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Iursm
Cukbof`ktms b`
@imkmfæo :7?2
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam b` Iden`
Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo
B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon
FEJ
Opukt`s b`
Inos`s
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ækbei` b`imkt`kebms Oarob`iefe`ktms ............................................................................................................................ 3
Wrùnmam .......................................................................................................................................... 3
?.- EKRZMBPIIEÙK. ....................................................................................................................... 1
:.- IMKI@WRMY @IMKÙFEIMY. ....................................................................................................... 4
:.? @IMKMFÆO U NO OIRESEBOB @IMKÙFEIO< ............................................................................ 4
:.?.? Ioroit`ræsteios b` nms r`iursms< ...................................................................................... 4
:.?.: Nos k`i`sebob`s< ............................................................................................................ 5
:.: @N WZMJN@FO @IMKMFEIM< ............................................................................................... ??
:.:.? Nos inïseios pr`auktos `k `imkmfæo. ............................................................................ ??
:.:.: @n`iieùk, Ekt`riofjem y Imstm b` Mpmrtukebob ............................................................. ?2
:.:.9 Fïra`k`s ` Eki`ktevms ................................................................................................. ?2 :.:.2 Ekt`riofjem y F`riobms @ceie kt`s ........................... .......................... .......................... ?0
:.:.0 Efp`rc`iieùk m Conno b`n F`riobm ................................................................................ ?3
:.9 @N ZO\MKOFE@KRM @IMKMFEIM< ...................................................................................... ?1
:.9.? Z`iursms y b`s`ms `siosms ........................................................................................... ?4
Rrojolm ............................................................................................................................... ?4
Re`rro .................................................................................................................................. ?4
Iopeton ................................................................................................................................ ?4
Nos Dojenebob`s @fpr`soreon`s< ....................................................................................... ?4
:.9.: Crmkt`ro b` Wmsejenebob`s b` Wrmbuiieùk y Imstm b` Mpmrtukebob ........................ ......... ?5
:.9.9 Ir`iefe`ktm `imkùfeim ................................................................................................ :4
:.2 FMB@NM B@ CNPLM IEZIPNOZ B@ NO OIRESEBOB @IMKMFEIO ............................................ 97
:.0 FEIZM@IMKMFÆO U FOIZM@IMKMFÆO............................................................................. 9?
9.- B@FOKBO, MC@ZRO U @_PENEJZEM. .......................................................................................... 99
9.? NO B@FOKBO. .................................................................................................................... 99
9.?.? B`t`rfekokt`s b` no b`fokbo ..................................................................................... 99 9.?.: Iurvo b` B`fokbo ...................................................................................................... 92
No n`y b` no B`fokbo ............................................................................................................... 93
9.?.9 Z`suf`k. ..................................................................................................................... 2?
9.: NO MC@ZRO. ......................................................................................................................... 22
9.:.? No n`y b` mc`rto. ........................................................................................................... 22
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
9Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9.:.: B`t`rfekokt`s b` no mc`rto. ......................................................................................... 20
9.9 @_PENEJZEM B@ F@ZIOBM. ................................................................................................. 25
9.9.? Olust`s `k `n Wr`iem ...................................................................................................... 07
9.9.: Iofjems b`n @quenejrem ......................... .......................... ......................... ...................... 02
Soreoieùk `k no b`fokbo ...................................................................................................... 02
@c`itm b` uk iofjem `k no Mc`rto ........................................................................................ 00
No b`fokbo y no mc`rto iofjeok `k ber`iieùk imktroreo .................................................... 37
9.2 @TI@B@KR@Y. ...................................................................................................................... 33
9.2.? @xi`b`kt`s b` nms imksufebmr`s .................................................................................. 33
9.2.: @xi`b`kt`s b` nms Imksufebmr`s y b`n Wrmbuitmr. ........................... .......................... .... 35
@n @xi`b`kt` b`n Wrmbuitmr ...................................................................................................... 35
Okïneses Fot`fïteim .............................................................................................................. 1?Mtrm `kcmqu` b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr ...................................................................... 1:
2.? @NOYREIEBOB WZ@IEM B@ NO B@FOKBO ............................................................................... 12
2.?.? Ekt`rpr`toieùk a`mfåtreio< .......................................................................................... 10
2.?.: @l`fpnm b`n fåtmbm b`n puktm y no p`kbe`kt` ......................... ......................... ............. 11
2.?.9 Fåtmbm b`n imie`kt` `ktr` s`af`ktms.......................................................................... 14
2.?.2 @nosteiebob `k bec`r`kt`s puktms b` uko iurvo nek`on b` b`fokbo ................................ 15
2.?.0 Coitmr`s qu` b`t`rfekok qu` uko b`fokbo s`o `nïsteio m ek`nïsteio ........................... 4?
2.?.3 Sonmr `imkùfeim b` nos troksoiiemk`s y `nosteiebob-pr`iem b` no b`fokbo ................... 4?
Ekar`sm Rmton y @nosteiebob ....................................................................................................... 42
No pru`jo b`n ekar`sm tmton ................................................................................................... 42
Imkseb`roieùk Fot`fïteio ................................................................................................... 42
2.?.1 @nosteiebob Orim ........................................................................................................... 43
2.: @NOYREIEBOB IZP\OBO B@ NO B@FOKBO .................................................................. 41
2.9 @NOYREIEBOB Z@KRO M EKAZ@YM B@ NO B@FOKBO ................................................... 45
2.2 @NOYREIEBOB B@ NO MC@ZRO................................................................................................ 5?2.2.? Iïniunm b` no `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto ............................................................................ 5?
2.2.: Repms b` @nosteiebob`s b` no Mc`rto ............................................................................... 5:
2.2.9 Coitmr`s qu` ekcnuy`k smjr` no `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto< ................................................ 53
2.0 IMKRZMN@Y B@ WZ@IEM ....................................................................................................... 51
2.0.? Wr`iem fækefm .............................................................................................................. 54
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
2Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.3.0 @nosteiebob y iorao trejutoreo ........................................................................................ ?75
2.1 @N YPJYEBEM U YPY @C@IRMY.............................................................................................. ??:
2.4 IMF@ZIEM EKR@ZKM U @TR@ZEMZ...................................................................................... ??5
2.4.? S`ktolo Imfporotevo ................................................................................................. ??5
2.4.: S`ktolo ojsmnuto ....................................................................................................... ?::
2.4.9 @xpmrtoiemk`s, efpmrtoiemk`s y oroki`n`s ......................... ......................... ................ ?:2
2.4.2 Z@YRZEIIEMK@Y ON IMF@ZIEM EKR@ZKOIEMKON ........................ ......................... ....... ?:1
Nms amje`rkms pmr nm a`k`ron, `fpn`ok iuotrm tepms b` ekstruf`ktms m f`bebos
prmt`iiemkestos trotokbm b` r`buier `n efpoitm ( n`vo n pr`iem b` nms prmbuitms
efpmrtobms, nm qu` doi` io`r `n vmnuf`k b` efpmrtoiemk`s) y osæ prmt`a`r o nos
ekbustreos koiemkon`s b` no imfp`t`kieo `xt`rko. ........................................................ ?:1
Ekstruf`ktms b` prmt`iieùk< ........................................................................................... ?:1
o) Oroki`n`s .................................................................................................................. ?:1
j) Iumtos b` efpmrtoieùk............................................................................................. ?:1
i) Mtros r`streiiemk`s o no efpmrtoieùk (ionebob, t`ikmnmaæo, `ti.) ........................... ?:1
b) Yujsebems o no `xpmrtoieùk ...................................................................................... ?:1
2.5 JE@K@Y WPJNEIMY U @TR@ZKONEBOB@Y ........................ .......................... ........................ ?91
0.? OTEMFOY B@ NO @N@IIEÙK ZOIEMKON ............................................................................... ?09
0.: EK@TEYR@KIEO B@ PK ÜKEIM FÅRMBM WOZO F@BEZ NO PRENEBOB ..................................... ?02
Ptenebob Mrbekon ................................................................................................................ ?00
@st` imki`ptm cu` b`c`kbebm pmr nms `imkmfestos imfm Wor`tm y Deihs, s`aük nms
iuon`s o no utenebob km s` n` pu`b` oseakor uk vonmr `k imkir`tm, p`rm sæ pu`b` s`r
imfporobo imk mtros utenebob`s b` cmrfo qu` s` b`t`rfek` iuïn b` `nnos prmpmriemko
foymr sotescoiieùk on imksufebmr. ................................................................................. ?00
0.9 @N YPWP@YRM B@N I@R@ZEY WOZEJPY ................................................................................. ?04
0.2 WZ@C@Z@KIEOY U NO CPKIEÙK B@ PRENEBOB ...................................................................... ?05
0.2.? Wr`c`r`kieos b`n Imksufebmr y Iurvos b` Ekbec`r`kieo. ....................... ........................ ?37
0.2.: Iùfm fmstror no imkv`xebob b` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo ............................... .......... ?39
0.2.9 Nms Je`k`s @imkùfeims .............................................................................................. ?32
0.2.2. Fopo b` Iurvos b` Ekbec`r`kieos................................ ........................... ................... ?34
0.2.0. No Roso m Z`noieùk Foraekon b` Yustetuieùk (RFY m ZFY) ........................ ............... ?19
0.2.3. No utenebob foraekon b`ir ie`kt` y no RFY ............................................................... ?11
0.0 NO Z@YRZEIIEÙK WZ@YPWP@YROZEO .................................................................................. ?15
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
3Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Oarob`iefe`ktms
On prmc`smr @krequ` Ovenås Sebon pmr imfporter su @stobm b`n Ort` b`n ïr`o b` @imkmfæo b` fok`ro
b`sekt`r`sobo, `n iuon do sebm crutm b` oÿms b` `xp`re`kieo y b`beioieùk o bec`r`kt`s iursms
efportebms pmr fuidms oÿms `k no Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam b` Iden`.
O nms oyubokt`s b` immrbekoieùk Forem Imktr ros Iossoso y Feido`n Yonbeos F`ko pmr no oyubo
qu` f` jrekbormk `k no `beieùk b` `st` Opukt`.
@k no Immrbekoieùk b` nms iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo FEJ b`n B`portof`ktm b`
Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon - Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo, s` dok oboptobm y `betobm nms imkt`kebms b` `st`
opukt` on prmarofo b`n iursm.
Immrbekobmro Foa. Eka. Wrmc. Inoubeo Burïk Yok Fortæk
Wrùnmam
„@stms opukt`s cu`rmk bes`ÿobms poro s`rver b` opmym o no bmi`kieo poro nms onufkms b` no
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam b` Iden` y imfm ton`s, smk `n crutm b` r`impenoieùk b` ekcmrfoieùk b`
bestektms outmr`s, imfm tofjeåk b` prmjn`fos pnokt`obms y r`su`ntms `k inos`s y pru`jos.
Re`k`k pmr mjl`tevm qu` nms onufkms oii`bok rïpebof kt` o no ekcmrfoieùk y qu` km t`kaok qu`
utenezor su te`fpm jusiokbm `k bec`r`kt`s nejrms b` @imkmfæo, nms qu` pmr nm a`k`ron pr`s`ktok
`kcmqu`s bec`r`kt`s.‖
Foa. Eka. Wrmc. @krequ` Ovenås Sebon.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
1Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
?.- EKRZMBPIIEÙK.
B`sb` `n fmf`ktm `k qu` `n ekbevebum b`spe`rto ` ekeieo sus nojmr`s fotutekosdosto `n fmf`ktm `k qu` vu`nv` o bmrfers`, su vebo `stï nn`ko b` `n`iiemk`s. Yu pref`ro`n`iieùk `s iuokbm n`voktors` on smkor `n b`sp`rtobmr. ½@fp`zorå o opurorf` m
b`fmrorå ukms iuoktms fekutms y `siuidorå no robem=, ½quå rmpo f` pmkbrå= Ron v`zpmkao ot`kieùk on prmkùsteim b`n te`fpm y tmf` uko `n`iieùk. U b`spuås, ½quåb`soyukorå=, ½Erå `k `n Rroksokteoam m `n F`trm=, ½o quå inos` osesterå=, ½quå tor`ob`j`rå t`rfekor pref`rm=, `ti.
Rmbms nms prmjn`fos y iu`stemk`s `imkùfeios s` mreaekok `k nm qu` s` b`kmfeko`sios`z y `nnms sura`k pmrqu` nms r`iursms bespmkejn`s km smk suceie`kt`s poro sotescoi`rku`stros `n`iiemk`s.
Rmbms b`s`ok t`k`r imfmbebob`s fot`reon`s, imkmiefe`ktms, `sporiefe`ktm cæseimy f`kton, uko sonub `xi`n`kt` y uko vebo qu` s` prmnmkau` fïs onnï b` nm pmsejn`. Yek
`fjoram tmbms `nnms km qu`bok kukio imfpn`tof`kt` sotesc`idms. Fe`ktros qu` onaukosp`rsmkos te`k`k tmbos nos imfmbebob`s fot`reon`s qu` b`s`ok, fuidos mtros km noste`k`k. @n pmjr` y `n reim s` `kcr`ktok eauonf`kt` o no `sios`z. Pko keÿo pmjr` b`s`o ukd`nobm b` jorquennm qu` s` pujneieto y uk v`stebm qu` s` `xpmk` tros uko vetreko, p`rm km n`oniokzo `n bek`rm qu` te`k`. @nno se`kt` no `sios`z. Pk `stubeokt` ukev`rsetorem b`s`o er ouk „iorr`t`‖ `n sïjobm pmr no kmid`, p`rm `so fesfo kmid` b`j` `stubeor y pmk`rs` on bæoimk nos tor`os qu` b`j` `ktr`aor `n nuk`s. @n `xp`ref`kto no `sios`z. @n pr`seb`kt` b`uko imfpoÿæo efpmrtokt` que`r` posor `n cek b` s`foko oseste`kbm o uk veol` b``sporiefe`ktm `k prmvekieo imk su cofeneo y osester o uko r`ukeùk bmkb` s` besiut` no`strot`aeo b` k`amiems b` no imfpoÿæo, p`rm km pu`b` doi`r ofjos imsos.
@n pmjr` y `n reim s` `kcr`ktok eauonf`kt` o no `sios`z. Pko keÿo pmjr` b`s`o ukd`nobm b` jorquennm qu` s` pujneieto y uk v`stebm qu` s` `xpmk` tros uko vetreko, p`rm km n`oniokzo `n bek`rm qu` te`k`. @nno se`kt` no `sios`z. Pk `stubeokt` ukev`rsetorem b`s`o er ouk „iorr`t`‖ `n sïjobm pmr no kmid`, p`rm `so fesfo kmid` b`j` `stubeor y pmk`rs` on bæo
imk nos tor`os qu` b`j` `ktr`aor `n nuk`s. @n `xp`ref`kto no `sios`z. @n pr`seb`kt` b`uko imfpoÿæo efpmrtokt` que`r` posor `n cek b` s`foko oseste`kbm o uk veol` b``sporiefe`ktm `k prmvekieo imk su cofeneo y osester o uko r`ukeùk bmkb` s` besiut` no`strot`aeo b` k`amiems b` no imfpoÿæo, p`rm km pu`b` doi`r ofjos imsos.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
4Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:.- IMKI@WRMY @IMKÙFEIMY.
:.? @IMKMFÆO U NO OIRESEBOB @IMKÙFEIO<
@imkmfæo< @s no ie`kieo qu` `stubeo no cmrfo `k no iuon oseakok nms r`iursms `siosms`ktr` nms bev`rsms usms qu` imfpet`k pmr `nnms imk `n prmpùsetm b` sotescoi`r port` b` nmsb`s`ms enefetobms b` nms ekbevebums.
No oitevebob `imkùfeio< @s no ekt`roiieùk `ktr` ukebob`s prmbuitmros, imksufebmros `ekt`riofjem. @k `st` s`ktebm `s pmsejn` s`ÿonor tr`s `n`f`ktms jïseims b` no oitevebob`imkùfeio< nms r`iursms, nos k`i`sebob`s y nms je`k`s.
Y` okonezorï odmro iobo ukm b` `stms imfpmk`kt`s b` no oitevebob `imkùfeio,r`iursms, k`i`sebob`s y je`k`s.
Nms r`iursms< Ymk tmbms nms f`bems qu` s` `fpn`ok poro no prmbuiieùk b`je`k`s y s`rveiems.
:.?.? Ioroit`ræste ios b` nms r`iur sms<
?. @siosms< Km s` bespmk` b` uko `xest`kieo suceie`kt` b` r`iursms imfm poro supnertmbms nms pmsejn`s b`s`ms y k`i`sebob`s b` nms ekbevebums. :. S`rsïten`s< Nms r`iursms pu`b`k t`k`r fïs b` uk pmsejn` usm. Wmr `l`fpnm `k ukt`rr`km s` pu`b` pnoktor iocå m pmbræo imkstruers` uko cïjreio. 9. Worieonf`kt` sustetuejn`s< @k b`t`rfekobos ieriukstokieos y r`iursm pu`b`sustetuer o mtrm `k no prmbuiieùk b` uk je`k m s`rveiem, pmr `l`fpnm, `k uko pnokto ekbustreonnos tor`os pmbræok r`onezors` fokuonf`kt`, p`rm tofjeåk `sos tor`os pmbræokoutmfotezors` o trovås b`n usm b` ie`rtos fïquekos. @k `st` iosm s` `stï sustetuy`kbmtrojolm pmr iopeton.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
5Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:.?.: Nos k`i sebob`s<
K`i`sebob `s "onaük `stobm ekt`rkm qu` doi` qu` ie`rtms r`suntobms por`ziokotroitevms" (Zmjjeks). @s oqu`nnm b` qu` km s` pu`b` pr`siekber. Yupmk` uk `stobm b`ior`kieo b` onam.
Repms b` k`i`sebob`s<
? Wreforeos Y`iukboreos
: Ekbesp`ksojn`s Km ekbesp`ksojn`s
9 Ekbevebuon`s Imn`itevos
2 Cesemnùaeios B` s`aurebob Ymieon`s B` `stefo Outmrr`onezoieùk
@sto `s no nnofobo L`rorquæo b` nos K`i`sebob`s b` Fosnmw.
Ioroit`ræsteios b` nos k`i`sebob`s<
?. Enefetobos :. Yoieojn`s 9. Ekt`ksebob 2. R`fpmronebob
Imktrorem o nms r`iursms, qu` smk `siosms, nos k`i`sebob`s fïs je`k smk enefetobos (yfïs oük nms b`s`ms), pu`s o nm noram b`n te`fpm tmbos nos p`rsmkos (vorems fen`s b`fennmk`s `k `n fukbm) k`i`setofms supner ku`stros k`i`sebob`s b` onef`ktoieùk, v`stebm,trokspmrt`, imfukeioieùk, veve`kbo, `ktr` fuidos mtros.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?7Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Nms je`k`s < Pk je`k `s tmbm oqu`nnm qu` serv` poro sotescoi`r nos k`i`sebob`s, `sonam qu` s` b`s`o. Rofjeåk pu`b` b`cekers` imfm oqu`nno ioktebob b` je`k`s qu`nms imksufebmr`s b`s`ok obquerer imk uk pr`supu`stm m r`iursm fmk`toremnefetobm pmr ukebob b` te`fpm.
Nms je`k`s smk `siosms, b`jebm o qu` km `s pmsejn` sotescoi`r tmbms nms b`s`msb` nms ekbevebums tmbm `n te`fpm yo qu` smk enefetobos y `s pmr `sto rozùk qu` nosp`rsmkos tmfok b`iesemk`s smjr` no jos` b`n imstm qu` oqu`nnm n`s seakeceio.
Wmr suojukbokieom `sios`zr`notevo
Je`k`s nejr`s< Ymk tok ojukbokt`s qu` kobe` `storæo bespu`stm opoaor pmr `nnms. Wmr `l`fpnm `n oer`. Je`k`s `imkùfeims< Ymk r`notevof`kt` `siosms y pmr toktmte`k`k uk imstm fïs `n`vobm, ton imfm uk nejrm, uk poktonùk, `ti.
Wmr su
b`stekm
Je`k`s b` imksufm< Je`k`s cekon`s b`stekobms o uk imfprobmr ypr`s`kt`s `k `n f`riobm. Ron `s `n iosm b` uko iofeso t`rfekobo y
nesto poro usors` pmr port` b` onauko p`rsmko. Je`k`s b` prmbuiieùk m b` iopeton< smk je`k`s qu` serv`k poroprmbuier mtrms je`k`s, imfm pmr `l`fpnm, uko fïqueko b` ims`r. Je`k`s ekt`rf`bems< Ymk je`k`s qu` smk utenezobms `k onauko b`nos bestektos `topos b` prmbuiieùk y `stïk porieonf`kt` t`rfekobms,imfm nm `s no t`no, `n denm, `ti.
Wmr suarobm b``nojmroieùk
Je`k`s t`rfekobms< Nms qu` dok nn`aobm o no cos` cekon b`prmbuiieùk poro s`r imksufebms. Wmr `l`fpnm uk outmfùven, ukoiofeso, `ti. Je`k`s km t`rfekobms< Ymk nms qu` k`i`setok mtros `topos b`
prmbuiieùk poro `stor imkinuebms. Imfm `l`fpnm pu`b` s`r t`k`rsùnm nos fokaos b` uko iofeso.
Wmr sukoturon`zo
Je`k`s tokaejn`s< Je`k`s qu` imkstetuy`k mjl`tms fot`reon`s,imfm uk besim imfpoitm m uk iuob`rkm. Je`k`s ektokaejn`s< Y` r`ce`r` o nms s`rveiems qu` utenezofms p`rmkm s` pu`b`k p`riejer, imfm uko imksunto fåbeio m uko inos` b``imkmfæo.
Wmr supms`seùk
Je`k`s prevobms< su usm s` r`streka` o su bu`ÿm m prmbuitmr. Wmr`l`fpnm, su outmfùven.
Je`k`s püjneims< Y` pu`b` imksufer `k cmrfo sefuntïk`o pmrtmbms, ouk sek poaor pmr `n je`k y kobe` pu`b` s`r `xinuebm b` suimksufm. @st` `s `n iosm b`n onufjrobm püjneim, nos ionn`s, `ti.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:.: @N WZMJN@FO @IMKMFEIM<
Ron imfm s` do f`kiemkobm okt`remrf`kt`, nms r`iursms smk `siosms y nosk`i`sebob`s enefetobos, b` fmbm qu` `n prmjn`fo `imkùfeim imksesterï `k<
½Iùfm `fpn`or r`iursms `siosms poro prmbuier je`k`s y s`rveiemssuceie`kt`s poro sotescoi`r k`i`sebob`s enefetobos=
Osæ no @IMKMFÆO `s no ie`kieo qu` `stubeo no cmrfo `k no iuon oseakok nmsr`iursms `siosms `ktr` nms bev`rsms usms qu` imfpet`k pmr `nnms.
:.:.? Nos inïseios pr`auktos k imkmfæo .
Nos pr`auktos inïseios qu` s` cmrfunok `k tmbos nos `n`iiemk`s `imkùfeios
r`sp`itm o nms je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` prmbuiefms smk< ½_uå=, ½Iùfm=, ½Iuïkbm=,½Bùkb`=, ½_ueåk=, m ½Woro _ueåk=
½_uå=
½_uå je`k`s y s`rveiems prmbuier y `k quå ioktebob`s=.
Nms je`k`s y s`rveiems smk tmbos oqu`nnos imsos qu` vonmrofms, pmrqu` nospmb`fms utenezor `k no prmbuiieùk m `k `n imksufm y pmr nos qu` s` `stï bespu`stm opoaor. Y` prmbui`k tmbms nms bæo uko ekcekebob b` je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` vok b` nos fïsk`i`soreos imfm iosos-dojetoieùk dosto ortæiunms b` `ktr`t`kieùk imfm `quepms poro
luaor peka-pmka. ½_uå b`t`rfeko se s` imkstruy`k fïs iosos, m se s` doi`k fïs `quepmsb` peka-pmka=, ½Iùfm iofjeok `stos `n`iiemk`s imkcmrf` troksiurr` `n te`fpm= ½Iùfmr`suntok oc`itobos pmr nms iofjems t`ikmnùaeims qu` pmk`k o ku`stro bespmseieùk ukimkluktm oük fïs ofpnem b` je`k`s y s`rveiems=
½Iùfm=
½Iùfm s` prmbui`k nms je`k`s y s`rveiems= @k uk veÿ`bm `k Iureiù, nmstrojolobmr`s qu` oiorr`ok nms iokostms, r`onezok o fokm no v`kbefeo okuon. @k uk veÿ`bmb` Ionecmrkeo, uko ekf`kso fïqueko y ukms iuoktms trojolobmr`s doi`k `n fesfm trojolm
qu` r`onezok ie`k trojolobmr`s `k `n veÿ`bm b` Iureiù. @s imso b` v`r o ku`strm onr`b`bmry s` `kimktrorïk füntepn`s `l`fpnms b` `st` c`kùf`km. @k onaukms sup`rf`riobms mfekeforh`t, nos iol`ros t`in`ok nms pr`iems, `k iofjem `k mtrms, utenezok uk n`itmr b`iùbeams b` jorro. A`k`ron Fmtmrs imktroto trojolobmr`s poro smnbor outms `k onaukos b`sus pnoktos fe`ktros qu` `k mtros utenezo rmjmts poro doi`r `n fesfm trojolm.
½Wmr quå s` usok fïquekos `k onaukms iosms y a`kt` `k mtros= ½Nof`iokezoieùk y `n iofjem t`ikmnùaeim supref`k fïs trojolm b` nms qu` ir`ok=
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
½Iuïkbm=
½Iuïkbm s` prmbui`k nms je`k`s y s`rveiems= @k uko mjro b` imkstruiieùk noopr`feokt` oitevebob prmbuitevo r`que`r` qu` no a`kt` trojol` dmros `xtromrbekoreos poro
km prmbuier trostmrkms y b`t`kiemk`s sekm fïs je`k cnueb`z. Pko pnokto b` p`rcen`s b`onufekems ie`rro burokt` `n v`rokm poro p`rfeter fokt`kieùk b` sus ekstonoiemk`s. Pkofek`ro ie`rro ukms pequ`s, b`speb` t`fpmronf`kt` o sus trojolobmr`s y susp`kb` suprmbuiieùk.
@k onaukos mpmrtukebob`s, no prmbuiieùk b` tmbo no `imkmfæo s` b`te`k` ` ekinusms` imktro` pmr vorems p`ræmbms `k nm qu` s` b`kmfeko uko r`i`seùk. @k mtros miosemk`s,no prmbuiieùk no prmbuiieùk b` no `imkmfæo s` `xpokb` rïpebof`kt`. O `st` cnulm y r`cnulmb` no prmbuiieùk s` nm b`kmfeko ieinm `imkùfeim. Iuokbm no prmbuiieùk io`, s` pe`rb`k`fpn`ms y `n b`s`fpn`m ouf`kto. Burokt` no Arok B`pr`seùk b` nms oÿms 97, noprmbuiieùk b` @stobms Pkebms b`si`kbeù toktm qu` fïs b`n :0% b` su cu`rzo nojmron
qu`bù b`s`fpn`obo. Wmr mtro port` `k oÿms r`ie`kt`s, no prmbuiieùk b` Zuseo y susv`iekms b` @urmpo I`ktron y Mre`kton do besfekuebm imkcmrf` `stms poæs`s dok trotobm b`iofjeor no cmrfo `k qu` mraokezok sus `imkmfæos. ½_uå prmvmio qu` sujok m jol`k susprmbuiiemk`s=, ½Iuïkbm jolorï ku`vof`kt` no prmbuiieùk `k uko `imkmfæo=, ½Wu`b` `namje`rkm `vetor qu` no prmbuiieùk jol`=
½Bùkb`=
½Bùkb` s` prmbui`k nms je`k`s y s`rveiems= No Fi Bmkonbs qu` `xp`kb` imfebo
rïpebo te`k` pr`s`kieo `k fïs b` ?37 poæs`s. @n pnok b` k`amiems b` Fi Bmkonbs `s tokvostm qu` te`k` pïaekos `k Ekt`rk`t imk `n r`sp`itevm ebemfo b` iobo poæs `k bmkb` te`k`ekstonoiemk`s. Dmkbo, `n cojreiokt` lopmkås b` outmfùven`s y fmtmiein`tos `k iose tmbmsnms imktek`kt`s. „Anmjonezoieùk o trovås b` no nmionezoieùk‖ `s su n`fo, p`rm prmbui` outms
`k uk poæs y nms `fjorio poro su v`kto o mtrm poæs.
@k no `imkmfæo anmjon b` dmy `k bæo, a`kt` s`porobo pmr fen`s b` henùf`trmsimmp`ro poro prmbuier füntepn`s je`k`s y s`rveiems. Nms eka`ke`rms b` smctwor` `k `n Sonn`b`n Yeneiem `k Ionecmrkeo trojolok o trovås b` Ekt`rk`t imk prmarofobmr`s `k Ekbeo. Nmspoaorås b` no torl`to Of`reiok @xpr`ss s` prmi`sok `k Jorjobms. W`rm tofjeåk `xest`fuido imki`ktroieùk nmion b` no prmbuiieùk. No foymræo b` nos oncmfjros
`stobmukeb`ks`s s` cojreiok `k Bontmk, A`mraeo y no foymræo b` nos p`næiunos s` prmbui`k`k Nms Ïka`n`s.
½_uå b`t`rfeko `k bmkb` s` prmbui`k nms je`k`s y s`rveiems=, ½Iùfm oc`itok nmsiofjems `k no ujeioieùk b` no prmbuiieùk o nms trojolms qu` doi`fms y o nms sonorems qu`aokofms=
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?9Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
½_ueåk=
½_ueåk imksuf` nms je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` s` prmbui`k= No r`spu`sto o `stopr`aukto b`p`kb` b` nms ekar`sms qu` mjte`k`k nos p`rsmkos. Nms eka`ke`rms `k Mjros
Ieven`s mjte`k`k ekar`sms fuidm fïs ontms qu` nms Imkstruitmr`s Ieven`s y nms Råikeims`k Imkstruiieùk, osæ nms Eka`ke`rms Ieven`s pu`b`k mjt`k`r uko foymr ioktebob b` je`k`sy s`rveiems qu` nms Imkstruitmr`s Ieven`s y Nms Råikeims `k Imkstruiieùk.
½_uå b`t`rfeko nms ekar`sm qu` aokofms=, ½Wmr quå nms prmc`semkon`sukev`rsetorems aokok `k prmf`bem fuidm fïs qu` nms `ar`sobms b` @ks`ÿokzo F`beo=,½pmr quå nms `stobmukeb`ks`s, `k prmf`bem aokok fïs qu` nms `urmp`ms, que`k`s o suv`z aokok fïs qu` nms oseïteims, nms notekmof`reiokms y nms ocreiokms=
@stos arokb`s pr`auktos `imkùfeios bok uko eb`o b` nms osp`itms qu` troto no`imkmfæo. N` bei`k oi`rio b`n iofpm b` oiieùk b` no `imkmfæo, p`rm km n` bei`k qu` `s
no `imkmfæo. Km n` bei`k iùfm pe`ksok nms `imkmfestos `k tmrkm o `stos pr`auktos`imkùfeios f`beokt` `n `stubem b` midm arokb`s eb`os qu` b`cek`k no cmrfo b` p`ksorb` no `imkmfæo.
Rr`s pr`auktos b` no `imkmfæo pu`b`k t`k`r r`n`vokieo imfm seau`< ½_uå je`k`sy s`rveiems b`j`k prmbuiers` y `k quå ioktebob`s= Bobo no `xest`kieo b` nosk`i`sebob`s y qu` åstos s` sotescoi`k imk je`k`s, `ktmki`s `s k`i`sorem b`t`rfekoriuïn`s k`i`sebob`s s` vok o sotescoi`r y iuïn`s smk nms je`k`s qu` sotescoi`k `sosk`i`sebob`s. @sto `s uko pr`aukto b` iorïit`r `imkùfeim.
½Iùfm prmbuier nms je`k`s= @s to p r`a uk to s b` iorïit`r tåikeim , y s` r`ce`r`
o iuïn s`rï no t`ikmnmaæo `fpn`obo `k no prmbuiieùk, iuïn`s smk nms fot`reon`sk`i`sorems, `n tepm b` fokm b` mjro, `n prmi`sm b` prmbuiieùk, `ti.
½_ueåk mjte`k` nm qu` s` prmbui`= @sto pr `auk to s b` i orïit`r smi eon y susmnuieùk b`p`kb` b`n fmb`nm qu` seao no mraokezoieùk smieon, yo qu` pmr `l`fpnm `k uko`imkmfæo b` f`riobm b`p`kb`rï b` no iopoiebob b` imfpro b` nms bestektmsimksufebmr`s. @sto pr`aukto `s no qu` ekcnuy` `k nms bestektms fmb`nms pmnæteims b`mraokezoieùk `imkùfeio.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?2Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:.:.: @n`iieùk, E kt`riofjem y Imstm b` Mpmrtukebob
Pko `n`iieùk `s uk ekt`riofjem< r`kukieofms o onam poro mjt`k`r onam . Noont`rkotevo b` foymr vonmr o no qu` r`kukieofms `s `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` no oitevebobqu` `n`aefms. Iuonque`ro s`o ku`stro `n`iieùk, pmbræofms doj`r d`idm onam `k su nuaor.
Y` ekt`riofjeo uko imso pmr mtro. Ekt`riofjem imrr`spmkb` o r`kukieor o onam poromjt`k`r mtro imso y o no ont`rkotevo b` foymr vonmr o no qu` s` r`kukieo `s `n imstm b`mpmrtuk ebob b` oqu`nno oitevebob n`aebo.
Y` uso `n tårfekm imstm b ` mpmrtuk ebob poro b`kmtor qu` iuokbm s` doi` uko`n`iieùk `k uko setu oieùk b` sios`z , s` `stï r`kukieokbm o uko mpmrtukebob b` doi`ronam bec`r`kt`, pmr nm toktm `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` iuonque`r oiieùk qu` s` `nea` kmdoi`r, no ont`rkot evo b`soprmv`idobo b` foym r vonmr , ve`k` o s`r `n imstms b` no oiieùkqu` s` `nea` r`onezor. Km `s `n imkluktm b` tmbos nos pmsejn`s ont`rkotevosb`soprmv`idobos. Wmr `l`fpnm se no inos` b` `imkmfæo `s o nos 4<77 b`n bæo ve`rk`s, `n`stubeokt` pu`b` qu`bors` `k iofo burfe`kbm m er o trmtor imk su v`ieko. Km pu`b`
qu`bors` `k iofo y trmtor on fesfm te`fpm. @ktmki`s `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` osester oinos`s b` `imkmfæo `s `n te`fpm km oprmv`idobm b` qu`bors` `k iofo burfe`kbm m `nte`fpm km oprmv`idobm `k trmtor imk su v`ieko. Ye `stos cu`rok nos ükeios ont`rkotevos oimkseb`ror, `ktmki`s s` te`k` qu` b`ieber iuïn b` nos bms doræo se km osest` o inos`s.
