Transcript
  • 1 6.

    ,

    ,

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ( ,

    )

    (

    ,

    ).

    ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    ,

  • 2 6.

    , , , ,

    , , , ,

    , , , .

    ,

    ( )

    ( , , , ,

    .). ,

    (

    ),

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    . , , ,

    ( ,

    , , .)

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    . ,

  • 3 6.

    , (

    ),

    , , (

    ).

    ,

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    . (..

    ),

    . , ,

    ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , , , .

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ( + ).

    , ,

    /

    .

  • 4 6.

    , , (..

    , ,

    .), (.. ,

    , .).

    ,

    . , (

    )

    , , (

    ) .

    ,

    ,

    , . ,

    .

    ( ), ,

    .

    () ,

    , ,

    (

    ). ,

    (

    ,

    ) (

    , , , ,

    ). , ,

    , , .

    , ,

  • 5 6.

    ,

    (Nutrition Related Non Communicable Diseases NRNCDs),

    , , .

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    . ,

    ,

    (),

    18,5 /2 ,

    18,5 25 /2 ,

    25 /2

    , 30 /2

    . , ,

    , ,

    , .

    , ,

    .

    (

    ),

    . ,

    (

    ),

    ( ,

    ).

    .

    , , ,

  • 6 6.

    , ,

    (.. ) ,

    . ,

    (.. ,

    , , , ..),

    (.. ),

    (..

    )

    (..

    ),

    .

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    . ,

    , ,

    ( ,

    )

    ( , , , .). ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    , .

  • 7 6.

    ,

    , (..

    ),

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    (, )

    , ,

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    , , . ,

    ,

    ,

    , ,

    . ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

  • 8 6.

    . , 20 ,

    ,

    . ,

    .

    20 ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    , .

    , 25 (1965-

    1990), 20%,

    (1975-1995)

    20%. ,

    . ,

    . ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    . ,

    , , ,

    ,

    .

  • 9 6.

    ,

    ,

    15% .

    ,

    , .

    80 90

    74 ,

    . ,

    .

    , , (

    ), .

    ,

    35% .

    ,

    , , ,

    , , , ( 5-35%

    ). ,

    ,

    5% ,

    (, , ),

    (, ), , (, ) .

    (Food and Agriculture

    Organization FAO) ,

    2011-2013 842 . , 827

    , , 15

    .

    1990-1992, 1015

    (19% ), (173

  • 10 6.

    17% ),

    , 12% .

    , .

    , , 21 ,

    , ,

    . , 1 6

    ( 100 ) ,

    , 1 4 ,

    ( ) (

    1 2 ), 3

    ( 5 )

    .

    .

    , (

    ), (

    ),

    (

    ,

    )

    (.. AIDS ). ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    ,

    .

  • 11 6.

    ,

    , .

    ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    . (Genetically

    Modified Organisms GMO)

    , ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    , ,

    ( , , ),

    ,

  • 12 6.

    .

    , , , ,

    , , .

    , ,

    2 ,

    .

    ,

    .

    , ,

    . , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    2003,

    ,

    , EC 1829/2003

    (

    0,9%,

    ). ,

    ,

    .

    , .

    ,

    . ,

    ( ),

  • 13 6.

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    , D, , 2 12.

    2 ,

    , , 140

    .

    . ,

    , . ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    ,

    ()

    2% .

    ,

  • 14 6.

    . , ,

    ,

    20 .

    D (

    D),

    .

    , ,

    . , , 40%

    ,

    , , ,

    1 . ,

    10-15 ,

    6 2

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    ( )

    .

    (400 -g),

    , 1 12

  • 15 6.

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    UNICEF : (fortification)

    ,

    (food supplements)

    (, ) ,

    ,

    , ,

    . ,

    . , 30%

    , 15% .

    .

    , 40

    2/3

    , 300

    ( 6 5 )

    . , (..

    )

    . .

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    , .

    ,

  • 16 6.

    , .

    ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ( ,

    ),

    .

    19 ,

    ( ), ,

    . , ,

    20 ,

    , , ,

    , , , ,

    (

    ). , 20 ,

    . ,

    (

    ,

    ), ,

    , , (

  • 17 6.

    ), (,

    ..). ,

    400 30 , 1970 2000,

    .

    2000, ,

    , , 3450

    . ,

    ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    21

    .

    (World Health organization WHO) 2008, 1,4

    ( 20 ) , 35%

    , , 500 ,

    11% .

    1980 .

    ,

    2011, 40

    ( 5 ) , 50% (20 ) .

    (, , ),

    (, ), ,

    () ( ), 60%

    . ,

    , , ,

    .

  • 18 6.

    ,

    .

    , 49% (

    20 ) 18% 2008.

    ,

    .

    .... ( )

    2012-2013, 359.262 4.451

    , . ,

    23% 24% , 11%

    10% , , .

    ,

    .

    , , ,

    , , ,

    , ,

    . 2008, 57 , 36

    (63%)

    , ,

    ( , ),

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    , .

    .

    , , ,

  • 19 6.

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    3/4

    . , ,

    , , ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    :

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    , , 1, 12, , D,

    , , .

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    , . , ,

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    , . ,

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    , .

  • 20 6.

    (, ,

    , , ,

    .), ( ,

    , .), ( ,

    , ,

    .). ,

    , .

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    . 1996

    (World Food Summit WFS)

    2015 ( 800 400 ). 2000

    ()

    (Millennium Development Goals MDGs).

    , ,

    2,5 . ,

    ,

    ,

    (

    )

    ,

    . ,

  • 21 6.

    :

    ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    , .

    .

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    . ,

    , .

    , ,

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    , .

    ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

  • 22 6.

    Bawa AS, Anilakumar KR. Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns-a

    review. J Food Sci Technol. 2013; 50 (6):1035-1046.

    FAO. The State of Food Insecurity in the World: The multiple dimensions of food security.

    Rome: FAO, 2013. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e00.htm

    Kearney J. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010;

    365 (1554): 2793-2807.

    Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA, Schroeder DG, Habicht JP. The effects of malnutrition on child

    mortality in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 1995; 73 (4): 443-448.

    Pi-Sunyer X. The medical risks of obesity. Postgrad Med 2009; 121 (6): 21-33.

    Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and its health implications in lower-income countries.

    Public Health Nutr 1998; 1 (1): 5-21.

    Rosegrant MW, Leach N, Gerpacio RV. Alternative futures for world cereal and meat

    consumption. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58 (2): 219-234.

    Seidell JC, Visscher TL, Hoogeveen RT. Overweight and obesity in the mortality rate data:

    current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (11 Suppl): S597-

    S601.

    UNICEF. The State of the Worlds Children, 2009. http://www.cf-hst.net/unicef-temp/cf-

    hst%20redesign/sowcf.htm

    Visscher TL, Seidel JC. The public health impact of obesity. Annu Rev Public Health 2001;

    22: 355-375.

    Waterlow JC, Armstrong DG, Fowden L, Riley R, eds. Feeding a world population of more

    than eight billion people: a challenge to science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

    World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global

    Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 894. Geneva:

    WHO, 2000.

    . 21 . : ,

    2005.

    , . . :

    , 2009.