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Chap 12: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs: A Community Concern

Anita Sego

Spring, 2005

Chap 12: Alcohol, Tobacco, & Other Drugs

Chapter Objectives

• Identify personal and community consequences of alcohol and other drugs abuse.

• Describe the trends of alcohol and other drugs use by high school students.

• Define drug use, misuse, and abuse.

• Define drug dependence.


Chapter Objectives

• List and discuss the risk factors for the abuse of alcohol and other drugs.

• Explain why alcohol is considered the number 1 drug abuse problem in America.

• Describe the health risks of cigarette smoking.


Chapter Objectives

• Define the terms over-the-counter- and prescription drugs and explain the purpose of these drugs and how they are regulated.

• Define the terms controlled substances and illicit (illegal) drugs and provide examples.

• Characterize recent trends in the prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors.


Chapter Objectives

• List and explain four elements of drug abuse prevention and control.

• Give an example of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention activities in drug abuse prevention and control programs.

• Summarize the federal government’s drug abuse control efforts.


Chapter Objectives

• List and describe some community and school drug abuse prevention programs.

• List the five components of a typical workplace substance abuse prevention program.

• Name some voluntary health agencies and self-help support groups involved in the prevention, control, and treatment of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse.


Introduction

• Scope of the Problem

• $246-414 billion annual economic loss

• Marijuana used by 21.6% of high school seniors


Alcohol & other drugs

20-35% Suicides

Up to 50% Spousal abuse

62%Assaults

52% Rapes

38% Child abuse

50% Traffic fatalities

49% Murders

68% ManslaughterCharges

69% Drownings

Health Concerns Associated with Alcohol Use


Definitions

• Drug– substance other than food that when taken

in small quantities, alters one’s physical, mental, or emotional state

• Psychoactive drug– alters sensory perceptions, mood, thought

process, or behavior

• Drug misuse– inappropriate use of prescription or

nonprescription drugs


Definitions

• Drug abuse– taking of a drug for non-medically

approved purposes– continued use of a legal drug with the

knowledge that it is hazardous to one’s health (cigarette smoking)

• Drug dependence– when one feels the that a particular drug is

necessary for normal functioning.


Factors that Contribute to Substance Abuse• Inherited risk factors

• Environmental risk factors– Personal – Home & family– School & peer group factors– Sociocultural aspects of one’s environment


Types of Legal Drugs Abused

• Alcohol– #1 drug problem in America– 32% of high school seniors– 41% of college students report having 5 or

more drinks in a row at least once in the past 2 years

• Binge drinking

• Problem drinkers

• Alcoholism



• Nicotine– use occurs in the

form of cigarette, cigar, pipe smoking, chewing tobacco and snuff

– 23.1% of high school seniors smoke cigarettes daily

– 430,700 deaths each year

– $138 billion economic cost •Environmental smoke

•Spit tobacco



• Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs– can be purchased

without a doctor’s prescription

• Prescription drugs– requires a physician’s

written instructions – usually stronger than

over-the-counter drugs


Types of Illicit Drugs Abused

• Marijuana– most abused illicit drug– amotivational syndrome

• Opium, morphine, & heroin– Narcotics numb the senses and reduce

pain– produce tolerance and physical

dependence– injection users are at high risk for

becoming infected with HIV



• Cocaine– potent stimulant– 1.7 million Americans used in last 30 days

• Hallucinogens– LSD– Mescaline– Psilocybin



• Stimulants– Amphetamine– Methamphentamine– Methcathinone

• Depressants– Barbiturates– Benzodiazepines– Methaqualone



• Designer Drugs– Rohypnol and related chemicals– MDMA and related compounds– PCP and related chemicals

• Anabolic drugs

• Inhalants


Prevention & Control of Drug Abuse• Primary

– are aimed at those who have never used drugs, & their goal is to prevent or forestall the initiation of drug use.

• Secondary – seek to reach those who have begun drug

use but are not chronic drug abusers

• Tertiary– designed to provide treatment for abuse &

aftercare


Elements of Prevention

• Education

• Treatment

• Public Policy

• Law Enforcement


Official Agencies & Programs

• $19.2 billion 2001 Federal budget

• Department of Justice– law enforcement; prisons, & other aspects

of justice system– Drug Enforcement Agency

• lead governmental agency on drugs– FBI– Immigration & Naturalization Service



• Department of Health & Human Services– education, automatic protection & regulation– rapid diagnosis & intervention with treatment– Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services– National Institute on Drug Abuse

• Department of Treasury– U.S. Customs Service – Internal Revenue Service (IRS) – Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF)



• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA)

• National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA)– lead federal research agency

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)– federal regulatory agency for legal drugs



• State government– influence the outcome of drug wars through

advocacy, administrative aid and legislation

• Regional coordination offices– provide a link between state and local efforts

• Local agencies & programs– Local coordination councils– prevention through education– intervention and treatment– law enforcement


Nongovernmental Drug Prevention and Control• Community-based drug education

• School-based drug education

• Workplace-based drug education


Voluntary Health Agencies

• Mothers Against Drunk Drivers

• Students Against Drunk Drivers

• Alcoholics Anonymous

• Narcotics Anonymous

• American Cancer Society


Chapter 12

Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs