex f cnb. B pdtplf Vfnthb Vbhf

dcnfkf pyfvt y tv ñtpevbz ndjt uj, rjulf ns htibk

eybpbnm yj c b ntk my b we Leøf .

Dblbim, dt h y ä ncz åtyf yf vtcnj ceå l ä y yjt !

1 0 4

P jk j nj b Nm v f

1 0 5

P jk j nj

Z dktybt df å yjt ghjb cøjl b n _ b vt y yj, ez dkt y

ufp, hfp hei b ntk mysq lkz gkf y tn s .

X b cnjt pjkjnj cjlt håbn tuj. Elt håfnm tuj yflj .

Veåtcn dt y yjt htitybt djdkt rkj yfqnb ceo yj cn m ,

y f b ñjktt jg f c yeç lkz gkf y tns. Rjy tx yj, jñ h fn b-

kbcm ghtå lt dct uj r ghtl vtnfv, yfbñjktt ñk b p r b v

r jñ b øjle xtkjdtx tcn df. Rjy tx yj, rfvyb b vtnfk-

ks yfbñjktt cdz p s df çn xtkjdt rf c ytlhfvb gkf-

y tns b vjuen ñsnm jx f ufvb pf h fp s .

Rfr bpdtcn yj, vtlm b cdbytw ytpljh jds. Ct h t-

ñhj cjlt håbn ez dktyysq cj cnfd, yfg b n s df ç o b q

ãythubç. Åtktpj gjktp yj, yj jrbcm åtktpf lfän

u y b t y b t .

I b h jrjt gjx b nfybt pjkjnf pf cnf d b kj jñ h fn b n m

d y b vfybt yf ytuj. Gj c h tlcn djv ckjåysø bpscrf-

ybq gsnfkbcm ghbkjåbnm djplt q cndbt pjkjnf yf

h fpkbxyst ghjz dktybz rj c v b x tcrbø cbk.

Yt ñskj cjvytybz, xnj ãnjn vtnfkk jcjñt y yj

y f c s oty cbkmysvb ãvfyfwbzvb cdtnf, b pjkjn s t

å b ks cjjñ of çn z dkt y b z f cnh fk myjuj c dtnf y tl h f v

1 0 6

P tvkb. Gjnjve, tckb vbh fcnh fk mysq d gjhz l rt ,

h jkm pjkjnf vjåtn ñsnm lfåt ñkf ujltntk my f .

Yj bvt y yj ãnjn ghjdjlybr vjåtn jñ h fnbnmcz

d ybnm r gjh jøjdjve crkf le.

Vjå yj g h tlcnf d b n m , rf r kt u rj ãnjn vtnfk k vjåtn

g t h tl fnm rjhbxytdsq ufp, cueoäyysq ñtpjñ h fp b tv

f cnh fkf. B leø jrf åtncz dp h s dfntktv b djpñel b-

ntktv dek rf yjd .

Vjå yj kb jå b l fnm egjhz ljxtybz fcnh fk myjuj

vbhf ñtp gjl d b uf ptvkb r Jñobyt?

Vjå yj hfp heibnm ñtpjñ h fpbz fcnh fkf bltt q

jn rfpf jn cjñcn dt y yj cnb. Yeå yj pyfnm vhfx y s t

pf rjekrb fcnh fkf. Yj lj cnfnjx yj jñüzdbnm nfv

j yjdjv gjhz l rt ptvkb, b kbøjh f l rf ñtpjñ h fp b z

pf rjktñktnc z _ dtl m f cnh fk jx t y m g h b dz pf y r reh-

ce ptvkb, b lfåt cnfhst jñ b nfntkb fcnh fkf jx t y m

ñjz pk b dj xbnf çn ptvyst ufptn s .

D tcnm j ptvysø gthtdjh jnfø gjljñyf dt y n b k z-

njhe. Ljgeotybt ptvysø gthtdjh jnjd bvttn ñjk m-

ijt pyfxtybt yt njk mrj yf rjht Ptv k b .

Nt g t h m ed b l b v h fp d b n b t ñjk mi b ø cjñ s n b q . B

c vtxjv, b c dtcfvb ñeltn htifnmcz yfbñjktt gj-

ktp yjt .

1 0 7

Nm v f

Fñcjk çnyfz Nmvf tcnm fynbgjl Cdtnf. Ãnj dhfu

dct uj ceot uj. Ãnj jnh b wfybt åbpyb. Ãnj elei b-

ntkm b jnh f d b ntk m .

X nj åt ãnj nf rjt? Ãnj bpdt håtybz ytcjdt h i t y-

yjuj leøf. Ytn ckjd jg b cfnm ãnjn uyän b elei t y b t .

Yt vyjubt vjukb dbltnm ãnjuj dhfuf gkf y tns ñtp

pf ñjkt df y b z .