Woro uk imrr`bmr `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` osester o inos`s `s `n te`fpm b` trmt` kmoprmv`idobm. Woro uk bmrfenùk `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob `s `n te`fpm km oprmv`idobm `kiofo burfe`kbm
:.:.9 Fïra`k`s E ki`ktevms
No a`k`ronebob b` nos p`rsmkos doi`k sus `n`iiemk`s `k `n fora`k y susb`iesemk`s s` v`k ekcnuebos pmr eki`ktevms qu` ekinuy`k doi`r uk pmim fïs m uk pmimf`kms b` onauko oitevebob. Ye b`ieb` `k nos prùxefos dmros idot`or imk sus ofeams pmrEkt`rk`t m `stubeor, beido b`ieseùk km `s b`n tepm „tmbm m kobo‖, pmr iuoktm ioj` noont`rkotevo b` b`ieber iuïktm te`fpm n` b`beim o iobo uko b` `sos oitevebob`s y poro `nnms` imfporo `n j`k`ceiem b` uk pmim fïs b` „idot`m‖ imk su imstm y imk `nnm s` `stï
`c`ituokbm uko b`ieseùk k n f ora`k .
@n j`k`ceiem b` b`beior fïs te`fpm o uko oitevebob s` b`kmfeko j`k`ceiem
foraekon .
Wmr `l`fpnm, uko fofï b`j` tmfor no b`ieseùk b` ouf`ktor o tr`s bæos o nos`foko su trojolm poro mjt`k`r uk ekar`sm obeiemkon, `k ieriukstokieo qu` oituonf`kt` `sb` smnm bms bæos m `fpn`or `s` te`fpm `k posornm imk su delm. @n j`k`ceiem foraekon b` nofobr` imrr`spmkb`ræo on bæo obeiemkon b` trojolm y km s`ræok nms tr`s bæos b` trojolm pmriuoktm mjte`k` `n j`k`ceiem b` bms bæos b` trojolm y km s` imkseb`ro `k no b`ieseùk qu` s``stï tmfokbm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?0Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n imstm b` b`beior fïs te`fpm o uko oitevebob s` b`kmfeko imstm f ora ekon . Woro nofobr` b`n `l`fpnm okt`remr `n imstm foraekon b` ouf`ktor o tr`s bæos s`fokon`s sutrojolm `s `n imstm obeiemkon b` km posor uk bæo fïs imk su delm. @n imstm foraekon kmekinuy` `n imstm b` nms bms bæos qu` yo trojolo.
Woro no tmfo b` uko b`ieseùk, no fobr` te`k` qu` imfporor `n j`k`ceiem foraekon b` ukbæo obeiemkon b` trojolm imk su imstm foraekon. Ye `n j`k`ceiem foraekon `s sup`remr m`xi`b` on imstm foraekon, no fofï trojolorï `n bæo `xtro, pmr `n imktrorem, se `n imstmforaekon `xi`b` on j`k`ceiem foraekon `nno km trojolorï `n bæo obeiemkon.
Nos b`iesemk`s s` tmfok imfm r`oiieùk o eki`ktevms. Pk eki`ktevm `s uk `stæfunm moneie`kt` poro tmfor uko oiieùk `k porteiunor. @n `stæfunm pu`b` s`r uk j`k`ceiem(zokodmreo) m uk imstm (aorrmt`). @k no f`bebo qu` `n `stæfunm ont`r` `n j`k`ceiem m imstmforaekon, beidm oneie`kt` pu`b` imkbuier o uko fmbeceioieùk b` no b`ieseùk.
Ye `n su`nbm beorem suj` y kekauko mtro imso iofjeo, s` ouf`kto `n j`k`ceiem foraekonb` trojolor. Woro no fobr` b`n `l`fpnm, `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` posor uk bæo imk su
delm do ouf`ktobm. Re`k` odmro foymr eki`ktevm poro trojolor uk bæo `xtro o no s`foko.
Wmr mtro port`, se s` supmk` qu` `n imstm b`n lorbæk ekcokten ouf`kto y qu` kekauko mtroimso iofjeo, `n foymr imstm b`n lorbæk ekcokten ouf`kto `n imstm foraekon b` trojolor. Nofobr` te`k` uk f`kmr eki`ktevm poro trojolor uk bæo `xtro o no s`foko. _u` iofje` m kmsus oiiemk`s imfm r`spu`sto o nms iofjems b` eki`ktevm b`p`kb` b` iùfm `vonü` `nj`k`ceiem y `n imstm foraekon.
:.:.2 Ekt`riofjem y F riobms @c eie`kt`s
Iuokbm s` obque`r` onef`ktms, s` r`kukieo o onaük bek`rm o iofjem b` ukoiokosto b` v`rburos, p`rm beidms onef`ktms von`k `n pr`iem qu` s` poao. No p`rsmko `stï`k uko f`lmr setuoieùk on doj`r ekt`riofjeobm onam b` su bek`rm pmr nos v`rburos, pmr mtroport` no te`kbo b` onef`ktms r`iej` uk poam qu` imrr`spmkb` on pr`iem `xeaebm y cekonf`kt`ofjos port`s aokok imk no imfpro.
Ye s` tmforo uk `fpn`m pmr uko t`fpmrobo b` v`rokm, s` r`iejerï uk sonorem qu`s` imkseb`ro suceie`kt` poro imfp`ksor `n te`fpm nejr` o qu` s` r`kukieo. W`rm `n vonmrb`n trojolm poro no `fpr`so qu` imktroto `s on f`kms tok arokb` imfm `n su`nbm qu`poao, y pmr nm toktm `n qu` tmfo `n `fpn`m imfm no `fpr`so qu` imktroto aoko imk `nek t`riofjem vmnu ktorem.
@k no `imkmfæo, nms ekt`riofjems s` r`onezok `k f`riobms y qu` pmr nm a`k`ron s`utenezo bek`rm imfm f`bem b` iofjem. Wmr `l`fpnm s` v`kb` trojolm `k `n f`riobm nojmrono iofjem b` uk ekar`sm fmk`torem y s` imfprok nms je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` s` dok `n`aebmimksufer `k f`riobms ton`s imfm8 f`riobm b` v`rburos, b` iocå, b` iek`, b` p`næiunos,`ktr`t`kieùk ekcokten, luau`t`s, `ti. Wmr mtro port` nos `fpr`sos imfprok ku`strm trojolm ykms v`kb`k ie`ktms b` je`k`s qu` s` b`s`ok imksufer.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?3Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Nms f`riobms smk `ceie`kt`s `k n s`kte bm q u` kvæok r`iu rsm s on nu aor k n
qu ` s` n`s v onm ro fïs .
Ye supmk`fms qu` `k I`ynïk uk fmkzùk b`struy` no ims`ido b` tå y doi` qu` `npr`iem b` åst` y `k mtrms f`riobms ouf`kt` y se s` imkseb`rok tmbms nms mtrms pr`iemsimkstokt`s, s` ouf`kto `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` tmfor tå. Oqu`nnos p`rsmkos qu`mtmraok `n fïs ontm vonmr on tå smk nos qu` imktekuorïk j`jeåkbmnm. Nos p`rsmkos qu` bokuk vonmr fïs jolm on tå, te`k`k eki`ktevm poro sustetuernm pmr mtrm tepm b` j`jebo.
:.:.0 Efp r c`iieùk m Conn o b n F riobm
Nms f`riobms km se`fpr` trojolok `k cmrfo `ceie`kt`, y fuidos v`i`s noekt`rv`kieùk b`n amje`rkm `s k`i`soreo poro qu` `n usm b` nms r`iursms s` vu`nvo `ceie`kt`.
No efp`rc`iieùk m con no b`n f`riobm imrr`spmkb` o uko setuoieùk `k no qu` `n
f`riobm pmr sæ smnm km oseako nms r`iursms b` fok`ro `ceie`kt`. O nms imfprobmr`s km n`soarobo qu` nms pr`iems sujok, p`rm o nms v`kb`bmr`s sæ. B`n fesfm fmbm o nmsv`kb`bmr`s km n`s oarobo qu` nms pr`iems jol`k, p`rm sæ o nms imfprobmr`s. Onaukosp`rsmkos aokok y mtros pe`rb`k, tmbm `n fukbm s` j`k`ceieo imk `n ekt`riofjem vmnuktorem8km mjstokt` se `n r`stm b` nos imsos p`rfok`i`k sek iofjem, iuoktm fos ontm s`o `npr`iem, fïs s` j`k`ceieo `n v`kb`bmr y f`kms aoko `n imfprobmr.
B`jebm o qu` uk pr`iem ontm efpneio uko foymr aokokieo poro `n v`kb`bmr, `xest`uk eki`ktevm poro nms v`kb`bmr`s poro trotor b` imktrmnor `n f`riobm, `ktmki`s, iuokbmuk sm nm prmbuitmr imktrm no tmbm uk f`riobm ` efpeb` no `ktrobo b` mtrms , `nprmbuitmr pu`b` r`strekaer no ioktebob bespmkejn` y sujer `n pr`iem. @sto oiieùk miosemkoefp`rc`iieùk m conno b`n f`riobm pmrqu` no ioktebob bespmkejn` b`n je`k `s p`qu`ÿo `kr`noieùk o no b`fokbo.
Rofjeåk sura` no efp`rc`iieùk b`n f`riobm iuokbm nms prmbuitmr`s km tmfok
`k iu`kto nms imstms qu` efpm k`k o mtros p`rsmk os . Ye s` pe`kso pmr `l`fpnm `koqu`nno imfpoÿæo b` `k`raæo `nåitreio qu` prmbui` imktofekoieùk imfm no nnuveo ïiebo,qu` b`struy` pnoktos y jmsqu`s y besfekuy` no prmbuiieùk oaræimno, nu`am, se `stms imstmss` tmforok `k imkseb`roieùk s` prmbuieræok f`kms `n`itreiebob (`xt`rkonebob8imks`iu`kieo b` nos oiiemk`s b` uko p`rsmko m `fpr`so poro `n je`k`stor ekbevebuon mimn`itevm). Ye s` pe`kso pmr `l`fpnm `k oqu`nno imfpoÿæo b` `k`raæo `nåitreio qu`
prmbui` imktofekoieùk imfm no nnuveo ïiebo, qu` b`struy` pnoktos y jmsqu`s y besfekuy`no prmbuiieùk oaræimno, nu`am, se `stms imstms s` tmforok `k imkseb`roieùk s` prmbuieræokf`kms `n`itreiebob (`xt`rkonebob8 imks`iu`kieo b` nos oiiemk`s b` uko p`rsmko m`fpr`so poro `n je`k`stor ekbevebuon m imn`itevm). Kekaukm b` nms ieubobokms te`k` ukeki`ktevm poro poaor vmnuktoreof`kt` su port` b` uk je`k b` `st` tepm, pmr toktm iuonque`rp`rsmko trotoræo b` `nuber `n poam y doi`r qu` poau`k nms b`fïs, sek `fjoram iuokbm ukküf`rm ir`ie`kt` b` p`rsmkos oitüok b` `sto fok`ro nm fïs prmjojn` `s qu` km doyobeidm je`k y qu` kobe` pu`bo j`k`ceieors` o imsto b` tmbms nms b`fïs.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?1Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Mtro iouso pmsejn` b` uk connm b`n f`riobm `s `n pmb`r b` f`riobm y s` r`ce`r` o noiopoiebob b` uko p`rsmko (m uk ar upm b` p`rsmkos) poro ekc nu er ekb`jebof`kt` k
nms pr`iems b` f`riobm . Yupmkaofms pmr `l`fpnm qu` tmbms nms dojetokt`s b` ukpu`jnm k`i`setok oauo y smnm doy uko `fpr`so qu` no sufekestro. Yu prmpe`torem te`k`pmb`r b` f`riobm, `k `st` iosm uk fmkmpmnem smjr` no v`kto b`n oauo. Km `stï sul`tm o no
reaurmso imfp`t`kieo qu` cr`k` `n ekt`rås p`rsmkon. Woro sup`ror nos efp `rc`iiemk`sb`n f`riobm nms @stobms r`aunok nms f`riobms imk n`y`s okte-fmkmpmnem y n`y`s b`prmt`iieùk on f`bem ofje`kt`, b`sone`ktok no prmbuiieùk y imksufm b` onaukms je`k`s ys`rveiems imk arovïf`k`s `sp`ieon`s (tojoim, onimdmn, `ti.), one`ktok no prmbuiieùk b`onaukms je`k`s y s`rveiems f`beokt` sujsebems (ot`kieùk fåbeio, `buioieùk, `ti.) yprmpmriemkok ber`itof`kt` onaukms je`k`s y s`rveiems (lusteieo, pmneiæo, b`c`kso koiemkon,`ti.)
:.9 @N ZO\MKOFE@KRM @IMKMFEIM<
No `imkmfæo `s uko ie`kieo smieon, `s b`ier, mjte`k` su imkmiefe`ktm o trovås b`nfåtmbm ie`ktæceim. @n seaue`kt` `squ`fo enustro no cmrfo f`beokt` no iuon s` `nojmro `nimkmiefe`ktm `imkùfeim.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?4Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:.9.? Z`iursms y b`s ms siosms
@n `xester r`iursms nefetobms y b`s`ms nefetobms b`cek`k no `sios`z imkbeieùk `k noiuon nms r`iursms bespmkejn`s smk eksuceie`kt`s. Imfm s` belm `k pïaekos okt`remr`s qu` no`imkmfæo `s `n `stubem b` nos `n`iiemk`s qu` nos p`rsmkos `c`itüok okt` setuoiemk`s b`
`sios`z.
Nms r`iursms qu` s` usok poro prmbuier je`k`s s` inoseceiok `k iuotrm iot`amræos<
Rrojolm Re`rro Iopeton Dojenebob`s @fpr`soreon`s
Rrojolm< imrr`spmkb` on `scu`rzm y n t e`fpm qu` s` n` b`beio poro prmbuier je`k`s ys`rveiems. B`ktrm b` `stm s` imkt`fpno `n troj olm cæsei m y f`k ton b` nos p`rsmkos qu`
prmbui` `sms je`k`s y s`rveiems.
Re`rro< s` r`ce`r`k o nms r`iursms k oturon`s qu` s` usok poro prmbuier je`k`s y s`rveiemston`s imfm `n oauo, oer`, no sup`rceie` b` no te`rro y tofjeåk oqu`nnms fek`ron`s qu` yoi`kjolm `nno.
Iopeton< smk oqu`nnms je`k`s qu` s` dok prmbuiebm y pu`b`k usors` `k no prmbuiieùk b`mtrms je`k`s y s`rveiems. @ktr` `nnms s` pu`b`k f`kiemkor nms `beceiems, prmy`itms b``k`raæo, o`rmpu`rtms, ovemk`s, outmpestos, næk`os b` prmbuiieùk p`rcen`s b` oi`rm,pokob`ræos, `ti. W`rm tofjeåk `n iopeton ekinuy` on imkmiefe`ktm y doj e nebob b` nosp`rsmkos qu` obque`r`k imk no `buioieùk y `xp`re`kieo y qu` imkstetuy` `n iopeton
dufokm qu` te`k` pmr mjl`tevm f`lmror no ionebob b`n trojolm y on prmbuitm mtmraor ukvonmr oar`aobm .
Nos Dojenebob`s @fpr`soreon`s< smk nms r`iursms qu` nms `fpr`sorems utenezok poromraokezor `n iopeton, te`rro y trojolm, osufe`kbm re`sams qu` sura`k b` beidos b`iesemk`s yopmrtokbm eb`os r`sp`itm o quå, iùfm, iuïkbm y bùkb` prmbuier.
Nms b`s`ms b` nos p`rsmkos s` imkve`rt`k `k k`i`sebob`s, p`rm `stms b`s`ms`xi`b`k nms r`iursms bespmkejn`s y pmr nm toktm s` b`j`k doi`r `n`iiemk`s y, inoseceiorbeidos k`i`sebob`s mptokbm pmr sotescoi`r onaukms y b`lor eksotesc`idms mtrms. Wmr nma`k`ron s` te`kb` o mjt`k`r nm fïxefm b` nms r`iursms b` qu` s` bespmk`k.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:7Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Nms puktms `k no iurvo smk nms kev `n`s fïxef ms b` pr mbu ii eùk b` uko`imkmfæo bobm ukms r`iursms b`t`rfekobms.
Nms puktms ekt`remr`s (zmko imnmr`obo) r`pr`s`ktok kev`n`s b` prmbuiieùk
coit ej n`s (no `imkmfæo b`n poæs nms pu`b` oniokzor) p`rm ek`ceie`kt`s (yo qu` imk nmsfesfms coitmr`s prmbuitevms no `imkmfæo `s iopoz b` setuors` `k onaük puktm b` no iurvoimk vmnüf`k`s b` prmbuiieùk foymr`s).
Nms puktms cu`ro b` no iurvo (o su b`r`ido) r`pr`s`ktok vmnüf`k`s b`
prmbu iieùk qu` km smk oniokzojn`s o porter b` nms coitmr`s prmbuitevms imk nms qu`iu`kto.
No crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk te`k` uko cmrfo iurvobo doieocu`ro b`jebm o uk prekiepem a`k`ron b` no `imkmfæo, no nnofobo "N `y b` r`kb efe`ktms
b`ir`ie`kt`s" .
Iuokbm `n vmnuf`k b` prmbuiieùk b` uk je`k `s p`qu`ÿm, on ekir`f`ktor nms
coitmr`s prmbuitevms b`stekobms o su cojreioieùk s` imkseau` uk cu`rt` ouf`ktm b` suprmbuiieùk. W`rm o f`bebo qu` s` vok b`stekokbm ku`vms coitmr`s prmbuitevms `nekir`f`ktm b` no prmbuiieùk `s iobo v`z f`kmr.
@l`fpnm< Ye no `imkmfæo s` `kiu`ktro `k `n puktm O (?77 % imki`ktrobo `k nocojreioieùk b` r`crea`robmr`s) y b`ieb` b`beior uko port` b` su iopoiebob prmbuitevo o nocojreioieùk b` novobmros, imks`auerï uk cu`rt` ouf`ktm `k `n vmnuf`k prmbuiebm b` `st`s`aukbm je`k.
Ye vu`nv` o ofpneor no iopoiebob prmbuitevo b`stekobo o no cojreioieùk b` novobmros`n vmnuf`k prmbuiebm b` `st` je`k ouf`ktorï ku`vof`kt`, p`rm iobo v`z `k f`kmr
iuoktæo. U osæ sui`sevof`kt`.
Pko besfekuieùk b` no prmbuiieùk b` r`crea`robmr`s `k uk vmnuf`k B p`rfet` ukekir`f`ktm b` no prmbuiieùk b` novobmros `k uk vmnuf`k C. Pko besfekuieùk pmst`remr b`no cojreioieùk b` r`crea`robmr`s `k uk vmnuf`k @ nmaro uk ekir`f`ktm b` no prmbuiieùk b`novobmros `k tok sùnm uk vmnuf`k A.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Y` ekbeiù on prekiepem qu` `sto iurvo fu`stro no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b`prmbuiieùk b` uko `imkmfæo bobm uk kev`n b`t`rfekobm b` coitmr`s prmbui t evms y
b` t`i km nm aæo.
Ye no t`ikmnmaæo ovokzo `n vmnuf`k b` cojreioieùk ouf`ktorï (bobm uk vmnuf`k
b`t`rfekobm b` coitmr`s prmbuitevms). No crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk s`b`spnozoræo doieo no b`r`ido.
Y` nmaro uko prmbu iieùk c eie`kt` se km s` pu`b` prm buier fïs b` uk je`k sek
prmbuie r f`kms b` mtrm . Iuokbm no prmbuiieùk `s `ceie`kt` s` `stï `k uk puktm smjr` nocrmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk. @k `n iosm qu` s` `stuve`ro b`ktrm b` no crmkt`rob` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk no prmbuiieùk `s ek`c eie`kt` pmrqu` s` te`k`k r`iur sms
sek usor, fon oseakobms m ofjm s , `k ieriukstokieos qu` pmbræok `stor prmbuie`kbm. Wmr`l`fpnm s` pmbræok b`stekor trojolobmr`s `sp`ieonezobms `k prmbuiieùk o nojmr`s b`
fokt`kefe`ktm m vei`v`rso.
@k no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk iobo b`ieseùk efpneio uk ekt`riofjemm uko `n`iieùk, pmrqu` s` b`j` r`kukieor o onam poro mjt`k`r onam fïs b` mtro imso. Woro`n `l`fpnm f`kiemkobm imk okt`remrebob prmbuier uk pmim fïs b` novobmrosk`i`soreof`kt` imknn`vo besfekuer ie`rto ioktebob b` r`crea`robmr`s prmbuiebms. @n næfet` on qu` s` `kcr`kto imrr`spmkb` o nos pmsejenebob`s fïxefos y `ceie`kt`s b` prmbuierje`k`s y s`rveiems bobos nos t`ikmnmaæos bespmkejn`s y t`ke`kbm celos no ioktebob b`
trojolm , te`rro, iopeton y dojen eb ob`s fpr`soreon`s .
Imfm s` b`cekeù on imfe`kzm b` `stms opukt`s `n imstm b` mpmrtuk ebob b` uko
mp`roieùk `s no ont`rkotevo b`soprmv`idobo b` foymr vo nmr . O nm noram b` no crmkt`ro b`pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk `k no iuon s` okonezok sùnm bms je`k`s, imk nm iuon sùnm doyuko ont`rkotevo qu` s` b`soprmv`ido. @n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuier uko novobmroobeiemkon imrr`spmkb` on küf`rm b` r`crea`robmr`s o nms qu` s` b`j`k r`kukieor prmbuier.
B` eauon cmrfo, `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuier uko ukebob obeiemkon b`r`crea`robmr`s `s `n küf`rm b` novobmros o nos qu` s` b`j`k r`kukieor. No prmbuiieùk `knms puktms b` no iurvo s`rï no b` fïxefo `ceie`kieo, yo qu` `k `sms puktms km s` pu`b`prmbuier uko foymr ioktebob b` uk je`k sek b`lor b` prmbuier uko ioktebob b` mtrm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
::Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` uko novobmro ouf`kto, `k no f`bebo qu` ouf`kto noioktebob prmbuiebo b` novobmros, b`n fesfm fmbm `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` ukr`crea`robmr ouf`kto `k no f`bebo qu` ouf`kto no ioktebob prmbuiebo b` r`crea`robmr`s.@st` c`kùf`km b`n imstm b` mpmrtukebob ir`ie`kt` s` r`cn`lo `k no cmrfo qu` obmpto nocrmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk qu` `s iùkiovo on mrea`k (iurvobo doieo ocu`ro).
U `stm `s osæ pmrqu` nms r`iursms km smk eauonf`kt` prmbuitevms `k tmbos nos oitevebob`s.Nms trojolobmr`s qu` trojolok `k uko pnokto qu` cojreio r`crea`robmr`s te`k`k `xp`re`kieoqu` dok obquerebm burokt` `n te`fpm `k `n iuon `nnms onnæ s` b`s`fp`ÿormk, p`rm km smkfuy ju`kms poro prmbuier novobmros, osæ qu` se s` iofjeorok nos cukiemk`s b` uk arupmnms qu` cojreiok r`crea`robmr`s y s` imnmiok luktm imk nms qu` cojreiok novobmros nm fïsprmjojn`s qu` doyo uk p`qu`ÿm ouf`ktm `k no prmbuiieùk b` novobmros p`rm ukobesfekuieùk kmtojn` `k no prmbuiieùk b` r`crea`robmr`s y vei`v`rso. Iuoktm fïs s` trotob` prmbuier b` iuonque`ro b` nms bms je`k`s, f`kms prmbuitevms smk nms r`iursmsobeiemkon`s qu` s` usok poro prmbuier `sms je`k`s y ir`i` `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` ukoukebob b` `s` je`k.
Y` do `xofekobm qu` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk nefeto nospmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk, p`rm on fesfm te`fpm s` do vestm qu` `s `ceie`kt`. On `xesterfuidos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk `k no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk, ½iùfm
s` pu `b` n`aer k tr` n nos= , ½iùfm soj `r i uïn s n puk tm ùptef m m fïs cei e`kt` y
f`lmr b` tmbms=
@stm b`j` s`r okonezobm o trovås b`n imstm f ora ekon y `n j`k`ceiem foraekon . Uos` do vestm qu` `n imstm foraekon `s `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuier uko ukebobobeiemkon b` uk je`k m s`rveiem, y qu` s` pu`b` b`t`rfekor o trovås no iurvo b` no crmkt`rob` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk. @s b`ier `n imstm foraekon b` nos novobmros, `s `n imstm b`mpmrtukebob b` uko novobmro, `s b`ier no ioktebob b` r`crea`robmr`s qu` s` b`j`k
r`kukieor poro mjt`k`r oqu`nno novobmro obeiemkon `k no f`bebo qu` s` b`spnozo o nm noramb` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.
@n j`k`ceiem foraekon imrr`spmkb` o oqu`n j`k`ceiem qu` r`iej` uk ekbevebum pmrimksufer uko ukebob obeiemkon b` uk je`k m s`rveiem. @st` j`k`ceiem foraekon, s` feb`imfm `n fmktm fïxefm qu` uko p`rsmko `stï bespu`sto o poaor poro t`k`r uko ukebobobeiemkon b` beidm je`k.
@st` prekiepem a`k`ron kms bei` qu` iuoktm fïs t`k`fms b` iuonque`r je`k ms`rveiem, toktm fïs p`qu`ÿm `s `n j`k`ceiem foraekon b` ån, y osæ s` imkstetuy` `k `nnnofobm j`k`ceiem foraekon b`ir`ie`kt` . Wmr `l`fpnm r`tmfokbm nos eb`os okt`remr`s, se
nos novobmros smk b` becæien oii`sm obquerer, nos p`rsmkos smnm pmbrïk imfpror uko m bmsukebob`s on oÿm y `storïk bespu`stos o poaor uko ioktebob foymr se b`s`ok mjt`k`r mtroobeiemkon. W`rm se pmr `n imktrorem nos novobmros smk b` cïien obqueseieùk y `stïkarokb`f`kt` bespmkejn`s y nos p`rsmkos te`k`k toktos imfm b`s``k, `k `s` iosm `npüjneim km storï bespu`stm o poaor kekauko ioktebob obeiemkon pmr uko ukebob fïs.
Iuokbm s` pe`kso `k nms pr`iems `k tårfekms b` bek`rms, `n imstm b` mpmrtukebobqu` km `s uk imstm `k ukebob`s fmk`toreos b` oiu`rbm o nm b`cekebm sekm uk imstm `k
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:9Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
tårfekms b` uko ont`rkotevo km oprmv`idobo. Yek `fjoram s` pu`b` tofjeåk p`ksorr`sp`itm b` nms pr`iems `k nms fesfms tårfekms, pmrqu` `n pr`iem qu` s` poao pmr onam km`s no ioktebob b` bek`rm `ktr`aobo, sekm nms je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` no p`rsmko pmbræoimfpror imk `s` fesfm bek`rm.
Ye s` puse`ro `n iosm `k `n iuon uk imksufebmr b`j` mptor `ktr` imksufer foresimsm prmbuitms iïrk`ms, `ktmki`s `n j`k`ceiem foraekon y `n imstm foraekon b` imksuferforesims s` feb`k `k tårfekms b`n imksufm b` prmbuitms iïrk`ms. W`rm iuebobm, `n imstmb` mpmrtukebob b` uk pnotm obeiemkon b` foresims `s no ioktebob b` pnotms b` prmbuitmsiïrk`ms qu` nos p`rsmkos b`j`k r`kukieor.
@n j`k`ceiem foraekon b` uk pnotm obeiemkon b` foresims `s no ioktebob b` pnotms b`prmbuitms iïrk`ms o no qu` nos p`rsmkos `stïk bespu`stos o r`kukieor.
@n usm b` nms r`iursms `s `ceie`kt` iuokbm s` prmbui`k nms je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` fïs s`vonmrok. Iuokbm s` usok nms r`iursms b` fok`ro `ceie`kt` km s` pu`b` prmbuier fïs b`iuonque`r je`k sek `ktr`aor o iofjem onam qu` s` vonmro oük fïs. Wmr nm a`k`ron s` `nea`
`k `n fora`k on imfporor `n j`k`ceiem foraekon imk `n imstm foraekon.
Ye `n j`k`ceiem foraekon b` uk je`k `xi`b` `n imstm foraekon b`n je`k,
`ktmki`s s ` ouf`kto no prmbuiieùk b` beidm je`k. U se `n j`k`ceiem foraek on s`
eauono on ims tm foraekon, s` fokte`k` imkstokt` no prmbuii eùk.
Ye uko p`rsmko bespmk` b` $07.777 poro aostor y `stï p`ksokbm imfpror rmpo mzopotms. Ye pe`kso qu` mjt`kbrï fïs pnoi`r imk no rmpo qu` imk nms zopotms aosto`ktmki`s nms $07.777 `k rmpo, b` `s` fmbm do oseakobm sus r`iursms `siosms (bek`rm) onusm qu` imkseb`ro vonmro fïs. Nu`am `n j`k`ceiem foraekon b` no rmpo `s foymr qu` (meauon) o su imstm foraekon b` nms zopotms. @n j`k`ceiem foraekon b` nms zopotms `s f`kmr
qu` su imstm foraekon. Km efpmrtokbm `n je`k m s`rveiem qu` s` trot` no p`rsmko pu`b`p`rfetærs`nm y p`ksor qu` `n je`k von` `n pr`iem y nm obque`r`. Wmr `n imktrorem se pe`ksoqu` `n je`k km von` `n pr`iem, km nm imfpro.
Y` pu`b` imkseb`ror uko `imkmfæo qu` prmbui` bms je`k`s, imfputobmr`s youtmfùven`s. Ye s` r`oseakok nms r`iursms m coitmr`s prmbuitevms b` fmbm qu` onaukms b`nms qu` prmbuiæok imfputobmr`s s` trosnobok o prmbuier outmfùven`s s` b`spnozo no`imkmfæo b`sb` `n puktm O no J, imfm s` fu`stro `k `n seaue`kt` arïceim<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:2Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iuokbm no `imkmfæo b`n `l`fpnm r`oseako sus r`iursms m coitmr`s b` prmbuiieùk ytrosnobo port` b` `nnms b`sb` no prmbuiieùk b` outmfùven`s doieo no cojreioieùk b`imfputobmr`s b`spnozokbm b` `s` fmbm no `imkmfæo b`sb` `n puktm O doieo `n puktm J,doi` qu` r`kukie` o prmbuier :77 outmfùven`s poro ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk b`imfputobmr`s `k 077 ukebob`s, `ktmki`s, iuokbm no b`ieseùk üntefo osæ oi`ptobo `k `npuktm O `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuier 077 imfputobmr`s smk :77 outmfùven`s@l`fpnm<
Yupmk`r qu` uk oareiuntmr b`spne`ao tmbms sus `scu`rzms `k prmbuier bms je`k`squ` smk, sokbæos y `spïrroams. Yupmke`kbm qu` no t`ikmnmaæo `fpn`obo `stï bobo, `sb`ier qu` ån `stï mp`rokbm imk nms fåtmbms fïs `ceie`kt`s qu` p`rfet`k mjt`k`r nosbec`r`kt`s imfjekoiemk`s b` eksufms poro mjt`k`r `k cmrfo ùptefo sus prmbuitms cekon`s.Rofjeåk s` supmk` qu` `stï doie`kbm pn`ko utenezoieùk b` sus r`iursms m coitmr`s b`
prmbuitevms fokm b` mjro y sup`rceie` oaræimno. Y` supmk` ob`fïs qu` `st` oareiuntmr kmte`k` iopoiebob `k `n pnozm ekf`beotm b` ouf`ktor sus r`iursms b` ton fok`ro qu`pube`ro b`spnozor su crmkt`ro b` prmbuiieùk, pmr nm iuon poro ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk b`uk je`k, t`kbrï err`f`beojn`f`kt` besfekuer no prmbuiieùk b` mtrm je`k pu`stm qu` sùnmte`k` no pmsejenebob b` fmv`rs` o nm noram b` su iurvo b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk
Nms botms b`n prmjn`fo `stïk imkt`kebms `k no seaue`kt` tojno<
ONR@ZKORESOY B@ WZMBPIIE K
O J I B @ C
@YW ZZOAMY (I/P) 7 ?77 :77 977 277 077
YOKB OY (I/P) :777 ?577 ?107 ?007 ?977 7
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:0Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
S`r qu` se s` b`s`o prmbuier ?77 ukebob`s b` `spïrroams, s` b`j` soireceior noprmbuiieùk b` ?77 sokbæos, y se s` que`r`k ouf`ktor o :77 `spïrroams, s` b`j` soireceiorno prmbuiieùk b` ?07 sokbæos, qu` sufobos o nos yo soireceiobos s` te`k` uk tmton b` :07,o su v`z se s` que`r` ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk o 977 `spïrroams s` b`j` b`lor b` prmbuier:77 sokbæos y qu` sufobos o nm yo soireceiobm doi` uk tmton b` 207 sokbæos y osæsui`sevof`kt`.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:3Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@s efpmrtokt` mjs`rvor b` nos arïceios nm seaue`kt`<
@k no arïceio b` no iurvo b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk m iurvo b` trokscmrfoieùk,`n soireceiem `k no prmbuiieùk b` uk je`k pmr no prmbuiieùk b` mtrm (sustetuieùk) `s `n imstmb` mpmrtukebob y `st` `s ir`ie`kt`.
No cmrfo b` no iurvo (iùkiovo) `s b`jebo lustof`kt` on imstm b` mpmrtukebobir`ie`kt` y pmr no n`y b` r`kbefe`ktms b`ir`ie`kt`s.
No arïceio qu` imkte`k` nms Imstms b` Mpmrtukebob b` Wrmbuiieùk b` @spïrroamss` do bejulobm b`buie`kbm nms botms b`n arïceim sup`remr imrr`spmkbe`kt` o no Iurvo b`Rrokscmrfoieùk m crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` Wrmbuiieùk b` @spïrroams, trosnobokbm su`l` dmrezmkton (prmbuiieùk b` `spïrroams) y tmfokbm nos ioktebob`s soireceiobos(ir`ie`kt`s) `k no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k T (`spïrroams) imfm botm `k `n `l` U (imstms b`mpmrtukebob).
