1. GROUP PRESENTATION Adjective Phrases

2. GROUP 03

Phm Th Thu Trang-structure

Trn Th Thanh- Complementary adj

Nguyn Th Du-Noun pre modifier & Cs

Nguyn Th H-Postpositive & NP head

Phm Th Trang-Verbless Adj clause &

Exclamatory

Trn Th Phng-The head

3. CONTENT Adjective phrase StructureThe head Syntactic functions 4. INTRODUCTION What are Adjectives and the Adjective phrases? An adjective may be a word or group word with the same meaningAdjective phrases are defined as phrases in which an adjective functions as the head of the phras e Example s : 1. Susan isclever 2. The doctor isvery late 3. My sister isfondof animals 5. A.STRUCTURE 6. Adverbmodifier( or premodification):modifying, describing or qualifying constituents which precede the head The head: which isan Adj or participle serving as the focus of the Phrase Cadj ( post modification): contituent which follows head and completes the meaning implied by the head 7. THE TABLE SHOW THE STRUCTURE OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE 8. EXAMPLES OF THE ADJ ECTIVEPHRASE S

1 )Premodifier

Partlyvery , so , extremely , too

=> Form isAdverb andAdverb Phrase

2) Head

Happy , excited , sweet , worry , cloudy

=>Form isAdjective

3)Postmodifier

Indeedinspiritfor his agetobe trueenough to me

Form isAdverb ,Prepositional Phrase ,Infinitive Clause

9. Complementation Infinitive phrase That clause _ing clause _PP clause 10. ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT

An adjective complement is a clause or phrase that adds to the meaning of an adjective or modifies it. The adjective complement always follows the adjective it complements and it is a noun clause or a prepositional phrase

11.

1)_ing clause :verb in adj clauseshowsV_ing

Ex1: When summer comes, students are busy preparing for the exam.

Ex2: Harry Porter story is worth reading

2) _PP clause : verb in adj clause isa prepositional phrase (pp)

Ex1: We were shocked by the news.

Ex2:The child was eager for Christmas to arrive.

ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT 12.

3) to Vinf_ clause : Adj clause has the Verbbe+ adj + inf complement

Ex1: Retailers seem eager to promote sales.

Ex2: I was surprisedto seehim doing that.

4) That clause : adj + that clause, when you want to comment a fact

Ex1:It seems sad that the blue whale is becoming extinct.

Ex2: It is important that she is punctual.

ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT 13. B. SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS 14. SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS Syntactic functions Complement subjectpostpositive NP head Verbless adj clause Exclamatory adj sentence Noun pre-modifier 15. Noun pre-modifier adjectives are placed before nounsadjectives are attributive when they premodify nouns *eg :anew car AdjPNP * eg:thisbeautiful girlAdjPNP Syntactic Function of Adjectives 16. Syntactic Function of Adjectives Subject complement S+to be/ linking verbs+adj ( Cs) Eg:the book isimpressive Np Cs what he said iswrong Np Cs the function of adjectives are predicative 17. POSTPOSITIVE 1. DEFINITION: An adjective is postpositive when it comes after the noun it modifies 18. CASES OF POSTPOSITIVE

1.Reduced as relative clause

Eg: 1.He is a man greedy of flame

2.A room full of people

2.Indefinite pronounsending in :_body ; _one; _thing ; _where

Eg : There isnothingspecial

19. CASES OF POSTPOSITIVE

3.A few adjective change meaning when they are after noun phrase

Comon : elect; proper

Eg: the present electthe City of Londonproper

4.In some nouns (legal), adjective arecompulsory after the noun

Eg: attorneygeneral , bodypolitic , courtmartial,heirapparent , notarypublic , postmastergeneral

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5 .A fewa-adjective :

a blaze;a fload;a fraid;a ghast;a lert;a like;a live;a sleep;a verse;a wake; aware;a bsent;aplenty

Some others :Present; concerned; involved;galore; Unspoken ,immemorial; payable

6 .some postposed adjective _able; _ible retain the basic meaning

CASES OF POSTPOSITIVE 21.

7.Noun phrasesare indefinite, not specific

Eg:A man usually intelligent will sometimes stupid

Polices angry do not arrest a thief

If adjective phrases are complements, the whole of an adjective must be after noun phrase

The boys easiest to teach were in my class (right)

The easiest to teach boys were in my class (correct)

CASES OF POSTPOSITIVE 22. 8.Superlative construction Eg:the smallest quantityimaginable The lowest pricepossible The best hotelvaluable9. Measures: a river two hundred mileslong a road fifty feetwidea man eighty-five yearsold a bulding ten storeyshigh CASES OF POSTPOSITIVE 23. 10.Some idioms :The theatre royal The princess royal For time immemorial By all means possibleNote: an adjective modified byenough ,too,so the modified adjectives can not be separated from its complement 24. HEAD OF NOUN PHRASE

Most commonly,such adjective personal reference:

Eg:The richbuilt many house forthe poor

The rich = rich people

The poor = poor people

The extremely oldneed a great deal of attention

the extremely old = extremely old people

note :adjectives functioning as noun phrase heads generally require a definite determiner if they are conjoined

25. HEAD OF NOUN PHRASEDenoting nationalities Eg: You British and you French ought to be alliesSuperlatives Eg: The lastest is that he is going to run for election 26. HEAD OF NOUN PHRASE Singular concord Some adjectives can function as noun-phrase Heads when they have abstract reference adverbs superlatives 27. VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

What is verbless clause? ->Verbless clauses are clauses in which the verb (usually a form of to be) and sometimes other elements have been omitted or deleted.

Eg1:John believes the prisoner innocent.

~ John believes the prisoner to be innocent.

Eg2:Nice to see you~Its nice to see you.

28. VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

I)An adjective( alone or as head of an adjective phrase) can function as verbless clause. The clause is mobile, though it usually precedes or follows the subject of the superordinate clause.

Eg3: ( By then) nervous ,the man opened the letter.

Verbless ClauseSuperordinate Clause

The man,(by then) nervous,opened the letter.

The man opened the letter,(by then) nervous.

29. VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSEII) THE IMPLIED SUBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

To be usually the subject of the sentence.

Eg 4.I see the boy , who is blind.

The boy whom I see is blind.

But we do not have:I see the boy , blind.

Can be other than the subject of the sentence if the

clause contains additional clause constituents.

Eg 5. She glanced with disgust at the car ,quiet(now) in her daughters lap.

30. VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSEII) THE IMPLIED SUBJECT OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Can be the whole of the superordinate clause.

Eg 6 .Stranger ,it was she who initiated divorce proceedings.

That it was she who initiated divorce

proceedings is strange .

31.

We can use a corresponding adverb to replace the

adjective in this case, as with strangely for strange.

Strangely , it was she who initiated divorce proceedings.

The adjective refers to the subject without explicit referenceto the action, and unless otherwise stated, the characterization is only temporary in its application.

Nervous, the man opened the letter.( connected with the action)

Always nervous, the man opened the letter .( not connected with the action,the mans nervousness becomes a permanent characteristic)

32. CONTIGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1.WHAT IS CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSE?

A contingent adjective clause expresses the circumstance or condition under which what is said in the superordinate clause applies. A subordinator is often present but can be omitted.

Eg 7 :Enthusiastic ,they make good students

(=When enthusiastic,)

Eg 8:When ripe ,these apples are sweet.

subordinator subordinator 33.

2.THE IMPLIED SUBJECT OF THE CONTIGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS NORMALLY THE SUBJECT OF THE SUPERORDINATECLAUSE, BUT IT CAN ALSO BE THE OBJECT.

E.g 9:We can drink it hot

E.g 10: You must eat it when fresh

3.THE IMPLIED SUBJECT CAN BE THE WHOLE OF THE SUPERORDINATE CLAUSE.

E.g 11:If( it is)possible,the dog should be washed every day.

CONTIGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 34. EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE SENTENCE

An adjective as head of an adjective phrase or as its sole realization can be an exclamation:

E.g 12: How good of you!

E.g 13: How wonderful!

E.g 14: Excellent!

E.g 15: Good!

35. C. THE HEAD 36. Syntactic classification ofadjs 37. CENTRAL

central=both attributive and predicative

eg: a(1) lazy student-> the student is (2) lazy

attributivepredicative

the (1) bluesea->the sea is (2) blue

attributivepredicative

note: (1) attributive position

(2) predicative position

38. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY

Adjectives which are restricted to attributive positiondo not characterize the referentof the noun directly

eg. Asmallbusinessman

->a businessman whose business is small

->nota businessman is small

Note:

words with strongly emotive value:

poor man, my dear lady, wretched lady

39. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY

Characterize the referent of the noun directly

Eg:

Distanthills

acompletechapter

aheavy bag

asocialsurvey

anoldman

Do not characterize the referent of the noun directly

Distantrelatives

acompleteidiot

aheavysmoker

Asocialanimal

anoldfriend

Inherent adjs

Non-inherent adjs

40. ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY 41. INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES Emphasizers: have a general heightening effect on the noun and convey speakers attitude toward the referenteg.Utterdespair,purebliss, arealhero, acertainwinner Amplifiers: denote the upper extreme of the scale are central(inherent) eg. Acompletevictory ->the victory wascomplete are attributive only(non-inherent) eg. Acompleteidiot ( notthe idiot iscomplete ) Notes: mere, sheer, utter (always attributive only) 42. LIMITER ADJECTIVES

Particularize the reference of the noun

eg. themaintopic, theonlyperson, theprecise reason , etc.

Note: acertainperson

a limiter -> a particular person

acertainwinner

an intensifier-> a sure winner

43. RELATED TO ADVERBIALS

adjs that are attributive only can be related to adverbials.

eg. myformerfriend ~ formerly my friend

adjs premodify agentive nouns have a relationship to the verb base

eg. ahardworker ~ a worker who workshard .

the implied process can be associated with an inanimate object.

eg. afastcar ~ a car that one can drivefast

44. DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES

are derived from nouns and attributive only

eg. Amathematicalpuzzle (a puzzle based on mathematics )

acriminallaw (a law concerning crime)

Note:

acriminallaw ~ a law seemscriminal

->a central adjective

denominal # nominal adjs

eg.The Frenchare noted for their wines.

The French peopleare noted for their wines.

45. PREDICATIVE ONLY

Eg.Children were asleep . (notasleep children)

SVCs

Adjectives which are restricted to predicative positionrefer to condition rather than to characterize

Some group of adjs must take complementation: afraid(that, of, about); fond(of); conscious(that, of) etc

Eg.Jean is keen on maths .

SVCs

46. PREDICATIVE ONLY

Some of the common predicative only adjectivesin English are:

ablazealiveunaware

abreastalone

afirealoof

afraidashamed

aghastasleep

aglowawake

alertaware

alikefond

47. Thank you for your attention!