B vt y yj ãnf Nmvf yfx b y f tn gjr b l fnm ghtå y b t

dvtcn b k b of . Ø b v b x tc r b ujdjhz , ãnf ãcct y w b z f y n b-

vjybz b økjh b cnjuj fvvbfrf dstl f tn yf cdj ä v

genb dct ãktvtyns, b ufp ghjdjlbn d ãnb rf dt h y s

cnbøbb hfp hei t y b z .

G h f dlf, el fkjcm ghjheñbnm njx re xthtp ãne

vf cce, yj ghjhsd tä gjukjof tn cnjk mrj ãythubb,

x nj, lt q cn dez c jl yjq kbim cnjh jys, vjå yj bp-

h f cøjljdfnm dct pfg f c s .

P y fx b n, yflj cjpl fnm ntxtybt cbk xtkjdtx tcn df .

B ghbywbg Jñobys vjåtn ñsnm tl b y cn dt y y s v

nf h f yjv ndt hlsym Nmvs. Rfr dct ulf, ghbywbg

leøjd yj cnb bvttn vfnt h b fk myjt jcyjdf y b t _

l f åt fcnh jø b v b x tc rjt jcyjdf y b t .

1 0 8

Kt ut y lf j Rf v y t

1 0 9

Kt ut y lf j Rf v y t

B le gecnsytq. Ytce xfie, obnjv gjr h s neç .

Cjr h jd b ot d ytq _ lfh Jhbjy f .

G kfvz Yjczobq, gjvyb Kjñ - yjh b hfcrbym

i fnhs. Rere - yjh _ rjym cgtibn.

B d øhfvt Beltb yt jcnfkcz ≤Jujym Yj c z o b q ≥ .

B cgfc tl df Gfcctl dfy. Eiäk bp hfp dfkby Rbnf z .

Yt nzybcm, Key, r Rfvyç. Jy cfv ghblän, tc k b

ljå l ä i m c z .

Yj kerf dcn dj ø h f vf c keå b ntkt q gjø b n b kj Cjr h j-

d b ot e gjdtk b ntkz Bylbb, xnjñ djp y tcnb xeåeç

cnh f ye.

G ecnm Ujhf ujhlj cnb yt ljk uj Rf vtym er h skf .

G ecnm dtk b x f tncz ujh jl Rfvyz, yj genm Cjr h j-

d b of yfvtx t y .

Gjhf Rfvyç dt h yenmcz ljvjq .

Rjulf gkfvz yfl xfitq rjk mwjv cjd m ä ncz, njul f

ñk b p rj dhtvz Vj ä .

1 1 0

Yf Kf y rt ktåbn Rf vtym. Pføjh jyty pf bpvt ye

Hf dfys. Jnjqlän xthtp vjh t .

Pf ybv, rfr ødj cn rjvtns, cx f cnmt toä ñktcn b n,

yj yt ljk uj .

G ecnm cnj cnegtytq Rbnfz ghbdtn gji k çn

≤ J ujym Yj c z otve≥. Yj Gfcctl dfy Rf vtym eyj c b n,

b gtcrb gthtl fkb Jujym djb ntkç yftpl y b re Nb-

vehe. Gjljiäk Dtkbrbq r Zynf h yjq cntyt, gjr h sk

pyfväyfvb gjkt .

≤ G ecnm Rf vtym ktåbn dj Øhfvt, gjrf dt h yec m ≥ .

Yj åbpym xelj ghbdtkf dyere. Genm Rfvyz käu

yf Pfg f l .

Gjl ptvkäç cjñ b h f çncz jnws leøjdyst tcntcn dj

Rfvyz bcgsnsdfnm. Gjx tve, rjulf Rf vtym nävt y ,

njulf nexb pf øjl z n. Rjulf Rf vtym nz åä k _ r h jd m

g h jk b df tncz. Rjulf pdtplf yfl Rf v y tv, njulf el fx f .

Rjulf nhtobn Rf vtym, njulf dhfu blän. Rjul f

c y b ncz jujym yfl Rf v y tv, njulf vbh cjl h juf tnc z .

Rjulf Rf vtym gjrjb nc z _ i f ufq cvtkj. Yj dbyjv

Rfvyz yt jñktq, rehb yfl Rf v y tv kbim rtl h jdeç

c vjke. Yjcb Rf vtym d rj cnz yjq rjh jñ rt .

1 1 1

Rfr r åf he b rfr rj kmle ghbdsryenm yflj,

nfr yflj ghbdsryenm b r bpkextybç Rfvyz. Rf å-

lsq, Rf vtym yjczobq, ljk åty nbøj gjåbnm c ybv.

Lehvfy kextq ytdblbv, yj åfh nfqysq cbkmy tt

hflbz. Tktq kmäncz ytdblbvsq. Zdyj åt Rf vt y m

gjrjb ncz yf nrfyb hjlbys cdjt q .

E lsøfybz cntgtq b e øhecnfk mysø pdjyjd ujh

leø Rfvyz erfpetn genm pyfvtyb. Djlbn xelj yf-

h jl _ kextq Jhbjyf. E lkbyysø çncf rjd b Rf h f-

rjhev - yjh Ex b ntkç yflj gjdtcnb rjytq. E Eçñ -

yjh Zdktybt jå b l f tnc z .

Å h tx tc rjt cjpyfybt dctø dhtväy ujnjd b kj kçlt q

r ghbyznbç lj cnjq yjve Cjr h jd b of. Pfrjys vel-

h j cnb lfdyj erfpfkb chjr, rjulf pfnvtybt ldjq yjt

b rjulf gju heåtybt cdznsym d djkys jp y f vt yeçn

gjz dktybt yjdjt Rfvyz. Ñeltv vjk b n dt y yj ålfn m

yfi åhtñ b q .

Etpåfq, Rf vtym, pf vjht, lfq gnbwt ljy tcn b

dtcnm d eøj: Rf vtym tltn.

Nä v yjç yjx mç d nävyjq jltå lt ytc ks i yj gjl-

øjl b n ujy t w ep y fn m , rf r å len jy b ? E gjdjh jnf ,

pf eukjv, ålän hex yjq pdthm, yj cjv gjdjl b n, kfge

1 1 2

nz y tn, gj c kf y d h f ujv . Rnj rjgji b nc z pf ktcn y b-

wt q , rfrbt veøb yfktntkb, jn relf dbøhm ktnbn? Yj

b le rhtgrj, lt håe Rf vtym ghjx yj, exe vjk b n de:

≤ Yt gjrbym, Dkf l s rj, gjnjve cjñ h fk z cbks vjb ,

yt gjrbym, bñj r Ntñt ble ! ≥

Yf ujht Fh f h fn ktåbn ujh çx Rf vtym. Yjd ujh jl-

crbq ñjufnshm hfpñ b kcz j Rf vtym, bñj yt dt h b k .

D jkz Yjd ujh jlf erfp s dfkf yf dkf ltybt Cjr h jd b-

otv, yj ytdthbt pf c kjy b kj djpvjå yj cnm xel f .

K ex i tt yfgjvbyfybt j vjob Rfvyz gjkjåt yj

d pvt b yjv rf v y t _ c ktl vel h juj dkf ltybz. Gj-

c ktljdfntkm yjxb gsnfkcz gjrfpfnm ghbcdjt y b t

Rfvyz, yj Cjr h jd b ot dct ulf ñskj cdtnksv ghb-

p y f rjv. Kerfdst dkflsrb yt yfljk uj dkf ltkb Rf v-

y tv, yt pyfz, xnj kbim ecnh tv ktybt r ljñ he

gjrjhz tn jujym Rf v y z .

Eh jbk Ptyf, leø djpleøf, ghbyäc wfhç Cjkjvjye

Rf vtym. Djcrk b r yek leø yf xen rjt eøj: ≤Gjdtkt-

y b tv Uj c gjlf Cbk dhexfç ntñt Cjr h jd b ot Vbhf!≥

≤ Ljñ h j ≥ , _ crfpfk wfhm b jnyäc Rf vtym dj øhfv.

Jl y f rj yfikj vsiktybt cjøhfybnm xfcnm Cjr h j-

1 1 3

d b of yf ctñt. Ghbpdfk wfhm Tahtvf bp rjkt y f

B el b y f _ pkfnjrjdfxf, b erfpfk jnñbnm xfcn m

Rfvyz, b dpznm xbcnjuj ct h tñhf, b crjdfnm gth-

cntym, b yfx t hnfnm yf Rfvyt xfie vel h j cnb, gkf-

vt y tv g h j c b z d i eç . Levfk wf h m y t h f ccnfn m c z

c Cjr h jd b otv. Yj leø crfpfk: ≤Yt ujl yj ns yf-

heibk Dscitt F-Tcntcn dj. Nhel y tt ñeltn dkf ltn m

Rf v y tv csyfv xtkjdtx tcrbv, b njk mrj nt, rnj

c njñjç, vjuen gjdt h yenm Rf vtym r ljñ he. Cj-

p dtpl b tv erf åe genm Rf v y z ≥ .

Etøfk gj cjk r øf ye Nf vt hkf ye, yt kt u rj ktå b n

Rf vtym d Jnf ret. Yflj gj c kfnm cnh f åe nhäø pyf-

väy. Tlen yf dt h ñk çlfø kçlb, gskm cnjkñjv

pf r h s df tn cjk y wt. Gjujlf kçltq gjr h skf _ ñtp

rjy wf blen. B rfçrb gjdt h yekb rjytq r ljve.

Yjx mç rnj eñt h tåän Rf vtym? Gecnsyz edtkf

xeåbø kçltq, b Rf vtym eiäk c ybvb yf gjk lt y m .

Elevfq, øfy, rfr lju y fnm Rf vtym d ujlysø genz ø !

Uhecnm gji kf, ødjh j cnm, lfåt rjym jcneg f tncz.

R ujlysv tpljrfv zdk z tncz leø zdktyysq: ≤Yt

b o b nt, njk mrj dhtvz gjrf åtn genm≥. Rfålsq ekec

gj - c djtve gjän j Rf v y t .

1 1 4

J nt w C ek mg b w b q b vtk d b lt y b t : Ñ tks q jñkfx-

y s q cnjkñ ghbldbyekcz b ujkjc hfpl fkcz: ≤Øhfyb-

nt Rf vtym d rjdx t ut, ghbdtp ä y yjv bp Hjnt y ñeh uf .

Yf yäv xtnsht rdf l h fnf cj pyfrjv ≤V≥ d rf å ljv .

Z dktybt ñeltn zcyj, rjulf Z ghjb p y tce: ¥ G en m

x tn dthsø yf Djcnjr¯. Ybxnj yt eñfdbn Pfgjdtl m .

Ecneg b nt ceå l ä y yjve xfce. Cjñt he djb yjd Pdtpl s

Vjtq. Rjve ceå lt yj gjp y f y yjt dj dhtvt y b _ nt

cjñt hencz. Cbt cdbltntk m cn deç ntv xfcjv, xnj

Rf vtym gjljñty ct hl we xtkjdtx tc rjve b d yäv

pf rk çxäy rhbcnfkk cbzçobq!≥ Gj c kt ntø bphtx t-

ybq cnjkñ hfcgfkcz cbybvb bcrhfvb, gjdt h u yed

jn wf Cek mgbwbz d ñtc g h b vt h yjt lhjåfybt. Nf r

pf vtx fntk myj, xnj Rf vtym, ghbñsdibq c Djcnjrf ,

b vttn ajhve hfcgkçot y yjuj gkjlf bkb ct hl wf ,

el k b y ä y yjq ajhvs. Yf rjdx t ut yfqltys crfpf y-

yst ñerds, pyfxtybt bø ytbpdtcn yj .

Reh yjdee, Ghfdbntkm pjkjnjv gjrhsnsq, gj-

kexbk jn Nf w kf dee Rf vtym nävysq, rjnjhsq pf-

rk çx fk rhbcnfkk åbpyb. B ghfdbntkm yjcbk ãnjn

Rf vtym gjdt hø pjkjnf .

1 1 5

Bp rybub Nh b cnfyf, yfp df y yjuj Keyjv. ≤Rjul f

Csy Cjk y wf cjiäk yf ptvkç yfexbnm yfhjls,

c ytñf eg fk obn, rjnjhsq yjcbk cbke vbhf. Gj-

c h tlb obnf, vtå le nh tvz jnkbxysvb gznyfvb,

d s cneg fkb ct h tñ hzyst pyfrb, ghtl dt ofdibt cj-

ñsnbz gjl kexjv Cjk y wf. Zdktybt ytjå b l f y yjq

n mvs yf Cjk y wt gjdt h ukj d jnxfzybt Csyf Cjk y-

wf, b jy dshjybk b hfpñbk obn, bñj cjp dtpl b t

ñ skj dhfåltñ yj. Yj cbkf jcnfkfcm d jñkjv rt

ct h tlbys, nfv rf cfkcz kex Cjk y wf. Ujdjhz n, wf h m

Cjkjvjy dsyek dyenhtyyçç xfcnm Rfvyz lkz

g t h cnyz. Crfpfybt yfibø åhtwjd nf r åt ujdjhbn

j hfpñ b njv obnt Cjk y wf. Pktqifz ji b ñ rf jnh b-

wfnm Rf vtym. Gjb cnbyt, z dbltk tuj _ j c rjkjr

o b nf vbhf! Gjvyç dtk b x b ye tuj, lkbyjç c vjq

gznsq gfktw, cthsq jn ñktcr, rfr ceøjq gkjl. Lfåt

pyfrb gjvyç, yj yt gjyzk bø. Gjkjå b ntk myj z

d b ltk Rf vtym, b yfqle tuj. Ujdjhz n, Rf vtym cf v

g h b øjl b n, dpznm tuj ytkmpz. Tckb nfr, z ljå lec m

Rfvyz. Hflb tuj ble d gecnsyç lj rjy wf åbpyb≥.

Gjvyb, Key , _ ns htibk ljå l fn m c z .

1 1 6

Rjulf e gjdtk b ntkz Bylbb ghjg fk Rf vtym, åt y f

c rfpfkf: ≤Yfqläv tuj jgznm. El fksq ghjcbn ker ,

g n b we cfv lj cnf y tn ≥ .