No pr`aukto qu` pu`b` doi`rs` `s< ½Iuïn `s no rozùk m toso o no iuon s` prmbui` `sto
trokscmrfoieùk y osæ fesfm su `quevon`kt` b` imstm ont`rkotevm=
No p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk (m iurvo b`trokscmrfoieùk `k onaukms t`xtms) s` b`kmfeko Roso foraekon b` Yustetuieùk (RFY ), y `nnoekbeio iuïktos ukebob`s b` uk je`k dojræo qu` b`lor b` prmbuier poro pmb`r prmbuier ukoukebob obeiemkon b` mtrm je`k, qu` `quevon` on imstm ont`rkotevm.
Ye s` tmfok nos x imfm no prmbuiieùk b` `spïrroams ` y no prmbuiieùk b` sokbæos, no
p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo `storï bobo pmr∃∃ 6 ù æ
ù ï 6
Ye s` mjs`rvo n pref`r arïceim RFY `ktr` O y J 6577√777
77√7 6√77
77 6 ?
RFY `ktr` J y I 67√577
77√77 6 √777 6 ?.0
RFY `ktr` I y B 67√7
77√77 6 √7777 6 :
RFY `ktr` B y @ 67√77
77√277 6 √7777 6 ?9
B` tmbm `stm s` pu`b` imkinuer nm seaue`kt`< no p`kbe`kt` `s ir`ie`kt`, pmrqu` nms
imstms smk ir`ie`kt`s y o su v`z, nms imstms smk ir`ie`kt`s pmrqu` nms
r`kbefe`ktms sm k b`ir`ie`kt`s.
@l`fpnm< Ye uko `imkmfæo oaræimno prmbui` smnof`kt` popos (W) y tmfot`s (R), iuyobmtoieùk b` r`iursms `s b` 31:7 dmros b` trojolm. No ioktebob k`i`soreo b` trojolm, poroprmbuie ? ha b` tmfot`s `s imkstokt` ` eauon o ?7 dmros. Wmr mtro port`, no ioktebob b`trojolm k`i`soreo poro prmbuier ? ha b` popos `s imkstokt`, se`kbm no ioktebob fïxefo b`popos o prmbuier eauon o ::2 ha.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:1Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
o)Y` peb` r`pr`s`ktor arïceiof`kt` y mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk okonæteio b` no CWW b` `sto`imkmfæoj) B`t`rfekor `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` nos popos `k tårfekms b` tmfot`s. @xpneior suseakeceiobm `imkùfeimi) Ekbeior se nos seaue`kt`s imfjekoiemk`s b` prmbuiieùk b` popos y tmfot`s p`rt`k`i`kon imkluktm b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk b` no `imkmfæo I (57W, ?47R), B (?77W,
91:R) y @ (?07W, 207R). Lusteceior no r`spu`sto y s`ÿonornos `k `n arïceim okt`remr.
Ymnuieùk< no ioktebob fïxefo b` popos (W) qu` pu`b`k prmbuiers` imkseb`rokbm tmbms nmsr`iursms bespmkejn`s oseakobms o `sto oitevebob smk :22 ha. O su v`z, no ioktebob fïxefob` tmfot`s qu` pu`b`k prmbuiers` se s` b`stekok tmbms nms r`iursms qu` s` bespmk`s o`sto oitevebob, smk<
Ioktebob fïxefo b` tmfot`s (R) 67 ℋ
7
6 31:
Ye s` tmfo `k iu`kto qu` poro prmbuier iobo ha b` popos, no ioktebob b` trojolm, `sse`fpr` no fesfo, nu`am, poro prmbuier ? ha b` tmfot`s s`rïk k`i`soreos ?7 dmros,`ktmki`s, `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob s`rï imkstokt` y no CWW `s nek`on.
Imfm U 6 o ’ jT (CWW `s nek`on), s` te`k` nm seaue`kt`<J (7, 31:) 6; 31: 6 o - j7 6; o 6 31:O (::2, 7) 6; 7 6 31: ’ j::2 6; j 6 9Nu`am, no `xpr`seùk poro no CWW `s< R 6 31: ’ 9W
j) @ktmki`s, `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` uko ukebob obeiemkon b` popos, `k tårfekms b`tmfot`s, `k vonmr ojsmnutm, `s no p`kbe`kt` b` no CWW.
@s b`ier< `n Imstm b` Mpmrtukebob 6
6 9 qu` seakeceio no sustetuieùk b` 9 ukebob`s b`
tmfot`s pmr iobo ukebob b` popos obeiemkon`s qu` s` prmbuziok.
i) Woro b`t`rfekor no imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s qu` p`rt`k`i`k on imkluktm b` no CWW, `sk`i`sorem imfprmjor se `stïk `k no r`ito, pmr smjr` no r`ito m pmr b`jolm b` `nno.@ktmki`s imfm R 6 31: ’ 9W , poro no imfjekoieùk I (57W, ?47R), `k no `iuoieùk s` te`k`<?47 > 31: - 957 6 27:, nm iuon bei` qu` beido imfjekoieùk `s ek`ceie`kt` pmrqu` se s`prmbui`k 57 ha b` popos, no ioktebob fïxefo b` tmfot`s qu` pu`b`k prmbuiers` `s 27:,qu`bokbm pmr b`jolm b` no CWW y se p`rt`k`i` on imkluktm b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:4Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Woro `n imkluktm bobo pmr no imfjekoieùk B (?77, 91:), s` te`k`<91: 6 31: - 9?77 6 91:. @sto imfjekoieùk `s `ceie`kt` pmrqu` se s` prmbui`k ?77 ha b`popos, no fïxefo ioktebob b` tmfot`s qu` pu`b` prmbuiers` `s 91: ha, imk nm iuon s`iufpn` no eauonbob b` no CWW y on fesfm te`fpm `stï p`rt`k`ie`kbm on imkluktm b`pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.
Woro no imfjekoieùk @ (?07, 207) s` te`k`<207 ; 31: ’ 9?07 6 :::. @sto imfjekoieùk km `s pmsejn` oniokzor pmrqu` se s` prmbui`k50 ha b` popos, no fïxefo ioktebob b` tmfot`s qu` s` pu`b`k prmbuier `s b` ::: haioktebob qu` `s ekc`remr o 207 ha y pmr nm toktm km p`rt`k`i` on imkluktm b` pmsejenebob`sb` prmbuiieùk.
:.9.9 Ir`iefe`ktm imkùfe im
Ir`iefe`ktm @imkùfeim imrr`spmkb` o uk ir`iefe`ktm b` no prmbuiieùk. @st`
ir`iefe`ktm `imkùfeim, ½pu`b` oyubor o sup`ror no `sios`z y `vetor `n imstm b`mpmrtukebob=. @k v`rbob km nm doi`, pmr iuoktm fe`ktros fïs rïpebm ir`i` no prmbuiieùk,foymr `s `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` oqu`n ir`iefe`ktm `imkùfeim.
@k pïaekos okt`remr`s s` f`kiemko qu` nms coitmr`s qu` ekcnuy`k `k `n ir`iefe`ktm`imkùfeim smk8 `n iofjem t`ikm nùa eim qu` prmp`kb` on b`sorrmnnm b` ku`vms je`k`s yf`lmror nos fok`ros b` prmbuier je`k`s y s`rveiems y no oiufunoieùk b ` iopeto n qu`imrr`spmkb` on ouf`ktm b`n iopeton.
Ye s` te`k` uk ir`iefe`ktm `imkùfeim b`jebm o uk ovoki` t`ikmnùaeim m o ukouf`ktm b` iopeton `k no prmbuiieùk b` imfputobmr`s, fokt`keåkbms` imkstokt` nmscoitmr`s b` prmbuiieùk b` outmfùven`s, s` prmbui` uk b`spnozofe`ktm b` no crmkt`ro b`pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk doieo cu`ro, `n`vokbm `n küf`rm b` imfputobmr`s yfokt`ke`kbm `n küf`rm b` outmfùven`s
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:5Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye uk poæs b`beio tmbms sus r`iursms o prmbuier je`k`s b` imksufm y kobo o noekv`steaoieùk ke o no oiufunoieùk b` iopeton, nos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk s`rïk nosfesfos b` dmy. Woro qu` s` prmbuzio no `xpokseùk b` nos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk `k`n cuturm s` b`j`k b`beior f`kms r`iursms o prmbuier je`k`s b` imksufm oituonf`kt` yb`stekor onaukms r`iursms poro oiufunor iopeton y b`sorrmnnor t`ikmnmaæos qu` p`rfetokprmbuier fïs je`k`s b` imksufm `k `n cuturm.
@n seaue`kt` `l`fpnm p`rfet` enustror no setuoieùk b`sireto okt`remrf`kt`<
@k ?537, nos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk pmr p`rsmko `k PYO `rok fuidmfoymr`s qu` nos b` Dmka Hmka, p`rm Dmka Hmka b`stekù fïs r`iursms o no oiufunoieùkb` iopeton qu` @stobms Pkebms, pmr nm qu` su crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk s`do b`spnozobm doieo cu`ro fïs rïpebof`kt` qu` no b` PYO. @k ?554 nos bmspmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk pmr p`rsmko `rok sefenor`s.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
97Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:.2 FMB@NM B@ CNPLM IEZIPNOZ B@ NO OIRESEBOB @IMKMFEIO
@n fmb`nm b` cnulm ieriunor b` no oitevebob `imkùfeio enustro `n cukiemkofe`ktm b`uko `imkmfæo b` f`riobm. Y` supmk` qu` `k `sto `imkmfæo `xest`k bms oa`kt`s
`imkùfeims, nms imksufebmr`s y nms prmbuitmr`s. @k `sto v`rseùk s`kienno s` `xinuerï onamje`rkm. Ob`fïs s` imkseb`ro qu` no `imkmfæo `s i`rrobo y qu` nms imksufebmr`saostok tmbm su ekar`sm, m s`o, qu` km odmrrok. @xest`k bms f`riobms prekiepon`s, `nf`riobm b` je`k`s y s`rveiems, y `n f`riobm b` coitmr`s b` prmbuiieùk. @n fmb`nm s``xpr`so o trovås b`n seaue`kt` beoarofo<
@st` beoarofo `s uko r`pr`s`ktoieùk `squ`fïteio b` iùfm s` mraokezok nos`imkmfæos b` f`riobm. Roktm nms imksufebmr`s (dmaor`s) y nms prmbuitmr`s (`fpr`sos)k`i`setok tmfor b`iesemk`s8 qu` vok o doi`r qu` `stms oa`kt`s ekt`roitü`k `k `n f`riobmb` je`k`s y s`rveiems (`k bmkb` nms imksufebmr`s smk imfprobmr`s y nms prmbuitmr`sv`kb`bmr`s) y `k f`riobm b` coitmr`s b` prmbuiieùk (bmkb` nms imksufebmr`s smkv`kb`bmr`s y nms prmbuitmr`s imfprobmr`s b` s`rveiems).
@s b` eauon efpmrtokieo r`sontor qu` b`ktrm b` `st` `squ`fo, nm qu` `s aostmporo uk oa`kt` vo o r`suntor uk ekar`sm poro mtrm. Wmr `l`fpnm, no obqueseieùk b`uko senno r`sunto uk aostm poro nms dmaor`s, p`rm on fesfm te`fpm vo o s`r ukekar`sm poro su prmbuitmr.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
9?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:.0 FEIZM@IMKMFÆO U FOIZM@IMKMFÆO
No `imkmfæo p`rfet` bms tepms b` ferobos m `kcmqu`s o nos qu` r`spmkb`k nofeirm`imkmfæo y no foirm`imkmfæo<
No fe ir m`imk mfæo i`ktro su okïneses `k `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b` nos p`qu`ÿosukebob`s b` b`ieseùk (dmaor`s y `fpr`sos). Okonezo iùfm tmfok sus b`iesemk`s y iùfmekt`roitüok `k nms bestektms f`riobms.
No foirm`imk mfæo i`ktro su okïneses `k `n cukiemkofe`ktm anmjon b` no `imkmfæo(ir`iefe`ktm `imkùfeim, ekcnoieùk, tepm b` ekt`rås y tepm b` iofjem, jonokzo b` poam, `ti.).
Pk `l`fpnm<
@n feirm`imkmfesto `stubeo imfm uko sujebo b`n efpu`stm smjr` `n tojoim oc`itoo su imksufm, imfm uko sujebo b` nms onquen`r`s oc`ito on f`riobm b` no veve`kbo, imfm
uko sujv`kieùk b`n pr`iem b` no j`kieko ekcnuy` `k no b`fokbo b` v`dæiunms, `ti.
@n foirm`imkmfesto `stubeo imfm uko sujebo b`n tepm b` ekt`rås oc`ito onimksufm, imfm uko b`vonuoieùk b` no fmk`bo oc`ito o no jonokzo imf`rieon, no r`noieùk`ktr` ekcnoieùk y b`s`fpn`m, `ti.
No `imkmfæo `s uko ie`kieo smieon (on eauon qu` no ie`kieo pmnæteio, no pseimnmaæo y nosmiemnmaæo). Pko b` sus tor`os prekiepon`s poro nms `imkmfestos `s ov`reauor iùfmcukiemko `n fukbm `imkùfeim. @k no jüsqu`bo b` `st` mjl`tevm nms `imkmfestosbestekau`k bms tepms b` os`v`roiemk`s<
Nm qu` s
Nm q u` b`j` s`r
Oqu`nnos os`v`roiemk`s smjr` nm qu` s , s` b`kmfekok ocerfoiemk`s pmset evos .Re`k`k r`noieùk imk nm qu` imfükf`kt` s` ir`` oi`rio b` no cmrfo iùfm cukiemko `nfukbm m tofjeåk qu` ekt`ktok b`sirejer `n fukbm ton imfm `s. @st` tepm b` ocerfoieùkpmsetevo pu`b` s`r imrr`ito m ekimrr`ito y s` pu`b` prmjor imt`lïkbmno imk nms d`idms.
Nos ocerfoiemk`s r`sp`itm b` nm qu` b`j` s`r , s` nnofok ocerfoiemk`s
kmrfotevos , `s b`ier `stos ocerfoiemk`s ekt`ktok pr`sirejer iùfm b`j`ræo s`r `n fukbm.
„Ku`strm pnok`to s` `stï ion`ktokbm pmr uko ir`ie`kt` oiufunoieùk b` beùxebm b` iorjmkm`k no otfùsc`ro‖ `sto `s uko ocerfoieùk pmsetevo, pmrqu` se s` iu`kto imk suceie`kt`s botmspu`b` prmjors`.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
9:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
„B`j`fms r`buier `n usm b` imfjustejn`s josobms `k `n iorjùk y `n p`trùn`m‖, `s ukoocerfoieùk kmrfotevo, s` pu`b` `stor b` oiu`rbm m `k b`soiu`rbm imk `nno, p`rm km `spmsejn` prmjorno, s` joso k vonmr`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
99Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9.- B@FOKBO, MC@ZRO U @_PENEJZEM.
9.? NO B@FOKBO.
No b`fokbo b` uk je`k b`t`rfeko no ioktebob b` beidm je`k qu` nmsimfp robmr `s b`s`ok imfp ror `k uk p`ræmbm b obm poro iobo kev`n b` pr`iem . Mtofjeåk s` pu`b` b`ier, qu` `s no cmrfo `k qu` nms ekbevebums y/m nos cofeneos (`imkmfæosbmfåsteios) b`t`rfekok su b`fokbo b` je`k`s y s`rveiems.
9.?.? B t`rfekokt`s b` no b`fokbo
No b`fokbo ve`k` b`t`rfekobo pmr uko s`re` b` voreojn`s m f`lmr beidm, noioktebob b` uk ortæiunm m je`k qu` uk ekbevebum `stï bespu`stm o imfpror `k uk p`ræmbm b`
te`fpm `sp`iæceim, b`p`kb` b` nms seaue`kt`s coitmr`s<
o) Wr`iem b`n je`k< No ioktebob b`fokbobo s` fu`v` b` cmrf o ekv`rso on pr`iem < se `npr`iem b` uk je`k suj` s` b`fokbo f`kms, fe`ktros qu` se jolo su b`fokbo ouf`kto.
j) Z`kto m Ekar`sm< Kmrfonf`kt se ouf`kto no r`kto b`n imksufebmr ouf`kto tofjeåkno ioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk je`k. @st` `s `n imfpmrtofe`ktm qu` pr`s`kto no foymræob` nms je`k`s, o nms qu` s` b`kmfeko " j e`k`s kmrfon`s" .
W`rm ioj` no pmsejenebob b` qu` on ouf`ktor no r`kto b`n imksufebmr besfekuyo suimksufm b` uk b`t`rfekobm je`k8 smk nms nnofobms " j e`k`s ekc`remr`s" . @n foymr pmb`r
obquesetevm b`n imksufebmr n` p`rfet` sustetuernms pmr mtrms b` foymr ionebob.
Wmr `l`fpnm, `n sui`bïk`m b`n iocå. @n imksufebmr b` `st` prmbuitm iuokbmouf`kto su r`kto te`kb` o r``fpnozornm pmr iocå.
i) Wr`iem b` nms je`k`s r`noiemkobms< bestekauer`fms `ktr` je`k`s sust e tu t evms y
je`k`s imf pn`f`ktorems.
Je`k sustetutm `s oqu`n qu` pu`b` sotescoi`r no k`i`sebob b`n imksufebmrprïiteiof`kt` eauon qu` `n je`k `k iu`steùk (pmr `l. no foraoreko `s uk je`k sustetutevm b`no fokt`quenno).
Je`k imfpn`f`ktorem `s oqu`n qu` s` imksuf` imkluktof`kt` imk `n je`k `kiu`steùk (pmr `l`fpnm, roqu`to b` t`kes y p`nmto b` t`kes).
Ye suj` `n pr`iem b`n je`k sust e tut ev m ouf`kto no b`fokbo b`n je`k (y nmimktrorem se jolo).
Ye suj` `n pr`iem b` no fokt`quenno t`kb`rï o ouf`ktor no b`fokbo b` noforaoreko (fuidms imksufebmr`s sustetuerïk no fokt`quenno pmr no foraoreko).
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
92Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@k iofjem, se suj` n pr`iem b` uk j e`k imfpn`f`ktorem jolo no b`fokbo b`n
je`k (y nm imktrorem se jolo).
Ye suj` `n pr`iem b` nos roqu`tos b` t`kes besfekuerï no b`fokbo b` p`nmtos, yoqu` onaukos p`rsmkos b`lorïk b` proiteior `st` b`pmrt`.
b) Nms austms. Ye uk pr mbui tm s` pm k` b` fmbo ouf`ktorï su b`f okbo , fe`ktrosqu` se pe`rb` pmpunorebob besfekuerï su b`fokbo.
`) Nos `xp`itotevos smjr` `n cuturm. @k cukieùk b` iùfm pr`v`o `n imksufebmr qu`pu`b` iofjeor `n `si`korem ekcnuerï pmsetevo m k`aotevof`kt` `k no b`fokbo b` uk je`k.
Ye `n imksufebmr okteiepo iofjems b` t`ikmnmaæo, sujebos m jolobos b` pr`iem,ouf`ktms m besfekuiemk`s b` sus ekar`sms, `ti., su oituon b`fokbo b` uk je`k pu`b`v`rs` oc`itobo.
c) Wmjnoieùk. Pk ekir`f`ktm `k `n tofoÿm b` no pmjnoieùk `k uko `imkmfæo
(fokt`ke`kbm `n ekar`sm p`r iïpeto imkstokt`) doi` b`spnozor doieo cu`ro no iurvo b `b`fokbo poro no foymræo b` nms prmbuitms. @st` d`idm s` b`j` o qu` uk ekir`f`ktm b`no pmjnoieùk imkbui` o uk ouf`ktm b`n küf`rm b` imfprobmr`s `xest`kt`s `k `nf`riobm. Wmr mtro port` uko r`buiieùk b` no pmjnoieùk b`spnozorï doieo ob`ktrm nofoymræo b` nos iurvos b` b`fokbo b`jebm o no r`buiieùk b`n küf`rm b` imfprobmr`spr`s`kt`s `k `n f`riobm
9.?.: Iur vo b` B`fokbo
@n tårfekm b`fokbo s` r`ce`r` o no r`noieùk imfpn`to `ktr` no ioktebob b`fokboboy `n pr`iem b` uk je`k y s` r`pr`s`kto o trovås b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo y b`n pnok b`imksufm. No ioktebob b`fokbobo imrr`spmkb` o uk puktm `k no iurvo b` b`fokbo qu`s` r`noiemko `ktr` uk je`k y su pr`iem `k porteiunor, iuokbm tmbms nms mtrms coitmr`s qu`ekcnuy`k smjr` nos imfpros b`s`obos pmr nms imksufebmr`s p`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s
Iuokbm no iurvo b` b`fokbo `s uk o næk`o r`i to , s` pu`b` b`sirejer pmr uko`iuoieùk nek`on. No `iuoieùk qu` b`sirej` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo imk p`kbe`kt` k`aotevo
`s< B W o j_
Bmkb` W `s `n pr`iem y _ B `s no ioktebob b`fokbobo8 o y j smk imkstokt`s pmsetevos.
Bms imki`ptms efpmrtokt`s doy qu` t`k`r `k iu`kto<
o) B`fokbor `s `stor bespu`stm o imfpror, imki`ptm qu` km b`j` imkcukbers` imk `n b`„b`s`or t`k`r ‖< b`fokbor efpneio km sùnm b`s`ornm sekm ob`fïs „pmb`r imf pror nm ‖.
j) Rofpmim b`j` imkcukbers` b`fokbor imk imfpror < b`fokbor `s t`k`r no ekt`kieùkfe`ktros qu` imfpror `s doi`rnm r`onf`kt `.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
90Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@sto `iuoieùk kms bei` nm seaue`kt`<
@n pr`iem on qu` kobe` `stï bespu`stm o imfpror `n je`k (_ B `s i`rm). @s b`ier, se`n pr`iem `s o , `ktmki`s no ioktebob b`fokbobo `s i`rm. Y` pu`b` opr`ieor qu` `n pr`iem
o `k `n arïceim `s `n pr`iem on iuon no iurvo b` b`fokbo tmio `n `l` b` nos U , nm qu` s`b`kmfeko no „ekt`rs`iieùk imk `n `l` b` nosU ‖ b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo.
Imkcmrf` jolo `n pr`iem, no ioktebob b`fokbobo ouf`kto. Ye _ B `s uk küf`rmpmsetevm, `ktmki`s `n pr`iem W b`j` s`r f`kmr qu` o , y `k no f`bebo qu` ouf`kto noioktebob b`fokbobo, s` r`bui` `n pr`iem fïxefm qu` nms imfprobmr`s `stïk bespu`stmso poaor pmr `n je`k.
No imkstokt` j kms bei` iuïk rïpebm jolo `n pr`iem fïxefm qu` onaue`k `stïbespu`stm o poaor pmr `n je`k, o f`bebo qu` ouf`kto no ioktebob qu` s` b`fokb`. @sb`ier, no imkstokt` j kms bei` no ekinekoieùk b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo. No `iuoieùk kms bei`cekonf`kt` qu` no p`kbe`kt` `k no iurvo b` b`fokbo `s ’ j
@l`fpnm<
Yupmkao qu` jolm `n supu`stm b` I`t`res Worejus (ie`rtos voreojn`s p`rfok`i`kimkstokt`s), no cukieùk b` b`fokbo b` uk ortæiunm b`pmrtevm `stï bobo pmr _ B 6 ?7777 ’
:777W , bmkb` _ B r`pr`s`kto no ioktebob b`fokbobo `k `n f`riobm b` beidm ortæiunmb`pmrtevm pmr uk te`fpm b`t`rfekobm y W r`pr`s`kto `n pr`iem b`n ortæiunm
o) B`rev` no tojno b` b`fokbo `k n f`riobm poro `n ortæiunm qu` s b`sirej`j) Bejul` su iurvo b` b`fokbo `k n f`riobm
Ye s` n` vok bokbm vonmr`s o W `k no `iuoieùk _ B 6 ?7777 ’ :777W , b` fmbm qu` s` nmar` nosoturoieùk b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo, `s b`ier `n pr`iem on qu` kobe` `stï bespu`stm oimfpror `n je`k, s` te`k` no seaue`kt` tojno<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
93Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
W (pr`iem PY$) ? : 9 2 0
_ B (ioktebobfïxef o
b`fokbobo
pmr ukebob b`
te`fpm)
4777 3777 2777 :777 7
Aroceiokbm nms botms<
No n`y b` no B`fokbos` pu`b` `kukieor imfm seau`<
Iuoktm foymr s`o `n pr`iem, f`kmr s`rï no ioktebob b`fokbobo. @k no f`bebo `kqu` `n pr`iem s`o fïs ontm, s` b`fokborï uko f`kmr ioktebob b` uk je`k m s`rveiem, imkmtrms coitmr`s imkstokt`s.
Iuoktm f`kmr s`o `n pr`iem, foymr s`rï no ioktebob b`fokbobo. @k no f`bebo `kqu` `n pr`iem s`o fïs jolm, s` b`fokborï uko foymr ioktebob b` uk je`k m s`rveiem, imkmtrms coitmr`s imkstokt`s
No n`y b` no b`fokbo kms bei` qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` iuonque`r tepm b`je`k `stï ekv`rsof`kt` r`noiemkobo imk `n pr`iem b`n fesfm, imk tmbms nms coitmr`s
r`stokt`s imkstokt`s o iuonque`r kev`n pms ej n` b` pr`iems .
No iurvo b` no b`fokbo `s `n r`suntobm b` no b`ieseùk b` fen nmk`s b`
pmt`kieon`s i mksufebmr`s . Z`pr`s`kto no fïxefo ioktebob b`fokbobo b` `s` je`kporo iobo kev`n b` pr`iem `k uk nopsm b`t`rfekobm b` te`fpm y p`rfete`kbm `k beidmte`fpm s` a`k`r`k olust`s b`t`rfekobms.
Re`k` p`kbe`kt` k`aotevo yo qu` o f`bebo qu` suj` `n pr`iem besfekuy` noioktebob b`fokbobo, fe`ktros qu` se jolo `n pr`iem ouf`kto.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
91Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye ouf`kto no r`kto b`n imksufebmr, m suj` `n pr`iem b` nms je`k`s sustetutevms, mjolo `n pr`iem b` nms je`k`s imfpn`f`ktorems, m `n prmbuitm s` pmk` b` fmbo, m nos`xp`itotevos covmr`i`k `n imksufm oituon, no iurvo b` b`fokbo s` b`spnozorï doieo nob`r`ido. Woro iobo kev`n b` pr`iem nms imksufebmr`s b`fokborïk uko foymr ioktebob.
Wmr `n imktrorem, se besfekuy` no r`kto b`n imksufebmr, m suj` `n pr`iem b` nmsje`k`s sustetutevms, m jolo `n pr`iem b` nms je`k`s imfpn`f`ktorems, m `n prmbuitm pe`rb`pmpunorebob, m nos `xp`itotevos p`rlubeiok `n imksufm oituon, no iurvo b` b`fokbo s`
b`spnozorï doieo no ezque`rbo. Woro iobo kev`n b` pr`iem nms imksufebmr`s b`fokborïkuko f`kmr ioktebob.
@l`fpnm<Pko bu`ÿo b` ioso vo o no c`reo o obquerer uk b`t`rfekobm prmbuitm T . Imfpro `nf`kiemkobm prmbuitm T s`aük no seaue`kt` tojno qu` s` pr`s`kto o imktekuoieùk<
Wr`iem/ha ($/ha) Ioktebob obquer ebo (ha)
207
277
907
977
:07
:77
?07
?77
07
0
?7
?2
?4
::
97
20
47
?77
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
94Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye `n pr`iem b`n prmbuitm T ouf`kto b` :77 o 907 ($/ha), ½`k quå cmrfo ouf`ktokm besfekuy`k sus imfpros f`ksuon`s=
Ye `n pr`iem suj` b` :77 o 907, nos v`ktos besfekueræok b` 97 ha o ?2 henms. @sb`ier b`loræo b` imksufer ?3 henms f`kms
@l`fpnm<
Ye `n pr`iem f`bem oituon b` uk v`dæiunm tmbm t`rr`km `s b` PY$:0.777 y sus v`ktosokuon`s smk b` ?7.777 ukebob`s, uko besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem prmbuierï uk ouf`ktm `k nosv`ktos.
Ye s` fokte`k` `n pr`iem b` `stms v`dæiunms, p`rm s` pmk`k b` fmbo `ktr` nms lùv`k`s ouf`ktorïk sus v`ktos. On fesfm pr`iem qu` okt`s (PY$:0.777 ) nos v`ktossup`rorïk nos ?7.777 ukebob`s.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
95Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Nms `imkmfestos okonezok `n fukbm f`beokt` no imkstruiieùk b` `xp`ref`ktms `knms iuon`s smnof`kt` uk tepm b` iofjem mp`ro `k b`t`rfekobm fmf`ktm b`n te`fpm. @k `niosm b` no b`fokbo b` f`riobm, `k bmkb` `xest`k uk küf`rm b` p`rsmkos b`s`msos y
imk no iopoiebob fmk`toreo poro imfpror uk je`k, nnofåfmsno x , s` pu`b` pmr toktm`sirejer no seaue`kt` cukieùk fot`fïteio poro `xpr`sor no b`fokbo b` f`riobm poro `st`je`k< _ x 6 c (W x , W y , F, R, @)
@sto `xpr`seùk ekbeio qu` no ioktebob _ b`n je`k x qu` pu`b` v`kb`rs` `s ukocukieùk b` (m s` r`noiemko imk) `n pr`iem W x b` x , `n pr`iem W y b` mtrm je`k qu` t`kao onaükefpoitm `k no b`fokbo b` x , `n ekar`sm fmk`torem b` nms imksufebmr`s F, nms austms b`nms imksufebmr`s R, y nos `xp`itotevos b` nms fesfms `k r`noieùk on cuturm @. Kmtor bmsosp`itms< s` osuf`, ob`fïs qu` iuonque`ro mtros voreojn`s qu` s` r`noiemk`k imk nob`fokbo x pu`b`k ekinuers` `k `sto `iuoieùk. Woro nms `c`itms b` sefpneiebob, s` te`kb` oimki`ktrors` smnof`kt` `k nos voreojn`s qu` te`k`k foymr efpoitm `k no b`fokbo b` x .
Ye s` supmk` `n seaue`kt` arïceim `k qu` s` fu`stro no iurvo b` b`fokbo BB poro`n je`k depmtåteim x . Ye `n pr`iem `s W ? , no ioktebob b`fokbobo s`rï _ ? y kms`kimktror`fms `k `n puktm O. Ye b` mtrm nobm, `n pr`iem `s r`notevof`kt` ontm, W : , noioktebob b`fokbobo s`rï r`notevof`kt` jolo _ : , s` `storï pmr toktm `k `n puktm J `k BB
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
27Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@k `n seaue`kt` arïceim s` fu`stro qu` uk iofjem b`n pr`iem r`notevm iofjeo noioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk je`k. @s uk fmvefe`ktm o nm noram b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo b`f`riobm. Ye `n pr`iem b` nms zopotms b` v`ster iofjeo no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk je`k.@s uk fmvefe`ktm o nm noram b` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo b` f`riobm. Wmr `l`fpnm se `n
pr`iem r`notevm b` nms zopotms `s b` $:0.777 y io` o $?7.777 , no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`zopotms ouf`ktorï b` 97.777 o 17.777 ukebob`s okuon`s.
@k ofjms arïceims b` b`fokbo okt`remr`s s` dok bejulobm nms puktms qu`fu`strok nms vonmr`s b` _ x iuokbm W x iofjeo, I`t`res Worejus , p`rfok`ie`kbm pmr nmtoktm imkstokt`s tmbos nos r`stokt`s voreojn`s qu` `stïk o no b`r`ido b` no `iuoieùk _ x 6
c (W x , W y , F, R, @) . @stm beidm okt`remrf`kt` pu`b` r`sufers` `k cmrfo suiekto b` no
seaue`kt` fok`ro< x x y _ c ( W ,W ,F ,R ,@ )
Iuokbm iofjeo `n pr`iem b` uk je`k, doy uk fmvefe`ktm o nm noram b` no iurvo b`b`fokbo y iofjeo no ioktebob b`fokbobo, nm iuon s` fu`stro imk nos cn`idos v`rb`s `kno iurvo b` b`fokbo B 7 .
Iuokbm iofjeo iuonque`r mtrm coitmr qu` ekcnuy` smjr` nms pnok`s b` obqueseieùk mimfpros, doy uk b`spnozofe`ktm b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo y uk iofjem b` no b`fokbo.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
2?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Pk ouf`ktm b` no b`fokbo b`spnozo no iurvo b` b`fokbo doieo no b`r`ido (b` B 7 o B ? ). Pko besfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo b`spnozo no iurvo b` b`fokbo doieo no ezque`rbo(b` B 7o B : ).
9.?.9 Z`suf`k.
?) No iurvo b` b`fokbo `s uko iurvo b` ekt`kiemk`s < r`pr`s`kto nos ioktebob`sfïxefos qu` nms imksufebmr`s `stïk bespu`stms o imfpror o iobo ukm b` nms pr`iems,¡km nos ioktebob`s qu` s` imfprok r`onf`kt`!@sto iurvo te`k` p`kbe`kt` k`aotevo (`s b`ir`ie`kt`), fmstrokbm no r`noieùk ekv`rso `ktr`pr`iem y ioktebob b`fokbobo.
:)@s efpmrtokt` t`k`r `k iu`kto qu`, pmr prmpeo b`cekeieùk b` iurvo b` b`fokbo, nmsimksufebmr`s `stïk bespu`stms o imfpror tmbos nos ioktebob`s setuobos o no ezque`rbob` no iurvo (puktm O) p`rm km o no b`r`ido (puktm J) yo qu` no iurvo ekbei o nosiok tebob `s fïxefos qu` nms imfprobmr`s imfproræok.
9) Woro soj`r no ioktebob qu` nms imksufebmr`s b`fokbok o uk pr`iem b`t`rfekobm,josto imk trozor uko næk`o dmrezmkton b`sb` `n pr`iem imkseb`robm dosto no iurvo b`b`fokbo. Pko v`z `k `nno, s` prmnmkao uko næk`o v`rteion `k s`ktebm b`si`kb`kt` dostooniokzor `n `l` b` nos ojsiesos. @n puktm mjt`kebm `s no ioktebob b`fokbobo.
