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Ion VLAD
CONVERTOARE
ELECTROMECANICE II
Noti e de curs
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No iuni generale3.1.3. Înfáçurári de curent alternativ
y ! "
# $
$ m 2
% & ' & zona de dus(
& zon de întors. % c N
mpq N c 2= ) *& " înf urarea întreag # $
+ " ,
c N p
2
= " / "
- ),( p N c
=
mt
N c . / " ) 0 " ! (
=
m N c " (
=
m N c2 " ! ) 1
2
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)
3.1.3.2. Înfáçurári trifazate íntr-un singur strat# $ ! "
24=c N 2= p 3=m ( 2=t 3
# ) 0 ) 1 (3 # 624
22/ === " ) 3)
) # 42 =
m
N c
(
, 2 " 3 ) 4 $# "
32
5 * 0 1 6 7 8 3 334
" / A / B /C 4 $
$9 "
" , $ "
: – ;
(
Fig. 3.23. Steaua t.e.m. pentru înf surarea analizat.
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4
– " "
< " ) 34 = ! " < " ) 3* ' ; " ) 3) ;
3.1.3.3. Înfáçurári trifazate ín douá straturi+
+
y y = ;
> "
"
m
N c " " " = " ) 36
18=c N 2= p 3=m 2/3=q 2
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*
< " ) 36 #
3.1.3.4. Înfáçurári ín colivie9 !
c N
" ) 37
< : 2/1= N
c N m = "
3.2.2. T.e.m. indusá íntr-o ínfáçurare de curent alternativ
# . ? @ " " ) )3 . . v / .A . ?. @ " . . /
, / ! / .A . ? @ / ? A
. . # / / .A/ ". / .
Fig.3.29. Înf uraren colivie.
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T.e.m. indusá de armonica fundamentalá de spaþiu ?" 1 B B . /
?. pn f =1 ) 30
A "c N p
2
=
# . 1ecU . . / ! . " " ,il
vl BU iec 11 21= ) 31
@ n p Dnv == 2 n pl BU iec = 22
111 ) 36
< $ .
===
0 01111
2sin)( iii l B xdx Bl dxl x B ) 37
111 2=
f U ec
) )8 / ; . . / .
" " ) )3 . / . " $ .' . . " x
. " / @ / ? @ "
< / . / , x . " / @ / ?
@ " / ?. " /
x . ? " " ( . " ) )) A . 1eciU 25 ' ;
/ $ c= % @ >
2sin211
RU RU eciec == ) )
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1
111 iececi K U U = ) )3
22sin1
cc K i = ) ))
/ . @ . / .
< " ) )3 ? ? < " ) )) B . / !
" A . / ?. . / . / "
B . / ! . 1esU ? . / C " 3 )8
" y
y " ) )4
1111 22sin2 seciecies K U y
yU U ==
) )4
y y
K s 2sin1 = / .A . y y = ).11 = s K
T.e.m. indusá íntr-o bobiná cu b s spire11 esbeb U sU = ) )*
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< " ) )4 B . / ! . < " ) )* B . / .
B & / . .
=
=
q
k ebk eq U U
111 )( ' / . "
111211 )(...)(...)()( ebqebk ebeb U U U U ===== ) )0
A c
N p
2
= ( " ? ? . / / !
. >
2sin2;
2sin2 11
q RU RU eqeb == ) )1
111 r ebeq K qU U =
2sin
2sin
1
q
q K r =
1r K . @ ! 1eqU . + / .A / ". / . "
11 2 eqe pU U = ) 48
111111 24 = f K K K pqsU r sibe
) 4
% . . b pqs N 2= A1111 r si B K K K K = / .A .
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1111 2 = Be NK f U ) 43> ? . A / .A . / !
11 eqe pU U = b pqs N =
2. T.e.m. indusá de armonica de ordinul @
1= ( p p =
==
c N
p2 ) 40
< ? . 1 f pnn p f === ) 41
= Be NK f U 2 ) 46
3. T.e.m. indusá pe o fazá . ?
=
=
1
2
ee U U ) *3
, . y A / . c
A ? . ? / .# A / A .. A c @ A y @
y
2. Cãmpul magnetic ínvãrtitor circular produs pe cale mecanicá # . A . . ? " ) 43 A
/ .A $ ? . . ' . / @ "
? " A / . . ? . ! ?. $ ?.
2 > " ) 43 $ @ " , ? $ ?. " :
gReR p B B x B sinsin)( ==
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eR ! " $ ?. 2 > A $ (
gR ! " "# . ?. $ ?. 2 # A
. gSR ! " " $ . ( gS !" " /
?. 2 # @ : gR gSR gS += ) 63
' . . $ $ ? . " . .
A A @ " ? 2 # ? ) 6 A ) 63 ?
@ " ? :)(sin)( gSR gS p B x B = ) 6)
@ . -8 / ? :
x pt S A R A eS gS gSR ===.... ) 64
/ ? :
== t x Bt p p Bt x B gS
sin)sin(),( ) 6*
#! ? @ " / @ . A " . / / . D @ . ? . A / @ A
A .
1. MAÇINA SINCRONÁ1.PÁRÞI COMPONENTE ÇI MATERIALE UTILIZATE
E A . A . . . ? " . ? p f n /60 11 = +
< " ) 43 ,@ "/ @ .
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. A . @ " . / .A . / . / .A $ ?
E A . . " A ' . . A
/ ? ? " . ? . .
! A . ? " 3 . ? . .
! A . / ? , ? A ?/
< " # ? . . < " 3 # ? . . ! A . . ? ! A . . / ?
? . " / ? " turbogenerator . .
. hidrogenerator . . .B " " / ?
? ? .
" " . ? /? . :'- !3 – ( - 0!1 ! " "
F " " ? ? ? A . /
? . . $ : '- 4! 0 – ( - !3 ! " "
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Statorul . $. A A A A .
.? Rotorul A .
@ / . : ? / ?
1.1.1. Párþile componente ale statoruluiCarcasa " A
A ? . A ? /? . .
Miezul feromagnetic al statorului @ " / A . . . .
$ " 8 * ' . " . G38!3* .
" ? $ . . A , " .A
" ? . . + A A " .
.B . . . Înfáçurarea statoruluie / .A . / ! /
$ . . A . / .
< / .A . A . ? A ?
. + A D-)! * HI + A A / . . . @ !
1.1.2. Párþile componente ale rotoruluiA. Rotorul cu poli aparenþi # . A A ?
*88 J @ + A / A
A / .A . $ ?
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* A @ / ? ? A ?" .:
)(2)()( // x p
x x B E o E
µ =
. ? @ " ? . :
)( x E ! ? $ ? . A ( ! . (
)(// x !/ E. / ? ? .
C k A " ? A sk :
)()(// xk k x C s = 3 " * .
? A . . . " A .A . /
/ .A $ ? E I A @ " "
# / . .
E B @ .. .
1 E B A ' / .
. . " ; . # . $ " . A $ A & $ .
Reac " ia transversalá a indusului / . . ( ) 0, == I U eE ,
" " 0 K )0( == d q I I I A K a . K. K E 2/
. . . '1 / $ 21, d d " 0 + L " K
/ A " " > /
< " * # ? A A @ "
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16 . K. L " '
K 0= A K .
< " 0 > K . : – ? A . A ? @
? A .( ! "
M " 0 . K K K . /
$ A $ . / $ &' . / .,ct = K .
@ ? . " . :
)(2)(
)( // x p x
x B aqoaq
= *
9 . . " . ? K / . ? @ 2 .
" ? A ? 1 " 1 A " 1
" ? " ? :a) Maçiná nesaturatá " . " 1
A ? " . / / . E B + " ? . 1 .
. ? " min B . . A? 2 . A ? max M
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1
< " 1 ? / . .:! A . .( ! A . .
< $ A ? / " ? abcd S ? / . ABcd S
' " . ? . " F5 " . " F2 A
" . . . . . . " " $ A . ? / . "
? / " E = b) Maçiná saturatá
" ." 1 A # ?" # . . ? ." " . ?
ABcd abcd S S . $ A . ? / . @ ? / "
E <
Efectele reacþiei transversale sunt urmátoarele:- " A " A (! $ / A . ?. $ ." .(! . $ A . ? / . ?.
/ " . ? "
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Reacþia longitudinalá a indusului ín cazul 2/ = A . . A "
6 . )0( == qd I I I # . . . K " 6 '1 / $
+ L K / > A " " / A A @
< " 6 > K " . 2/ = – ? A . A ? @ ? " A .( ! "
$ " . A $. @ ? A 2/=" K A " .
# K . L A K A; ), E I I . L K
. " 6 L K
" M " . K K K .
Reacþia longitudinalá a indusului ín cazul 2/ = A . . A "
7 . / )0( == qd I I I # . . . A ? . .
+ L K / A
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7 " " / A A
@ A A
< " 7 > K " . 2/ = – ? A . A ? @ ? " A .( ! "
> K " " /" 7 . . K . r A
1.3. ECUAÞIILE DE TENSIUNI §I DIAGRAMELEFAZORIALE
1.3.1. Generatorul sincron cu poli ínecaþi, ?
. / .A . A # .
! N / # . A $ / .A . A @
A ." " . ? :
euu Ri $=+ ! :
> ! ? / .A . .( ! ( ! (
< " 3) . A
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eu$ ! / / .A, . " ?
"
dt d
u e =$ 3! $ . / .A
# / . $ . :% ++= a E )
E ! $ (a ! $ ? (% ! $
2 $ . . ? :
i L
i L
Nk
aa
E B E
% %
=
=
=
4
% ! . . / .A . ( Bk ! ;(
E ! $ (a L ! . @ ? (% L ! . @
, / $ / ? 66 ? :% eeaeE e uuuu ++=$ *
eE u ! . @ (eau ! . @ (% eu ! . @
. ? / . . .:
Riuuuu eeaeE ++= % 0, ? A .
. . / / 3/2 3/4
" / $ ? ? . .:
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3 I RU U U U eeaeE ++= % 1
? :
I jX U
I jX U
fNK jU
e
aea
E BeE
% %
=
=
= 26
a X ! ? . @ ? (% X ! ? . @
2 @ . ? 1 / " 34 ! ". A . . / " 3*" . .
< " 34 ' " . < " 3* ' " . . . . .
Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá transformatá# / ? :
I X X jU U aeea )( % % +=+ 7% X X X a s += 38
s X ! ? . A
I jX U ses = 3A ? . :
I RU U U eseE += 33
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' " . / " 30 . .
Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá simplificatá " ; . . ?.
eseE U U U += 3)' " . . . / " 31
< " 30 ' " . < " 31 ' " .. .
1.3.2. Generatorul sincron cu poli aparenþi . . " / ?
. / .A A " 3) # . ! N / #
euu Ri $=+ 34
dt d
u e =$ 3*! $ . / .A
% +++= aqad E 30 E ! $ (ad ! $ ? . $ " .(aq ! $ ? . $ .(% ! $ ad L ! . @ ? " (aq L ! . @ ? (
d i ! " . (
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3)
qi ! . , / $ / ? 3* ? :
% eeaqead eE e uuuuu +++=$ 36ead u ! . @ ? " (eaqu ! . @ . ? / .
Riuuuuu eeaqead eE +++= % 37 " / $
? ? . .: I RU U U U U eeaqead eE +++= % )8
? :
I jX U
I jX U
I jX U
fNK jU
e
qaqeaq
d ad ead
E BeE
% %
=
=
=
= 2
)
ad X ! ? . @ ? " ( aq X !
? . @ ?
< " 36 ' " . < " 37 ' " . . . . .
2 @ . ? )8 / " 36 ! ". A . . / " 37
" . .
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Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá transformatá@ . . $
? . . :)( qd qaqd ad eeaqead I I jX I jX I jX U U U +=++ % % )3
.
%
%
X X X
X X X
aqq
ad d
+=
+=
))
d X
! ? . " . A (q X ! ? . .
.
qqeq
d d ed
I jX U
I jX U =
=
)4
I RU U U U eqed eE ++= )*, ? A " .. / " )8 . .
Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá simplificatá " ; . . ?.
eqed eE U U U U ++= )0' " . . . / " )
< " )8 ' " . < " ) ' " .. .
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3*1.4. CUPLAREA ÍN PARALEL
A GENERATOARELOR SINCRONE % . / " :
! " @ . (
! ? . " / / . ? / ? @ " @ (
! . A ?M . A A /
/ / . N . " K" )3 " )) . / . ? : I " A ? . "
3 # " A ? . A) " ? " A ?4 . .
" . .
Verificarea condiþiilor çi modul de índeplinire al acestora, ? " . .
; . . . " A ? ' .? / . . $ ?
" A U U g < . U U g > @ . @ ? "
3 , ? A " A ? A ; . . ; " / @
Montajul la stingere . " )3
" " A ? /" )3 ' . .
321 ,, U U U . / " )3 " A A " A
' . / . K A / . M / N / K .