Rjulf bvgthfnjh Rbnfz dkf ltk Cjr h jd b otv

Cjk y wf, jy gj cnh jbk lkz ytuj øhfv bp ñbhçps

w dtnf xbcnjuj ytñf. Rjulf åt vfkt y mrbt ghbyws

c ytdtcnjç pf uk z yekb d ldthm ckbirjv ljk uj ,

b v g t h fnjh crfpfk: ≤Kbcf dfc dtl ä n, xetnt Hf lj cn m

V b h f ≥ .

Åtktpyfz rjh jyf kf y ujñf hljd _ njåt dj c gj-

vbyfybt j Rfvyt. Yt ljk uj uj cnbk Rf vtym jrjkj

Ujhs ujhlj cnb. Vyjuj gj c kjd c Djcnjrf. Eyj c z n

dt h ñk çls Rf vtym d Nb ñtn. Gj gecnsyt ytcen, b

c ybv _ yjdeç cbke.

B gj c ktlybq gjkän yf Pfgfl jcdtnbk wf h cn dj

y tñ s dfkjt ytel fx yjuj tlbytybz yfhjljd Pfg f l f .

Yf rf å ljv kext Djcnjrf eåt boen Rf vtym. Dhtv z

y f cnf ä n, chjrb bcgjk y z ncz. Hjr ceåläyysq pfg b-

cfy, rjulf c Pfgflf ljñ h jdjk myj Rf vtym ghblän.

En dt hå l f tv ålfnm b gjyznm Rfvyz genm. En dt h-

1 1 7

å l f tv gjyznm ceåläyysø yj c b ntktq Rfvyz, ble-

obø ljvjq. Rjh f ñkm ujnjd !

Nb ñtn b Yjdfz Cnhfyf gjq len yfdcnh txe ctv b

p d ä plfv gjl pyfrjv nhäø pdäpl, gj c kfdibø Rf vt y m

v b he. Cjr h jd b ot ujnjdj, b dhfu yt djp mvän pjkj-

njv gjrhsnsq obn!

Å l b nt Rf vt y m !

1 1 8

G h j h jx tcn df

j I f vñfk t b V f q nh tt

1 1 9

G h j h jx tcn df j Ifvñfkt

b Vfqnh tt

Cjr h jd b ot c Pfgflf djp d h f of tncz. Gj ujh f v

pf å b uf çncz juyb hflj cntq. Gj c vjnh b nt yf ljh j-

ue _ b len yjczobt Rf vtym. Yf rjdx t ut pyfrb

Vf q nh t b .

Bp Cdz ot y yjuj Wf h cn df chjr erfpfy, rjul f

h f ccntkbnm rjdäh jåblfybz. Pyfrfvb ctvb pdäpl

jn r h jçncz Dhfnf .

≤Juyäv zdkç Vjbø gj c kfyysø. Cjñt h b nt ghtle-

rfpfybz cx f cn mz df i t uj ! ≥

Nfr bcgjk y z çncz ghtlc rfpfybz ghtl rjd b gb-

cfybz vel h s ø .

Y f q l b nt ev dcnh tnbnm yfp y fx t y yjt, rjulf d gz-

njv ujle gjz dz ncz dtcnybrb djb yjd Ct dt h yjq

I f vñfks. Yfqlbnt ev dcnh tnbnm bø b ghbyznm

Yjdeç Ckf de !

Lfv vjq pyfr Vjk y b b !

1 2 0

Erfp Rtcf h - øfyf. ≤E Vtyz vyjuj cjr h jdbo, yj

vjue lfnm bø Vjtve yfhjle kbim d yfp y fx t y y s q

c h jr. Rjulf djb y cn dj Ct dt h yjq Ifvñfks ghbytc ä n

rjgbt cgfctybz, njulf jn r h jç ujhyst nfqybrb b

h fpltk b nt c djb y cn djv Vjb cjr h jd b of gjh jd ye

b åbdbnt d cghfdtl k b dj cnb. Njve Vjtve Erfpe

c rjhj gj c g tnm yfl dctvb gecn s y z v b .

Rjulf pjkjnj Vjä ñskj hfp dt z yj dtnh f v b ,

gjkjåbk chjr, rjulf kçlb Ct dt h yjq Ifvñfks

g h b len cjñ b h fnm Vjä bveotcn dj .

Njulf pf ujnjdbn Vjq yfhjl vtirb lkz ñjufn-

cn df, b rf å ljve lfv cghfdtl k b deç ljk ç ≥ .

≤ Vjå yj yfqnb gtcjr pjkjnjq, vjå yj yfqnb

l h f ujwt y y s t rf v y b , yj b cn b y yjt ñjufncn dj g h b-

l ä n kbim c kçl mvb Ct dt h yjq Ifvñfks, rjul f

ghblän dhtvz gj c kfnm bø.