2) ½_uå voreojn`s ekcnuy`k `k no ekt`kieùk b` imfpro b` nms imksufebmr`s= @n pr`iem b` mtrms je`k`s No Z`kto m Ekar`sm b` nms imksufebmr`s Nms Austms b` nms imksufebmr`s @n küf`rm b` imksufebmr`s m Rofoÿm b`n f`riobm
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
2:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
0) Je`k`s Yuste tutms `ktr` sæ . Ymk oqu`nnms qu` imfm nos f`rnuzos y nos r`ek`tos,p`rfet`k sotescoi`r pmr s`porobm no fesfo k`i`sebob< no pnufo y `n nïpez, no fokt`quenno yno foraoreko, `ti. @n `kior`iefe`ktm b` uk je`k nn`vo o uko r`buiieùk b` no b`fokbo b`nprmpem je`k y uk ouf`ktm b` no b`fokbo b` sus sus t e tutms . Wmr `n imktrorem, `nojorotofe`ktm b` uk je`k ekir`f`kto no b`fokbo b`n prm pem je`k y r`bui` no
b`fokbo b` nms sust e tutm s .
3) Je`k`s Imfpn`f`ktorems ktr` sæ . Ymk oqu`nnms qu` imfm no f`rnuzo creto y purå, s`utenezok imkluktof`kt` poro iujrer uko b`t`rfekobo k`i`sebob< `n pop`n y `n nïpez, no smpoy no iuidoro, `n outmfùven y no j`kieko, `ti. Ye ouf`kto n pr`iem b` uk je`k, no ioktebobb`fokb obo besfe ku eræo y, pmr toktm, f`kmr s`ræo no ioktebob r`qu`rebo b`nimfpn`f`ktorem. Wmr `n imktrorem, se besf ekuy` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k no ioktebobb`fok bobo b ` bei dm je`k ouf`k toræo y imk `nno ir`i`ræo no ioktebob r`qu`rebo b` susimfpn`f`ktorems.
1) Iuokbm bms je`k`s km auorbok kekauko r`noieùk `ktr` sæ s` bei` qu` smk Je`k`sEkb`p`kbe`kt`s . @k `st` iosm, no voreoie ùk b`n pr `iem b` u km b` nnms km oc`itoræo o no
ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n mtrm . Wmr `l`fpnm km doy kekauko r`noieùk qu` pu`bo uker o novoreoieùk b` pr`iem b` nms poroauos y no b`fokbo b` nobrennms
4) Je`k`s Kmrfon`s. Y` ioroit`rezok pmrqu` su ioktebob b`fokbobo ouf`kto iuokbmtofjeåk nm d oi`k n ms e ka r`sm s m r`k to.
On bescrutor b` uk foymr pmb`r obquesetevm, nms imksufebmr`s `stïk bespu`stms o imfproruko foymr ioktebob b` `stms je`k`s. @l`fpnm, IB b` füseio, nejrms, rmpo, fu`jn`s, `ti.
5) Je`k`s Ekc`remr`s. On imktrorem b` nms je`k`s kmrfon`s, no ioktebob qu` nmsimksufebmr`s `stïk bespu`stms o obquerer besf ekuy ` iuokbm ouf`kto no r`kto qu`p`riej`k .No rozùk cukbof`kton qu` sust`kto `st` imfpmrtofe`ktm `s no sustetuieùk b` prmbuitms
pmr mtrms qu` supmk`k uk foymr b`s`fjmnsm `imkùfeim, n n`vok osmieobms u ko foymrion ebob m uk foymr pr`st ea em .Wmr `l`fpnm on ouf`ktor no r`kto b` uko cofeneo fmb`sto s` imksuferïk f`kms tonnorek`sm orrmz y s` pmbrï imksufer uko foymr ioktebob b` iork`, m s` b`fokborï f`kmss`rveiem b` trokspmrt` püjneim yo qu` s` mptorï pmr no imfpro b` uk outmfùven, `ti.
?7) Nms Austms b` nms imksufebmr`s. Nos pr`c`r`kieos pmr ukms b`t`rfekobms prmbuitmspu`b`k s`r iofjeokt`s o nm noram b`n te`fpm< fmbos, pujneiebob, ku`vms dïjetms mimstufjr`s, `ti. Wmr toktm, no ioktebob qu` nms imksufebmr`s `stïk bespu`stms o imfprorb` uk prmbuitm pu`b` ouf`ktor iuokbm i ofjeok nms au stms o covmr b` s` je`k mb esfeku e r iuokbm `n iofjem b` austms s` prmbui` `k imktro b` `s` je`k.??) @n küf`rm b` imks uf ebm r`s m tofoÿm b `n f`ri obm. Iuoktm foymr s`o `n
f`riobm, o eauonbob b` mtros imsos, foy mr s`rï no iokte bob b `fokb obo
?:) No iur vo b` b`fokb o s` b`sp nozoræo , iofjeokbm su pmseieùk `k `n pnokm, iuokbmiofje` onauko b` nos voreojn`s qu` s` dok fokt`kebm imkstokt`s (o `xi`pieùk b`n pr`iemb`n je`k), `s b`ier nm dorï iuokbm s` prmbuziok fmbeceioiemk`s `k no r`kto, `k nms austms,`k nms pr`iems b` nms mtrms je`k`s. @k `st` iosm s` bei` qu` s` dok prmbuiebmvoreoiemk`s b` no b`fokbo
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
29Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
?9) Km imkcukber fmvefe`ktms b` no iurvo imk b`spnozofe`ktms o nm noram b ` no iurvob` b`fokbo . @stms üntefms s` prm buierïk sùnm iuokb m s `o `n pr`iem b `n prmpemprmbuitm n qu` iofje` , y `stms fmvefe`ktms s` b`kmfekok voreoiemk`s b` no ioktebobb`fokbobo.
Nms iofjem s k n pr`iem b`n prmpem je`k ¡kuki o b`spnozok no iurvo b` b`fokbo!
?2) Iuobrm b` iofjems qu` miosemkok b`spnozofe`ktms `k no iurvo `k no iurvo b`b`fokbo
Iofjems Fmvef e`ktms b` no iurv o b`b`fokbo
Ouf`ktm b` nms ekar`sms m r`kto (je`k kmrfon)
Ouf`ktm b` nms ekar`sms m r`kto (je`k ekc`remr)
Besfekuieùk b` nms ekar`sms m r`kto (je`k kmrfon)
Besfekuieùk b` nms ekar`sms m r`kto (je`k ekc`remr)
Ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` uk je`k sustetutm
Besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b` uk je`k sustetutm Ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` uk je`k imfpn`f`ktorem
Besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b` uk je`kimfpn`f`ktoremIofjems b` austms o covmr b` uk je`k
Iofjems b` austms `k imktro b` uk je`k Ouf`ktm b`n tofoÿm b`n f`riobmBesfekuieùk b`n tofoÿm b`n f`riobmEkir`f`ktm b`n pr`iem b`n je`k
Besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b`n je`k
Y` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido
Y` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo
Y` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo
Y` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido
Y` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido
Y` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rboY` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo
Y` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido
Y` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido
Y` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rboY` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`idoY` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rboFmvefe`ktm osi`kb`kt` o nmnoram b` no iurvoFmvefe`ktm b`si`kb`kt` o nmnoram b` no iurvo
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
22Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9.: NO MC@ZRO.
Ye uko fpr`so mcr`i` uk je`k m s`rveiem, sto iu`kto imk<
Z`iursms y t`ikmnmaæo poro prmbuiernm Wu`b` mjt`k`r uk j`k`ceiem on mjt`k`rnm Do pnokeceiobm pnok`s b`ceketevms poro prmbuiernms y v`kb`rnm
Pko mc`rto `s fïs qu` t`k`r nms r`iursms y no t`ikmnmaæo poro prmbuier onam,pu`stm qu` r`iursms y t`ikmnmaæo smk r`str eii emk`s qu` nefetok nos pmsejenebob`s. Wu`b`kprmbuiers` ekcekebob b` imsos üten`s p`rm km s` prmbui`k o f`kms qu` s` mjt`kao b` `nnosuk j`k`ceiem
No mc`rto b`t`rfeko no iok tebob fïxef o b` uk je`k m s`rveiem qu` nms
prmbuitmr`s y v`kb`bmr`s mcr`i`k on f`riobm `k cukieùk b`n kev`n b` pr`iems `kporteiunor pmr ukebob b` te`fpm y p`rfete`kbm uk nopsm poro a`k`ror olust`s p`rtek`kt`s m
k`i`sorems.
9.:.? No n`y b` mc r to.
Ocerfo, imk mtros imsos imkstokt`s, imkcmrf` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k m s`rveiem suj`,no ioktebob mcr`iebo ouf`kto m tofjeåk s` pu`b` b`ier8 iuok tm fïs ontm s n p r`iem b`
uk je`k, foymr s no ioktebob mcr`iebo
No ioktebob qu` s` mcr`i` km k`i`soreof`kt` `s no fesfo ioktebob b` oqu`nnor`onf`kt` v`kbebo. Fuidos v`i`s, no ioktebob mcr`iebo `s foymr qu` no ioktebobb`fokbobo, pmr nm qu` no ioktebob imfprobo `s f`kmr qu` no ioktebob mcr`iebo.
On eauon qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo, no ioktebob mcr`iebo s` feb` imfm uk o
ioktebob pmr u kebob b` te`fpm . @sto r`noieùk seakeceio qu` no iurvo b` mc`rto `s uk cnulm,`k bmkb` s` mcr`i`k uko ioktebob b` je`k`s pmr f`s, oÿm, bæos, `ti.
Wmr `l`fpnm se supmk`fms qu` no `fpr`so EZR prmbui` ?.777 t`n`vesmr`s on bæo. Noioktebob b` t`n`vesmr`s mcr`iebms pmr EZR pu`b` `xpr`sors` imfm ?.777 on bæo, 1.777 o nos`foko m 930.777 on oÿm. Ye km `xeste`ro `sto bef`kseùk b` te`fpm km s` pmbræo b`ier se ukb`t`rfekobm küf`rm b` je`k`s m s`rveiems mcr`iebms `s arokb` m p`qu`ÿm.
Iuokbm s` `fpn`o `n tårfekm< „pmr uk ekstokt` b` te`fpm‖ oqu`nnm s` r`ce`r` qu`
ie`rtos voreojn`s p`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s (I`t`res Worejus), imfm s`r no t`ikmnmaæo, `npr`iem b` nms coitmr`s prmbuitevms imfm nms sonorems m nos fot`reos prefos.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
20Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9.:.: B`t rfekokt`s b` no mc`rto.
No mc`rto ve`k` b`t`rfekobo pmr nos seaue`kt`s voreojn`s imkseb`rokbm imkstokt`stmbos nos mtros ekcnu`kieos<
o) Wr`iem b`n je`k . Ioktebob mc`rtobo y pr`iem s` fu `v`k k no fesfo ber`ii eùk . Ye `npr`iem suj` nms v`kb`bmr`s ouf`ktorïk su mc`rto, `k iofjem se `n pr`iem jolo no mc`rtotofjeåk besfekuerï. ½Wmr quå uk pr`iem fïs ontm ouf`kto no ioktebob mcr`iebo= Y` b`j` osu imstm foraekon, pmrqu` imkcmrf` ouf`kto no ioktebob prmbuiebo, b` iuonque`r je`k,ouf`kto `n imstm foraekon b` prmbuiernm.
Km von` no p`ko prmbuier uk je`k se `n pr`iem r`iejebm pmr ån km iu jr` on f`kms n
imstm f ora ekon . B` `st` fmbm iuokbm suj` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k, se nos mtros imsosp`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s (I`t`res Worejus), nms prmbuitmr`s `storïk bespu`stms o ekiurrer `k`n imstm foraekon fïs ontm y ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk. @n pr`iem fïs ontm miosemko ukouf`ktm b` no ioktebob mcr`iebo.
Iuokbm jolo `n pr`iem b` uk je`k besfekuy` no r`ktojenebob qu` mjte`k` `nv`kb`bmr nm qu` n` nn`vorï o mre`ktor su oitevebob doieo mtrms tepms b` je`k`s.
@sto r`noieùk poron`no b` ioktebob mcr`iebo y pr`iem b`t`rfeko qu` no iurv o b`
mc`rto t`kao p`kbe`kt` pmset evo .
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
23Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
j) Wr`iems b` nms coitm r`s (r`iursms utenezobms `k su cojreioieùk). Ye suj` n pr`iem b`
nms coitmr`s ouf`kto n imstm b ` cojreioie ùk imk nm qu` no r`ktojenebob mjt`kebo pmr `nprmbuitmr y v`kb`bmr s` r`bui`. Wmr toktm no r`noieùk b` `sto voreojn` imk no mc`rto `sekv`rso<
Pko cïjreio b` d`nobms b`ktrm b` sus coitmr`s prmbuitevms utenezo, n`id`, ozüior,ormfotezokt`s, foquekoreos, `beceiems y `n trojolm b` fokm b` mjro b` sus trojolobmr`s. Yenms pr`iems b` onaukms b` sus coitmr`s suj`k, miurr` qu` no prmbuiieùk s` doi` f`kmsr`ktojn` pmr nm qu` no `fpr`so mcr`i`rï f`kms d`nobms. Odmro, se nms pr`iems b` nmscoitmr`s suj`k seakeceiotevof`kt`, `s pmsejn` qu` ie`rr` no `fpr`so y km mcr`zio m kmdoyo mc`rto b` d`nobm onaukm.
Ye suj` n pr`iem b` nms coitmr`s besfeku y` no ioktebob mc`rtobo y se jolo n
pr`iem b ` nms coitmr`s ouf`kto no ioktebob mc`rtobo .
Wmr `l`fpnm se besfekuy` `n pr`iem b` nms c`rtenezokt`s nms oareiuntmr`s nm fïspmsejn` `s qu` s` se`ktok bespu`stms o ouf`ktor sus ïr`os s`fjrobos y prmbuier fïs
qu` on pr`iem okt`remr o no besfekuieùk. Rofjeåk pmbræo b`iers` qu` se `n pr`iem b`n oauofek`ron `kvosobo ouf`kto, nm fïs prmjojn` `s qu` ouf`kt` no mc`rto b` `st` prmbuitm`k nos `stokt`ræos b` nms sup`rf`riobms
i) Wr`iem b` nms j e`k`s r`noiemkobms . Nms pr`iems b` nms je`k`s y s`rveiems r`noiemkobmsimk uk je`k ekcnuy`k smjr` no mc`rto b`n fesfm. Wmr `l`fpnm se no mc`rto b`n pr`iem b` noiork` ouf`kto, no pe`n b` voiukm tofjeåk ouf`ktorï, pmr iuoktm smk je`k`s
imfpn`f`ktor ems `k no prmbuiieùk, `s b`ie r s` prmbui`k u sokbm nms f esfms
r`iursms .
b) R`ikm nm aæo < Ku`vos t`ikmnmaæos ir`ok y prmbui`k ku`vms je`k`s y s`rveiems imk nm
iuon s` besfekuy `k nms imstms b` cojreioieùk y o ekir`f`ktor nms r`kbefe`ktm s b`
prmbu itms `xest`kt`s nm iuon prmbui` uk iofjem `k no mc`rto y ouf`kto no r`ktojenebobb`n prmbuitm. @stm efpunsorï on v`kb`bmr o ouf`ktor su mc`rto imk nm iuon no iurvo b`mc`rto s` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido y no ioktebob mcr`iebo `s foymr `k tmbms y iobo ukmb` nms pr`iems.
`) Nos `xp`itotevos< su ekcnu`kieo `k no mc`rto `s sefenor o no qu` s` vem on okonezor nob`fokbo. Nos `xp`itotevos, s`aük iuon s`ok (sujebos m jolobo pr`vesto b`n pr`iem b`nje`k, iofjems b` austms, t`kb`kieo on onzo m o no jolo b`n imst` b` nms coitmr`s, `ti.),pu`b`k covmr`i`r m p`rlubeior no ioktebob mc`rtobo.
No ioktebob b` d`nobms b`n `l`fpnm okt`remr qu` s` mcr`i`k dmy pu`b` b`p`kb`rb` sus `xp`itotevos smjr` `n cuturm. Wmr `l`fpnm, se s` `sp`ro qu` `n pr`iem b`n d`nobmsujo `k `n cuturm onfoi`korï uko port` b` su prmbuiieùk oituon y dmy mcr`i`rï f`kms `k`n f`riobm.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
21Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iuokbm iofjeo `n pr`iem b` uk je`k, doy uk fmvefe`ktm o nm noram b` no iurvo b`mc`rto y uk iofjem b` no ioktebob mcr`iebo, nm iuon `s fmstrobm pmr nos cn`idos v`rb`s `k
no iurvo b` mc`rto Y 7 . Iuokbm iofjeo iuonque`r mtrm coitmr qu` ekc nuy` smj r` nms
pnok`s b` v`ktos, doy uk b `spnozofe`ktm b` no iurvo b` mc`rto y uk i ofjem b` no
mc`rto . Pk ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto b`spnozo no iurvo b` mc`rto doieo no b`r`ido (b` Y 7 o Y ? ).Pko besfekuieùk b` no mc`rto b`spnozo no iurvo b` mc`rto doieo no ezque`rbo (b` Y 7 o Y : )
@l`fpnm<
Ye jolo `n pr`iem b` nms `quepms b` füseio su mc`rto besfekuy`8 `n v`kb`bmr`kcmiorï sus `scu`rzms `k mtrms je`k`s qu` n` r`pmrt`k uko foymr r`ktojenebob(fmvefe`ktm b`si`kb`kt` o nm noram b` no iurvo).
Ye suj` `n pr`iem b` nms imfpmk`kt`s b` nms `quepms b` füseio s` ekir`f`ktorïsu imst` b` cojreioieùk, besfekuy`kbm su r`ktojenebob poro iobo kev`n b` pr`iem. @stmmreaekorï, on eauon qu` `k `n iosm okt`remr, uko r`buiieùk b` no mc`rto (b`spnozofe`ktmdoieo no ezque`rbo b` no iurvo).
Iuokbm no iurvo b` mc`rto `s uko næk`o r`ito, s` pu`b` b`sirejer f`beokt` uko`iuoieùk nek`on. No `iuoieùk qu` b`sirej` uko iurvo b` mc`rto imk p`kbe`kt` pmsetevo `s<
W 6 i + b∕_Y
@k bmkb` W `s `n pr`iem y _ Y `s no ioktebob mcr`iebo8 i y b smk imkstokt`s pmsetevos.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
24Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No `iuoieùk bei` tr`s imsos efpmrtokt`s<
o) @n pr`iem on qu` kobe` `stï bespu`stm o v`kb`r `n je`k (_ Y `s i`rm). @s b`ier, se `npr`iem `s i , `ktmki`s no ioktebob mcr`iebo `s i`rm. @k no ceauro s` pu`b` v`r qu` `n pr`iem`s i poro `n iosm f`kiemkobm y imrr`spmkb` on pr`iem on iuon no iurvo b` mc`rto tmio on `l`b` nos mrb`kobos, nm qu` nnofofms no „ekt`rs`iieùk imk `n `l` b` nms pr`iems‖ b` noiurvo b` mc`rto.
j) _u` imkcmrf` suj` `n pr`iem, no ioktebob mcr`iebo ouf`kto. Ye _ Y `s uk küf`rmpmsetevm, `ktmki`s `n pr`iem W b`j` s`r foymr qu` i . U imkcmrf` ouf`kto _ Y , `n pr`iem W ouf`kto. @s b`ier , o f`be bo qu` ouf `kto no ioktebob , ouf`kto n pr`iem fækef m qu `nms v `kb`bm r`s stïk be spu `stms o oi`ptor.
i) No imkstokt` b kms bei` iuïk rïpebm suj` `n pr`iem fækefm qu` onaue`k `stïbespu`stm o v`kb`r `n je`k, iuokbm ouf`kto no ioktebob. @s b`ier, no imkstokt` b kms bei`no ekin ekoieùk b` no iurvo b ` mc`rto . No `iuoieùk kms bei` qu` no p`kbe`kt` b` no mc`rto`s b .
Rofjeåk ekbeio qu` no ioktebob fïxefo mcr`iebo s` r`noiemko imk nms v`kb`bmr`s qu``storïk bespu`stms o prmbuier y mcr`i`r beaofms ?:7 ukebob`s, p`rm tofjeåk `storïkbespu`stms o mcr`i`r f`kms b` `s` fïxefm, nm qu` ekt`rpr`to uko iurvo m uko næk`o qu`s`poro `k bms ïr`os, y onnæ s` mjs`rvo `k bmkb` nms mc`r`kt`s `xea`k imfm fækefm ukpr`iem, pmr `l`fpnm :7 poro qu` pu`bok prmbuier no ioktebob b` ?:7 pmr ukebob b` te`fpmy qu` o no v`z km `storæok bespu`stms o prmbuier y mcr`i`r se s` n`s mcr`i` uk pr`iem f`kmrb` :7, y qu` se `storæok, fuy bespu`stms o prmbuier pmr uk pr`iem sup`remr o :7.
@ktmki`s `k no iurvo b` mc`rto s` mjs`rvok bms ïr`os je`k b`nefetobos< uko `s oqu`nno
qu` `stï pmr smjr` no iurvo `k bmkb` `s pmsejn` mjs`rvor uk f`riobm o `sms pr`iems y nomtro, pmr b`jolm b` no iurvo b` mc`rto `k bmkb` poro `n f`riobm `so ioktebob r`sunto kmpmsejn` mjt`k`r u mjs`rvor.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
25Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9.9 @_PENEJZEM B@ F@ZIOBM.
Pk que n ejr em `s uko imkbeieùk `k no qu` cu`rzos `imkùfeios qu` s` mpmk`k, s`imktrorr`stok ukos imk mtros. @n `quenejrem `k uk f`riobm miurr` iuokbm `n pr`iem
`que n ejro nms pnok`s b` imfprobm r`s y v`kb`bmr`s .
@n pr`iem b` que n ejr em `s `n pr`iem on iuon no ioktebob b`fokbobo `s eauon o noioktebob mcr`iebo. @s b`ier on pr`iem b` `quenejrem, no ioktebob b`n je`k qu` nmsimfprobmr`s que`r`k y pu`b`k imfpror `s `xoitof`kt` eauon o no ioktebob qu` nmsv`kb`bmr`s que`r`k v`kb`r.
Wmr mtro port` no ioktebob b` que n ejr em `s no ioktebob imfprobo y v`kbebo on pr`iemb` `quenejrem. Pk f`riobm s` fu`v` doieo su `quenejrem b`jebm o nm seaue`kt`<
@n pr`iem r`auno nms pnok`s b` imfpro y v`kto
@n pr`iem olusto nms pnok`s iuokbm km smk eauon`s
@n puktm b` imrt` b` nos iurvos b` mc`rto y b`fokbo s` b`kmfeko puktm b` `quenejrem,b`t`rfekokbm uko ioktebob y uk pr`iem b` f`riobm.
@k `st` puktm no ioktebob qu` nms imfprobmr`s que`r`k obquerer imekieb` imk noqu` nms v`kb`bmr`s b`s`ok v`kb`r. Ofjms arupms qu`bok sotesc`idms y km sura`kpr`semk`s smjr` `n pr`iem (ke on onzo ke o no jolo).
@k uk f`riobm imfp`t e t evm nos b`iesemk`s ekbevebuon`s b` fen`s b`
imfprobmr`s y v`kb`bmr`s `fpulok b` cmrfo koturon doieo `n puktm b` que n ejr em .
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
07Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9.9.? Ol ust`s k n Wr`iem
@n pr`iem b` uk je`k r`auno nos ioktebob`s b`fokbobos y mcr`iebos. Ye `n pr`iem `sb`foseobm ontm, no ioktebob mcr`iebo xi`b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo . Ye `n pr`iem `sb`foseobm jolm, no ioktebob b`fokbobo xi`b` no ioktebob mcr`iebo .
@n `quenejrem s` r`ce`r` pmr nm toktm o no imkbeieùk b`n f`riobm qu` uko v`zoniokzobo, te`kb` o p`rsester.
Ye `k uk fmf`ktm bobm `n f`riobm km `stï `k `quenejrem `stm s` pu`b` b`j`r oqu` `n pr`iem s`o sup`remr on b` que n ejr em `k iuym iosm no iok teb ob b`f okbob o s`rï
ekc`remr o no mcr`iebo .
M o qu` `n pr`iem s`o ekc`remr on b` `que n ejr em `k iuym iosm no ioktebob
b`fok bobo s`rï sup `remr o no mcr `iebo .
W`rm, ½s` pu`b` imkceor `k `n pr`iem poro iofjeor y `nefekor uk contokt` y uk`xi`b`kt`= Yæ s` pu`b`, pmrqu` `sms iofjems b` pr`iem smk futuof`kt` j`k`ceiemsm s toktm poro nms imfprobmr`s imfm poro nms v`kb`bmr`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
0?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@k ofjms iosms `n pr`i em sucr erï pr`sem k`s qu` nm erïk `fpulokbm dostooniokzor n puktm b` `quenejrem.
@k `n pref`r iosm (pr`iem su p`remr on b` que n ejr em ) s` prmbuierï uk xi`sm b`
mc`rto (no ioktebob mcr`iebo o `s` pr`iem s`rï sup`remr o no b`fokbobo). Y` a`k`ro uk`xi`b`kt` b` mc`rto qu` qu`bo sek v`kb`r nm qu` nn`vorï o nms v`kb`bmr`s o er jolokbm`n pr`iem o cek b` born` sonebo o `stms je`k`s. O f`bebo qu` jolo `n pr`iem no b`fokbo b`nje`k erï ouf`ktokbm on te`fpm qu` no mc`rto s` r`bui`s. @st` prmi`sm imktekuorï dostoqu` s` oniokzo `n puktm b` `quenejrem.
@k `n s`aukbm iosm (pr`iem ekc`remr on b` que n ejr em ) s` mreaeko uk `xi`sm b`
b`fokbo (no ioktebob b`fokbobo s`rï sup`remr o no ioktebob mcr`iebo). @sto b`fokboeksotesc`ido p`rfeterï o nms v`kb`bmr`s sujer `n pr`iem, nm q u` prm bui erï uk ouf`ktm b`
no mc`rto y uk o besfeku ieùk b` no b`fokbo . @st` prmi`sm imkteküo dosto qu` s`oniokzo `n puktm b` `quenejrem.
Yupmkaofms `n `l`fpnm bobm pmr nms seaue`kt`s botms b` uk `stubem b` f`riobmi`rv`i`rm<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
0:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Wr`iem pm ri`rv`zo ($)(b` no fesfo
ion ebob)
Ioktebob
sufekestrobo
okuonf`kt`
( x fen`s)
Ioktebob
smn eie tobo
okuonf`kt`
( x fen`s)
Bec`r`kieos
`ktr`
sufekestrobo y
smn eie tobo
@xi`sms
077 :777 ?7777 - 4777
Ioktebobsmneietobo `k
`xi`sm
007 2777 4777 - 2777
Ioktebobsmneietobo `k
`xi`sm
377 3777 3777 7
Wr`iem b`f`riobm `k`quenejrem
307 4777 2777 +2777
Ioktebobmcr`iebo `k
`xi`sm
177 ?7777 :777 +4777
Ioktebobmcr`iebo `k
`xi`sm
No ekt`rs`iieùk b` nos iurvos b` mc`rto (Y) y b`fokbo (B) b` f`riobm miurr`k `k`n puktm @ (`quenejrem) o uk pr`iem b` $377 pmr ukebob b` i`rv`zo b` ionebob sefenor. @k `n
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
09Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
puktm @ km miurr` ke `xi`sm b` ioktebob b`fokbobo ke tofpmim `xi`sm b` ioktebobmcr`iebo.
Ye s` fero `n pr`iem b` $177 iobo i`rv`zo, no ioktebob qu` s` mcr`i` s`rï smnm b` :fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos pmr oÿm `k ieriukstokieos qu` no ioktebob qu` s` b`fokbo `s b` ?7fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos okuon`s, beido bec`r`kieo imkstetuy` uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo onpr`iem b` $177. @st` `xi`sm b` b`fokbo cmrzorï o qu` nms pr`iems ouf`kt`k doie`kbmqu` s` fu`vok doieo orrejo o nm noram b` no iurvo b` mc`rto imfm ekbeio no cn`ido dostooniokzor `n puktm @ b` `quenejrem y pmr mtro port` miurrerï nm fesfm o nm noram b` no iurvob` b`fokbo imfm ekbeio no cn`ido dosto setuors` `k `n puktm @ .
Wmr mtro port` se s` fero `n pr`iem b` $077 pmr ukebob, s` a`k`rorï uko ioktebobmcr`iebo b` ?7 fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos on oÿm, `k ieriukstokieos qu` o `s` fesfm pr`iem noioktebob b`fokbobo `s b` : fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos okuon`s, `sto bec`r`kieo vo or`pr`s`ktor uk `xi`sm b` nos ioktebob`s mcr`iebos on pr`iem b` $077 pmr ukebob.Ku`vof`kt` nos cu`rzos b`n f`riobm dorïk qu` `n pr`iem ioeao, doie`kbm qu` s` fu`vo
doieo ojolm y o nm noram b` nos iurvos b` mc`rto y b` b`fokbo imfm ekbeiok nos cn`idosdosto oniokzor ku`vof`kt` `n puktm @ .
B`iefms qu` uk contokt` efpunso n pr`iem doieo orr ejo, b` oiu`rbm on `l`fpnm,supmke`kbm qu` `n pr`iem uketorem b` i`rv`zo `s b` $307, nms imksufebmr`s b`s`okimfpror 4 fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos on oÿm y nms prmbuitmr`s pnok`ok prmbuier y v`kb`r 2fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos okuon`s. Nms imksufebmr`s km pu`b`k mjn eaor o nms
prm bui tmr`s o v `kb`r fïs b` nm q u` pnok `ok , osæ qu` no ioktebob qu` r`onf`kt`mcr`iebo o no v`kto `s b` 2 fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos okuon`s. @k `stos ieriukstokieos, cu`rzospmb`rmsos b`n f`riobm mp`rok poro ouf`ktor `n pr`iem y fmv`rnm doieo `n pr`iem b``quenejrem. Onaukms prmbuitmr`s qu` mjs`rvok cenos b` imksufebmr`s eksotesc`idms
ouf`ktok su prmbuiieùk. Imkcmrf` `stm miurr` nms prmbui tmr`s suj`k sus pr`iems, npr`iem osie`kb` y s` oi`rio o su kev`n b` `que n ejr em @ . @n pr`iem on onzo r`bui` `ncontokt` pmrqu` besfekuy` no ioktebob b`fokbobo y ouf`kto no ioktebob mcr`iebo. Iuokbm`n pr`iem do ouf`ktobm dosto `n puktm `k `n iuon yo km doy contokt`, nos cu`rzos qu`fu`v`k n pr`iem b`lok b` mp`ror y `n pr`iem s` ujeio k su quenejrem.
Pk xi`b`kt` efpuns o n pr`iem doieo ojolm . Ye b`n `l`fpnm okt`remr s` supmk`uk pr`iem b` $007 no ukebob. Nms prmbuitmr`s pnok`ok prmbuier y v`kb`r 4 fennmk`s b`i`rv`zos on oÿm y nms imksufebmr`s b`s`ok obquerer 2 fennmk`s b` i`rv`zos okuon`s. Nmsprmbuitmr`s km pu`b`k cmrzor o nms imksufebmr`s o imfpror fïs b` nm qu` pnok`ok, osæqu` no ioktebob b` i`rv`zos qu` r`onf`kt` s` imfprok `s b` 2 fennmk`s.
@k `sto setuoieùk, cu`rzos pmb`rmsos mp`rok poro jolor `n pr`iem y fmv`rnm onpr`iem b` `quenejrem. Onaukms prmbuitmr`s on km pmb`r v`kb`r nos ioktebob`s prmbuiebosr`bui`k sus pr`iems. Wmr imkseaue`kt` nms prmbuitmr`s r`bui`k pr`iems, `n pr`iem jolodoieo su `quenejrem. @n pr`iem o no jolo besfek uy` `n `xi`b`kt` pmrqu` ouf`kto no
ioktebob b`fokbobo y besfek uy` no ioktebob mcr`iebo . Iuokbm `n pr`iem do ioæbmdosto `n puktm `k `n iuon yo km doy `xi`b`kt`s, nos cu`rzos qu` fu`v`k `n pr`iem b`lokb` mp`ror y `n pr`iem s` ujeio `k su `quenejrem `k `n puktm @ .
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
02Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@k r`suf`k< on pr`iem `k qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo y no ioktebob mcr`iebo smkeauon`s, ke imfprobmr`s ke v`kb`bmr`s pu`b`k imf`rieor uk pr`iem f`lmr. Nmsimfprobmr`s poaok `n pr `iem fïs ont m qu` `stïk bespu`stms o poaor p mr no üntefo
ukebob imfprobo , y nms imfprobmr`s r`i ej`k `n p r`i em fïs jol m on iuon `stïkbespu`stms o mcr`i`r no ünt efo u kebob v`kbeb o .
9.9.: Iofjems b n @que n ejre m
Iuokbm uk oimkt`iefe`ktm b`spnozo uko b` nos iurvos, iofjeo `n `quenejrem b`nf`riobm. @k pref`r nuaor s` ov`reauo se `n oimkt`iefe`ktm b`spnozo no iurvo b` mc`rto, nob` b`fokbo m `k onaukms iosms nos bms. @k s`aukbm nuaor s` b`j` ov`reauor se no iurvos` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido m doieo no ezque`rbo. @k t`ri`r nuaor s` utenezo `n arïceim b`mc`rto y b`fokbo poro v`r iùfm oc`ito `n b`spnozofe`ktm on pr`iem y no ioktebob b``quenejrem.