K K L /" A K
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, $ / ; " )3 . K A " ! 5 #
. . 541 ,, U U U . A A "
/ ? . " ? A . K
< " )3: ! ; " "
K ( ! " . " A K A 321 ,, U U U .
Montajul la foc ínvãrtitor# . " )) "
" A ? / " )) , . 321 ,, U U U
. . @ / @' . / . K A
/ . # . . 541 ,, U U U A " , / ? . "
? A . K
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)< " )): ! ; / @ "
K ( ! " . " A K A 321 ,, U U U
.
I ? " ? " A ? ; ' . K " / $ K . $. A
. . .' . K . .
" . g r g r , K K A " #. . U . / A . .
, / ? . ? ? " @ . @ ? " .4 2 ? / .
. montajului la stingere // N / " .
; . " L
K L . / L / K montajului la foc ínvãrtitor ? / . @
. . .?"
Consecinþe ín cazul nerespectárii condiþiile . ? "
/ . A " . ? ?
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vm M p P P ++=1 )7' . . ? / ! " . . ? ? A / " ? :
01 M M M += 48
1.5.2. Cuplul çi puterea electromagneticá# " ; . / / .A
" cos2 mUI P P M =' 4' " . . A
? " )* . = 43 ? ? 4
. A ? :
sinsincoscos
mUI
mUI P M +
+=
4)
# / . cossin I I si I I qd == 44
' " . /" )* ? . . $
d
eE d X
U I
X U U
I sincos
==
M K. ?4) 44 A 4* ? . " :
2sin112
sin2
+=
d qd
eE M X X
mU X
mUU P 40
" . / . ? ? " .
(()
*
++,
-
+=
2sin11
2sin
2
d qd
eE
X X mU
X mUU p
M 41
# . . " . @. :
< " )* ' " .. A
?
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-Componenta principalá $ . . A . $ ?
sin/d
eE
X mUU p
M = 41
!Componenta auxiliará $ . A ?. . . $ :
2sin112
2//
=
d q X X mU p
M 41
. . .
" cossincossin
)sin(sinmUI mUI
mUI mUI Q=
===
46
/ qd I I , A ? :
qd qd
eE
X mU
X X mU
X mUU
Q22
2cos112
cos
+= 47
# . A . . . . $ ? . $ . . .
. $ A / . .
Caracteristica unghiular staticá A :
./
.01
=
=
=
=
...
)(,ct I
ct f
ct U
f M P
E
M *8
La maçina cu poli ínecaþi / ?. . $ " ? .
sqd X X X == * " . .
sin/ s
eE
X mUU p M M == *3
" . . / " )0 .
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)
< " )0 " . )( f M = " : ! / ? ( ! ?
La maçina cu poli aparenþi . " . " )0
9 . " )0 . " . A /
"
1.6. CARACTERISTICILE DE FUNCÞIONARE ALEGENERATORULUI SINCRON
1.6.1. Caracteristicile generatorului sincron autonom1.Caracteristica de funcþionare ín gol 2 . . . ?. :
./
.01
=
=
=
=
0..
)(0 I
ct f
ct n
I f U E *)
0U ? / " eE U U =0 ' eE U
K . $ A $ ? "
? / " )(0 E I f U = . .
. " A)( mmU f =
, . : A
< " )1 ? / "
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32$ ? A . A ? . @ ; " / ? . @ $ .
. . . A $ ? ' . . "/ . . $ ? . #
. . . @ " . . .
2.Caracteristica de scurtcircuit . ; K
/0
1=
==
0
.)(
U
ct f I f I
E sc *4+ ? / .A . . @
? OPP> / 2/ > K " M L
L " / K K. K / " A . L "
> K )( E sc I f I = . . . / / K +
K .L A
.M L K "
K A . ( $ K **
.
3. Caracteristicile de funcþionare ín sarciná K
./
.01
=
=
=
=
.cos..
)(ct
ct f
ct I
I f U E "
*1
9 K. . . / . . 0= / " .
- -8 . / .
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)) " .
A - ! F .
< " 48 / . < " 4 $ " "
4. Caracteristicile externe K
./
.01
=
=
=
=
.cos..
)(ct
ct f
ct I
I f U E
" *6
' . A $ . / L " N N I U , )2/ " = / L K
" . . . A L / / D + . . " L /
A . / "
5. Caracteristicile de reglare2 K
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34
./
.01
=
=
=
=
.cos..
)(ct
ct f
ct U
I f I E "
*7
< 0 E I $ K "
K L / " D . M " 43 !
D -
A ' . )2/( = / . "
K " ." . A 'eU A
D " . K D- . . A
A $ K
1.6.2. Caracteristicile de funcþionare ale generatorului sincroncuplat la reþea1.6.2.1. Funcþionarea generatorului sincron la cuplu constant çi
curent de excitaþie variabila) Funcþionarea ín gol< A . .
K K. A . A K -8 U U eE = A
0= " " 4)
#! Eo I ! $ ? ? / "" . U U eE =
' . A $ K Eo E I I > A eE U A /
" ;. ? . s R A
< " 43 " "
< " 4) ! K / . . A
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)*
s s
eE
jX U
jX U U
I
== 08
/ . K. " " " 4)
" . . / K A . $ ? ; " /
?' . K. K / " $ K Eo E I I <
I K . / eE
U A " . K " . " 4)
2 . ? " A / I ? / " 02 = P . / " 4*
M . . $ K . . A . / .
A $ K . A . . / ? 8,0cos =
c) Caracteristicile ín V, /
I :
./
.01
=
=
=
=
.
..
)(ct P
ct f
ct U
I f I E 0
M " . ! / .
K . . .
)( E I f I = K
I . / A L / I . / . .
K . " $ QG8 " $ QP8
< " 4* / I A
,-
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1.6.2.2. Funcþionarea generatorului sincron la cuplu variabilçi curent de excitaþie constant
' . K . " "0 6 . A A K A
U U eE , . A eE U /. 0 I A 00 ' " . . .
/ " 40 I . . . U A A
K . " . K' .
A . K A eE U
. / . K. U " 0 A !
A " . " 40 #. . A .. . " . . K
. K . / " + $ K @
A . / / . . E A . . . / " "
a) Stabilitatea staticá a maçinii sincrone# . . "
K / K )( f P = L .
, . . " / ? " 41 2 ? . " 0 A
? A / " ? :01 M M M += 03
' . A 1 M /
1 M . A " 0 /0 .
< " 40 I ? / . . A
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1.8. FUNCÞIONAREA GENERATORULUI SINCRON ÍNREGIM STAÞIONAR NESIMETRIC
? $ " ? @ ? A ! ? @ . .
? @ # " / A
. ? . : " ; . ? / ? .(
" .