Nfr pfgjdtl f ç ≥ .

G h b øjlzobq Vf q nhtz bpjñ h f åf tncz cj cgeot y-

ysvb yjuf v b _ c b v djk cgtiyj cn b .

Z dktybt Vf q nhtb crfpf yj gj c kt djqy, yj gj-

c ktlybt djqys ñelen pf Bcn b y yjt Ex t y b t .

1 2 1

Ghbxäv rfålsq dj ccnfdibq ghjnbd Ifvñfks

ñeltn gjh f åäy dj dctø ltkfø cdjbø. B djkys ñelen

c v s dfnm ljv tuj, b lfåt gäc yt ghblän yf pjd tuj .

Yt nexb, yj vjkybb ñeltn dbltnm jy d gj c ktl y ç ç

yjxm. B Rhfcysq Dtcnybr dcnf y tn yf cnjkñf ø

C dtnf .

Extybt erfp s df tn, rfr rfålsq djby Ifvñfks

y f h tx ä ncz ytgjñtl b v s v .

Cfv Dkf l s rf cgtibn, b pyfvz Tuj eåt yfl

ujh f v b !

Ñkf uj c kjdtyysq Ñellf gj c skf tn dfv kçñ b vjuj

Vf q nhtç, xnjñs ds vjukb ghbñkbpbnmcz r Jñob-

yt. Dfib gfcn ñ b of ghjnz yencz yf Pfgjdtl f y yeç

ptv k ç .

Rjulf ds cnt h tåä nt cnflf, yt cks i b nt kb ujkj cf

d rfvyzø? Ãnj hfñjnybrb Vf q nhtb ujnjdzn lkz df c

cjr h jd b of .

Rjulf dtnth cdbcnbn d rjd skt, gjy b vf tnt kb, xnj

ãnj cnh tks Vf q nhtb ktnzn yf pf o b ne ?

Rjulf vjkybz jpf hz tn dfib ekecs, pyftnt kb ds,

x nj ãnj cdtn df i t uj åtkf y yjuj Vf q nh t b ?

1 2 2

Rjve åt gjhex f tncz cnh f åf d gthdeç yjx m ? _

D f v !

R rjve åt yfg h f dk z çncz Vjb gj c kf y y s t ?_

R df v !

Rnj dcnh tnbn bø gthdsvb?_ D s !

C pfgflf, c ujh ghblen Vjb kçlb. Rnj åt ghb-

vtn bø b cjøhfybn bø?_ D s !

Vjk b nt Nf he gjñsnm c dfvb. Åtkf q nt ct hl wf

jvsnm lj ghbøjlf Vjt uj .

Rfålsq epyfdibq j Vjäv åtkfybb gjr h jtn

i fg re rhfcysv dt højv b jñthyän yfkjñybr epl s

r h f c yjç ntc mvjç .

C vjnh b nt ghbcnfk myj yf rjk mwf ghbøjl z o b ø .

Nfv, ult Vjz xfif, nfv dfit cgfct y b t .

Yf ujhfø pf å ukbcm juyb, ghbøjlbn yjdsq ujl .

Rnj ghjcgbn, njn ñjk mit yt ghjcyänc z .

Ct dthyfz Ifvñfkf blän!

Vs yt pyftv cnh f øf. Vs yt pyftv ey s y b z .

Ler rfh vyjujjrfz b vyjujherfz gj c skf tn yfv

x b cnst vsckb.

Gjlevf q nt xbcnsvb vsckzvb, gjlevf q nt cdtn-

ksvb vsckzvb!

1 2 3

Hfp, ldf, nhb, dbåe nhb yfhjl f .

Hfp, ldf, nhb, dbåe nhb rybub: gthdeç _

Cf vjuj Ñkf uj c kjdt y yjuj, dnjheç _ z dkt y yeç Fi-

df u øjitç, nh tn mç _ z dkt y yeç Wjy r øfgjç .

Hfp, ldf, nhb, dbåe nhb rybub Ghbøjlf Vf q nh t b .

Gt h dfz yfg b cfyf yf Pfg f lt, dnjhfz yfg b cfyf yf

D j cnjrt, nh tn mz yfg b cfyf yf Ct dt h t .

Hfp , l df , nh b , d b åe nh b z dkt y b z . Gt h djt c vtxjv ,

dnjh jt c pf rjyjv, nh tnmt cj cdtnjv .

Hfp, ldf, nhb, dbåe nhb rjyz. Gthdsq xähysq,

dnjh jq rhfcysq, nh tnbq ñtks q .

Hfp, ldf, nhb, dbåe nhb rjh f ñkz. Gthdsq yf

djlt, dnjh jq gjl djljç, nh tnbq yfl ptv k ä ç .

Hfp, ldf, nhb, dbåe nhb jhkf. Jlby cblzobq yf

rfvyt, dnjh jq rkççobq ljñ s xe, nh tnbq ktnz o b q

r cjk y we.

Hfp, ldf, nhb, dbåe boeobø cdtn. Kex rhfcysq,

kex cbybq, kex ñtks q - ct h tñ hz y s q .

En dt hålfç, xnj Extybt dsikj bp Ñjl ø b -Ufz

b dt h y ä ncz nel f .

Rjul f i tcn d b t c B pjñ h f åt y b tv I f vñfks gjq l ä n

gj ptvkzv Ñells b dt h y ä ncz r Gt h djb cnjx y b re,

1 2 4

njulf yfcnegbn dhtvz ghjb p y tctybz cdz ot y yjuj

c kjdf I f vñfkf.

Njulf vjå yj gjkexbnm gjk m pe jn ghjb p y tct y b z

ãnjuj ckjdf. Njulf vsckm j Ifvñfkt lfcn gboe.

Njulf en dt hå ltybt Ifvñfks cnf y tn yfx fkjv

dctø lt q cndbq b pf rjy x b ncz ñkf ujl f h yj cn mç Ifv-

ñfkt .

D tk b rjt b vfkjt ghjy b r y tncz gjy z n b tv Ex t y b z .

C dz otyyfz Ifvñfkf bpjñ h f åf tncz chtlb vtx t q

b rjgbq d ytgjñtl b vjv lj c g tøt .

Njhåtcn dt y yj en dt hå l f ç _ y t gjñtl b vf Ifv-

ñfkf !

P f dt h i b kcz rheu ytctybz Bpjñ h f åtybz! D vtc-

nfø Ñells, d vtcnfø Vf q nhtb ghjy tct yj Bpjñ h f-

åtybt. ≤Rfkf u b z ≥ _ g h jb p y tct yj. Rfr pyfvz hfp-

dt h yekjcm Bpjñ h f åt y b t !

C rfpf y yjt nfr åt dt h yj, rfr gjl rf v y tv Uevf

ktåbn ghjh jx tcn dj j Cdz ot y yjq Ifvñfkt .

J ñjqlän pyfvz Ifvñfks chtlbyyst ptvkb Ñkf-

uj c kjdt y yjuj. Ghbpyfdibt tuj djp h f leçncz, b

cjl h ju yencz jn dt h u i b t .

1 2 5

Cghjcbn Nf i b -kf vf Dtk b rjuj Lfkf q -kf ve: ≤Xnj

ceå lt yj gj c ktl y tve Lfkf q -kf vt ? ≥

≤ J n dt h u yedibq ñeltn ghtlfy cele b pf ñ dt y b ç ,

b gjqlän djb y cn dj gjl pyfvt y tv Vf q nhtb, b

cnf y tn ujh jl Køf cf jv h fxäyysv b gecn s v .

D j ccnfdibt ghjnbd Ifvñfks ybpdt h u yen s

ñelen.

Rfr rhjdm, jntxän pyfvz Vf q nhtb ptvkb Yjdjuj

Vbhf lkz pfntvyäyysø, b rfr rhfcyjt cjk y wt _

lkz gjy z d i b ø ! ≥

Yfqlän Nf i b -kf vf Dtk b rjuj Lfkf q -kf ve, b crf-

åtn Lfkf q -kf vf: ≤Gjikç ntñt kexibq pyfr vjq

vjkybb, blb b ghbvb Nb ñtn. Rjk mwj cjø h f y b n ! ≥

1 2 6

J ukf dk t y b t

Cnh f y b wf cj r h jdtyyjq bcnj hbb

D kflsrb Ñe l l s

Y fx fkj gen b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P f dt ofyysq Vf q nh t z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Eøjl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

P f dtn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

B pñhfybt yf gjl d b u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

K çñ b vfz buhf Ñells c ex t y b rf v b . . . . . . . . . . . 14

J c yjdf Ex t y b z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

J n rfp jn cjñcn dt y yj cn b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

J ceå ltybt bpedt h jd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Nhb Fhøfnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

G f cneø b cf y y mz c b y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

G h jl f dtw jñtp mz y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Ghbnxf j djg h ji f d i tv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

Rjktcj Pfrjy f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

Xt hnf ytjñøjl b vj cn b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

Bc rfntkm Ñel l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6

Gjp y f d i b q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

C g f ctybt xtkjdt rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8

Ghbnxf j wfht Vf h f ujh f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9

Y f cnf dktybz ghfdbntkç Hf l åf u h b ø b . . . . . . . . . . 31

1 2 7

Bp åbpyb Øhb cnf

P dtpl f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4

Øjå ltybt Øhbcnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7

G h b øjl Øhbcnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9

Pyfrb Øhbcnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Hf cc rfp Vfhbb Vf ul fk b y s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