Soreoieùk `k no b`fokbo. Yupmke`kbm qu` uk v`rokm `n te`fpm `s fuy ionurmsm. ½Iùfm
oc`ito `st` d`idm on f`riobm b` r`cr`sims= Woro r`spmkb`r `stm s` seau`k nms seaue`kt`sposms<
@n te`fpm ionurmsm oc`ito no iurvo b` b`fokbo on ont`ror `n austm b` nmsimksufebmr`s pmr nms r`cr`sims, `s b`ier nos ontos t`fp`roturos ont`ro no ioktebobb`fokbobo b` r`cr`sims beorems qu` b`s`ok obquerer nms imksufebmr`s o uk pr`iemiuonque`ro bobm. No iurvo b` mc`rto km voræo pmrqu` `n inefo ionurmsm km oc`itober`itof`kt` o nos fpr`sos qu` v`kb`k d`nobms Imfm `n te`fpm ionurmsm nn`vo o nms imksufebmr`s o imksufer foymr küf`rm b`r`cr`sims, no iurvo b` b`fokbo s` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido b` (B ? o B : ). @st`b`spnozofe`ktm ekbeio qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` r`cr`sims `s foymr o tmbms y ioboukm b` nms pr`iems. @n ouf`ktm b` no b`fokbo `n`vo `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem b` $977 o $077 y noioktebob b` `quenejrem b` 2 o 3 r`cr`sims beorems. @s b`ier, `n te`fpm ionurmsm `n`vo np r`iem b` nms r`cr`sims y no ioktebob v`kbebo b` `st` je`k.@k r`suf`k< Iuokbm no b`fokb o ouf`kto, ouf`ktok toktm `n pr`iem imf m no
ioktebob b` `que n ejr em y iuokbm b `fokbo besfekuy`, besfekuy `k toktm `n pr`iem
imf m no ioktebob b` que n ejr em.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
03Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
no ioktebob b` `quenejrem besfekuy`. Wmr nm toktm `stms d`idms `n`vok `n pr`iem b` nmsr`cr`sims, p`rm `n `c`itm qu` prmbui`k `k no ioktebob v`kbebo b` d`nobm km `s tok inorm.
Rofjeåk `s pmsejn` ekt`rpr`tor `sto setuoieùk b` fmvefe`ktms b` mc`rto y b`fokbose `k a`k`ron s` imkseb`rok nms seaue`kt`s arïceims<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
01Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@k nms tr`s iosms r`pr`s`ktobms B 7 `s no iurvo b` no b`fokbo ekeieon y Y 7 no iurvob` no mc`rto ekeieon. Wmr mtro port`, B ? `s no ku`vo b`fokbo y Y ? `s no ku`vo mc`rto. @npr`iem y no ioktebob b` `quenejrem ekeieon W 7 y _ 7 r`sp`itevof`kt` qu` te`k`k su puktm b``quenejrem ekeieon `k @ 7 . Nms ku`vms pr`iems y ioktebob b` `quenejrem smk W ? y _ ? r`sp`itevof`kt` imk uk ku`vm puktm b` `quenejrem s`ÿonobm imfm @ ? .
@k `n arïceim o) iuokbm km doy iofjems `k no mc`rto, `n `c`itm b` uk ouf`ktm `k nob`fokbo `s uk ekir`f`ktm `k `n pr`iem y `k no ioktebob b` `quenejrem. Wmr toktm `n puktmb` `quenejrem s` b`spnozo b`sb` @ 7 o @ ? .
@k `n arïceim j), iuokbm `xest` uk ouf`ktm `k no mc`rto, ouf`kto no ioktebob b``quenejrem, p`rm km s pm sejn` b`ier onam smjr ` n pr`iem b` que n ejr em . @stm `s pmrqu``n ouf`ktm `k no b`fokbo `l`ri` uko pr`seùk osi`kb`kt` smjr` `n pr`iem, fe`ktros qu` `nouf`ktm `k no mc`rto `l`ri` uko pr`seùk b`si`kb`kt` smjr` `n pr`iem. Åst` pu`b`osi`kb`r, p`rfok`i`r eauon m b`si`kb`r. Rmbm b`p`kb` b` nos foaketu b`s r`not evos
b` nms b`sp nozofe`ktms k nos iurv os b` no mc`rto y no b`fokbo .
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
04Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@k `n arïceim i), iuokbm `xest` uko besfekuieùk `k no mc`rto, `n pr`iem b` `quenejremsuj`, p`rm km s` pu`b` b`ier onam r`sp`itm o no ioktebob b` `quenejrem. @k `st` iosm, nobesfekuieùk `k no mc`rto `l`ri` uko pr`seùk b`si`kb`kt` smjr` no prmbuiieùk fe`ktros qu``n ouf`ktm `k no b`fokbo `l`ri` pr`seùk osi`kb`kt`.
@n `c`itm k`tm pu`b` s`r m uk ouf`ktm m u ko besfek uieùk . B` ku`vm, tmbmb`p`kb` b` nos foaketub`s r`notevos b` nms b`spnozofe`ktms `k nos iurvos b` no mc`rto yno b`fokbo.
@k nms tr`s arïceims okt`s `xpu`stms ((o), (j) y (i)) s` pu`b` mjs`rvor qu` `n pr`iemb` `quenejrem s` ekir`f`kto, p`rm ob`fïs s` pu`b`k mjt`k`r mtros imkinusemk`s f`beokt``n iofjem `k nos foaketub`s b` nms b`spnozofe`ktms `k nos iurvos b` no mc`rto y b` nob`fokbo.
@k nms tr`s arïceims, s` pr`s`kto sùnm uko b` nos tr`s pmsejenebob`s p`rm `s cïienfmstror nms mtrms iosms imk sùnm iofjeor nos foaketub`s b` nms b`spnozofe`ktms `k nosiurvos b` no mc`rto y no b`fokbo.Y` pu`b` okonezor `n iosm b` uko besfekuieùk `k no b`fokbo `k uko cmrfo sefenor. Rmbms`stms iosms s` pu`b`k `xpmk`r `k no seaue`kt` tojno imk nos seaue`kt`s kmtoiemk`s<↟W < n pr`iem b` `quenejrem suj`8 ↙W < n pr`iem b` quenejrem jolo
W (=)< kobo s` pu`b` b`ier se `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem suj`, jolo m p`rfok`i` eauon
Nms fesfms imki`ptms poro ↟_ , ↙_ y _ (=).
@c`itms smj r` `n pr`iem b ` `que n ejr em y no ioktebob b` `que n ejr em b ` nms
b`spnozofe`ktms k nos iurv os b` no mc`rto y no b`fokbo
B`fokbo
Mc`rto Ouf`ktm Yek Iofjems Besfekui eùk
Ouf`ktm
W (=)
↟_
↙W
↟_
↙W
_ (=)
Yek iofjems↟W
↟_ Yek iofjems
↙W
↙_
Besfekuieùk↟W
_ (=)
↟W
_ (=)
W (=)
_ (=)
No b`fokbo y no mc`rto iofjeok `k no fesfo ber`iieùk (ouf`ktm b` nob`fokbo y no mc`rto)
Y` do vestm qu` uk ouf`ktm b` no b`fokbo b` uk je`k s`o `st` pmr `l`fpnm ukr`prmbuitmr b` IB ouf`kto su pr`iem y nms IB qu` uso ouf`kto no ioktebob imfprobo yv`kbebo.
Ye miurr` uk ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto b` beidms r`prmbuitmr`s jolo `n pr`iem. Ye s``xofeko `n iosm `k qu` sefuntïk`of`kt` miurr`k iofjems `k sus pr`iems y b`fokbos oporter b` nms seaue`kt`s botms<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
05Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ioktebob`s mreaekon`s Ioktebob`s ku`vos
(fennmk`s b` IB f`ksuon`s) (fennmk`s b` IB f`ksuon`s)
Wr`iempmr
IB
( $)
Ioktebobb`fokbobo b`
r`prmb. b` IB
o $1777
Ioktebobmcr`iebo
(t`i kmn maæo
okteauo)
Ioktebobb`fokbobo b`
r`prm b. b` IB
o $0777
Ioktebobmcr`iebo
(t`i km nm aæo
ku`vo)
?7 5 7 ?9 9
:7 3 9 ?7 3
97 2 2 4 4
27 9 0 1 ?707 : 3 3 ?:
Pk ouf`ktm, yo s`o b` b`fokbo u mc`rto, ekir`f`kto no ioktebob. @ktmki`s,iuokbm ofjos, b`fokbo y mc`rto ouf`ktok, tofjeåk nm doi` no ioktebob b`fokbobo.
Pk ouf`ktm b` b`fokbo suj` `n pr`iem y uk ouf`ktm b` mc`rto jolo `n pr`iem, osæqu` km pmb`fms b`ier se `n pr`iem sujerï m jolorï iuokbm no b`fokbo y no mc`rtoouf`kt`k luktos. W`rm kmt` qu` se no b`fokbo ouf`kto nea`rof`kt` fïs qu` no ioktebob
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
37Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
fmstrobo `k `n arïceim, `n pr`iem sujerï. U se no mc`rto ouf`kto nea`rof`kt` fïs qu` noioktebob fmstrobo `k no ceauro `n pr`iem jolorï.
Y` pu`b`k doi`r bms pr`iesemk`s<
Iuokbm no mc`rto y no b`fokbo ouf`ktok `k cmrfo sefuntïk`o, no ioktebob b`
`quenejrem ouf`kto y `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem ouf`kto, besfekuy` m p`rfok`i` imkstokt` Iuokbm no mc`rto y no b`fokbo besfekuy`k `k cmrfo sefuntïk`o, no ioktebob b``quenejrem besfekuy` y `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem ouf`kto, besfekuy` m p`rfok`i` imkstokt`.
No b`fokbo y no mc`rto iofjeok `k ber`iieùk imktroreo. (Besfekuieùk b` no B`fokbo youf`ktm b` no Mc`rto)
Imkve`k` `xofekor `n iosm iuokbm no mc`rto y no b`fokbo iofjeok `k cmrfosefuntïk`o, p`rm `k ber`iiemk`s mpu`stos.
On eauon qu` `n `l`fpnm okt`remr uko f`lmro t`ikmnùaeio ouf`kto no mc`rto b` IB.
W`rm `k `st` iosm `n pr`iem b` nms r`prmbuitmr`s b` IB besfekuy` yo qu` opor`i`k `k `nf`riobm nms r`prmbuitmr`s b` IB y BSB se`kbm pmr toktm uk sustetutm o nms r`prmbuitmr`sb` IB.
Imk `stms r`prmbuitmr`s b` f`kmr imstm foymr ioktebob b` p`rsmkos nms pu`b`obquerer y b`lo b` obquerer r`prmbuitmr`s b` smnm IB poro imfpror nms ku`vmsr`prmbuitmr`s, pmr nm toktm no b`fokbo b` IB besfekuy`.
Y`ok poro `st` iosm nms seaue`kt`s botms<
Ioktebob`s mreaekon`s Ioktebob`s ku`vos
(fennmk`s b` IB f`ksuon`s) (fennmk`s b` IB f`ksuon`s)
Wr`iem
pmr
IB $
Ioktebobb`fokbobo b`
r`prmb. b` IB
o $1777
Ioktebobmcr`iebo
(t`i kmn maæo
okteauo)
Ioktebobb`fokbobo b`
r`prm b. b` IB
o $0777
Ioktebobmcr`iebo
(t`i km nm aæo
ku`vo)
?7 ?9 7 5 9
:7 ?7 9 3 3
97 4 2 2 4
27 1 0 9 ?7
07 3 3 : ?:
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
3?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Pko besfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo, m uk ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto, doi`k qu` jol` `npr`iem b` `quenejrem. Osæ qu` iuokbm miurr` `k cmrfo sefuntïk`o uko besfekuieùk b` nob`fokbo y uk ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto, `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem jolo.
Pko besfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo besfekuy` no ioktebob y uk ouf`ktm b` no mc`rtoouf`kto no ioktebob, osæ qu` km s` pu`b` b`ier `k quå ber`iieùk iofjeorï no ioktebobiuokbm no b`fokbo besfekuy` y no mc`rto ouf`kto `k cmrfo sefuntïk`o.
@k `n `l`fpnm okt`remr, no besfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo y `n ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto smk
ton`s, qu` `n ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto `s imktrorr`stobm pmr no besfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo pmrnm qu` no ioktebob b` `quenejrem km iofjeo. W`rm kùt`s` qu` se no b`fokbo duje`robesfekuebm nea`rof`kt` fïs no ioktebob dojræo besfekuebm. U se no mc`rto duje`s`ouf`ktobm nea`rof`kt` fïs, no ioktebob dojræo ouf`ktobm.
Y` pu`b` r`sufer `k bms opr`ieoiemk`s seaue`kt`s<
Iuokbm no b`fokbo besfekuy` y no mc`rto ouf`kto, `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem jolo, `ktoktm qu` no ioktebob b` `quenejrem ouf`kto, besfekuy` m p`rfok`i` imkstokt`.
Iuokbm no b`fokbo ouf`kto y no mc`rto besfekuy`, `n pr`iem b` `quenejremouf`kto, `k toktm qu` no ioktebob b` `quenejrem ouf`kto, besfekuy` m p`rfok`i`imkstokt`.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
3:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@l`fpnm< s`ok nos seaue`kt`s cukiemk`s b` b`fokbo y mc`rto, s` peb` b`t`rfekor `n pr`iemb` quenejrem k $<
_ B 6 00 ’ ?,3331∕W x
Y 6 ’?7 + 0,0003∕W x
Woro `kimktror `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem, k`i`soreof`kt` _ B 6 Y @ktmki`s< 00 ’ ?,3331∕W x 6 ’?7 + 0,0003∕W x
6;00 + ?7 6 0,0003∕W x + ?,3331 ∕W x
6;30 6 1,:::9 ∕ W x 6;W x 6 30 / 1,:::9 6; W T 6 4,555557 ≄ W T 6 $ 5
@n pr`iem b` `quenejrem `ktr` no mc`rto y no b`fokbo `s b` $5. Nu`am, o `st` pr`iem, toktmnms v`kb`bmr`s imfm nms imfprobmr`s `stïk b` oiu`rbm y `k `n p`ræmbm b` te`fpm bobm.
@n pr`s`kt` `stobm b` `quenejrem s`auerï se`kbm `n fesfm sùnm dosto qu` nms bms coitmr`s,toktm b` no mc`rto imfm b` no b`fokbo, s` fokt`kaok eauon`s8 b` voreor ukm smnm b`
`sms c oitm r`s s` rmfp `rï n stobm b` qu en ejrem .
@l`fpnm< Y` pr`s`ktok ?777 imksufebmr`s ebåkteims `k `n f`riobm b`n ortæiunm T , ioboukm imk uko cukieùk b` b`fokbo b`t`rfekobo pmr _ B 6 :7 ’ :∕W x imk :77 prmbuitmr`sebåkteims b`n prmbuitm T , iobo ukm imk uko cukieùk b` mc`rto b`t`rfekobo pmr no seaue`kt`cukieùk _ Y 6 ?7∕W x . Y` peb` b`t`rfekor nm seaue`kt`<o) @kimktror no cukieùk b` b`fokbo `k `n f`riobm poro `n ortæiunm T j) @kimktror no cukieùk b` mc`rto `k `n f`riobm poro `n ortæiunm T i) @kimktror `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem y nos ioktebob`s b` `quenejremb) Aroceior smjr` uk fesfm sest`fo b` `l`s no iurvo b` b`fokbo y no iurvo b` mc`rto `k`n f`riobm poro `n ortæiunm T y fmstror `n puktm b` `quenejrem`) Mjt`k`r `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem y no ioktebob b` `quenejrem fot`fïteiof`kt`.
Ymnuieùk<o) B`t`rfekokbm no cukieùk b` b`fokbo `k `n f`riobm (b`fokbo imn`it evo ). Y`funtepneio no cukieùk b` b`fokbo ekbevebuon pmr `n küf`rm b` imksufebmr`s ebåkteims qu`imkiurr`k on f`riobm (smk ebåktei ms p mrq u` tmbm s te`k`k no fesfo cuk ieùk b `b`fokbo ekbevebuon ). @ktmki`s<
_ B 6 ?777 ∕( :7 ’ :∕W T ) 6 :7.777 ’ :.777∕W x _ B 6 :7.777 ’ :.777∕W x (Cukieùk b` b`fokbo k n f`riobm )
j) B`t`rfekokbm no cukieùk b` mc`rto `k `n f`riobm (mc`rto imn`it evo ). B` no fesfo cmrfoqu` no cukieùk okt`remr, s` funtepneio no cukieùk b` mc`rto ekbevebuon pmr `n küf`rm b`prmbuitmr`s ebåkteims b`n prmbuitm T qu` cnuy`k on f`riobm y qu` iobo ukm te`k` ukocukieùk b` mc`rto ekbevebuon ebåkteio. @s b`ier<
_ Y 6 :77 ∕(?7∕W x ) 6; _ Y 6 :.777∕W x (Cukieùk b` mc`rto k n f`riobm )
i) Ioniunokbm nos ioktebob`s b` `quenejrem y `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem. @s b`ier, opneiokbm noscukiemk`s `k jos` o nms botms imrr`spmkbe`kt`s<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
39Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
W x ($) _ B _ Y?754
13029:?7
7:.7772.777
3.7774.777
?7.777?:.777?2.777?3.777?4.777:7.777
:7.777?4.777?3.777
?2.777?:.777?7.7774.7773.7772.777:.777
7
b) Arïceio b`n puktm @ b` `quenejrem
`) Fot`fïteiof`kt` s` bei` qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo `s eauon o no ioktebob mc`rtobo(mc`rtobo poro ukms, mcr`iebo poro mtrms). @stm `s<
_ B 6 _ Y 6; :7.777 ’ :.777∕W x 6 :.777∕W x 6; :7.777 6 2.777∕W x
6; W x 6 .
.
:7 777
2 777
6; W x 6 $ 0 (Wr`iem b` `quenejrem)
½No imkbeieùk b` `quenejrem b`n iosm okt`remr `s `stojn` m km `s `stojn`=
Z`spu`sto< No imkbeieùk b` `quenejrem okt`remr `s `stojn` pmr no seaue`kt` rozùk< O pr`iemssup`remr`s on b` `quenejrem, no ioktebob mcr`iebo sup`ro o no b`fokbo. @k `st` iosm s`prmbu i` uk `xi`b`kt` b` prmbui ieùk qu` pr`semko on pr`iem doieo ojolm dosto `nkev`n b` quenejrem.
Wmr mtro port`, o pr`iems ekc`remr`s on b` `quenejrem, no ioktebob b`fokbobo `ssup`remr o no ioktebob mcr`iebo. @k `st` iosm s` pr`s`kto uko sios`z b`n prmb uitm qu`doi` sujer `n pr`iem dosto `n kev`n b` `que n ejr em . @squ`fïteiof`kt` s` pu`b`
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
32Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
r`pr`s`ktor nos bms cu`rzos qu` smk imktropu`stos y qu` pr`semkok b` orrejo doieo ojolmy b` ojolm doieo orrejo dosto oniokzor `n puktm b` `quenejrem.
W T ($) _ B _ Y Wr`seùk s mjr``n pr`iem
?7
5413029:?7
7
:.7772.7773.7774.777
?7.777?:.777?2.777?3.777?4.777:7.777
:7.777
?4.777?3.777?2.777?:.777?7.7774.7773.7772.777:.777
7
Doieoojolm
@quenejrem
Doieoorrejo
Ye s` te`k` uko imkbeieùk b` `quenejrem `stojn` ½pu`b` `xester uko imkbeieùkb` `quenejrem ek`stojn`=
Y` te`k` uko setuoieùk b` `quenejrem ek`stojn` iuokbm uk b`spnozofe`ktm b` åst`pmk` `k oiieùk cu`rzos b`n f`riobm qu` kms on`lok fïs oük b` no pmseieùk b` `quenejrem.@stm miurr` iuokbm no iurvo b` mc`rto `k `n f`riobm te`k` uko p`kbe`kt` f`kmr qu` nob`fokbo poro `n fesfm ortæiunm. Ye s`ræo `n iosm, pmim prmjojn` b`sb` nu`am, b` qu` noiurvo b` b`fokbo `k `n f`riobm y no iurvo b` mc`rto imekiebe`rok, `k `s` iosm s` t`kbrïuko imk beieùk b` que n ejr em k`utrm m f`to`stojn` . Ye miurre`ro `stm, uk fmvefe`ktm b`
on`lofe`ktm b`n puktm b` `quenejrem km pmk` `k oitevebob kekauko cu`rzo outmfïteio ke porovmnv`r on puktm mreaekon b` quenejrem ke poro on`lors` b` ån.
@l`fpnm ? < s`ok no tojno b` botms imk nos seaue`kt`s cukiemk`s b` b`fokbo y mc`rto b` ukje`k U qu` pms``k uk imfpmrtofe`ktm `k `n f`riobm b` mrb`k poron`nm, `s b`ier, se `xest`uk puktm b` `quenejrem o uk b`t`rfekobm kev`n b` pr`iems `n imfpmrtofe`ktm `s poron`nmvon` b`ier, se `n pr`iem jolo, suj` no ioktebob b`fokbobo osæ imfm no mc`rto (porobùleim nmb` no mc`rto).
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
30Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
W T ($) _ B 6 ?7 - W U (fen`s b`ukebob`s)
_ Y 6 ?: ’ ?,0∕W U (fen`s b`ukebob`s)
130
920
?,09 Doieo orrejo
2,02 3 3
9:?
145
1,05 Doieo ojolm
?7,0
Wr`seùk s mjr` W U
No tojno fu`stro qu` `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem `s b` $2 y qu` no ioktebob b` `quenejrem`s b` 3.777 ukebob`s. Ye pmr iuonque`r rozùk `n pr`iem b` „ U ‖ suj` o $0, no ioktebobb`fokbobo (0.777 ukebob`s) `xi`b`rï no ioktebob mcr`iebo (2.077 ukebob`s), ir`okbm ukbåceiet b` 077 ukebob`s. @st` båceiet dorï qu` `n pr`iem b` „ U ‖ sujo tmbovæo fïs, y osæ s`
erï on`lokbm oük fïs b`n puktm b` `quenejrem. Yui`b` nm imktrorem se uk b`spnozofe`ktmdoi` jolor `n pr`iem b` „ U ‖ pmr b`jolm b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem. B` `sto fok`ro s`b`fu`stro qu` `n `quenejrem b`n je`k „ U ‖ `s ek`stojn`.
@l`fpnm : < Yupmk`r qu` nos cukiemk`s b` b`fokbo y mc`rto `stïk bobos y s` vonmrezok `kno seaue`kt` tojno b` botms<
W T ($) _ B 6 ?: ’ ?,0∕W U (fen`s b`ukebob`s)
_ Y 6 ?7 ’ W U (fen`s b`ukebob`s)
130
920
?,09 Doieo ojolm
2,0
2 3 39:?
145
1,05 Doieo orrejo
?7,0
Wr`seùk smjr` W U
@k `st` iosm s` `stï fmstrokbm uk f`riobm `stojn` pmrqu` poro pr`iemssup`remr`s on b` `quenejrem, s` pr`s`kto uk `xi`b`kt b`n ortæiunm „ U ‖ qu` mjneao on pr`iem
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
33Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
o vmnv`r o jolor on kev`n b` `quenejrem. Y` v` b` `st` fmbm qu` iuokbm `n pr`iem b` „ U ‖ `sekc`remr on b` `quenejrem, s` pr`s`kto uk båceiet b`n ortæiunm qu` doi` sujer mtro v`z su pr`iemon kev`n b` `quenejrem. @stm ekbeio no ber`iieùk b` nos cn`idos. Mjs`rvor qu` no iurvo b`mc`rto „ U ‖ `k `n f`riobm te`k` p`kbe`kt` k`aotevo p`rm `s fïs ekinekobo qu` no iurvo b`b`fokbo b` „ U ‖ `k `n f`riobm.
9.2 @TI@B@KR@Y.
9.2.? @xi`b`kt`s b` nms imksufebmr`s
Woro `n imksufebmr `s efpmrtokt` no bespm seieùk o poaor pmr uk je`k m s`rveiem ybeido bespmseieùk imrr`spmkb` on pr`iem fïxefm qu` uk imfprobmr `stï bespu`stm y `siopoz b` poaor pmr uk je`k m s`rveiem. @s b`ier, feb` iuoktm vonmrezo `n imksufebmr on
je`k m s`rveiem.B`ktrm b`n okïneses qu` s` nn`vorï o `c`itm s` v`rï qu` `n `xi`b`kt` b`n
imksufebmr imrr`spmkb` o no ioktebob qu` `st` üntefm `stï bespu`stm o poaor f`kms noioktebob qu` r`onf`kt` ån poao.
Ekeieofms `n okïneses b`ceke`kbm no cukieùk b` no b`fokbo y mc`rto r`sp`itevof`kt`b` uk je`k b`kmfekobm „T ‖<
B W o j_
y Y W i b_
Ofjos smk cukiemk`s ekv`rsos b` no b`fokbo y mc`rto pmrqu` no voreojn` pr`iemceauro imfm no voreojn` b`p`kbe`kt`.
Ye mjs`rvofms no ceauro K¼ ?, t`k`fms no b`fokbo b`n je`k „ T ‖ y su r`sp`itevomc`rto. Ekeieonf`kt` osufefms qu` no mc`rto ? `s no ükeio `xest`kt`. Osæ `n `quenejrem s`ræo`n „pr`iem ?‖ y `n „imksufm ?‖. @s efpmrtokt` r`sontor qu` `n fmb`nm km kms jrekbo noekcmrfoieùk b` no ioktebob b` p`rsmkos qu` imksuf`k p`rm se kms bo no ekcmrfoieùk b` noioktebob imksufebo y `n pr`iem b`n je`k „ T ‖ `k uk fmf`ktm b`t`rfekobm.
@k ton s`ktebm, uk imkluktm b` p`rsmkos imksuf`k `n je`k „ T ‖ on pr`iem ? y s`j`k`ceieok b`n ton imksufm. @k `st` arupm `xesterïk p`rsmkos qu` `stuve`rmk bespu`stos o
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
31Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
poaor uk pr`iem foymr qu` `n pr`iem ?, pmr nm qu` åstos mjt`kbræok uk j`k`ceiem obeiemkonon aostor f`kms `k no obqueseieùk b`n je`k „ T ‖ .
Mtrm arupm b` p`rsmkos, qu` `stïk `xinuæbos b`n pref`r arupm, imksuferïk `n je`k„ T ‖ se `s qu` `n pr`iem `s f`kmr qu` `n pr`iem ?.
Yupmk`r qu` no mc`rto s` `xpokb` b` ton fok`ro qu` `n `quenejrem s` borï `k `npr`iem : imk uk foymr imksufm.
@n imksufm ouf`kto pmrqu` s` mcr`i`k fïs prmbuitms `k `n f`riobm, y `n pr`iembesfekuy` pmrqu` s` pr`s`kto uk `xi`sm b` prmbuitms mc`rtobms on „pr`iem ?‖, nm qu`pr`semko o no besfekuieùk on pr`iem tmbo v`z qu` nms mc`rtokt`s km nmarok v`kb`r tmbms susprmbuitms on „pr`iem ?‖.
Odmro je`k, ½iùfm s` j`k`ceieo `n pref`r arupm pmr no `xpokseùk b` no mc`rto y pmrtoktm b` no besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b`n je`k „ T ‖ =
@st` arupm ekeieon b` imksufm poaorï uk bec`r`kieo `k `n pr`iem<
? :j`k`ceiem pr`iem pr`iem @st` arupm b` p`rsmkos s` j`k`ceieok pmrqu` poaorïk uko ioktebob f`kmr b`
bek`rm, yo qu` `stojok bespu`stms o poaor `n „pr`iem ?‖ y odmro poaok `n „pr`iem :‖. @ns`aukbm arupm poao pmr n je`k „T ‖ `n pr`iem :, j`k`ceieïkbms` b` no `xposeùk b` no mc`rtoy b` no besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b`n je`k f`kiemkobm. Nm fesfm sui`b` poro `n iosm b`uko ku`vo `xpokseùk b` no mc`rto y imk no imkseaue`kt` besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b`n je`k„ T ‖. U osæ s` pr`s`ktok ekkuf`rojn`s prmi`sms b` voreoieùk b` no mc`rto pr`s`ktïkbms`j`k`ceiems poro oqu`nnms imksufebmr`s qu` `stojok bespu`stms o poaor fïs pmr `n je`k„ T ‖ . Nms j`k`ceiems qu` s` erïk cmrfokbm b`p`kb`rïk b` nms iofjems `k nms pr`iems,pu`s, åstms pu`b`k s`r b` imkseb`roieùk m pu`b`k s`r p`qu`ÿms y arobuon`s. @k ton
s`ktebm, imfm s` s`ÿonoro okt`remrf`kt`, `n j`k`ceiem `s `n bec`r`kieon b` nms pr`iems iobov`z qu` s` `xpokb` no mc`rto b`n je`k „ T ‖ . @n pref`r arupm qu` `stojo bespu`stm o poaor`n pr`iem ? y odmro poao `n pr`iem : mjte`k` `n j`k`ceiem p`rm åst` `s uketorem, `s b`ier, pmriobo je`k qu` s` imfpro. Ye okt`s imfprojo ?7 je`k`s „ T ‖ o bms ku`vms p`sms, aostojo:7 ku`vms p`sms. Ye `n pr`iem besfekuy` o ? ku`vm p`sm, `ktmki`s pmr iobo prmbuitm qu`imfprm, aokm ? ku`vm p`sm, m `k mtros ponojros, odmrrm ? ku`vm p`sm. Ye seam imfprokbm?7 je`k`s, `ktmki`s odmrrorå ?7 ku`vms p`sms, m t`kbrå uk j`k`ceiem b` ?7 ku`vmsp`sms. @st` j`k ceiem s` pu`b` vesuonezor `k no ceauro K¼ ?, `k `n ïr`o b`n r`itïkaunm
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
34Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
iuyo onturo `s no bec`r`kieo `ktr` `n pr`iem ? y `n pr`iem :, m no bestokieo `ktr` `n puktm „o‖ y `n puktm „j‖ , y no jos`, `n imksufm ?.
Ye s` `xpokbo ku`vof`kt` no mc`rto y `n pr`iem besfekuy` `n pr`iem 9, `ktmki`s s`cmrforï uk ku`vm j`k`ceiem qu` s`ræo `n ïr`o b` uk r`itïkaunm b` onturo `n bec`r`kieon b`npr`iem 9 y pr`iem :, (m bec`r`kieo `ktr` `n puktm „i‖ y `n puktm „b‖ ) y imfm jos` `n imksufm
:.Ye nos `xpoksemk`s b` nos mc`rtos smk ekceketof`kt` p`qu`ÿos s` erïk cmrfokbm
r`itïkaunms b` ton fok`ro qu` nos ïr`os treokaunor`s orrejo b` `stms r`itïkaunms s`rïkiobo v`z fïs p`qu`ÿos b` ton fok`ro qu` s` imkve`rtok `k b`spr`ieojn`s.
@k no ceauro K¼ :, s` r`sonto qu` iuokbm nms iofjems `k no mc`rto smk ekceketof`kt`p`qu`ÿms, nms treïkaunm s` vu`nv`k b`spr`ieojn`s pmr nm qu` `n j`k`ceiem s`ræo `n ïr`ob`jolm b` no iurvo b` no b`fokbo dosto no onturo b`n pr`iem. Woro `n iosm b`n pr`iem ?, `nj`k`ceiem s`ræo `n ïr`o b`jolm b` no iurvo b` no b`fokbo dosto no onturo b`n pr`iem ?8 poro
`n iosm b`n pr`iem :, `n j`k`ceiem b` nms imksufebmr`s ku`vms y okteaums s`ræo `n ïr`ob`jolm b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo dosto no onturo b`n pr`iem :8 y nm fesfm poro `n iosm `kqu` `n `quenejrem b`n f`riobm s`o `n pr`iem 9.
@k ton s`ktebm, `n j`k`ceiem qu` s` cmrfo `k `n f`riobm, osufe`kbm `n pr`iem 9imfm `n b`n `quenejrem, y `n imksufm 9, pmr `kb`, s`rï tmbm `n ïr`o b`jolm b` no iurvo, m `nïr`o b`n treïkaunm cmrfobm pmr no iurvo b` no b`fokbo y no dmrezmkton b`n pr`iem 9.
½@n pr`iem y no ioktebob b` `quenejrem b`n f`riobm foxefezok `n je`k`stor b` nmsimfprobmr`s y v`kb`bmr`s=
@k pïaekos okt`remr`s s` do vestm qu` `n `quenejrem b`n f`riobm r`cn`lo no cmrfoimfm `n f`riobm bestrejuy` nms r`iursms `siosms y ob`fïs, `n qu` no bestrejuieùk s`o
b`s`ojn` `s onam qu` b`t`rfeko no `imkmfæo b`n je`k`stor.Y` b`cekerï imfm Je`k`stor @imkùfeim `n `stubem b` iùfm no bestrejuieùk b` nms
r`iursms oc`ito on je`k`stor, poro `nnm s` b`j`k feror bms osp`itms efpmrtokt`s<
?.- Nms imfprobmr`s y nms v`kb`bmr`s r`iej`k j`k`ceiems pmrqu` cmrfok port` b`nf`riobm
:.- @n `quenejrem b`n f`riobm foxefezo `n je`k`stor b` nms imfprobmr`s y b` nmsv`kb`bmr`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
35Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9.- @n `quenejrem b`n f`riobm a`k`ro `n fïxefm j`k`ceiem y, `k imks`iu`kieo, `n fïxefmj`k`ceiem poro tmbms, nms imksufebmr`s y prmbuitmr`s.
9.2.: @xi`b kt`s b` nms Imksufebmr`s y b n Wrmbuitmr .
@n@xi`b`kt` b`n Imksufeb mr
feb` `n je`k`stor b`n nobm b` nms imksufebmr`s, y`n @xi`b`kt` b`n Wrmbui tmr feb` `n je`k`stor b`n nobm b` nms v`kb`bmr`s
Pk prekiepem fuy imfük `k no `imkmfæo imksest` `k qu` iuokbm uko p`rsmko b`lob` aokor bek`rm, r`onf`kt` `stï p`rbe`kbm, y iuokbm b`lo b` poaor bek`rm, `stï aokokbm.
Yek `fjoram, nos aokokieos y pårbebos s`ÿonobos km smk tokaejn`s pmrqu` km cmrfok ukcnulm b` bek`rm imfm `s `n iosm, pmr `l`fpnm, b` uk cnulm b` iolo `k uko `fpr`so m ukoaokokieo b` uko p`rsmko `k uk k`amiem.
Rmf`fms imfm `l`fpnm uko cofeneo, oimstufjrobo o aostor uko ioktebob b`bek`rm `k onef`ktoieùk y b` prmktm s` r`bui`k nms pr`iems b` nms je`k`s qu` imksuf`kmrfonf`kt`. @ktmki`s `sto cofeneo aostorï f`kms `k beidms prmbuitms nm qu` seakeceioqu` no cofeneo t`kbrï uko foymr bespmkejenebob b` bek`rm qu` pmbrï odmrrornm m aostornm `k
mtrms je`k`s m s`rveiems.Ye `k uk f`riobm no prmbuiieùk b` je`k`s ouf`kto b` ton fok`ro qu` `n pr`iem
besfekuy`, `ktmki`s tmbos nos p`rsmkos qu` v`kæok imksufe`kbm beidm prmbuitm s`j`k`ceieok pmrqu` poaorïk f`kms qu` okt`s.
