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Hellenismand
Alexander the Great
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T he Hellenistic World
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Alexander
Creativity in LeadershipCreated and followed plans in thedays when no one else seemed toeven make plansThe plans succeeded because: Personal desires for greatness
Inspired confidence Dedication to execution of the plan
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Alexander the Great
Personal Desire for GreatnessA s a boy, A lexander said:
My father will get ahead of me in everything, and will leave nothing great
for me to do.
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The "perfect Greek" Handsome
Well educated (by A ristotle) Respectful of Greek past (memorized and carried
with him a copy of the I lliad ) A dept in rhetoric and diplomacy (ambassador)
A thletic (competing throughout his life) Scientist (strong interest in plants, animals,
geography, and even took scientists on hiscampaigns)
Alexander
Inspired Confidence
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The Perfect General Never lost a battle
Personally fought in battles (woundedseveral times) A fter a battle mingled with the survivors Honored the dead
Strongly religious burialsExempted their families from further militaryduty and from taxes
Broke up regional regiments to have
loyalty directly to him
Alexander
Inspired Confidence
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The Perfect Conqueror Spared families of conquered kings
This won the cooperation of the families
Treated conquered soldiers with respectThis convinced some conquered soldiers toswitch sides and support him
Respected local religions and customsDesert soothsayerRebuilt Karnak and Luxor temples
Alexander
Inspired Confidence
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Alexander
Ruthless execution of his plansExecution of rivals in the Macedoniancourt (sensed because his father had
been assassinated by a personal guard)Suppression of the Thebian revolt30,000 Thebians sold into slavery
Tyre destroyed (except the temples andthe house of Pindar the poet, whichperpetuated A lexanders image as the
Perfect Greek")
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Alexander
Ruthless execution of his planDestroy the Persian portsBattle of Granicus River Crossing of the river during morning Persian sacrifices to the sun and
sudden cavalry attackGordian knotBattle of Issus Greeks outnumbered 3 to 1 (some say 10 to 1) Persian emperor, Darius III, personally commanding the
Persian army A lexander personally led attack directly at Darius III Darius fled, the Persians broke, and the Greeks won the
battle Spared lives of queen and court (admiration from Persians)
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Alexander
Ruthless execution of his planBattle of Phoenicia and JudeaEgypt Welcomed A lexander
Recognized as Pharaoh
He founded A lexandriaBecame the center of learning
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Alexander
Ruthless execution of his planBattle of Gaugamela A lexander crossed the Tigris River and
waited Several celestial events over next three
nights A lexander attacked directly at Darius and
Darius fled Darius was killed by his own troops
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AlexanderRuthless execution of his plan
Conquest of Eastern PersiaConquest of Bactria ( A fghanistan and Pakistan)Turning aside at India and return to Persia
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Post-Alexander Empire
Empire divided bythe generals
EgyptPtolemy Persian area and
IndiaSeleucus Pergamum A ttalids Greece, A sia Minor,
Macedonia4generals
1 year old son did not receive the throne
Ptolemy Seleucus Attalids 4 Generals
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Hellenization
Hellenistic kingdoms (dynasties) Border wars between each other
Imported Greeks as bureaucrats,soldiers, artisans (Greek-like cities)Greeks offered land for immigration
Occupied kingdoms adopted Greek ways
in addition to their own cultureEgyptians, PersiansSome Jews resisted (Pharisees versusSaducees)
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HellenizationGreek became languageof art and commerce Language of the Eastern
Mediterranean throughRoman and ByzantineEmpires (until 1453 A D)
Greek Trade Cities throughout empire Money standardized ( A thenian) Greeks were natural traders
(ancient heritage)
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Hellenistic Art
Often showedmovementV ictory at Samothrace
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Hellenistic Art
Usually verydramaticLaocon and HisSons Story of a man who
tried to convincethe Trojans not toaccept the Trojanhorse (killed byA thena with asnake)
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Architecture
Temple of the Muses built atA lexandria
First state-supported university Teachers from all over the world Library with a copy of nearly every book
Commerce and learning support each other
Ships required to allow scribes to copy theirbooks
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Architecture
Lighthouse atA lexandria
Pharos Island Over 400 feethigh
Light intensified
with reflectors One of 7 wonders
of ancient world
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ArchitectureTemple of Zeus at Pergamum
Rivalry with A lexandria Scholars in A lexandria prohibited
shipment of papyrus to Pergamum Pergamum developed parchment Parchment works best in sheets bound
together (first books)
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Hellenistic Science
Euclid (320-260 BC) Lived in A lexandria
CompiledE
lements of Geometry Used as a text book until1900
Basis for Newtonianphysics
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Hellenistic ScienceA rchimedes (287-212 BC) Lived in Syracuse Greatest scientist until Newton Trained at A lexandria Major discoveries in
hydraulics, mathematics,mechanics, warfare, andastronomy
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Archimedes Hydraulics
Invented a planetariumBuoyancy Kings crown
The wreath andthe gold haveequal weight
The wreathdisplaces
more water
MacedonianCrown
4th
c.
BC
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Archimedes MathematicsGeometric calculations A rea/volume of circle,
sphere, coneDeveloped system
similar to calculus Polygons inside circlewith ever highernumbers of sides
Calculated value for pi( ) to accuracy of 0 . 0002
Devised Scientificnotation (5 x 10 7 )
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Archimedes Mechanics
LeversDefined theory
PulleysChallenge to draga ship
Ship buildingGiant shipCargo of 60 ships
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Archimedes Warfare
War with the Romans Claw cranes
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Archimedes Warfare
CatapultsMirrors
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Modern attempt to duplicatemirror warfare (at MI T)
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Archimedes Creativity (Environment and Motivation )
Favor to the King civic duty
Scientific curiosityWarHis opinion of his greatestaccomplishment: "Perfect" geometric shape
which he asked to beinscribed on his tomb
Sphere inscribed in cylinderVolume ratios = 3:2Surface ratios = 3:2
Ratio of volumes and areas of cone, sphere and cylinder =9:6:4
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Hellenistic ScienceA ristarchus of Samos (250 BC) Purposed heliocentric universe
Eratosthenes Calculated the
circumference of the earth
Claimed a ship
could sail aroundA frica to India
Claimed a shipcould sail west
to India
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Hellenistic Creativity
Discussion: How can a leader affectcreativity?
Discussion: Is theory more creativethan application?
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T hank YouBe bold in your personal creativity.