R y b å y b r b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5

D jghjcs Cbytl h bjy f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7

Ukfpf _ jnrhsnst hfys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8

V fnthm Vbhf

Vfnthm Vbhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0

Cbzybt Vfnthb Vbhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

G h b rfp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

Buhf Vfnthb Vbhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4

Juytyysq obn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5

G kf vtyysq gkfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6

F g jkkjybq Nb f y cr b q

Gj ct ot y b t F gjk kjy b tv Nb f y c r b v ct dt h f B y l b b . . 5 8

Eøjl Fgjk kjybz Nb f y c rjuj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

1 2 8

Bp åbpyb Cthubz Hf lj y tåcrj uj

G h jdjp dtcnbt Dkf l s x b w s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4

Y f cnf dktybz Ct h u b z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5

Nhels Ct h u b z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6

G h tl d b ltybt Ct h u b z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7

Fr ñfh Dtkb r b q

Ct h tñ hzysq Dtcn y b r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9

Gjvjom Ytñf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Gjk rjdjl w s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

D h f u b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Dblbvsq ytdblbvj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

C rfp f y b z

Rj c vjujy b x tc rfz crfp rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Gj c kfytw Cdtnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0

Ctvm ckeu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

J g kjn dt h yj cn b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2

Gjx b nfybt Ex b ntk z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3

V b kf h t g f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

J n i tk my b r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5

Ñ fneh Ñfrif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7

1 2 9

Ñ tkfz Ujh f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9

C nh tks vsckt q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0

Vsckm vbhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Bcnjxybr nt h g t y b z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2

Ø h f y b ntkm ctvb Dhfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3

G kf vt y y s q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5

Lfh Nmv s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6

D jp y f u h f å lt y b t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7

L df Gbnh b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8

Ryzpm Vbhf ct uj

K ç w b at h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

P jk j nj b Nm v f

P jkjnj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6

Nmvf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8

Kt ut y lf j Rf v y t

Kt utylf j Rf v y t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

G h j h jx tcn df j Ifvñfkt b Vfqnh tt

G h jh jx tcn df j Ifvñfkt b Vf q nh tt . . . . . . . . . . 12 0

1 3 0

Jn htl f r w b b

à nf rybuf kt utyl, crfpfybq b ghjh jx tcnd (Bp åbpyb Ñel l s ,

Ø h b cnf, Fgjk kjybz Nb f y c rjuj, Cthubz Hf ljy tåc rjuj; Vfnt h m

Vbhf; J Ifvñfkt b Vf q nh tt; J Rfvyt b lh.), rjnjhst ñsk b

cjñhfys Tkt yjq B df yjd yjq Ht h b ø d 19 23 –1928 ujlfø. Pfg b c b

g h jb p djlbkbcm gj ghtbveotcn de d Bylbb, f nf r åt dj dhtv z

Wt y nh fk myjfp b fnc rjq ãrc g tlbwbb Ht h b øf (19 25 –19 2 8 ) .

D rybut ghbjn r h s df çncz cjr h jdtyyst cnhfybws åbpyb

D tkbrbø Ex b ntktq xtkjdtx tcn df, gj ñjk mitq xfcnb ybult yt

pfg b cfyyst, yj yfläåyj cjøhfyäyyst ecn yjq nhflbwbtq Djc-

njrf. Vyjubt bp ãnbø ghtlfybq b rhbgnjuhfvv dcnh tx f çncz

d gthdsø rybufø Extybz Fuyb-Qjub bkb Åbdjq Ãnbrb.

Ghb gjl ujnjd rt 3-uj bplfybz bcgjk m pjdfys dct lj cneg y s t

f høbdyst vfnt h b fks T. B . Ht h b ø. Yf jcyjdt herjg b ctq dj c-

cnf yjdkty hzl ghjgec rjd, ljgeotyysø d gthdjv bpl f y b b

(Gfhbå, 1929), b ljñf dktys ytrjnjhst ahfuvtyns, dji tl i b t

d fyukbqcrbq gthtdjl (ò. ≠º ∆ Õ ÷ -î∆ … º ∆ ” ¬ . † Õ ë º ’ ÷ ¬ ” Õ â” Œ ’ ’ ” Œ º ¿ ’ .

û π , 19 3 0 ; 2 - t b pl . _ 1992).

Gct dljybv (Å.Ct y n -B kth), lfyysq gj nh tñjdfybç gfhbå-

c rjuj bpl fntkz, jgeoty, b rybuf dsøjlbn ñtp bvtyb fdnjhf _

nfr, rfr ghtl gjkf ufkjcm dyfx fkt .

D rybue drk çxtys ljgjkytybz b enjxytybz, cltkf y y s t

T .B . Hthbø lkz gj c ktleçobø bplfybq, yj lj cbø gjh yt geñ-

k b rjdf d i b tc z .

1 3 1