Iuokbm no b`fokbo b` uk je`k s` `xpokb`, nms prmbuitmr`s s` j`k`ceieok pmrqu``n pr`iem b`n je`k ouf`kto, miosemkokbm qu` åstms r`iejok uk pr`iem pmr su prmbuitm,foymr on qu` `xestæo okt`s b` no `xpokseùk b` no b`fokbo.
O imktekuoieùk utenezor`fms uk fmb`nm b` mc`rto y b`fokbo poro `xpneior `n`xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr y `n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr.
@n @xi`b`kt` b`n Wrmbuitmr@n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr te`k` no fesfo nùaeio qu` `n b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n
imksufebmr, `k vesto qu` s` pu`b` veusonezor tofjeåk imfm uk ïr`o utenezokbm `n fmb`nmb` no mc`rto y no b`fokbo. S`ofms.
Ye mjs`rvofms no Ceauro K¼ 9, s` te`k`k tr`s b`fokbos. No pref`ro b`fokbo s`iruzo imk no mc`rto `k `n puktm „o‖, y osæ t`k`fms `n pr`iem ? y no prmbuiieùk ?. Nos`fpr`sos celok `n pr`iem b`n je`k „T‖ `k jos` o nm bespu`stm o poaor pmr `n tmton b`imksufebmr`s. Iuokbm no b`fokbo s` `xpokb` (b`fokbo :), `sto s` iruzo imk no mc`rto`k `n puktm „j‖ , no prmbuiieùk ouf`kto y `n pr`iem b`n je`k „T‖ tofjeåk ouf`kto bobmqu` s` cmrfo `k `n f`riobm uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo qu` pr`semko `n pr`iem o ouf`ktor.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
17Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Osufe`kbm qu` dok ouf`ktobm no ioktebob b` imksufebmr`s `k `n f`riobm, nos`fpr`sos b`spuås b` `sto `xpokseùk b` no b`fokbo v`kb`k su prmbuitm o uk foymrpr`iem. No ioktebob b` prmbuitms r`noiemkobm o no ioktebob prmbuiebo ekeieon (prmbuiieùk ?)
`rok v`kbebms on pr`iem ?, sek `fjoram `stms fesfms prmbuitms odmro smk v`kbebms onpr`iem : pmr nm qu` s` pr`s`kto uk j`k`ceiem bobo no `xpokseùk b` no b`fokbo. Nobec`r`kieo `ktr` `n pr`iem : y `n pr`iem ? s`rï `n j`k`ceiem qu` mjt`kbrïk nos `fpr`sos qu`okteauof`kt` v`kbæok su prmbuitm on pr`iem ? y odmro nm v`kb`k on pr`iem :. @k tons`ktebm, t`k`fms qu`<
: ?j`k`ceiem pr`iem pr`iem
Ye mjs`rvofms no Ceauro K¼ 2, v`fms qu` `n j`k`ceiem qu` s` cmrfo uko v`z`xpokbebo no b`fokbo (b`fokbo :) s`rï `n ïr`o b`n r`itïkaunm cmrfobm pmr `n pr`iem :, `npr`iem 9, y nms puktms „o‖ y „b‖ .
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
1?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iuokbm s` vu`nv` o `xpokber no b`fokbo (b`fokbo 9), `n ku`vm j`k`ceiem s`rï `nïr`o b`n r`itïkaunm cmrfobm pmr nms puktms „b‖, „j‖, „`‖ y „a‖ . Yek `fjoram qu`bok nosïr`os b` bms treïkaunms cmrfobms pmr nms puktms „j‖, „i‖, „`‖ , y, „o‖, „b‖, „j‖ . Yeosufefms qu` nos `xpoksemk`s b` no b`fokbo smk ekceketof`kt` p`qu`ÿos, on eauon qu` `niosm b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr, `ktmki`s nos ïr`os b` nms treïkaunms qu` s` cmrfokimk iobo `xpokseùk b` no b`fokbo s`rïk ekceketof`kt` p`qu`ÿos y pmr toktm
b`spr`ieojn`s. Nu`am, `n j`k`ceiem b`n tmton b` prmbuitmr`s s`rï `n ïr`o cmrfobo `ktr` nonæk`o dmrezmkton b`n pr`iem 9 y no iurvo b` no mc`rto.
Cekonf`kt`, `n j`k`ceiem tmton b`n imksufebmr y b`n prmbuitmr, nnofobms tofjeåk `n`xi`b`kt` b`n imksuf ebmr y `n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbui tmr s` pu`b` vesuonezor `k noCeauro K¼ 0. Ofjms `xi`b`kt`s s`rïk no sufo b` nos ïr`os cmrfobos `ktr` no iurvo b` nob`fokbo y no iurvo b` no mc`rto. @stms `xi`b`kt`s s` cmrfok iuokbm no b`fokbo y nomc`rto, ofjos, s` `xpokb`k dosto qu` `n f`riobm s` `quenejro. @k `n troksiursm, nmsj`k`ceiems s` vok cmrfokbm, y `k `n `quenejrem, toktm imksufebmr`s imfm prmbuitmr`s s`j`k`ceieok. Nms pref`rms s` j`k`ceieok pmrqu` poaok uk pr`iem f`kmr on qu` `stojokbespu`stms o poaor, y nms s`aukbms, pmrqu` `n pr`iem b` su prmbuitm ouf`ktù fïs onnï b`nms qu` `sp`rojok bobo no `xpokseùk b` no b`fokbo.
Okïnes es Fot `fïte imY`ok nos seaue`kt`s cukiemk`s b` b`fokbo y mc`rto<
bqi p
jqo p
@n `quenejrem b`n sest`fo b` `iuoiemk`s b` b`fokbo y mc`rto s`rï `n seaue`kt`<. .
`
`
b o j i p
b j
o iq
b j
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
1:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr s`rï cmrfobm pmr `n ïr`o b`n treïkaunm cmrfobm pmrnms puktms „o‖, „ @ ‖ , y „ W` ‖ b` no Ceauro K¼ 0. No `iuoieùk qu` r`pr`s`kto beido ïr`o `s noseaue`kt`<
? . . .
:
o i b o j i @xi b`kt` imksufebmr o
b j b j
Bmkb` `n pref`r qu`jrobm net`ron `s no ioktebob b` `quenejrem qu` s`ræo no jos` b`ntreïkaunm, y n tårfekm ktr` imrid`t`s s no onturo b`n fesfm.Yefpneceiokbm `sto üntefo `iuoieùk, t`k`fms<
:
.:
j o i @xi`b`kt` imksufebmr
b j
Yeaue`kbm no fesfo nùaeio, t`k`fms qu` `n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr `storæor`pr`s`ktobm pmr no seaue`kt` `iuoieùk<
:
.:
b o i @xi`b`kt` prmbuitmr
b j
Yufokbm ofjms `xi`b`kt`s poro mjt`k`r `n `xi`b`kt` tmton `k `n f`riobm,
mjt`k`fms no seaue`kt` `iuoieùk<
:
? .
:
o i @xi`b`kt` Rmton j b
j b
Cekonf`kt`, no `iuoieùk s` sefpneceio b` no seaue`kt` fok`ro<:
? ( ) .
:
o i @xi`b`kt` Rmton
j b
Ye bevebefms `n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr y b`n prmbuitmr mjt`k`fms nm seaue`kt`<:
:
.:
.:
j o i
b j @xi`b`kt` r`notevm
b o i
b j
.:
.:
jj
@xi`b`kt` r`notevmb b
Bmkb` nms im`ceie`kt`s „j‖ y „b‖ smk nos p`kbe`kt`s b` no b`fokbo y mc`rto,r`sp`itevof`kt`. Osæ mjs`rvofms qu` `n `xi`b`kt` r`notevm b`n imksufebmr r`sp`itm onprmbuitmr b`p`kb`rï b` nos s`ksejenebob`s b` no b`fokbo y mc`rto `k r`noieùk o iofjems`k n pr`iem b`n je`k.
Mtrm kcmqu` b`n xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr
@l`fpnm< Pk veol`rm ve`k` nn`aokbm b`n b`se`rtm, do iofekobm fuidm y pmr supu`stm, te`k`
fuido, p`rm fuido s`b.
Iuokbm nn`ao o no ieubob, nm pref`rm qu` que`r` `s tmfor uk vosm b`oauo…½iuïktm `storæo bespu`stm o poaor pmr uk vosm b` oauo=...beaofms $?777
Nu`am n` mcr`i`k uk s`aukbm vosm…oük te`k` s`b, p`rm km tokto imfm okt`s yodmro `stï bespu`stm o poaor yo km $?777, sekm $077 pmr `n s`aukbm vosm b`oauo.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
19Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
B`spuås b` iose uk netrm, poaoræo tok smnm $?77 pmr `n t`ri`r vosm b` oauo y $07pmr n seaue`kt`.
@stm `s uk inorm `l`fpnm b` utenebob foraekon b`ir`ie`kt` y imfm kobe` pu`b`tmfor tokto oauo, pmr `n prùxefm vosm, `st` veol`rm b`n b`se`rtm, `k prekiepems`be`ktm odmro `stï bespu`stm o poaor smnof`kt` $?7.
No pr`aukto qu` osmfo `ktmki`s, ½iuïn `s `n pr`iem b`n oauo=Imfm no ieubob r`iej` fuidms veol`rms qu` ve`k`k nn`aokbm b`n b`se`rtm `k nos
fesfos imkbeiemk`s b`n veol`rm qu` `k pref`ro ekstokieo s` r`noto, `ktmki`s doy onaukmsqu` `stïk `k su pref`r vosm b` oauo y mtrms qu` `stïk `k su üntefm vosm.
Iuokbm ku`strm veol`rm nn`ao y mjs`rvo o quå pr`iem s` `stï troksokbm `n oauo…y s`bo iu`kto qu` doy uko p`rsmko qu` `stï poaokbm $?7 pmr `n oauo, imfm ku`strm veol`rm`s uk imksufebmr roiemkon b`n oauo, s` pmk` `k `so ceno poro imfpror.
Nm qu` oquæ miurreù `s nm prmpem b` uk f`riobm bekïfeim `k bmkb` `n pr`iem b`n oauonm b`t`rfeko no utenebob foraekon b`n üntefm vosm y km no b`n pref`rm.
U `stm s`rï se`fpr` osæ, pmrqu` dojrï uk v`kb`bmr bespu`stm o v`kb`r `n oauo o $?7.
½_uå miurr` imk no utenebob b` ku`strm veol`rm b`n b`se`rtm= S`ofms `n iosm qu` s`r`pr`s`kto `k no seaue`kt` tojno<
Sosm b` OauoBespu`stm o poaor
(uten ebob) $Wr`iem b` F`riobm @xi`b`kt` b`n imks ufeb mr
? ?777 ?7 557
: 077 ?7 257
9 ?77 ?7 57
2 07 ?7 27
0 ?7 ?7 7
?3?7
@k `n f`riobm `n oauo s` v`kb` on pr`iem foraekon b`n üntefm vosm. @n imfprobmrpoao uk pr`iem ekc`remr m eauon o su utenebob foraekon, `st` `s `n @xi`b`kt` b`nImksufebmr.
@ktmki`s, odmro s` pu`b` vmnv`r o cmrfunor no pr`aukto… ½pmr quå `n oauo qu` `stok efpmrtokt` poro no vebo `s fïs joroto qu` nos lmyos=
@s pmr `n c`kùf`km b` no utenebob foraekon b`ir`ie`kt` y `n pr`iem nm celo no üntefoukebob troksobo.
½_uå pmbræo doi`r uk v`kb`bmr b` oauo= Ron v`z oi`riors` okt`s qu` ku`strmveol`rm nn`au` o no ieubob y v`kb`rn` uk vosm b` oauo o $?.777. W`rm pu`b` qu` nn`au`mtrm y n` mcr`zio uk vosm o $07… ½y se nn`ao mtrm=
Worobmlo b`n vonmr… ½pmr quå onaukos imsos vonemsos y `s`kieon`s (oer`) smkfuidm fïs jorotos qu` mtros eküten`s y suktumsos (lmyos)=
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
12Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Km `s no efpmrtokieo b`n oer` nm qu` b`t`rfeko su pr`iem, sekm no utenebob foraekon,no utenebob b`n üntefm vosm b` oauo m p`bozm b` pok. O foymr ioktebob b` uko f`riokiæo,f`kmr vonmr obeiemkon, f`kmr b`s`m b` mjt`k`r uko ukebob obeiemkon.
Wmr nm toktm, se `n pr`iem s` celo `k jos` o no utenebob b` uko ukebob foraekon…,se`fpr` s` stï r`ieje`kbm fïs j`k`ceiem b`n qu` poaù pmr nnm.
@n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr `s qu` s` r`iejo fïs b` nm qu` s` poao pmr `n je`kmjt`kebm.
Y` poao `n fesfm pr`iem pmr no pref`ro ukebob qu` pmr no üntefo, p`rm s` r`iej`utenebob foraekon o porter b` no pref`ro ukebob imksufebo.
2. @NOYREIEBOB@Y.
2.? @NOYREIEBOB WZ@IEM B@ NO B@FOKBO
Y` do vestm okt`remrf`kt` qu` iuokbm ouf`kto no mc`rto, `n pr`iem b` `quenejremjolo y no ioktebob b` `quenejrem ouf`kto. W`rm ½besfekuy` `n pr`iem `k uk fmktmefpmrtokt` y no ioktebob ouf`kto pmim= ½M `n pr`iem op`kos jolo y doy uk arok ouf`ktm`k no ioktebob= No r`spu`sto b`p`kb` b` no s`ksejenebob b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo okt`uk iofjem `k `n pr`iem.
@ktmki`s `n im`ceie`kt` b` no `nost eiebob pr`iem b ` no b`fokbo @ p feb` `niofjem pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk ortæiunm, qu` r`sunto b` uk iofjempmri`ktuon bobm `k `n pr`iem b`n je`k. M beidm b` mtro cmrfo< no nost eiebob pr`iem b` no
b`fokbo `s no voreoieùk pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbo prmvm iobo pmr uko
voreoieùk pm ri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo prmv miobo pmr no voreoieùk b`n
pr`iem k ?%. Wu`stm qu` `n pr`iem y no ioktebob te`k`k r`noieùk ekv`rso, `n im`ceie`kt` b`no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `s uk vonmr k`aotevm. Imk `n cek b` `vetor `n usm b`küf`rms k`aotevms, imk cr`iu`kieo s` ektrmbui` uk seakm f`kms `k no cùrfuno poro @ p . Ye
_ r`pr`s`kto `n iofjem `k no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk ortæiunm, b`jebm o uk iofjem `k
su pr`iem W , s` te`k`< @ p 6
_
_
W
W
6; @ p 6 _ W
W _
Nu`am< no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio se @p ; ? , ek `nïst ei o s e @ p > ? y uketoreo se @p 6?
Coitmr`s imkbeiemkokt`s b` no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo.Wmb`fms imkir`tornms `k nms seaue`kt`s puktms<
?. Koturon`zo b` nos k`i`seb ob`s qu` sotes coi` n je`k . Ye s` troto b` uk je`k b`pref `ro k`i`sebob nm s vonm r`s b` no nostei ebob s`rïk r`bui ebm s , pu`s becæienf`kt` s`pu`b` b`lor b` imksufer y, pmr toktm, nos voreoiemk`s b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo okt`iofjems `k `n pr`iem s`rïk p`qu`ÿos. Wmr `n imktrorem, nms je`k`s b` nulm su`n`k
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
10Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
pr`s`ktor uko b`fokbo jostokt` `nïsteio, pu`s nms imfprobmr`s pu`b`k ojst`k`rs` b`imfprornms iuokbm sus pr`iems suj`k.
:. Bespmkeje n eb ob b` je`k`s qu` pu`b`k sus t e tu er on je`k k iu`st eùk .Nms je`k`squ ` te`k` cïie n su ste tui eùk te `kb `k o t `k`r u ko b`f okb o fïs nïste io qu` nms qu` kmno te`k`k, pu`s okt` uko sujebo b`n pr`iem nms b`fokbokt`s pu`b`k sustetuer no b`fokbo
b`n je`k `k iu`steùk pmr no b` onaukm b` sus sustetutms.
9. Wrmpmrieùk b` r`kto aostobo `k `n je`k . Nms je`k`s qu` te`k`k ukoefpmrtokieo imkseb`rojn` `k `n pr`supu`stm b` aostms t e`kb`k o t`k`r ukob`fokbo fïs nïst ei o qu` nms je`k`s qu` iu`ktok imk uko porteiepoieùk r`buiebo. Woro`stms üntefms je`k`s nms imksufebmr`s su`n`k s`r pmim s`ksejn`s o nms pr`iems.
2. W`rembm b` te`fpm imk seb`robm . Iuoktm foy mr s n p`r emb m b` te`fp m, fïs`nïst eio s`rï no b`fokb o b` no foymræo b` n ms je `k`s . @stm s` b`j` o qu` nooboptoieùk b` no imkbuito b` nms imfprobmr`s o nms iofjems `k nms pr`iems r`que`r`te`fpm okt`s b` olust` o no ku`vo setuoieùk. Mtro rozùk robeio `k no beceiuntob b` r`onezoriofjems t`ikmnùaeims ekf`beotms, qu` p`rfetok sustetuer `k `n imksufm, ukms je`k`s pmr
mtrms.
2.?.? E kt`rpr toieùk a`mfåtr eio<
No `iuoieùk @ p 6_ W
W _
o no nuz b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo b`n f`riobm pu`b`
ekt`rpr`tors` imfm `n imie`kt` `ktr` `n pr`iem y no ioktebob funtepneiobm pmr no ekv`rso b`no p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo, `s b`ier<
@ p 6W ?
_ p kbe k t`
Kmto Efpmrtokt`< Imfm s` belm `k prekiepem qu` b`jebm o uk iofjem pmsetevm `k `n pr`iemmiosemko uk iofjem k`aotevm `k no ioktebob b`fokbobo, no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` nob`fokbo `s uk küf`rm k`aotevm. W`rm no foaketub m `n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no `nosteiebobpr`iem b` no b`fokbo `s no qu` kms ekbeio qu` tok s`ksejn` m `nïsteio `s no b`fokbo.Nu`am, poro imfporor `nosteiebob`s, s` utenezo no foaketub b` no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` nob`fokbo, y km s` tmfo k iu`kto n seakm k`aotevm.
Woro pr`iesor no bec`r`kieo `xest`kt` `ktr` no `nosteiebob b` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo ysu p`kbe`kt`, t`k`fms qu` t`k`r `k iu`kto qu`, okonæteiof`kt`, no `nosteiebob b` nob`fokbo `s eauon o no p`kbe`kt` b` no cukieùk `k uk puktm, Β_/ΒW (mnvebïkbmkms b`nseakm k`aotevm), funtepneiobo pmr `n imie`kt` W/_ . @s b`ier<
_ W @p W _
@k `n iosm b` qu` no cukieùk b` b`fokbo s`o uko næk`o r`ito, t`kbr`fms qu` Β_/ΒW s`rï imkstokt`, pmr nm qu` nms vonmr`s qu` tmf` no `nosteiebob b`p`kb`rï b`nimie`kt` W/_ . @k `sto ceauro s` r`ima`k nms bestektms vonmr`s b` no `nosteiebob pr`iem b`uko iurvo b` b`fokbo nek`on imk p`kbe`kt` ’ ? y s` mjs`rvo qu` åstms msienok b`sb` ∛ dosto i`rm, imfm imks`iu`kieo ükeiof`kt` b` nms bestektms vonmr`s b`n imie`kt` W/_ , yoqu` no p`kbe`kt` p`rfok`i` imkstokt`.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
13Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Imfm s` v` `k no ceauro okt`remr uko r`buiieùk `k `n pr`iem b`n prmbuitm `k ukoukebob fmk`toreo r`pr`s`kto uk iofjem pmri`ktuon p`qu`ÿm pmrqu` `stofmsimf`kzokbm b`sb` uk kev`n b`n pr`iem ontm, fe`ktros qu` `n ekir`f`ktm pmri`ktuon `k nosv`ktos s`rï arokb`, bobm qu` portefms b` uk kev`n fuy jolm b` b`fokbo. Y` imfpru`jo
iùfm no nost eiebob b` no b`fokbo o nm noram b` uko i urvo b` b`fokbo n ek`on s`n`vobo iuokbm nms pr`iems sm k ontms, y jolo iuokbm nm s pr`iems sm k jolms .
@l`fpnm< Yupmk`r `n seaue`kt` arïceim qu` r`pr`s`kto no b`fokbo b` uk ortæiunmiuonque`ro y imfm r`spmkb` no ioktebob b`fokbobo okt` uk p`qu`ÿm iofjem `k `npr`iem.
Ekeieonf`kt`, `n pr`iem `s b` $:7.07 pmr ortæiunm y s` v`kb`k 5 ukebob`s pmr dmro,imkstetuy`kbm `n puktm ekeieon. Wmst`remrf`kt` `n pr`iem b`sie`kb` o $?5.07 pmr ortæiunm yno ioktebob b`fokbobo `s b` ?? ukebob`s pmr dmro, se`kbm pmr toktm uk ku`vm puktm.
Iuokbm `n pr`iem b`n ortæiunm jolo `k $? no ioktebob b`fokbobo `s b` : ukebob`spmr dmro. @ktmki`s, poro b`t`rfekor no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo, s` `xpr`sok nmsiofjems `k `n pr`iem y no ioktebob b`fokbobo imfm pmri`ktol`s b`n pr`iem prmf`bem y noioktebob prmf`bem. On doi`r usm b`n pr`iem y no ioktebob prmf`bem, s` ioniuno no`nosteiebob `k uk puktm smjr` no iurvo b` no b`fokbo, o f`bem iofekm `ktr` `n puktmmreaekon y `n ku`vm. @n pr`iem mreaekon `s b` $:7.07, y `n ku`vm $?5.07, pmr nm toktm, `npr`iem prmf`bem `s b` $:7. No besfekuieùk b` $? `k `n pr`iem `s uk 0% b`n pr`iemprmf`bem, s b`ier<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
11Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
rmf
W $? ?77 0%
W $:7
No ioktebob b`fokbobo `s b` 5 ortæiunms y no ku`vo ioktebob b`fokbobo `s b` ??ukebob`s, pmr nm qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo prmf`bem `s b` ?7 ukebob`s. @n ouf`ktm b`
: ortæiunms pmr dmro imkstetuy` no ioktebob b`fokbobo, `s b`ier `n :7% b` no ioktebobprmf`bem, s b`ier<
prmf
_ : ?77 :7%
_ ?7
@ktmki`s, no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo, qu` `s pmr b`cekeieùk `n iofjempmri`ktuon `k no ioktebob b`fokbobo (:7%), bevebebm `ktr` `n iofjem pmri`ktuon `k `npr`iem (0%), s 2, pmr nm qu` s` pu`b` xpr`sor imfm<
@ p 6% _ :7%
2 % W 0%
2.?.: @l`fpnm b n fåtmbm b`n puktm y no p`kbe`kt`
Woro b`t`rfekor no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo no seaue`kt` setuoieùk arïceio qu`tofjeåk r`pr`s`kto uk ortæiunm iuonque`ro qu` te`k` uk pr`iem uketorem `k $ y su ioktebobb`fokbobo `s pmr ukebob`s pmr s`foko.
Y` te`k` uko iurvo nek`on y pmr toktm su p`kbe`kt` `s no fesfo `k tmbms sus
puktms, `s b`ier<W 7 ?3
: _ 4 7
`n seakm f`kms seakeceio qu` `s p`kbe`kt`
b`ir`ie`kt`. No ekv`rso b` `sto p`kbe`kt` `s?
p`kbe`kt` 6;
?
:
@ktmki`s, no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `k `n puktm O s` b`t`rfeko
funtepneiokbm `n imie`kt` `ktr` `n pr`iem y no ioktebob `k O8 O
O
W ?:
_ : pmr no ekv`rso b` no
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
14Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
p`kbe`kt` `k O qu` `k `st` iosm `s?
: , b` fmbm qu` no `nosteiebob `k `n puktm O, s`rï<
@ p(O) 6?: ?
9 : :
. Imfm s` `xpr`sù on prekiepem s` doi` ojstroiieùk b`n seakm y
s` mpto pmr su vonmr ojsmnutm, se`kbm pmr toktm no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `k `nWuktm O< @ p(O) 6 9
Efpmrtokt` imkseb`ror<
No p`kbe`kt` b` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo nek`on `s imkstokt` `k tmbms nms iofjems
@n iumie`kt` `ktr` `n pr`iem y no ioktebob b`fokbobo te`k` uk vonmr bec`r`kt` `k ioboukm b` nms puktms b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo, se`kbm pmr toktm `k no f`bebo qu` s`oprmxefo o no mrb`kobo `k `n mrea`k, te`kb` o ekceketm y iuokbm besfekuy`ekekt`rrufpebof`kt` `k no f`bebo qu` s` b`spnozo `k s`ktebm b`si`kb`kt` o nm noram b`no iurvo b` b`fokbo s` obmpto cekonf`kt` `n vonmr i`rm `k `n mrea`k.
No `nosteiebob pr`iem `s bec`r`kt` `k tmbms nms puktms b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo.2.?.9 Fåtmbm b`n imie`kt` ktr ` s af`ktms
Yupmkaofms no seaue`kt` setuoieùk a`mfåtreio<
No `nosteiebob pr`iem imrr`spmkbe`kt` o uk puktm bobm b` no iurvo b` b`fokbonek`on pu`b` ekt`rpr`tors` on bevebers` no iurvo b` b`fokbo `k bms s`af`ktms, `n IJ y `nOJ .
No `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `k vonmr ojsmnutm imrr`spmkbe`kt` on puktm J ,
r`pr`s`ktobm pmr p ( J ) @ `s `quevon`kt` on imie`kt` b` nms bms s`af`ktms<
p ( J )
IJ @
OJ
B`n `l`fpnm okt`remr se s` tmfo IJ 6 ?9.2?327143yOJ 6 2.21:?90500 y s` opneio
p ( J )
IJ @
OJ 6; p ( J )
?9.2?327143 @
2.21:?90500 6; p ( J ) @ :.555555555 p ( J ) @ 9
Mtro cmrfo b` opr`ieoieùk
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
15Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye s` `xofeko ku`vof`kt` no ceauro okt`remr qu` serveù b` `l`fpnm s` pu`b` v`r
qu` pmr a`mf`træo `n`f`kton nms O@J JBI pmr nm toktm s` pu`b`k `stojn`i`r
r`noiemk`s b` iumie`kt`s `ktr` sus nobms, `s b`ier<
No p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo `k J `sBJ
BI y su ekv`rso
? BI
BJ BJ BI
Ob`fïs, `n iumie`kt `ktr` pr`iem y ioktebob `k `n puktm J `s J
J
W BJ
_ @J , `ktmki`s se s`
funtepneiok nms bms iumie`kt`s, s` te`k`<
J
J
W ?
_ p`kbe`kt`
J
J
W ?
BJ _ BI
BJ BI
@J BJ 6
BI
@J
@n iumie`kt`BI
@J `s eauon o no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `k J y tofjeåk eauon o
p ( J )
IJ @
OJ
2.?.2 @nosteiebob k be c r`kt`s puktms b` uko iurvo ne k`on b` b`fokbo
@k `n puktm O iuokbm s` do r`imrrebm¾ b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo o porter b` nomrb`kobo `k `n mrea`k no `nosteiebob `s -9. @k `n puktm f`bem J b` no iurvo no `nosteiebobpr`iem b` no b`fokbo -? y iuokbm s` dok r`imrrebm nos » port`s `k `n puktm I no`nosteiebob `k `st` iosm `s -?/9.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
47Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No b`fokbo b` uk je`k `s `nïsteio se no ioktebob b`fokbobo r`spmkb`seakeceiotevof`kt` o uko voreoieùk b`n pr`iem, ` ek`nïsteio se no ioktebob b`fokbobor`spmkb` fuy n`v`f`kt` o uko voreoieùk b`n pr`iem.
Y`aük `n vonmr b` no `nosteiebob s` pu`b` dojnor b`<
B`fok bo p`rc `itof `kt` nïste io (`nosteiebob 6 ekceketm)
B`fokb o nïst ei o (`nosteiebob ; ?)
B`fokbo imk nost eiebob u ketor eo (`nosteiebob 6 ?)
B`fok bo ek`nïste io (`nosteiebob > ?)
B`fok bo p`rc`i tof`k t` ek`nïste io (`nosteiebob > 7)
Y` pu`b` mjs`rvor `k nms arïceims okt`remr`s qu` iu oktm fïs ek in ekob o s`o noiu rvo b` b`fokbo f`km r s`rï su nostei ebob-pr`i em .
No `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo km su`n` s`r no fesfo o nm noram b` tmbo no iurvo , sekm qu`on eauon qu` no p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo no noste ie bob-p r`i em tof jeåk vo voreok bm .
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
4?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.?.0 Coitmr`s qu` b t`rfekok qu` uko b`fokbo s`o nïsteio m e k`nïsteio
o) Je`k k`i`sorem v`rsus je`k b` nulm. Nms je`k`s k`i`sorems su`n`k t`k`r ukob`fokb o e k`nïste io . Yu b`fokbo msieno pmim okt` voreoiemk`s b` pr`iem (no a`kt` vo os`auer imfprokbm `s` je`k pmrqu` te`k`k k`i`sebob b`n fesfm).
Wmr `l`fpnm, `n pok `s uk je`k k`i`sorem y pr`s`kto uko b`fokbo fuy ek`nïsteio.
Oukqu` sujo su pr`iem (b`ktrm b` ie`rtms næfet`s) no arok foymræo b` cofeneos s`auerïimfprokbm no fesfo ioktebob b` pok.
Wmr `n imktrorem, no b`fokbo b` je`k`s b` nulm su`n` s`r f uy nïsteio . On km s`rje`k`s k`i`sorems `n imksufebmr pu`b` pr`siekber b` `nnms `k uk fmf`ktm b`t`rfekobm.@stm b`t`rfeko qu` su b`fokbo r`oiiemk` imk ekt`ksebob okt` voreoiemk`s b`n pr`iem.
Wmr `l`fpnm, nms irui`rms b` pnoi`r. Ye su pr`iem suj` imkseb`rojn`f`kt` fuidosp`rsmkos r`kukieorïk on fesfm y jusiorïk uk tepm b` voioiemk`s ont`rkotevos. @k iofjemse su pr`iem jolo no b`fokbo s` bespororï.
j) @xest`kieo m km b` je`k`s sustetutevms i`riokms. Ye `xest`k je`k`s sust e tut ev msi`ri okm s no b`fokb o t`k b`rï o s` r fïs `nïste io yo qu` okt` uko sujebo b` pr`iem
fuidms imksufebmr`s imfprorïk `n je`k sustetutm.Wmr `l`fpnm, `n oi`et` b` mnevo te`k` uk sustetutevm i`riokm qu` `s `n oi`et` b`
aerosmn. Ye `n pr`iem b`n oi`et` b` mnevo suj` imkseb`rojn`f`kt` fuidms imksufebmr`simfprorïk oi`et` b` aerosmn.
Iuokbm km `xest`k je`k`s sustetutevms i`riokms no b`fokbo su`n` s`r fïsek`nïsteio.
Wmr `l`fpnm, no n`id` km te`k` uk sustetutevm i`riokm, pr`s`ktokbm uko b`fokboek`nïsteio. Oukqu` sujo su pr`iem no a`kt` km t`kbrï fïs r`f`bem qu` s`auer imfprokbmn`id`.
i) Dmrezmkt` t`fpmron< nms je`k`s su`n`k t`k`r uko b`fokbo fïs nïst ei o iu okbm s`okon ezo uk dmrezmkt` t`fpmr on foymr .
Wmr `l`fpnm, se suj` `n pr`iem b` no aosmneko (b`ktrm b` ie`rtms næfet`s) `nimksufebmr t`kbrï qu` s`auer nn`kokbm `n tokqu` b` su v`dæiunm pmr nm qu` no ioktebobb`fokbobo km sucrerï `k `n imrtm pnozm uko arok voreoieùk.
O noram pnozm no setuoieùk iofjeo, yo qu` fuidms imksufebmr`s o no dmro b`r`kmvor su imid` `n`aerïk ukm imk fmtmr be`s`n, nm qu` dorï io`r no b`fokbo b` aosmneko.
2.?.3 Sonmr imkùfe im b` nos troksoiiemk`s y nosteiebob-pr `iem b` no b`fokbo
@n vonmr imk ùfeim b` nos troksoiiemk`s `s eauon o no ioktebob tmton qu` poaoknms imfp robmr`s pmr su s obqu es ei emk`s y qu` p`riej`k nms v`kb`bmr`s. Y` ioniuno
funtepneiokbm `n pr`iem pmr no ioktebob obquerebo.@s b`ier< ER 6 W ∕ _
Wmr `l`fpnm, se uko `fpr`so v`kb` 9777 ukebob`s s`fokon`s (_ ) o uk pr`iem b`$:, no ukebob (W ), mjt`kbrï uk ekar`sm tmton b` $3.777 ( E R ). @st` ekar`sm s` r`pr`s`ktoarïceiof`kt` `k no seaue`kt` ceauro<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
4:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n ekar`sm b`revobm b` nos v`ktos (E R ) b` `so `fpr`so s` donno funtepneiokbm `npr`iem _ pmr no ioktebob W , `s b`ier ER 6 W ∕ _ 6;E R 6 $: ∕ 9777 6 $3.777 pmrs`foko. @st` ekar`sm s` r`pr`s`kto pmr `n ïr`o r`itokaunor smfjr`obo `k v`rb`. ½Wmrquå `s osæ= S`r qu` `n ïr`o smfjr`obo `s no onturo W funtepneiobo pmr no jos` _ nm iuonimkstetuy` `n Ekar`sm Rmton (E R ).
Ye supmk`fms qu` beido `fpr`so b`s`o ouf`ktor su ekar`sm tmton. ½_uå b`j`doi`r=, ½B`j` sujer `n pr`iem m jolornm= @sto r`spu`sto b`p`kb` b` no `nosteiebob- pr`iem
b` no b`fokbo.Y` soj` qu` iuokbm suj` `n pr`iem, besfekuy` no ioktebob b`fokbobo y
vei`v`rso.
Iuok bm n o b`fok bo s nïste io , no ioktebob voræo prmpmriemkonf`kt` fïs qu` `n pr`iem.Wmr nm toktm, no voreoieùk b` no ioktebob prmbui` uk `c`itm foymr `k `n ekar`sm tmton qu` novoreoieùk b`n pr`iem. @stm s` aroceio y r`suf` imfm seau`<
W jolo8 _ ouf`kto prmpmriemkonf`kt` fïs8 pmr nm toktm, E R ouf`kto
W suj`8 _ besfekuy` prmpmriemkonf`kt` fïs8 pmr nm toktm, E R besfekuy`, nu`am imkve`k`besfekuer nms pr`iems.
Iuokb m no b`fokbo s e k`nïstei o , miurr` nm imktrorem. @n pr`iem voræo prmpmriemkonf`kt`fïs qu` no ioktebob. Wmr toktm, no voreoieùk b`n pr`iem prmbui` `k `n ekar`sm tmton (E R ) uk`c`itm foymr qu` no voreoieùk b` no ioktebob. @stm s` r`suf` y aroceio imfm seau`<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
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Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
W jolo8 _ ouf`kto prmpmriemkonf`kt` f`kms8 E R besfekuy`
W suj`8 _ besfekuy` prmpmriemkonf`kt` f`kms8 E R ouf`kto, nu`am imkve`k` ouf`ktor nmspr`iems
Iuokbm no `nost eiebob `s uketor eo `n pr`iem voræo ber`itof`kt` prmpmriemkon imk noioktebob b`fokbobo km prmbui` `c`itm `k no voreoieùk `k `n ekar`sm tmton, pmr nm toktm `sekbec`r`kt ouf`ktor m besfekuer n pr`iem
Iuokb m no `nostei ebob `s tmtonf `kt` ek`nïstei o . No ioktebob b`fokbobo km voræo,
ekb`p`kbe`kt`f`kt` b` nm qu` n` miurro on pr`iem. @s `veb`kt` qu` iuoktm fïs sujo åst`,foymr s`rï `n ekar`sm, `stm s` pu`b` v`r `k no seaue`kt` ceauro<
Iuokb m no b`f okbo `s ekcek etof`kt ` `nïstei o . O iuonque`r pr`iem sup`remr o W ? , nob`fokbo `s i`rm. W`rm o W ? (m o iuonque`r pr`iem ekc`remr), `s ekceketof`kt` arokb`.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
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Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ekar`sm Rmton y @nosteiebob
@n ekar`sm tmton (E R ) prmv`ke`kt` b` no v`kto b` uk je`k `s eauon on pr`iem (W ) b`n je`kfuntepneiobm pmr no ioktebob (_ ) v`kbebo. Iuokbm iofjeo `n pr`iem, tofjeåk iofjeo `nekar`sm tmton. W`rm uk ouf`ktm k n pr`iem, km se`fpr` ouf`kto n ekar`sm tmton . @niofjem `k `n ekar`sm tmton b`p`kb` b` no nost eiebob b` no b`fokbo `k seaue`kt` cmrfo<
Ye no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio, uko besfekuieùk b`n ?% `k `n pr`iem ouf`kto no
ioktebob v`kbebo `k fïs b`n ?% y `n ekar`sm tmton ouf`kto. Ye no b`fokbo `s b` `nosteiebob uketoreo, uko besfekuieùk b`n ?% `k `n pr`iem
ouf`kto no ioktebob v`kbebo `k fïs b` ?% y pmr toktm, `n ekar`sm km ouf`kto.
Ye no b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteio, uko besfekuieùk b`n ?% `k `n pr`iem ouf`kto noioktebob v`kbebo `k f`kms b`n ?% y `n ekar`sm tmton besfekuy`.
No pru`jo b`n ekar`sm tmton `s uk fåtmbm poro `stefor no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` nob`fokbo mjs`rvokbm `n iofjem `k `n ekar`sm tmton imfm r`suntobm b` uk iofjem `k `npr`iem (fokt`ke`kbm sek iofjem tmbos nos b`fïs voreojn`s qu` ekcnuy`k smjr` no ioktebobv`kbebo), `s b`ier<
Ye uko besfekuieùk `k `n pr`iem ouf`kto `n ekar`sm tmton, no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio. Ye uko besfekuieùk `k `n pr`iem besfekuy` `n ekar`sm tmton, no b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteio
Ye uko besfekuieùk `k `n pr`iem km prmbui` iofjems `k `n ekar`sm tmton, no b`fokbo te`k`uko `nosteiebob uketoreo
Imkseb`roieùk Fot`fïteio
Imfm `n ekar`sm tmton m `n efpmrt` tmton b` `c`itevm aostobm `k `n je`k `stï bobopmr no r`noieùk<
ER 6 W ∕ _ y se s` bec`r`kieo imk r`sp`itm o no ioktebob b`fokbobo _ , s` te`k`8
bER bW W _
b_ b_ , p`rm `sto `iuoieùk s` pu`b` oimfmbor imfm seau`
bER _ bW W W
b_ W b_ 6;
bW
b_
_
W
W W
b_
bE R
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
40Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Imfm s` soj` qu` p
W b_ @
_ bW r``fpnozokbm s te`k`
p
bER W W
b_ @ . @ktmki`s, iuonque`r ouf`ktm b` _ k`i`soreof`kt` efpneio qu`<
p @ ; ?, `ktmki`s bER
b_ ; 7 y `n E R ouf`kto
p @ 6 ?, `ktmki`sbER
b_ 6 7 y `n E R km voræo
p @ > ?, `ktmki`sbER
b_ > 7 y `n E R besfekuy`
Aroceim `xpneiotevm b` `nosteiebob, iofjems `k pr`iems ` ekar`sm tmton
B`si`kbe`kbm pmr no iurvo b` b`fokbo b` OL , besfekuy` no `nosteiebob b` nob`fokbo, p`rm se `xi`b` b` ?, `n E R ouf`ktorï. Wmr `l`fpnm, on pr`iem J y o no ioktebob Y ,E R `s eauon on ïr`o b`n r`itïkaunm MJAY `k no arïceio (o) y no bestokieo v`rteion YK `k `n
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
43Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
arïceim (j). On pr`iem I y no ioktebob F , `n E R `s `n ïr`o b`n r`itïkaunm MILF `k `n arïceim(o) y no bestokieo v`rteion F_ `k `n arïceim (j).
Kmtor qu` MILF `s foymr `k ïr`o qu` MJAY . On b`si`kb`r pmr no iurvo b`b`fokbo, b` L doieo R , no `nosteiebob imkteküo besfekuy`kbm imkverteåkbms` `k ekc`remr o?, y `n E R besfekuy`. On pr`iem C y no ioktebob S `n E R `s `n ïr`o b`n r`itïkaunm MCZS `k no
arïceio (o). @sto ïr`o `s fïs p`qu`ÿo qu` no MILF . @stm miosemko qu` `k `n puktm L ,bmkb` no `nosteiebob `s uketoreo, `n E R `s fïxefm.
@l`fpnm b` opneioieùk< No iurvo b` b`fokbo b` trokspmrt` `k Rroksokteoam ve`k` bobopmr W 6 ?777 ’ (_/?7), bmkb` W `s `n pr`iem b`n posol` pmr veol` `k p`sms y _ `s `n küf`rmb` veol`s qu` s` imfprok iobo bæo. Ye `n pr`iem `s b` $277 iobo veol`, ½Iuïktms ekar`smsmjt`kbrï beoreof`kt` no `fpr`so b` outmjus`s=, ½Iuïn `s no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` nob`fokbo b` trokspmrt`= Ye no `fpr`so k`i`seto fïs ekar`sms, ½b`j` sujer `n pr`iem b`iobo posol` m jolornm=
B` no `iuoieùk< W 6 ?777 ’ (_/?7) s` b`sp`lo _ 6;_ 6 ?7 777 ’ ?7∕W
Iuokbm W 6 $277 pmr veol` s` te`k` qu` _ 6 3777 veol`s beorems, nu`am `n ekar`sm qu` r`sunto`s< ER 6 W ∕ _ 6;E R 6 $277 ∕ 3777 6 $:.277.777 beorems
Woro ioniunor no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo s` pu`b` miupor no cùrfuno
p @ 6 ?
W
_ p`kbe k t`
Woro `st` iosm no p`kbe`kt` `s ’?
? 7 6;
? ?7
p`kbe`kt`
Odmro je`k8277 ?
3777 ?0
W
_ `ktmki`s, no `nosteiebob pr`iem `s
? : ?7
?0 9
( ) `stï
jolm `n puktm f`bem `k no r`aeùk ek`nïsteio
O uk pr`iem b` $277, no `fpr`so oitüo jolm `n puktm f`bem b` su iurvo b` b`fokbo.Ye `k nuaor b` $277 imjroro $007, `storæo oituokbm pmr `kiefo b`n puktm f`bem pu`s su
p @ 6 ?,:: s` setüo `k no zmko `nïsteio y besfekueræok o 2077 veol`s beorems, imk nm iuon `n
ekar`sm tmton `k `st` iosm `s ER 6 W ∕ _ 6 007∕ 2077 6 $:.210.777 imk nm iuon no `fpr`sopmbræo ouf`ktor su ekar`sm tmton.
2.?.1 @nosteiebob OrimYupmke`kbm qu` s` te`k` uko setuoieùk imfm s` fu`stro `k no seaue`kt` cea.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
41Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye s` te`k` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo nek`on `k no iuon `n pr`iem mreaekon W 7 6?7 suj` `k?7 ukebob`s fmk`toreos dosto W ? 6:7 , se`kbm b` `st` fmbm no ioktebob b`fokbobobesfekuebo `k 07 ukebob`s b`sb` _ 7 6?77 dosto _ ? 607 . No pr`aukto s`ræo, ½iuïn `s no`nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo b` `st` je`k=.
Ye s` opneio no cùrfuno yo sojebo s` te`k`<
p @
_
_ W W
6; p @
0 7
? 7
_
W
, se s` usok W 7 6 ?7 y _ 7 6?77 6; p @ ?
:
y se s` usok nms vonmr`s W ? 6:7 y _ ? 607 6; p @ :
@n mjt`k`r bec`r`kt`s vonmr`s `s pmrqu` no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s bestekto `ktmbms nms puktms b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo `k cmrfo nek`on.
Woro r`spmkb`r on ekt`rrmaokt` s` do `nojmrobm uko r`spu`sto b` imfprmfesm mimkv`kiemkon utenezokbm `n prmf`bem b` nms bms pr`iems y `n prmf`bem b` nos bmsioktebob`s ekvmnuirobos, `s b`ier<
7 ?
p
7 ?
_
_ _
: @
W
W W
:
6
7 ?
7 ?
W W _
W _ _ vonmrezokbm, s` te`k`< p @ ?
2.: @NOYREIEBOB IZP\OBO B@ NO B@FOKBO
Ye uko p`rsmko `stï ekt`r`sobo `k b`t`rfekor iùfm oc`itoræo o no b`fokbo b` suspezzos uko besfekuieùk `k nms pr`iems b` nos dofjurau`sos qu` s` v`kb`k `k `n k`amiem
qu` `stï on nobm b` su pezz`ræo. Imfm s` soj` nos pezzos y nos dofjurau`sos smk je`k`ssustetutms y qu` iuokbm jolo `n pr`iem b` uk sustetutm b` nos pezzos, besfekuy` no b`fokbob` nos fesfos. W`rm, ½`k iuïktm=
Rofjeåk s` soj` qu` nos pezzos y nos j`jebos r`cr`siokt`s smk je`k`simfpn`f`ktorems, y s` soj` qu` se jolo `n pr`iem b` ukm b` sus imfpn`f`ktms,ouf`ktorï no b`fokbo b` nos pezzos. Wmr toktm s` pu`b` pr`auktor se s`ræo pmsejn`imks`rvor o sus ine`kt`s f`beokt` uko r`jolo `k `n pr`iem b` nos j`jebos r`cr`siokt`s.W`rm s` que`r` soj`r b` iuoktm t`kbræo qu` s`r no r`jolo poro r`t`k`r o sus ine`kt`s okt`ukos dofjurau`sos fïs jorotos `k `n k`amiem b`n nobm. Woro imkt`stor `stm `s k`i`soremioniunor no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo.
@st` imki`ptm b` `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo jrekbo uko f`bebo b`n
arobm k qu` nms je`k`s s` r`noiemkok uk ms imk m trms . Ye imkseb`rofms nms je`k`s T `U , no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` T imk r`noieùk o U s` b`cek` imfm `n iofjem pmri`ktuon `k noioktebob b`fokbobo b` T pmr ukebob b` te`fpm, bevebebm `ktr` `n iofjem pmri`ktuon b` U .
Rofjeåk s` pmbræo b`ier qu` `s uko f `bebo b` no s`kseje n ebob b` no b`fokbob` uk je`k okt` uk iofj em k n pr`iem b` uk sust e tu tm m imf pn`f`ktm , se tmbos nosb`fïs imsos p`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s. Yu cùrfuno `k ponojros `s<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
44Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iofjem % k no ioktebob b fokbobo @nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b fokbo
Iofjem % k n pr iem b` uk sustetutm m imfpn`f`ktm
@k cùrfuno fot`fïteio<
T
T
TU U
U
_ _
W W
No `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo pu`b` s`r pmset ev o m k`aotevo y pmr toktm<
Ye TU 7
>6; nms je`k`s T ` U smk sustetutms
Ye TU 7
>6; nms je`k`s T ` U smk imfpn`f`ktorems
No dofjurau`so `s uk sustetutm b` no pezzo. Iuokbm jolo `n pr`iem b` nodofjurau`so, besfekuy` no b`fokbo b` pezzos y no iurvo b` b`fokbo b` pezzos s`b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo, b` B 7 o B ? . B`jebm o qu` uko besfekuieùk `k `n pr`iem b` nodofjurau`so miosemko uko besfekuieùk `k no b`fokbo b` pezzos. No `nosteiebob iruzobob` no b`fokbo b` pezzos imk r`noieùk on pr`iem b` no dofjurau`so, `s pmsetevo. Roktm `npr`iem imfm no ioktebob iofjeok `k no fesfo ber`iieùk. Nos j`jebos r`cr`siokt`s smk uk
imfpn`f`ktm b` no pezzo. Iuokbm jolo `n pr`iem b` `stos j`jebos, ouf`kto no b`fokbob` pezzos y no iurvo b` b`fokbo b` pezzos s` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido, b` B 7 o B : .B`jebm o qu` uko besfekuieùk `k `n pr`iem b` nos j`jebos miosemko uk ouf`ktm `k nob`fokbo b` pezzos, no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo b` pezzos, imk r`sp`itm onpr`iem b` nos j`jebos `s k`aotevo. @n pr`iem y no ioktebob iofjeok `k ber`iiemk`smpu`stos.
@l`fpnm b` opneioieùk<
@k ?547, `n pr`iem b` no iork` b` voiukm `k no iorkei`ræo b`n jorrem `ro b` $177 `nhenm y v`kbæo 277 henms on bæo. @k `s` fesfm oÿm `n pmnnm co`kobm t`kæo uk pr`iem b` $2:7
`n henm y s` v`kbæok 337 henms on bæo. @k ?54? `n pr`iem b` no iork` b` voiukm s`auæose`kbm b` $177 `n henm p`rm s` v`kbæok 077 henms on bæo fe`ktros qu` `n b`n pmnnm sujeù$037 `n henm y smnm s` v`kbæok 9:7 henms on bæo. Yupmke`kbm qu` tmbms nms coitmr`s cu`rmkeauon`s `k nms bms oÿms y qu` no b`fokbo b` iork` b` voiukm `s uko cukieùk nek`on b`npr`iem b`n pmnnm, ½iuïn `ro `k ?547 no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo b` iork` b`voiukm imk r`sp`itm on pmnnm=
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
45Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye s` `xtro`k nms vonmr`s `k uko tojno, s` te`k`<
?547 ?54?
W S _ S W W _ W W S _ S W W _ W
177 $/ha
277
ha/bæo 2:7 $/ha
337
ha/bæo 177 $/ha
077
ha/bæo 037 $/ha
9:7
ha/bæo
Z`imrbor qu` s` `stï pr`auktokbm pmr no `nosteiebob iruzobo `k `n oÿm ?547 y b`
Oiu`rbm o no b`cekeieùk s` te`k`<
x
x TU
x
x
_
_
W
W
6;
v
v vp
p
p
_ _
W
W
@ktmki`s s` b`j` trozor no iurvo b` b`fokbo b` no ioktebob b` iork` b` voiukm`k ?547 `k cukieùk b`n pr`iem b`n pmnnm `k `s` fesfm oÿm, y nm fesfm poro `n oÿm ?54?.
Β_S 6 077 ’ 277 6 ?77 ha/bæo (?547)
W W 6 037 ’ 2:7 6 ?27 $/ha (?54?)
@ktmki`s imfm s` troto b` no `nosteiebob iruzobo poro `n oÿm ?547, s` ektrmbui`k
nms vonmr`s<
v
v vp
p
p
_ _
W
W
6;vp
?77 277 7.10
?27 2:7
@st` vonmr b` α; 7, `stï ekbeiokbm qu` no iork` b` voiukm y no b`fokbo b` pmnnmsmk je`k`s sustetutms y tmbm `stm s` r`cn`lo pmrqu` pmr qu` no iork` b` voiukm imkr`sp`itm on pr`iem b`n pmnnm te`k` p`kbe`kt` pmsetevo.
2.9 @NOYREIEBOB Z@KRO M EKAZ@YM B@ NO B@FOKBO
No `nosteie bob-r`kto b` no b`fokb o feb` no foaketub b` no voreoieùk b` noioktebob b`fokbobo okt` uko voreoieùk k no r`kto b`n imksufebmr .
@nosteiebob-r`kto b` no b`fokb o 6ù %
ù %
Nms je`k`s s` inoseceiok k<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
57Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Kmrfon`s< te`k`k `nost eiebob r`kto pmset evo (uk ouf`ktm b` no r`kto imknn`vo ukouf`ktm b` no b`fokbo b`n je`k).
Ekc`remr`s< te`k`k `nost eiebob r`kto k`aotevo (uk ouf`ktm b` no r`kto mreaeko ukobesfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo b`n je`k).
@l`fpnm< Pk je`k ekc`remr pu`b` s`r uk prmbuitm onef`kteiem b` jolo ionebob< iuokbmouf`kto no r`kto `n imksufebmr `k nuaor b` obquerer fïs ioktebob b` `s` je`k nm sustetuy`pmr mtrm b` foymr ionebob.
Nms je`k`s k`i`sorems s u`n`k t`k`r u ko jolo nost eiebob-r`kto . @n imksufebmr te`kb`o obquerer no ioktebob qu` k`i`seto imk ekb`p`kb`kieo b` qu` su r`kto sujo m jol`.
Nms je`k`s b` nulm su`n`k t`k`r uko `n`vobo `nost eiebob -r`kto < su b`fokbo voræokmtojn`f`kt` okt` voreoiemk`s `k no r`kto b`n imksufebmr.
Mtro cmrfo b` v`r `sto cmrfo b` `nosteiebob pmbræo s`r< No `nosteiebob-r`kto b` nob`fokbo s` b`cek` imfm no voreoieùk b` no ioktebob b `fokbobo b` uk je`k ms`rveiem okt` uko voreoieùk `k no r`kto b`n imksufebm r, sek qu` s` prmbu ziok
iofjem s `k nms pr`iems k e `k mtros voreojn`s . M nm qu` `s nm fesfm no `nosteiebob-r`kto b` no b`fokbo feb` `n iofjem pmri`ktuon `k no b`fokbo b` uk je`k osmieobm o ukiofjem b`n ?% `k no r`kto b`n imksufebmr.
No b`fokbo b` nms nnofobms «je`k`s k`i`sor em s¸ , iuyo `nosteiebob-r`kto `sekc`remr o ?, r`spmkb` b` fok`ro fmb`robo o iofjems `k no r`kto b`n imksufebmr.Nms je`k`s k`i`sorems s` seau`k b`fokbokbm oukqu` besfekuyo no r`kto b`n imksufebmr.Y` su`n` b`ier q u` `k nms je`k`s k`i`sorems no `nost eiebob -r`kto `s jolo . @stm s`b`j` o qu` `n imksufebmr obque`r` no ioktebob qu` k`i`seto b` `stms je`k`s sekqu` efpmrt` fuidm qu` su r`kto sujo m jol`. @stms je`k`s k`i`sorems `stïk oarupobmsb`ktrm b` nms s`itmr`s b` no onef`ktoieùk, rmpo, zopotms, `n`itreiebob, oauo, tojoim, `ktr`mtrms.
Wmr `n imktrorem, nms je`k`s sup`remr`s m b` nulm imfm smk nms prmbuitms b` miem,voioiemk`s, s`rveiem bmfåsteim, dmt`n`s, novokb`ræo, kmv`nos, t`n`veseùk, veol`s b` pnoi`r,r`stourokt`s b` nulm, jorims b`pmrtevms, imid`s y fmtms b` ontm stokbeka, oitevebob`sb`pmrtevos, ortæsteios y `sp`itïiunms y mtros oitevebob`s r`ir`otevos- r`oiiemkok b` cmrfofïs oi`ktuobo. @s b`ier, su`n`k t`k`r uko n`vobo nost eiebob-r`kto . @stm s` b`j` o noarok voreoieùk qu` te`k` no b`fokbo cr`kt` o no voreoieùk b` no r`kto b`n imksufebmr.@ktr` `stms je`k`s s` `kiu`ktrok nms @k uk iuobrm obluktm on ortæiunm „Y`itmr`s b`oitevebob okt` `n iofjem b` ieinm< no ireses erï pmr jorrems‖ opor`i`k nms bestektms s`itmr`s`imkùfeims mrb`kobms v`rteionf`kt` b` f`kmr o foymr `nosteiebob-r`kto.
B`ktrm b` uk fesfm s`itmr `xest`k nms b`kmfekobms je`k`s kmrfon`s y nmsje`k`s ekc`remr`s . Nms j e`k`s kmrfon`s pms``k uko nost eiebob b` r`kto pmset evo , nmqu` supmk` qu` uk ouf`ktm m besfekuieùk b` no r`kto imknn`vo uk ouf`ktm m besfekuieùk
prmpmriemkon b` no b`fokbo b`n je`k m s`rveiem. Wmr mtrm nobm, nms je`k`s ekc`remr`st e`k`k uko nost eiebob b` r`kto k`aotevo . @s b`ier, `k uk je`k ekc`remr uk ouf`ktm b` nor`kto mreaeko uko besfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo b`n je`k m s`rveiem. M nm qu` `s nm fesfm,nms je`k`s ekc`remr`s smk oqu`n nms qu ` iuokbm besf ekuy ` no r`kto ouf`kto sub`fokbo. Pk `l`fpnm b` je`k ekc`remr `s no imfebo rïpebo, tofjeåk nnofobo imfeboidotorro. Ye uko p`rsmko te`k` uk ouf`ktm `k no r`kto, imfpro f`kms imfebo rïpebo. Imkno ireses, no r`kto b` fuidos cofeneos s` `stï r`buie`kbm, pmr nm qu` no imfebo idotorro s`b`fokbo fïs.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
5?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.2 @NOYREIEBOB B@ NO MC@ZROY` soj` qu` iuokbm ouf`kto no b`fokbo, `n pr`iem y no ioktebob b` `quenejrem
ouf`ktok. W`rm ½s` `n`vo `n pr`iem b` fok`ro imkseb`rojn` y no ioktebob sùnm iofjeo ukpmim= ½M `n pr`iem op`kos s` `n`vo y doy uk ouf`ktm arokb` `k no ioktebob b`n ortæiunmqu` s` mcr`i`=
No r`spu`sto b`p`kb` b` no s`ksejenebob b` no ioktebob mcr`iebo okt` uk iofjem `k `npr`iem, `s b`ier `sto s`ksejenebob s` v` r`cn`lobo pmr no ekinekoieùk b` no iurvo b` mc`rto.S`r `n seaue`kt` `squ`fo `k uk f`riobm b` pezzos<
Pk ouf`ktm `k no b`fokbo qu` pu`b` s`r miosemkobm pmr uk ouf`ktm `k `n ekar`sm y nopmjnoieùk miosemko uk arok ouf`ktm `k `n pr`iem (b` $:77 o $977 pmr pezzo) y no ioktebobprmbuiebo y imksufebo ouf`kto b` ?7 o ?9 pezzos pmr dmro.
Woro `n iosm j) uk ouf`ktm `k no b`fokbo (B7 o B?) prmvmio uk p`qu`ÿm ouf`ktm`k `n pr`iem ($:77 o $:?7) y uk arok ouf`ktm `k no ioktebob prmbuiebo y imksufebo (?7 o:7 pezzos pmr dmro)
2.2.? Iïniun m b` no noste iebob b` no mc r toNo nost eiebob b` no mc`rto feb` no s`ksej e n ebob b` no iok tebob mcr`iebo okt`uk iofjem k n pr`iem b ` uk je`k , iuokbm tmbms nms b`fïs coitmr`s qu` ekcnuy`k smjr`nms pnok`s b` v`kto p`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s. No `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto s` ioniuno imk nocùrfuno<
@nost eiebob b` no Mc`rto 6pr`iem`n`kpmri`ktuonIofjem
mcr`ieboioktebobno`kpmri`ktuonIofjem
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
5:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@s b`ier
Iuokbm `n pr`iem s` `n`vo b` $:77 o $977 (iosm o), `n ouf`ktm `k `n pr`iem `s b`$?77 y `n pr`iem prmf`bem `s b` $:07, pmr nm qu` `n pr`iem ouf`kto `k uk 27% smjr` `npr`iem prmf`bem. No ioktebob ouf`kto b` ?7 o ?9, pmr nm qu` `n ouf`ktm `s b` 9 pezzospmr dmro. No ioktebob prmf`bem prmbuiebo y imksufebo `s b` ??,0 pmr nm qu` `n ouf`ktm`k no ioktebob `s b` :3%. No `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto `s eauon o :3% bevebebm `ktr` 27% nmiuon `quevon` o 7,30.
Iuokbm `n pr`iem s` `n`vo b` $:77 o $:?7, `n ouf`ktm `k `n pr`iem `s b` $?7 y `npr`iem prmf`bem `s b` $:70, pmr nm qu` `n pr`iem s` `n`vo uk 2,5% smjr` `n pr`iemprmf`bem. No ioktebob ouf`kto b` ?7 o :7, pmr nm qu` `n ouf`ktm `s b` ?78 no ioktebobprmf`bem `s ?0, y no ioktebob ouf`kto `k uk 31%. No `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto `s eauon o31% bevebebm `ktr` 2,5%, nm qu` `quevon` o ?9,31.
2.2.: Repms b` @noste iebob s b` no Mc r toMc` rto @nïst eio < s` bei` qu` no mc`rto `s `nïsteio se uko v oreoieùk bobo k n pr`iemt e`k` imfm r`suntobm u ko voreoieùk fïs qu ` prmp mriem kon k no ioktebob mcr`iebo .@s `nïsteio, se ` Y ; ?
Mc` rto Ek`nïst ei o < No mc`rto `s ek`nïsteio iuokbm uko v oreoieùk bobo k n p r`iem t e`k`imf m r`suntobm uko voreoieùk f`kms qu` prmp mriem kon k no ioktebob mcr`iebo . @sek`nïsteio, se ` Y > ? .
Mc`r to W`rc`i tof`k t` ek`nïste io < iuokbm cr`kt` o uko voreoieùk k n pr`iem b`
no f `riob`ræo, no mc`rto km sucr ` k eka uko ont`roi eùk (p`rfok`i` celo). @s b`ierqu` pmr fïs qu` sujo m jol `n pr`iem b`n prmbuitm no mc`rto s`rï no fesfo. @sp`rc`itof`kt` ek`nïsteio se ` Y 6 7
Y
Y Y
_ _
` W W
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
59Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Mc`rto imk `nost eiebob uketor eo < miurr` iuokbm `n iofjem p mri`ktuon `k `n
pr`iem s eauon on iofjem pmri `ktuon k no ioktebob mcr`iebo . Pketoreo, se `Y 6 ?
Mc`rt o p`rc`i tof`kt` nïstei o < miurr` iuokbm doy uk p r`iem on iuon nmsv`kb `bm r`s stïk b espu `stms o mcr`i`r iuonq ue`r iokteb ob poro v`kto .@s p`rc`itof`kt` `nïsteio se ` s 6 ∛
Imfm s` pu`b` opr`ieor, no mc`rto s `nïsteio iu okbm no iokteb ob mc`rt obo sfu y s`ksej n` o uko voreoieùk b` p r`iem y s ek`nïstei o iuokb m op`kos cnu itüo .
Pk `l`fpnm b` mc`rto `nïsteio `s `n b` nos iosos ruron`s. Ye suj` `n pr`iem b`n
onmlofe`ktm fuidms prmpe`torems b`ieberïk oimkbeiemkor sus s`aukbos veve`kbos imfmiosos ruron`s, fe`ktros qu` iuokbm jolo `n pr`iem onaukos iosos ruron`s b`lok b`mc`rtors`.
@k iofjem, uk `l`fpnm b` mc`rto ek`nïsteio `s no b`n p`trùn`m yo qu` nms pmzms`stïk o pn`km r`kbefe`ktm y `s fuy becæien o imrtm pnozm ouf`ktor su prmbuiieùk pmrfuidm qu` s` `n`v` `n pr`iem.
On eauon qu` vefms imk no b`fokbo, no nost eiebob b ` no mc`rto su`n` voreor o nm noram b`su iurvo .
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
52Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No `nosteiebob su`n` s`r foymr `k no zmko jolo b` no iurvo, iuokbm no ioktebobmcr`iebo `s p`qu`ÿo (`xest` iopoiebob prmbuitevo miemso qu` s` pu`b` utenezor se cu`rok`i`sorem) y f`kmr `k no zmko onto b` no iurvo (no iopoiebob prmbuitevo `stï utenezobo onfïxefm pmr nm qu` `s fuy becæien o imrtm pnozm ouf`ktor no mc`rto).
No `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto vo o b`p`kb`r `k arok f`bebo b`n dmrezmkt`t`fpmron qu` s` okonei`<
O im rtm pnozm no mc`rto b` uk je`k pu`b` s`r fuy ræaebo, imk fuy pmim fora`kporo voreos (no iopoiebob prmbuitevo `s no qu` `xest` y km s` pu`b` ouf`ktor o imrtmpnozm, ke tofpmim `s cïien i`rror).
O noram pnozm , no setuoieùk voræo y nos `fpr`sos te`k`k pmsejenebob b` imkstruerku`vos ekstonoiemk`s m b` i`rror y ojokbmkor no ekbustreo.
@stm p`rfet` qu` no mc`rto pu`bo msienor okt` voreoiemk`s b`n pr`iem. @stmb`t`rfeko qu` nos iurvos b ` mc`rto su`nok s`r fuy v`rt eion`s o imrtm pnozm, fe`ktrosqu` o noram pnozm te`kb`k o s`r f`kms ekin ekobos .
Wmr `l`fpnm, no mc`rto b` b`portof`ktms `k no imsto poro `n v`rokm `s ek`nïsteio o
imrtm pnozm (smk nms qu` smk), p`rm o noram pnozm no mc`rto sæ pu`b` voreor (s` pu`b`kimkstruer ku`vms b`portof`ktms m jusior mtrms usms poro oqu`nnms qu` km smk r`ktojn`s).
@l`fpnm< s`o no seaue`kt` cukieùk b` mc`rto _ Y 6 07.777∕W T b` uk je`k T qu` te`k` susvonmr`s imkt`kebms `k no seaue`kt` tojno<
W T ($) ?7 4 3 2 :
_Y 6 07.777∕W T 077.777 277.777 977.777 :77.777 ?77.777 O J I B @
Imfm ` Y 6
Y
Y
Y
_ _
W
W
s` ioniuno nos `nosteiebob`s<
o) b`n puktm OI < ` Y 6:77.777
:77.777 3 977.777 2 2 977.777 3
6; ` Y 6?.:77.777
??.:77.777
(uketorem)
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
50Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
j) b`n puktm J o B < ` Y 6:77.777
:77.777 2 :77.777 2 2 :77.777 2
6; ` Y 6477.777
? 477.777
(uketor em)
@l`fpnm< supmk`r no seaue`kt` cukieùk mc`rto b` uk je`k U imfm _ Y 60.777+?07∕W U , iuymsvonmr`s `stïk r`cn`lobms `k no seaue`kt` tojno<
W U ($) ?7 5 4 1 3 0_ Y 60777+?07W U 3077 3907 3:77 3707 0577 0107Wuktms O J I B @ C
@nosteiebob `k nms puktms OJ <
` Y 6
3907 3077 3907 3077 ?7 3077
7,:9 5 ?7 5 ?7 3077 ?7
(ek `nïst ei o)
@nosteiebob `k nms puktms I@ <
` Y 60577 3:77
0577 3:77 4 3:77 7,?5 3 4 3 4 3:77
4
(ek `nïst ei o)
@nosteiebob `k nms puktms BC <
` Y 6
0107 3707 0107 3707 1 3707 7,?1
0 1 0 1 3707 1
(ek `nïst ei o)
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
53Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.2.9 Coitmr`s qu` ekc nuy`k smjr` no nosteiebob b` no mc`rto<No foaketub b` no `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto b`p`kb` b`<o) Nos pmsejenebob`s b` sustetuieùk b` eksufmsj) @n forim b` te`fpm poro no b`ieseùk b` mc`rto
Wmseje n ebob`s b` sust e tuieùk b` eksufms < Onaukms je`k`s y s`rveiems sùnm s`
pu`b`k prmbuier utenezokbm ie`rtms eksufms m r`iursms prmbuitevms qu` smk ükeims m pmimimfuk`s.
@stms ortæiunms te`k`k uko `nosteiebob b` mc`rto jolo y quezïs i`rm. Mtrms je`k`s ys`rveiems s` pu`b`k prmbuier utenezokbm eksufms m r`iursms prmbuitevms qu` `stïkcïienf`kt` bespmkejn`s y qu` s` pmbræok oseakor o uko ofpneo vore`bob b` pmsejenebob`sont`rkotevos. @stms ortæiunms te`k`k uko `nosteiebob onto.
Pko pekturo b` Bo Sekie `s uk je`k imk uko iurvo b` mc`rto v`rteion y uko`nosteiebob b` mc`rto i`rm. Wmr mtro port` s` pu`b` ims`idor tream `k t`rr`kms qu` smk ioseeauonf`kt` ju`kms poro ims`idor foæz, y `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b`n tream `k tårfekmsb`n foæz qu` s` do b`lobm b` ims`idor `s iose imkstokt`. Imfm r`suntobm, no iurvo b`mc`rto b`n tream `s iose dmrezmkton y su `nosteiebob b` mc`rto `s fuy arokb`.