? . : ? . C B A I I I ,, A ? Cl Bl Al I I I ,, (
. C B A U U U ,, A A " A .
/ . ? . . A . hhiid d jX R Z jX R Z jX R Z +=+=+= 17
d Z ! ? . ? @@ A ? / A (
i Z ! ? . ? @@ A / (
h Z ! ? . ? @ " A @ $ . @
" 2 " ? .
/ ? A :! . (! . . (! < ?. " . / . . / .
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40
( )
( )
( )...
/
.
.
.
0
1
==++=
==++=
=++=
)(31)(
31
31
)(31)(
31
31
031
22
22
22
22
aa I aa I I a I a I I
aa I aa I I a I a I I
I I I I
k BC B A Ai
k BC B A Ad
C B A Ah
60
# . . . . : Ai Ad I I = 61
' ? " / .eE ses U I jX U U U =+= 66
2 . ? . 2 . A . @ @ . ? :
00
=+
=+
=+
Ahh Ah
Aii Ai
eA Ad d Ad
I jX U
I jX U
U I jX U
67
' . . ? 67 A /
? 6* .:eA Aii Ad d U I jX I jX = 78
? ? 61 A .:
id
eA
id
eA Ad X X
U j
X X jU
I +
=+
=
)( 7
2 A / . :
id
e Ad X X
U I
+= 0 73
< " *) ' " : ! ( ! ? . A .
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4
" *) ! " . // .A . . / .
2/ ?. . / 2 @ " ? . A . " *) A
" *) , ? A " .
:
)(022
2
aa I I a I a
I I I I I
Ad Ai Ad
Bh Bi Bd Bk
=++=
=++==
7)
# / ? :
23
21
23
21
34
2
32
jea
jea
j
j
==
+==
74
/ / 7) A ? @ 7 ? :
id
eA Ad k X X
U I j I
+== 332 7*
. :
id
ek X X
U I
+= 02 3 70
1.10. MOTORUL SINCRON
E A . . A / K
" ' . .
$ K . . L . / ?. $ L / L ! "
K " " ? 41 A .
@ A ? . ". A 2 .
< " 04 .A A
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42. L / . . L . A
arb M M =
1.10.1.Ecuaþia de tensiuni çi diagrama fazorialá " 04 ! / .A
A ! . . " A ? . 2 @ !
N . ? / :euu Ri $= 48
' " ? " ? :
dt d
u e =$ 4 $ . / .A . :
% +++= aqad E 43 E ! $ / . $ ? (ad ! $ ? . $ " .(aq ! $ ? . $ .(
% ! $ ? ? ? .
.: Riuuuuu eeaqead eE += % 4)
" / $ I RU U U U U eeaqead eE += % 44
; ? . " . A . . /
? " 0* " 00, . . ? 0cos1 >= " mUI P
" 0< . eE U / U " "
. A . K K .$ K A A . . / K
0sin
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4)
< " 0* ' " . < " 00 ' " . . . . .
1.10.2. Bilanþul puterilor active la motorul sincron " 01 ? ? . ? :
1 P ! . . . ? ( M P ! " . . (
< " 01 5 ? < " 06 # ? . ? A
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44
2 P ! . . (vm p + ! A ? (
Fe P ! / / " (Cu P ! / / .A
Ecuaþia de miçcare ín regim staþionar5 ? :
Fevm M p p P P ++= +2 4*
# / ? A ? ? A / " ? :02 M M M += 40
Avantajele motorului sincron faþá de cel asincron! K . ! cos K.
K / ; / . .? (
! ? . " $ / ? $ K Dezavantajele motorului sincron faþá de cel asincron! .K " K K.
" . (! K A . A .K / K (
1.10.3. Pornirea motorului sincron, K A . .
" K . A .
A. Pornirea cu motor auxiliar A K
. $ A . K . / K "B. Pornirea cu frecvenþá reglabilá, .
A K. " . K . +? . -3!) F ? @ "
/ .A . min/)65(1 rot n =
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4*' . / .A $ ? . A .
@ / A , K K K
K . K . KK .
E . A ? .
C. Pornirea ín asincron
2 . . . / .A . / colivie de pornire A. 2 @ / .A ? .
@ " / @ . /
? ? A @ " . " as M / A
@ ; " ? . 195,09,0 nn = / . K rez as M M =
. / .A $ ?
, L ". K K A s M . ?# . .
L $ ? A ? /?. > / L A K
. .+ A K /
/ K $ K 2 $ . K " . . " A . $ A & ,
/ . .? :a) Se scurtcircuiteazá ínfáçurarea de excitaþie, . / / .A $ ?
.A $ ? . @ " . .@ " / @ . A .2 / ?. ? :
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46
nnn
nnn
p sf
p f
n ==== 11
11
122
6060 41
@ A ?. ? :12 nnnnd =+= 46
A . @ " d M
@ A ?. ? :)21()1(22 11112 snn snnnnnn i ==== 47
? @ A ? / .A . -8 *, ? . .
.
< " 1 : ! / .A $ ? . / ( ! / .A $ . .
' . s M . . / . 2 A 5 ?
$ ? . / ? A @ . ; " / 5 . 15,0 nn = ? / . ?
, ? . ?. . . ? . ; ". / 2 '
. $ ? b) Se lasá deschisá ínfáçurarea de excitaþie
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41 / . . / / .A
. A $ . . "? % . . .
c) Se conecteazá ínfáçurarea de excitaþie pe o rezistenþá . / .A $ ? ?.
. ex s R R )108( = / .A $ ? i M " 1 A ? d M . A
# . / . A ? / 2 /
2 ? . /
1.10.4. Caracteristicile de funcþionare ale motorului sincron2 :
./
.01
=
=
=
=
...
)(cos,,,,, 2ct I
ct f
ct U
P f n M I P
E
" 6 *8
A / " 1)
< " 1) < " 14 )(cos 2 P f =")(,,, 2 P f I M n =6
A K $ ?
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47> " " .
$ ? . / " A . ./ ? . .? /
E . . /
? A . / ?
. /a I . A ? / . . /r I .
/ I " 1* # . . . . . . A
' / . /r I . @ ? r I
. . . A //r I . A
. . .?
< " 1* # / . .? @ . . .
. ; / . .? !" ;
Observaþie. A " ? . ! ?
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50
2. MA§INA DE CURENT CONTINUUE A . @ .
" @ $ ; AA . " . / ? / " @A . ? A . . ' .
/ . . $ ? . :! A $ ? . @ / .A $ ? . . .(! A $ ? ? @ / .A $ ?
. (! A $ ? @ / .A $ ?
. / (! A $ ? $ . @ .
/ .A . $ ? ? A .
2.1.1. Párþile componenete ale statorului# $. A . inductoare
@ " A .Carcasa . . $ . A
$ A . $ . ? ; + ; A ; "
/ A A ; " " < . @" / / / "
. A " ? A / ? . .
+ A A . A $ . . .
/ . ? " !3 * . ? " 8 * /
$ " A . . A
Polii principali $ . ? " !3 * A ? A / " $ ?
. A ?. ? ? .
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*2 A ? / .A . $ ? A $ .
. A M A ? " @ " ? . /
. / Polii auxiliari / " / ? . ?
A ? " ? . ? / $ $ A
/ . .? ? A Infáçurárile de excitaþie A $ $ .
. " / ? . 5 . / ! / @ . ? . @
" + ? A .
@ A ? . " ; . / " înfáçurarea de compensaþie, .
/ . /
2.1.2. Párþile componenete ale rotorului> A A
Miezul feromagnetic A ? . B
? . . . . " 8 * . $ / /
" ' "
. " . cml 203 @ . . A .
. ? $ " " .
. . ? . ? Infáçurarea indusului . /. . "
. / .A . . "/ B / .A . . . . . .
. . / . / .A .
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52
2 / .A . / . A A ínfáçurári de curent continuu. # ?
. / ? A .Colectorul A
A . ? . @ / @ A ?. @ " ".
/ .A . > / "
/ $ A / .A / A2.3.1.Tensiunea electromotoare indusá> ? l S .A
med esbie U N U = 3 3? . " 3 6
a K
N b 2= 3 33
A . S ! .med ec smed es U wU 2= 3 3)
i ? . .(
N – . " . S .A . (
3 – . . S ( sw ! . . (
med ecU ! S ! ' " ? " A .:
aimed med ec v L BU = 3 34med B ? " S S (
i L ! " . A (av – .
+ A ? :
60 Dn
va
= 3 3*
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*)' ! (
! S J' . S ? (
p D2
= 3 30
.
602 n p
va
= 3 31, ? S .
= n K U ee 3 36
a pN
K e 60= 3 37
. . K A (med ii B L = 3 )8
$ A
2.3.2. Cuplul electromagnetic al maçinii de current continuu+ K / . A
" K L" A / .A :
== M I U P ae M 3 ) . @ S ? 3 36 A 3 37 :
ama
aae I K I
a pN
n
nI a
pN I U
M ==== 2
602
60 3 )3
a pN K m 2
= 3 )) . . K A
" K . $ A K K
" A a I
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54
In concluzie " @A ? . " "
2.4. GENERATOARE DE CURENT CONTINUU9 A . K . generator L
A . A . .
2.4.1. Bilanþul de puteri çi ecuaþiile generatorului decurent continuu separata# . $ "
$ ? . ? @ S . ? " 3 30 . ? ? :
! = 11 M P puterea mecanicá . (
! UI P =2 puterea electricá . (! ae M I U M P == puterea electromagneticá,
! . S (! vm p + A K (! Fe p / / K A ; " A K. / .
. (! eexex I U p = / / .A $ (! 2aaCua I R p = / / .A
(! a R ? S .A . (! a pect I U p = / .A
Ecuaþia de miçcare' ? K
Fevm M p p P P ++= +1 3 )4
< " 3 30 5 ? "
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** % . vm Fe p p p ++=0 . "
? S " S S . "001 = p P P M 3 )*
, S . ? ? ! " . ? ? A S " ? T
!:001 = M M M 3 )0
! 1 M ( ! " ( ! 0 M
Ecuaþia de tensiuni la generatorul de curent contiuu, ! " 3 30 . ?:
ct Cua M p p P P =2 3 )6 $ :
a peaaae I U I R I U UI = 2 3 )7' " $ ? . a I I =
. " S . ? ? ? ? :
peaae U I RU U = 3 48 . . . ! S aa I R
aae I RU U = 3 42.4.2. Curbele caracteristice ale generatorului cuexcitaþie separatáM " 3 31 . / "
$ K .
< " 3 31 # $ . " $ ? .
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56
Caracteristica de funcþionare ín gol
/01
=
==
.0
)(0 ct n I
I f U e 3 4)
+ ? S " . 00 eU U = A 00 eU eemme I N U 2== )(0 e I f U = . . .
" . A)(0 mmU f = ' . A .
" 00 U 0=e I L
$ K $ K L ,c R K
. "" 3 36 + . .
$ K " .
. . M . . ". . . $ K A . . .
, . $ . remU $ rem A
' . " L . *! 3 N U , K K , . ." " . A + A . ; . , .
Caractersitica de sarciná . ?. :
/01
=
==
.
.)(
ct n
ct I I f U e 3 4*
# . $ " 3 31 / K . s R . $ K
c R . . -
< " 3 36 ? S "
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*1 " . . . / -8 < . 3
. / " 3 ) A K . A " . . . " . - L 2 . " ( L . .
< " 3 ) . < " 3 )3 $ .
Caractersitica externá# A ? :
/01
=
==
.
.)(
ct n
ct I I f U e 3 40
A . / " 3 )3# . . A
. :! " ?
? S . (! . K a R
$ K A . N N I U , A A
$ K ' . A K . . / , "
3 )3 A . L . / " A 0U I K . " A K :
%1000 N
N
U
U U U
= 3 41
M )%105( =U
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58
< " 3 )) $ < " 3 )4 " ;
M " 3 )) . " . $ " A
" , A " . L 2 . " ( L ct I e = .
.
Caracteristica de reglare# A ? :
/01
=
=
= ..
)( ct nct U
I f I e 3 46 " 3 )4 . " . S
" 3 )4 " . ' " " . A K . .
/ L L . D- M " . ! " ; N U U =
# . . A A $ K / L . . A . .
.
2.4.3. Curbele caracteristice ale generatorului cuexcitaþie derivaþieU $ K K /
" 3 )* M .A $ K . . . )%52( =e I . / .A .
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*7" . / . A $ K
.
< " 3 )* # $ . " $ K K
Procesul de autoexcitaþie / . ." K / N A . " / / .A
eu . A / / .A A / .A $ A + . . / .A . / L $
/ .A $ K . / $ eu A . . A / .A $ K A
' K 3 47 L . / ea ii = K
dt
di L Li R R Ru eeaeece )()( ++++= 3 *8
M " 3 )0 . ")( ee I f U = 3 . $ K .
).()( eeec I f I R R R =++
, $ K . L . / , K 3 0=
dt
di e
# . . . eU A . . " K ec R R Rtg ++= A
L c R < K . L K , K , K. . ccr R
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60
/ L 3 . K 3C . K / cr " $ . " ,
K K .( ccr c R R > 3VV
. $ K' . . .
$ K . S . ? :
! . $ L " S A . (
3! $ S .A $ ? . S (
)! ? . $ ? . . @
. ccr c R R < ' .
? S . ? @
" $ ? : # ? c R @ . S ? ccr c R R < ' . S ? S . . ? S .
. " . ? ! S A . S .A $ ? $ . .
' . A ? .S . . S A . @ "
@ . / .A $ K . . @
Observaþii:B 0U / " " . eU . K / .A . A
K ea I I = " ; (
< " 3 )0 $ . $ K
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0 K , . " B " KA A K A . K L '
" K . . A " ; L c R
2 $ K A . / N / M " K K K "
K 3 47 A . .
ea
eec
aae
I I I
I R RU
I RU U
+=
+=
=
)(;
3 *
Caracteristica de funcþionare in gol
/01
=
==
.0
)(0 ct n I
I f U e 3 *3
M L
00 eU U =
/ " . . " $ ? . . S .$ " L K c R / ( ),0
Caracteristica externá
/01
=
==
..
)(ct n
ct R I f U c 3 *)
' $ . c R . N U
. N I
M " 3 )6 $ " $ K A . 3 # . . K . / . " K : L ". . " $ K . S :
< " 3 )1 ? S "
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62
! $
+=
cee R R
U I A
$ A' . . K . s R
" A L . $ . cr I curentcritic . . L
L K . s R A . K .
/ ( A sc I .
. " . A . , K "
$ K . A .
N ae sc I RU I )2010(/ ÷== $ K . L ! $
A . eU
Caracteristica de sarciná
/01
=
==
.
.)(
ct n
ct I I f U e 3 *4
çi cracteristica de reglare
..
)(ct n
ct U I f I e
=
== 3 **
A . " $ K . K
Caracteristica de scurtcircuit . "K / L . A / .A $ K
. $ $ . A
2.4.5. Caracteristicile generatorului cu excitaþie mixtá# " $ $ . . / "
3 43 U . . / .A . $ K K $A $ ' . $ / .A . $ $ A
< " 3 )6 $ " $ K A
.
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0)" excitaþie mixtá adiþionalá diferenþialá '" . / .A K / .A $ K .
/ .A . . .
< " 3 43 # $ . " $ K $ .
. / L caracteristica externá "$ + / " A . " KL " / .A $ M ./ .A A L A
. ! K "K
M " 3 4) ! $ .
" K ' . . A A N I . .
/ " / .A. . K
A . / L . . . 3 #
. " normal compundat ' . A / .A .
A . N I . . / " )
" supracompundat + K . / .A . ? S
. $ " A 4 " anticompundat
< " 3 4) $
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64
, . . K " . . $
2.5. MOTOARE DE CURENT CONTINUU9 A . K . L A
. A . . + A . "
2.5.1. Bilanþul de puteri çi ecuaþiile motorului de curent continuu# . $ $ ? . " 3 4* . ? :! UI P =1 puterea electricá . ? (! = 22 M P puterea mecanicá . (! ae M I U M P == puterea electromagneticá,
! . S (! vm p + A K (! Fe p / / K A ; "
A K. / . . (! eexex I U p = / / .A $ ? (! 2aaCua I R p = / / .A
(! a R ? . S .A . (! a pect I U p =
! Ecuaþia de miçcare' ? K
Fevm M p p P P ++= +2 3 *6 % . vm Fe p p p ++=0 . "
? S " S S . 002 = p P P M 3 *7
< " 3 4* 5 ?
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0*, S . ? ? ? ? A S "
? T !:002 = M M M 3 08
! 2 M (! " (! 0 M
" ? A :
dt d
J M M M
=02 3 0
Ecuaþia de tensiuni la motorul de curent contiuu, " 3 4* . ?:
ct Cua M p p P P ++=1 3 03a peaaae I U I R I U UI ++= 2 3 0)
' $ ? . a I I = S . ? peaae U I RU U ++= 3 04
aae I RU U += 3 0*
2.5.2. Caracteristicile motorului derivaþie
< " 3 40 # $ . ?
.A $ ? . . . N e I I )%52( ÷=
? ? S " ? :
ea
eec
aae
I I I
I R RU
I RU U
+=
+=
+=
)(;
3 01
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66
Caracteristicile de funcþionare ale motorului derivaþie1) Caracteristica vitezei# A ? :
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U U
P f n 0)( 2 3 06
aae I Rn K U += 3 072 . ? . . ? :
se
aa
ee
aa nn K
I R K
U K
I RU n === 0 3 18
0n ! ? S " .(=
e K U
n0 3 1
sn ! . ? ? S .(
=
e
aa s K
I Rn 3 13
2 @ ? 3 18 S @ " ; . ? .ct =
A . )( a I f n = .? . " .
. . ' ." ;. ?
$ ? a I P '2
? )( 2 P f n =
. ." . . S " 3 41+ ? . ? . .
. )%85( ÷= sn Observaþie# ? " .
. @ . . $
< " 3 41
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01K A 2 P 3 2 / "/ L . K .
3 Caracteristica cuplului
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U U
P f M 0)( 2 3 1)
# A L / ? A S " ? 20 M M M +=
A ? :2 M !
.(= 22
P M 3 14
0 M ! S . A (+
== + vm Fe p p p M 00 3 1*
' . ? S . .ct = @ ? . " 3 46 + A . .S @ ? 3
) Caracteristica curentului
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U U
P f I 0)( 2 3 10
# A L / ? "am I K M = A ? ea I I I += # . . )( 2 P f I a = ? . . )( 2 P f I e =
. > " . . S " 3 47 ! ! . .ct = A 3! .
< " 3 46
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68
< " 3 47 < " 3 *8
4 Caracteristica randamentului
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U U
P f 0)( 26 3 11
, ? :
112 1 P p P P $
==6 3 16 p$ ! A .
E A A )%9475( ÷=6 . " 3 *8
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului derivaþie9 K. . . / K .
caracteristica mecanicá . :
./
.0
1
=
=
=
=
..
.
)(ct ct R
ct U
M f n s 3 17
, ? . ? / A =m
a K M
I
sme
a
e
nn K K
M R K
U n == 02 3 68
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07
0n ! ? S " . . 3 1 ( sn ! . ? ? S .(
2=
me
a s
K K
M Rn 3 6
@ " ; . ?
.ct = . . )( M f n =. ? .
" . . .1) Caracteristica mecanicá naturalá
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U U
M f n 0)( 3 63
+ ? . ? . . .
)%85( ÷= sn @ . . " . " 3 * !
. . / @ . ? @ .ct ' 1) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de tensiune
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U ct U
M f n 0.
)( 3 6)
? ? :
sme
a
e
nn K K
M R K U
n == /02/
3 64
. . sn - . ? S " .=
e K U
n/
/0 3 6*
A . . . . # . . :
N U U > :
< " 3 * ..
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70
! A S
? @ (! .
? . "
N U U < .
A
" 3 *3
2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale reostatice
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
ct R
U U
M f n 0.)( 3 60
, ? S ? :/
02)(
sme
sa
e
nn K K
M R R K
U n =
+= 3 61
? S " . 0n ! A . ?
2/ )( +
=
me
sa s
K K
M R Rn 3 66
2 A ? .
.
! s R A
. ." 3 *)
< " 3 *3
< " 3 *)
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12) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de flux
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
ct
R
U U
M f n
.0)( 3 60
, $ ? . ? ://
02//)(
sme
sa
e
nn K K
M R R
K
U n =
+= 3 61
. . ! ? S " .
//0 =
e K U n 3 66
A . ?
2// =
me
a s
K K
M Rn 3 66
? A . ?
$ N < i
A . " 3 **
2.5.3. Caracteristicile motorului serie.A $ ? . . . ae I I =
. S S .A ' . .? A
? S " . . $ .
< " 3 *0 # $ .
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72
? S " ? .:
ea
aae
I I I
I RU U ==
+= ;3 78
, ? 3 0* A @ S ? 3 36 ? ? ? :
==
e
aa
ee
aa
K I R
K U
K I RU
n 3 73
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului serie K . caracteristicilemecanice :
./
.01
=
=
=
=
..
.)(
ct
ct R
ct U
M f n s 3 70
+ A . 2am KI K M =
. K K
M I
ma
= ? 3 73 .
21 K R
M K
U K K
R
K K M
K K
U n a
e
a
me
== 3 71
, A . ct 7
a sm I K M = . sm
a K M
I = , S ?
2 sme
a
se K K M R
K U
n = 3 76
A . )( M f n = . ? 3 71 . . 3 76
1) Caracteristica mecanicá naturalá " 3 *7 ! . .
. ! ? . . . 9 . A elasticá (moale
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1)
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U U
M f n 0)( 3 77
+ K . " A A ! ". /K . A / K .
" ( . K A
. . K / "
3 ) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de tensiune
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
R
U ct U
M f n 0.
)( 3 88
? ? :
! ? 21
/
K R
M K
U n
a=
3 8
! ? 2/
sme
a
se k K M R
K U
n = 3 83
? . N U U < @
A . . A
$ / " 3 08
2) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale reostatice
< " 3 *7 ..
< " 3 08
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74
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
ct R
U U
M f n 0.)( 3 8)
, ? S ? :
! ? 21 K R R
M K
U n sa
+= 3 84
! ?
2)( sme
sa
se k K M R R
K U
n+
= 3 8*
" 3 0 . . ? s R
/ ? ?
3) Caracteristicile mecanice artificiale de flux
./
.01
=
=
=
=
N
s
N
ct
R
U U
M f n
.0)( 3 80
' $ . . A " A
/ .A . $ ? " ? / .
. ?. W N <
$ A / ? . / ? " 3 03
< " 3 0
< " 3 03 $
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1*2.5.4. Caracteristicile motorului mixt
E $ ? $ . S" 3 0) < $ .
/ .A . ? $ A $ . / .A . . ; ? @
$ A . . A ? @ $ E ; ? . / . ?
A / . A . ? .
< " 3 0) # $ .
Caracteristicile mecanice ale motorului mixt
. , $ ? A / " 3 04 ! A :
! ? (
! 3 (
! ) $ ? ?
. . " . . .
/ .A (! 4
$ . . / .? @ ? ? / " (
! * $ ?
< " 3 04 $
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76
# . . . / .A . $ K A A K .
. K . A $ " / .
2.6. PORNIREA MOTORULUI DE CURENT CONTINUU
, . / .. ( ? . . A . . " "M .
" A K / K A
2.6.1. Pornirea prin cuplare directá la reþea2 . . . .
L . 0HX ?
.
.
.
.
.
/
.
..
.
.
0
1
=
=
=
+=
=
++=
)(
);(
)(
e
am
r
eee E ex
ee
eaaaaa
i f
i K mdt d
J mm
i Ldt d
i Ru
n K u
ui Ldt d
i Ru
3 81
# / motorul derivaþie .M .U uu exa == .K ea L L , / .A . A/ .A . $ K . . K
# . . L ". regimul tranzitoriu mecanic K K A regim tranzitoriu electromagnetic
K K A $ ! regim tranzitoriu unic electromecanic. L 0, =< nmm r A K
dt di
Li RU aaaa += 3 86
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11# K K . K $ K .
a
aa R
LT = . . a p RU I /max = 2
K A K . .
, r mm > . / K L L
K / K Y ( 0n A
0eu p I /
. . . =
M
r f K
M I " 3 0*
r mm = B K f n / " . 3 0*
=
e
f a f K
I RU n L A
A L p I / . . . max p I "
L ai L A $ ' $ K K
/ / .A $ K . . / L L " A
$ K A p
I A
+ motorul serie A . A $ A A
, . / K . N p I I )1510( = A / !
-8 83 0=r M pt - 8 !8 )
< " 3 0* A K / . K
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78
M L / " p I L . p I A "
p M . 2 " ; / K
2.6.2. Pornirea reostaticá+ A .
/ . p R L . . . A . / K
M .A $ K . K c R A . K K. . " 3 01 M K $ $ . " A
A A# " ; . A . . - 8
A - 8 / .A
p p R
U I =max 3 34
p R
K . A ' . / @ . / . ( N p I I )7,15,1(max = A
N p I I )2,11,1(min =
; p
ea R
n K U I
= 3 3*
. K . p R " 3 06 A . . f I . .
< " 3 01 # . K
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17
> K K. / . M " 3 01 K . /
iC L . . / 1C ?
1 R / L ? . 1 p R ai A K . max p I M .:
. K 1 p R L . min p I L . K / L
. . max p I # / K i R .
/ ), minmax p p I I K i R minmax, p p I I " . .:
! ? 3 0* . / 2max0 p pe I R K U += 3 30
. ? p R . :
max p p I
U R = 3 31! ? . 5
p R 1 p R
max11
min1
p pe
p pe
I Rn K U
I Rn K U
+=
+=
3 36
' ? . ?
p p
p p R I
I R
min
max1 = 3 37
2 @ ; . ? :
n p
n p
R R R R
R R R R R
+++=
++++=
......
32
321 3 )8
. . . . ?.:11 p p R R R = 3 )
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80
Observaþie, ? ?
/ . . . ? . /
" 3 1
, . . . ; :! . .(! ? (! . ; :
! "
2.6.3. Pornirea cu tensiune redusá+ A A
. .
. A " . . A . /? @ . ; " . # / ? .
M .A $ K . K c R A . K K. . " 3 13 M
K $ $ . " A A A
< " 3 07 )( a I f n = . ? A
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6
;/
a
ea R
n K U I
= 3 )6
< " 3 13 # . K
# . / @ N p I I )7,15,1(max =A N p I I )2,11,1(min =
? . . 1U . / . max p I # ?
? A A ?. . 1U L
. . . . . . / @ai A K . max p I M
# / @ . / ), minmax p p I I
iU minmax, p p I I " . .:! ? 3 0* . / 2
max1 0 pae I R K U += 3 )7 . . / (
! ? . 5 . 1U 2U
max12
min11
pae
pae
I Rn K U
I Rn K U
+=
+=
3 48
' ? . ?a p p R I I U U )( minmax12 += 3 4
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82
, @ / " .
< " 3 1) )( a I f n = . . ?
Observaþie., ? /
. . . ? . /
, . . ; :! . . . A (! ; .(! " ' ; :! " .
2.7. REGLAJUL VITEZEI MOTOARELOR DECURENT CONTINUU
E " K " K=
e
aaa
K I RU
n 3 )8
A . : E aU ( 3 ? ( ) E $
A 2 .K " ; L.ct M r = . ! :
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6) U " minmax / nn=8
3 ' " ;) " ;4 2
2.7.1. Reglajul vitezei prin variaþia tensiunii .
" . A ? . N U U <
< " 3 14 " ; ? : ? ( " .ct M r = / "
3 14 ? A / " 3 14 ? .
Indici tehnico- economici . . : U " 108/ minmax ÷== nn8
.?
3 ' " ; : ..) " ; : / ?
4 2 :! ? ; .
" . .(
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84
! " ; . / @ " .
2.7.2. Reglajul vitezei prin metoda restaticá / ! ?. "
0> s R ? > ? . " ". .
. ?. . " # . . /
" ! " " ;
< " 3 1* " ; .: ? (
" .ct M r = / "3 1* ? A / " 3 1*
/ ? . Indici tehnico- economici :
U " 32/ minmax ÷== nn8 .
" 3 ' " ; : ..
) " ; : / . ? .
4 2 :! ? ; . ?
(
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6*! " ; . / @ . "
2.7.3. Reglajul vitezei prin variaþia fluxului de excitaþie ? .
$ # / otorul derivaþie $ $ ? K e I ; @ c R :
ceee R R
U
I I f +==
)( 3 )7+ ? $ ! . . " A .
$ $ N < K
//02// s
me
a
e
nn K K
M R
K U
n == 3 48
. A K / " A A A . K ;/ sn . .
A / " 3 10
< " 3 10 " ; $ : ? (
B / . . $ ,ct M M r == A K
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86
)am I K M = . .A . . M " 3 10! . . > . . ;
. K L ". L ct M r = La motorul serie @ " 9 "
? $ ? :
m
ee
m
e
R I w
R
2==
3 4
e ! ? $ ? (m R ! ? " . . $ (ew ! . / .A . $ ? (
e I ! $ ?2 @ . ? . . .
$ :! . / .A $ ?
. .
" (
! A / .A . $ ? " 3 11 . ". @ . $ ? ?
. A . @ N @ :
aed
d e I R R
R I
+= 3 43
Indici de relare . :
U " 32/
minmax ÷== nn8
A . . ? . $ . :! / . .K A K A
/ . / K (! . ? . @ " A .
. K . ?
. . . . (
< " 3 11 # ; A $ ?
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613 ' " ;
) " ; ! / (
? ? c R d R 4 2 :
! ? ; . / $ ? (! " ; . "
2.8. FRÃNAREA MOTOARELOR DE CURENT CONTINUU# . @ :! @ .(! @ (! @ .
2.8.1. Frãnarea recuperativá9 A . " / "
@ . . @ . /
A / ? A ? A @ " .? ? . .
Frãnarea recuperativá la motorul derivaþie#. . $
. A
K . / 2 . .
" 3 16 @ . .
. / a M " ? . " .? A
/ ? A ? A
A ? . . @ !
.A ? / " . 0n
< " 3 16 L. ?
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88
. ? / A . . A @ # ; " ? . / 5 " 3 16 @ .
? . / . . f a M M = ' . . . @ .
?. @ f R / 5C 2 . . L . ; /
K . L Cazul motorului serie' ? / " . .
. / @.
Frãnarea recuperativá la motorul mixt+ $ . .? / ? A
; ? $ . / .A . : sd += 3 11
@ A / " @ . . . 0
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67! . / .A ? A . .(
! / ? @, ? @ K
" . L A A :
f a
e f R R
n K U I
+
+= 3 4)
> A . / " A K " L . " . Frãnarea contracurent la motorul derivaþie
" 3 17 . K 2
. .. K . /
5 . . @ 1 f R
"
A K L . A@ ? . @ .
# . . . .? A @
' . A @ . . @ @
; " . min f M A . ? @ ? .
2 f R A . A $ . max f M @ M . /A . K
. r M M > , K K . / 2 . . L L .
. A .
< " 3 17 @
?
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90
Frãnarea contracurent la motorul serie+ . . / .A A
$ )( a s I f = " . A ? /
, A / " @ . / .
/ .A $ ? A ? @ / # ? ? @ / . .
. Frãnarea contracurent la motorul mixt+ $ ? / " @ .
. ; . $ ? @ $
. / .A " Bilanþul de puteri: A ? . A
. ! @ . M K.
K L . " . A . "M " . . A A
. / . . ' . ? @ / .A "
))3020( N f I I ÷= @ ? A / . / A ' K f R
. / L A " ; . . . . . / / $ A
2.8.3. Frânarea dinamicá, / .A . K A
. ?. @ / .A $ ? . @. /
A . K .
f a
e f R R
n K I
+= 3 47
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92
! K @ . . cr f f R R < @ / A
. Frãnarea dinamicá la motorul mixt+ $ ? / " @ . .
. ; . $ ? @ $
. / .A " Bilanþul de puteri: / @
! @ . A A . ./ . A . A . . . . / . . ? @ # @ ; . . ?
, ? @ . A @ .