Forim b` te`fp m poro no b`ieseùk b` mc`rto . Woro `stubeor no ekcnu`kieo b` no
buroieùk b`n te`fpm troksiurrebm b`sb` uk iofjem `k pr`iems, s` bestekau`k tr`s forimsb` te`fpm b` no mc`rto<
Mc`rto fmf`ktïk`o Mc`rto b` noram pnozm Mc`rto b` imrtm pnozm
Iuokbm `n pr`iem b` uk je`k s` `n`vo m besfekuy`, no iu rvo b` mc`rto fmf`ktïk`o fu`stro no r`spu`sto b` no ioktebob mcr`iebo ekf`beotof`kt` b`spuås b` uk iofjem `k `npr`iem.
Nos crutos y v`rburos pmr `l`fpnm te`k`k uko mc`rto fmf`k tïk`o p`rc`it of`kt`ek `nïst ei o ’ uko iurvo b` mc`rto v`rteion. Nos ioktebob`s mcr`iebos b`p`kb`k b` nosb`iesemk`s b` s`fjrobm b` ims`idos qu` s` deie`rmk imk okt`noieùk. Ye s` tmfo `n iosmb` nos koroklos, nos b`iesemk`s b` s`fjrobm s` te`k`k qu` tmfor imk fuidms oÿms okt`sb` qu` `stå bespmkejn` no ims`ido. No iurvo b` mc`rto fmf`ktïk`o `s v`rteion pmrqu`, `kuk bæo iuonque`ro sek efpmrtor iuïn s`o `n pr`iem b` nos koroklos, nms prmbuitmr`s kmpu`b`k iofjeor su prmbuiieùk. Dok ims`idobm, `kiolmkobm y `fjoriobm su prmbuitm onf`riobm y no ioktebob bespmkejn` poro `s` bæo `s celo.
Onaukms je`k`s te`k`k uko mc`r to fmf `ktïk`o p`rc`i tof`k t` nïste io , imfm s`rnos nnofobos t`n`cùkeios b` norao bestokieo. Iuokbm fuidos p`rsmkos doi`k nnofobos `kcmrfo sefuntïk`o, doy uk arok ouf`ktm `k no b`fokbo b` iojn`s t`n`cùkeims, `knoi`s pmrimfputoieùk y te`fpm b` sotånet`s. No ioktebob mcr`iebo b` `st` s`rveiem ouf`kto (dostonn`aor on næfet` cæseim b`n sest`fo b` t`n`cmkæo), p`rm `n pr`iem b` nos nnofobos p`rfok`i`imkstokt`.
Iurvo b` m c`rto b` noram pnozm < imrr`spmkb` o no r`spu`sto b` no ioktebob mcr`iebo o
uk iofjem `k `n pr`iem, b`spuås b` doj`r ekt`ktobm tmbos nos cmrfos t`ikmnùaeiospmsejn`s b` olustor no mc`rto. @k `n iosm b` nos koroklos, `n noram pnozm `s `n te`fpm qu` s`k`i`seto poro qu` nms ku`vms pnoktæms ir`ziok dosto nn`aor o su imfpn`to fobur`z, mtrmiosm pu`b` s`r `n doj`r imkstruebm uko ku`vo pnokto prmbuitevoy qu` s` doyo iopoietobmo nms trojolobmr`s poro mp`rorno.
No iurv o b` mc`rto b` imrtm p nozm fu`stro iùfm r`spmkb` no ioktebob mcr`iebo okt`uk iofjem `k `n pr`iem, iuokbm sùnm s` dok d`idm onaukms olust`s t`ikmnùaeiof`kt`pmsejn`s `k no prmbuiieùk.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
51Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Wmr nm a`k`ron `n pref`r olust` qu` s` doi` `s `k no ioktebob b` fokm b` mjroutenezobo. Woro ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk o imrtm pnozm, nos `fpr`sos doi`k trojolor te`fpm`xtro o su cu`rzo nojmron y quezïs imktrot`k o trojolobmr`s obeiemkon`s. Woro besfekuer suprmbuiieùk o imrtm pnozm, nos `fpr`sos b`speb`k o trojolobmr`s m r`bui`k sus dmros b`trojolm.
Imk `n troksiursm b`n te`fpm, nos `fpr`sos pu`b`k doi`r olust`s obeiemkon`s, quezïs
iopoietokbm o fïs trojolobmr`s m imfprokbm d`rrofe`ktos y mtrms `quepms obeiemkon`s.No r`spu`sto o imrtm pnozm okt` uk iofjem `k `n pr`iem, o bec`r`kieo b` nos r`spu`stosfmf`ktïk`os y o noram pnozm, km s uko r`sp u`sto ükei o, sek m uk o s`re` b` olus t`s .
No iurv o b` mc`rto o imrtm pnozm te`k` uko p`kbe`kt` osi`kb`kt` pmrqu` nmsprmbu itmr`s pu `b`k n n`vor o iojm oii emk`s imk jostokt` ropeb`z , o cek b` iofjeor noioktebob mcr`iebo imfm r`spu`sto o uk iofjem `k `n pr`iem. Ye besfekuy` `n pr`iem b` noskoroklos, nms ims`idobmr`s pu`b`k b`lor b` r`ima`rnos y p`rfeter qu` s` pubrok `k nmsïrjmn`s. M se ouf`kto `n pr`iem, pu`b`k utenezor fïs c`rtenezokt`s y f`lmror no erreaoieùkporo ouf`ktor nms r`kbefe`ktms yo `xest`kt`s. O noram pnozm, pu`b`k pnoktor fïs ïrjmn`sy ouf`ktor no ioktebob mcr`iebo oük fïs, imfm r`spu`sto o uk b`t`rfekobm ouf`ktm b`npr`iem.
2.0 IMKRZMN@Y B@ WZ@IEM O v`i`s nos outmrebob`s `imkùfeios ekt`ktok qu` `n pr`iem b` onaukms j e`k`s
c nuitü` b`ktrm b` uk b`t`rfekobm rokam y km msien` nejr`f`kt`.@n prmpùsetm `k qu` s` joso `s jusior `k onaukms iosms b`c`kb`r o nms
imksufebmr`s pube`kbm b` `sto fok`ro `vetor qu` `n pr`iem s` `n`v` `k b`fosæo y `kmtrms prmt`a`r o nms prmbuitmr`s covmr`ieåkbmnms on efp`ber qu` `n pr`iem s`o b`foseobmjolm, s`aük imkseb`r` no outmrebob auj`rkof`kton iuïn b` nms bms imn`itevms pr`s`kto ukosetuoieùk fïs båjen. @sto prmt`iieùk no r`onezo pmr nm a`k`ron `n amje`rkm `stojn`ie`kbmnæfet`s o nms pr`iems<
Næfet` ekc`remr < `s `n pr`iem fækefm ce lobm pm r nos outmreb ob`s pmr b `jolm b`n iuon kms` pu`b` v`kb`r uk je`k m s`rveiem . @s uko f`bebo imksest`kt` `k no celoieùk b` ukpr`iem pmr smjr` `n pr`iem b` f`riobm m b` `quenejrem y `stï b`stekobo o prmt`a`r nmsekt`r`s`s b` nms v`kb`bmr`s , p`rm `sto f`bebo imfm s` v`rï a`k`ro uk `xi`sm b`mc`rto `k no iuon km s` nmaro v`kb`r tmbm nm qu` s` b`s`o a`k`rokbm uko oiufunoieùk b`stmih m ekv`ktorems y poro qu` `sto f`bebo s`o `c`itevo b` b`j`rïk obfekestror r`iursmsporo ojsmrj`r nms `xi`b`kt`s b` prmbuiieùk. @k onaukms poæs`s `n amje`rkm celo uk pr`iemfækefm poro b`t`rfekobms prmbuitms oaræimnos y aokob`rms, trotokbm b` os`aurorn` o`stms s`itmr`s ukms ekar`sms fækefms.
Næfet` sup`remr < `s `n pr`iem fïxefm on q u` s` pu`b ` v`kb`r uk je` k. @s b`ier `soqu`n pr`iem qu` km pu`b` smjr`posors` m f`lmr beidm oqu`n pr`iem pmr `kiefo b`n iuon`stï prmdejebm v`kb`r uk je`k m s`rveiem. @sto celoieùk b` uk pr`iem fïxefm `stï pmrb`jolm b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem m b` f`riobm @s uko f`bebo b`stekobo o prmt`a`r nms
ek t`r`s`s b` nms imfprobmr`s m imksufebmr`s. Onaukms amje`rkms `stojn`i`k ukpr`iem fïxefm poro onaukms cïrfoims, m onaukms prmbuitms b` pref`ro k`i`sebob. W`rm`k miosemk`s `sto f`bebo km su`n` s`r pmsetevo pmrqu` nefeto no mc`rto `k `n f`riobm y s`ir`ok nm qu` s` b`kmfekok „f`riobms k`arms‖, pmr `n `xi`sm b` b`fokbo, iuokbm km s`nmaro imfpror tmbm nm qu` s` b`s`o y imfm s` v`rï fïs ob`nokt`, `n pr`iem te`kb` o sujer.
@stms tmp`s fækefms y fïxefms pu`b`k oc`itor toktm o no ioktebob b`fokboboimfm o no ioktebob mc`rtobo.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
54Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.0.? Wr`iem fækefm@n efpoitm b`n pr`iem fækefm smjr` `n cukiemkofe`ktm b`n f`riobm vo o b`p`kb`r
b` se beidm pr`iem s` setüo pmr b`jolm m pmr orrejo b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem qu` `s oqu`n onqu` t`k b`ræo nejr`f`kt` n f`ri obm se km duj e`ro ekt`rv`ki eùk püjneio .
Ye n p r`iem fækef m stï pmr b`jolm b `n pr`iem b` qu en ejre m k m te `k` kek aükefpoitm yo qu` `n f`riobm b` fmbm koturon s` setuorï pmr `kiefo b` beidm pr`iem
fækefm, pu`stm qu` nms imksufebmr`s b`s`orïk imfpror no ioktebob _ : , se`kbm qu` nmsv`kb`bmr`s mcr`i`k no ioktebob _ ? y `stos bms cu`rzos b`n f`riobm dorïk sujer `n pr`iemouf`ktor no ioktebob mcr`iebo dosto nn`aor on `quenejrem qu` `s _* , `k `n puktm @ .
@k iofjem, se n pr`iem fækef m s su p`rem r on pr`iem b` quen ejr em st` tmp `
efp `berï on f`ri obm oniokzor su p uktm b` `quen ej rem . @n pr`iem s` setuorï `k beidmkev`n fækefm bmkb` no ioktebob mcr`iebo s`rï foymr qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo, nm qu`prmvmiorï uk `xi`sm b` mc`rto qu` qu`borï sek v`kb`r.
No porobmlo b` `sto f`bebo `s qu` `n amje`rkm troto imk `nno b` covmr`i`r o nmsv`kb`bmr`s p`rm `n r`suntobm `s qu` `st` imn`itevm s` `kiu`ktro imk uk stmih sek v`kb`rpu`stm qu`, nms imksufebmr`s on pr`iem fïxefm W fïxefm b`s`orïk imfpror smnm no ioktebob_ ? y imfm o `s` pr`iem `stï pmr `kiefo b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem `s otroitevm poro nmsprmbuitmr`s y b`s`orïk prmbuier y v`kb`r no ioktebob _ : imk nm iuon s` a`k`ro uk `xi`smb` mc`rto.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
55Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.0.: Wr`iem fïxefm
Osæ imfm `k `n iosm okt`remr su efpoitm `k nms v`kb`bmr`s y imksufebmr`s, b`p`kb`rïb` se beidm pr`iem s` setüo pmr b`jolm m pmr `kiefo b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem.Ye `n pr `iem fïxef m `stï pm r `ki efo b`n pr`i em b` `qu enej rem km t`k brï kek aük
efpoitm yo qu` `n f`riobm b` cmrfo koturon t`kb`rï o setuors` pmr b`jolm b` beidm næfet`fïxefm, pmrqu` nms v`kb`bmr`s mcr`i`k no ioktebob _ : y nms imksufebmr`s `stïkbespu`stms o imfpror _ ? y pmr toktm b`j`k nms v`kb`bmr`s r`buier `n pr`iem poroouf`ktor `n imksufm dosto cekonf`kt` `quenejrors` `k @ .
Ye pmr `n imktrorem, `n pr`iem fïxef m s ekc`re mr on pr`iem b ` quen e jrem k tmki `s st`
næfe t` ef p`b erï on f`riobm oniok zor n q uenej rem . @n pr`iem s` setuorï `k beidm tmp`fïxefm bmkb` no ioktebob mc`rtobo s`rï f`kmr qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo. @stmprmvmiorï uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo pmr nm qu` port` b` no fesfo qu`borï sek sotescoi`r yb` `st` fmbm s` `n`vorï `n pr`iem dosto cekonf`kt` nn`aor on puktm @ .
On eauon qu` `k `n iosm okt`remr s` prmbui` no porobmlo b` s`r uko f`bebob`stekobo o covmr`i`r o nms imksufebmr`s p`rm iuym r`suntobm `s qu` fuidms b` `nnms s`qu`borïk sek pmb`r obquerer n je`k.
@k b`ceketevo, `n imktrmn b` pr`iems o v`i`s te`k` uk `c`itm p`rv`rsm, p`rlubeiokbm`k üntefo ekstokieo o oqu`nnms o nms qu` troto b` prmt`a`r.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?77Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.3 @C@IRMY B@ PK EFWP@YRM YMJZ@ @N WZ@IEM U NO IOKREBOBIuokbm uk amje`rkm opneio uk efpu`stm smjr` uk je`k, `n pr`iem qu` `n imksufebmr
poao bece`r` b` no ioktebob qu` `n v`kb`bmr r`iej`. Pko ekt`rpr`toieùk r`sp`itm onefpu`stm imk qu` s` arovo o nms je`k`s pu`b` s`r uk b`spnozofe`ktm `k no iurvo b`b`fokbo m b` no mc`rto. Pk okïneses b` tmbm `stm pu`b` nn`vor o imkinusemk`s qu`
smrpr`kb`k, imfm pmr `l`fpnm qu` uk efpu`stm pmr nm kmrfon iousorï qu` `n pr`iem s`ekir`f`kt` `k f`kms b` no ioktebob b` åst`.
Nms efpu`stms o nms je`k`s qu` s` imf`rieonezok pu`b` tmfor voreobos cmrfos, yos`o8 qu` `n efpu`stm pu`bo s`r uko ioktebob celo poro iobo ukebob b`n je`k v`kbebm, ukpmri`ktol` b`n pr`iem, m uk efpu`stm on vonmr oar`aobm `xeaebm smjr` no bec`r`kieo `ktr` `nimstm b` nms eksufms b` no `fpr`so y `n vonmr b` su prmbuiieùk. @n efpu`stm fïs sefpn``s oqu`n efpu`stm celm pmr ukebob qu` s` v`kb`. @n v`kb`bmr m `n imfprobmr te`k`k nomjneaoieùk n`aon b` poaor `n efpu`stm. @k iobo iosm, nms efpu`stms ir`ok uk r`zoam `ktr``n pr`iem poaobm pmr nms imfprobmr`s (`n pr`iem jrutm W + , pmrqu` yo te`k` `n efpu`stm) y noioktebob r`iejebo pmr nms v`kb`bmr`s (`n pr`iem k`tm W - pmrqu` s` n` b`j` efpmk`r `nefpu`stm). @s smrpr`kb`kt` b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto b` nms r`suntobms yo qu` `stms smk nmsfesfms sek efpmrtor queåk te`k` no mjneaoieùk n`aon b` poaor.
Yupmkaofms `n seaue`kt` arïceim `k bmkb` r`pr`s`kto o uk v`kb`bmr qu` te`k` nomjneaoieùk b` poaor `n efpu`stm<
Yupmke`kbm qu` uk v`kb`bmr `kcr`kto no iurvo b` b`fokbo BB qu` s` fu`stro`k `n arïceim y `n amje`rkm arovo imk uk efpu`stm b` $: smjr` iobo ukebob v`kbebo. Ye s`supmk` qu` okt`s b`n efpu`stm `n v`kb`bmr r`iejæo $?7 pmr ukebob .Rmbovæo pu`b` v`kb`rbeidos ukebob`s b`spuås b`n efpu`stm, o uk pr`iem jrutm b` $?7 , p`rm `n pr`iem k`tm(b`spuås b`n efpu`stm) qu` r`iej` odmro s`rï b` $?7 - $: 6 $4 . Wmr toktm, poro `nv`kb`bmr, `n efpu`stm iousù qu` no iurvo b` b`fokbo s` b`spnozoro doieo ojolm `k noioktebob b`n efpu`stm, `k `st` iosm `k $: .
Ye s` imkseb`ro on pr`iem jrutm imfm W+, on pr`iem k`tm imfm W- y on efpu`stm imfm
Ef s` pu`b` `stojn`i`r qu` `n pr`iem k`tm s`rï< W 6 W + Ef Imfm `n v`kb`bmr `stï `k no mjneaoieùk b` r`kber iu`kto b` `st` efpu`stm
r`ioubobm on amje`rkm, s` pu`b` mjs`rvor qu` `n efpu`stm smnof`kt` iofjeo no iurvo b`b`fokbo poro `n v`kb`bmr8 ån mjs`rvo no b`fokbo nejr` b` efpu`stm B―B― . @n efpu`stm kmiofjeo b` fok`ro onauko nms austms m b`s`ms b` nms imksufebmr`s, pmr nm qu` no iurvob` b`fokbo qu` b`sirej` `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b` nms imksufebmr`s p`rfok`i` imfm BB .
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?7?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.3.? @quen ejr em b`spuås b` efpu`stm
½Iùfm s` `stojn`i` `n puktm b` `quenejrem b`spuås b` efpu`stm= Woro `kimktror `n `quenejrem b`spuås b` efpu`stms s` okonezorï f`beokt` `n
seaue`kt` arïceim<
@k pref`r nuaor s` mjs`rvo qu` `n puktm @― bmkb` no b`fokbo b`spuås b`efpu`stms B―B― s` ekt`ri`pto imk no iurvo b` mc`rto YY , y no ioktebob b`fokbobobesfekuy` b`sb` _* dosto _― . Woro b`t`rfekor `n imstm b` nms imksufebmr`s (`n ku`vm
pr`iem jrutm W ) vo b`sb` _― doieo orrejo o no iurvo b` b`fokbo jruto BB . Woro
`kimktror nm qu` `n v`kb`bmr mjte`k` (`n ku`vm pr`iem k`tm W ), vo b` _― doieo orrejo o noiurvo b` b`fokbo k`to B―B―
S`r `k `st` arïceim nm seaue`kt`<
W < @s `n pr`iem poaobm pmr nms imfprobmr`sW* < @s `n pr`iem sek efpu`stm
W < Wr`iem qu` r`iej`k nms v`kb`bmr`s_' < Ioktebob imk efpu`stm
_* < Ioktebob sek efpu`stm
Ef < Fmktm b`n efpu`stm
S`r qu` `n efp u`stm , imnmi o uko iuÿo `ktr` `n pr`iem q u` nms i mfprob mr`s
poaok y n qu` nms v `kb`bmr`s r`iej`k . B`jebm o `stm, no ioktebob v`kbebo io` b`jolmb`n kev`n qu` s` duje`ro v`kbebm sek `n efpu`stm, y nm fïs efpmrtokt`, `n tofoÿm b`nf`riobm s` r`bui`.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?79Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@ktmki`s, nms efpu`stms a`k`rok pårbebo b` je`k`stor b`jebm o qu` prmvmiok qu`nms imfprobmr`s y nms v`kb`bmr`s km mjt`kaok nms j`k`ceiems qu` s` oniokzok imk `nekt`riofjem. @stm s` pu`b` aroceior b` no seaue`kt` cmrfo<
Wrmjn`fo< Ye s` supmk` qu` no iurvo b` b`fokbo `stï bobo pmr W B 6 :77 - _ B y ob`fïsno cukieùk b` mc`rto `stï b`t`rfekobo pmr W Y 6 ’ :77 + 2_ Y . Y` b`s`o celor iuïn`s s`ræok nms`c`itms qu` s` prmbuieræok se s` efpmk` uk efpu`stm b` :7 u.f. smjr` iobo ukebob b`je`k`s b` imksufm m smjr` no prmbuiieùk.
@k pref`r tårfekm s`rï imkv`ke`kt` b`t`rfekor iuïn`s smk nms pr`iems y ioktebob`s b``quenejrem b` nms v`kb`bmr`s y b` imfprobmr`s `k `st` b`t`rfekobm f`riobm.
@ktmki`s, se W Y 6 W B imrr`spmkb` bmkb` nms pr`iems `stïk `k imkimrbokieo imk `n pr`iemb` quenejrem W* y `stm efpneio k`i`soreof`kt` qu` ’ :77 + 2_ Y 6 :77 ’ _ B y nos ioktebob`squ` s` b`fokbok pmr nms imksufebmr`s imfm nos qu` s` mcr`i`k pmr port` b` nmsprmbuitmr`s b`j`k _ B 6; ’ :77 + 2 _* 6 :77 ’ _* 6;_* 6 47 y se `st` vonmr s` r``fpnozo`k iuonque`ro b` nos cukiemk`s b` b`fokbo y mc`rto s` mjte`k` `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem, `stm`s< W*6 :77 ’ _* 6; W*6 :77 ’ 47 6; W* 6 ?:7
Odmro se s` opneio `n efpu`stm Ef 6 :7 u.f. s` te`k` qu` W B ’ W Y 6 Ef 6;W B 6 W Y + Ef6 ;W B 6 W Y + :7. Imfm _ B 6 _ Y 6 _* `k `quenejrem `ktmki`s ¾ W Y + 07 6 :77 ’ W B 6;¾ W Y + 07 6 :77 ’ (W Y + :7) 6; ¾ W Y + W Y 6 :77 ’ :7 ’ 07 6;0/2 W Y 6 ?97 6; W Y 6 ?72
Nu`am< W B 6 ?72 + :7 6; W B 6 ?:2 u.f.
Ye tmbm `stm s` nn`vo o uk arïceim s` te`k`<
Imstm
v`kb`bmr`sSonmrporo
imfprobmr`s
Ioktebob7
Wr`iem
B`fokbo
Mc`rto
_?
W+
W-
_:
Efpu`stm
Wårb ebo
j`k`ceiemsekt`riofjem
W*
F`kmr ioktebob prmvmiobo pmr `n efpu`stm
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7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?70Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ioktebob
Wr`iem
B`fokbo
Mc`rto
7
Efpu`stm
Iuokbm no m c`rto s nïstei o,
no pårb eb o b` ce ie `k ie o
a`k`robo pmr no opn eioieùk
b` uk efpu `stm, s foymr.
(j) Mc`r to nïste io
Ioktebob
Wr`iem
B`fokbo
Mc`rto
Iuokbm no mc`rto `s
ek `nïst ei o n o pårb eb o b`
`ceie`kieo a`k`robo pmr
no opn eioieùk b`n
ef pu `stm s p `qu `ÿo. Efpu`stm
o) Mc `rto ek `nïste io
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?73Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@ktmki`s b` oiu`rbm o nms arïceims okt`remr`s s` pu`b` r`sufer `k nm seaue`kt`<
Iuoktm fïs `nïsteio s`ok no b`fokbo y no mc`rto foymr s`rï no p`rbebo err`iup`rojn` b``ceie`kieo, pmr iuoktm no `nosteiebob feb` iuïktm r`spmkb`k nms imfprobmr`s u nmsv`kb`bmr`s o no sujebo b`n pr`iem. No pårbebo err`iup`rojn` b` `ceie`kieo s`rï fïs arokb`iuoktm foymr s`o no r`buiieùk b` no ioktebob prmbuiebo. Nu`am,iuoktm fïs `nïsteioss`ok no b`fokbo y no mc`rto, foymr s`rï no r`buiieùk b` no ioktebob prmbuiebo y foymrs`rï no pårbebo err`iup`rojn` b` `ceie`kieo.
Ioktebob
Wr`iem
B`fokbo
Mc`rto
Iuokbm no b`fokbo `s
ek `nïst ei o, no pårbe bo b`
`ceie`kieo a`k`robo pmr no
opneioieùk b` uk efpu`stm, `s
p`qu`ÿo.
(i) B`fokb o ek`nïste io
Efpu`stm
7
Ioktebob
Wr`iem
B`fokbo
Mc`rto
7
Efpu`stm
Iuokbm no b`fokbo s
`nïst ei o, n o pårb eb o b `
`ceie`kieo a`k`robo pmr no
opneioieùk b` uk efpu`stm, s
foymr.
(b) B`fokbo nïsteio
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?71Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
(j) Efpu`stm f`b eokm
2.3.2 @n efpu`stm, no ce ie`kieo y n e kar`sm ce sion½_uå poso imk no pårbebo err`iup`rojn` b` `ceie`kieo ` ekar`sm cesion iuokbm voræo`n efpu`stm=
@sto pr`aukto pu`b` s`r r`spmkbebo beie`kbm qu` imk iobo ekir`f`ktm `k no tosob` efpu`stm, no pårbebo b` je`k`stor s` ekir`f`kto fïs rïpebof`kt` qu` `n fmktm b`nefpu`stm.
@stm s` pu`b` imkcerfor r`onezokbm arïceims poro efpu`stms p`qu`ÿms, f`beokmsy arokb`s y `k `nnms opr`ieor no pårbebo b` je`k`stor `k iobo iosm.
Ekar`sm Cesion
7
W +
Ioktebob_ : _ ?
B`fokbo
Mc`rto
W -
WårbeboErr`iup`rojn` b`
`ceie`kieo
(o) Efp u`s tm p`q u`ÿm
Wr`iem
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?74Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
½_uå sui`b` se s` n` opneio pmr port` b`n @stobm on v`kb`bmr uk efpu`stm=
Ye s` supmk` qu` s` n` arovo imk uk efpu`stm b` $? , `ktmki`s nos `iuoiemk`s b`b`fokbo y mc`rto qu`bok<
B`fokbo< _ B 6 9,07 ’ 7,07 W
Mc`rto< _ Y6 ?,27 + 7,:(W ’ ?)
@k `quenejrem s` te`k`<9,07 ’ 7,07 W 6 ?,27 + 7,:(W ’ ?)
6; 9,07 ’ 7,07 W 6 ?,:7 + 7,:W 6; 9,07 ’ ?,:7 6 7,:W + 7,0W 6; W 6 :,9/7,1 6; W 6 9.9
Woro `st` pr`iem s` te`k` uk vonmr b` _ bobm pmr<_ 6 ?.: + 7,:±9.9 6; _ 6 ?.4
@ktmki`s no pårbebo b`n prmbuitmr s`rï< W W 6 :.9
Ekar
`sm
Cesi
on
W +
Ioktebob_:7
Wr`iem
_ ?
B`fokbo
Mc`rto
W -
Wårbeboerr`iup`rojn` b`
`ceie`kieo
(i) Efpu`stm a rokb`
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?75Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye `sto setuoieùk s` nn`vo o uk arïceim s` te`k`<
No r`iouboieùk pmr port` b`n cesim `s< Efpu`stm ±_ 6 ? ±?.4 6 ?.4
Imk nm iuon s` prmbui` uko pårbebo b` `xi`b`kt`
2.3.0 @nosteiebob y iorao trejutoreoYupmke`kbm qu` no b`fokbo s`o ek`nïsteio, imk `n efpu`stm smjr` nos v`ktos no iurvo b`mc`rto s` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo, `k imks`iu`kieo `n pr`iem ouf`kto `k cmrfoseakeceiotevo b`sb` W* o W B y no r`iouboieùk cesion `s smk nos bms zmkos oforenno y v`rb`.W`rm no foymr port` b` no ekieb`kieo b`n efpu`stm r`io` smjr` nms imksufebmr`s, (zmkooforenno) fe`ktros qu` uko port` fuidm f`kmr smjr` nms prmbuitmr`s (zmko v`rb`).Pkekir`f`ktm `k `n pr`iem prmvmio qu` no ioktebob besfekuyo f`kms qu` prmpmriemkonf`kt`
Ye s` imkseb`roro qu` no b`fokbo cu`ro `nïsteio, `ktmki`s no foymr port` b` noekieb`kieo b`n efpu`stm `s osufebo pmr nms prmbuitmr`s. Imfm s` fu`stro `k no arïceioseaue`kt`, `n pr`iem suj` r`notevof`kt` pmim b`sb` W* o W B , p`rm no ioktebob io` fïscu`rt`f`kt` b` _* o _ ? , y no r`iouboieùk cesion qu` oc`ito o nms imksufebmr`s km `s tok`n`vobo (zmko oforenno). No zmko v`rb` imrr`spmkb` o no prmpmrieùk b`n efpu`stm qu`oc`ito ber`itof`kt` on prmbuitmr y ofjos zmkos imrr`spmkb` o no r`iouboieùk tmton qu`
W
9
1
?.2
9.9
:.9
_B: 9.0?.4
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??7Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
r`iej` `n Cesim.Cekonf`kt`, se no b`fokbo b`n prmbuitm `s `nïsteio, uk ekir`f`ktm `k `npr`iem besfekuy` fïs qu` prmpmriemkonf`kt` no ioktebob.
Ron imfm s` do vestm, se no b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteio s` nmarorï uko `ceie`kt`r`iouboieùk cesion y no foymr iorao r`io` smjr` nms imksufebmr`s. W`rm se no `nosteiebobb` no b`fokbo cu`ro fïs onto (b`fokbo `nïsteio), `ktmki`s s` "iosteaorï" fïs o nms
prmbuitmr`s y no r`iouboieùk cesion s`rï f`kmr.
Ye nos `nosteiebob`s b` no mc`rto y no b`fokbo smk eauon`s, `ktmki`s `k `s` iosm noiorao trejutoreo s` r`port` eauonf`kt` `ktr` nms imfprobmr`s y nms v`kb`bmr`s. S`r qu` nozmko v`rb` imrr`spmkbe`kt` o no iorao trejutoreo b` nms v`kb`bmr`s `s eauon o no oforennob` nms imksufebmr`s. No iorao tmton qu` p`riej` `n @stobm smk nos zmkos oforenno y v`rb`.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
???Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo b`n prmbuitm `s tmtonf`kt` ek`nïsteio, `n prmbuitmr pu`b`troksc`rer tmbm `n efpu`stm on imksufebmr. Ye s` be`ro poro `n iosm b` no mc`rto `k `st`iosm s`ræo no mc`rto que`k b`jo smpmrtor tmbm `n p`sm b`n efpu`stm.
Ye `n je`k te`k` uko b`fokbo tmtonf`kt` `nïsteio, `n prmbuitmr t`kbrï qu` poaor tmbm `nefpu`stm. @k `st` iosm `xtr`fm se cu`s` no b`fokbo m no mc`rto, uko b` `stos km
smpmrtorï tmtonf`kt` `n efpu`stm y s`rï no mtro port` b`n f`riobm que`k b`jo smpmrtornopmr imfpn`tm.
@k a`k`ron, s` te`k` qu`<
Ye no iurvo b` no mc`rto `s fïs `nïsteio qu` no iurvo b` no b`fokbo, nms imksufebmr`sim ktre juy `k imk fïs iora o trejutoreo.
Ye no iurvo b` no b`fokbo `s fïs `nïsteio qu` no iurvo b` no mc`rto, nms prmv``bmr`sim ktre juy `k im k fïs iora o trejutor eo.
Ye no iurvo b` no mc`rto (b`fokbo) `s p`rc`itof`kt` `nïsteio, nms imksufebmr`s
(prmv``bmr`s) imktr ejuy `k imk RMBO no iorao tr ejutoreo , pmrqu` r`oiiemkok f`kms oniofjem `k nms pr`iems
Ye no iurvo b` no mc`rto (b`fokbo) `s p`rc`itof`kt` ek`nïsteio, nms prmv``bmr`s(imksuf ebmr`s) imktr ej uy`k imk RMBO no iorao tr ejutoreo.
Iuokbm s` opneio uk efpu`stm o no prmbuiieùk, `s fuy efpmrtokt` qu` `n prmbuitmr imkmzio no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo b` sus prmbuitms8 b` `sto fok`ro pu`b` soj`r quåprmpmrieùk b`n efpu`stm troksc`rer o nms imksufebmr`s sek qu` jol`k sus v`ktosimkseb`rojn`f`kt`
Iuokbm s` opneio uk efpu`stm on imksufm, no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo lu`ao uk pop`n
cukbof`kton.
Ye `n prmbuitm te`k` uko b`fokbo `nïsteio, uk ekir`f`ktm `k `n pr`iem pmr `n efpu`stma`k`ro uko r`buiieùk kmtmreo `k no ioktebob b`fokbobo
Yek `fjoram, se `n prmbuitm `s ek`nïsteim, `n ekir`f`ktm `k `n pr`iem pmr `n efpu`stm kmr`bui` seakeceiotevof`kt` nos v`ktos.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.1 @N YPJYEBEM U YPY @C@IRMYPk sujsebem smk r`iursms opmrtobms pmr `n @stobm u mtrm `kt` cekokie`rm iuyo cekonebob `s`stefunor onaük ïr`o b` no `imkmfæo imfm s`r, no prmbuiieùk m `n imksufm `k onaukozmko m r`aeùk b`n poæs, `n efpunsor m prmfmv`r onauko oitevebob prmbuitevo imkseb`robok`i`soreo m r`n`vokt` poro no `imkmfæo ekt`rko m b` `xpmrtoieùk b` fmbm qu` s`oimfp`tetevo o kev`n anmjon, se nos imkbeiemk`s poro prmbuier km nm p`rfet`k, yo s`o pmrimstms a`k`ron`s, oii`sm o nos fot`reos prefos, no t`ikmnmaæo, ti. m tofjeåk b`stekobms oosp`itms smieon`s imfm `s `n oneveor `n pr`supu`stm o onaük s`af`ktm b` no pmjnoieùkbobm pmr sus r`ktos y b` `st` fmbm `n`vor `n imksufm, ekinusm pu`b`k s`r sek cek`s b`nuirm imfm pmr `l`fpnm nms b`stekobms o no iunturo m no `ktr`t`kieùk, m osest`kieon`s imfmpmr `l`fpnm b` ekvoneb`z, mrcokbob, b`s`fpn`m, `ti.
Woro `n p`ksofe`ktm iopetonesto nej`ron, nms sujsebems smk f`iokesfms orteceieon`s qu`fmbeceiok no oseakoieùk b` nms r`iursms `k uko `imkmfæo yo qu` `stms b`je`rok s`roseakobms pmr `n f`riobm. Ye je`k `k uko `imkmfæo nej`ron km b`je`ro doi`rs`, sek`fjoram, `k no prïiteio s` nn`vo o iojm `k iose tmbm `n fukbm, b` uko cmrfo u mtro, p`rmnm efpmrtokt` `s km io`r `k `n prmt`iiemkesfm y p`rfeter `n b`sorrmnnm b` nms f`riobms `kuk ïfjetm b` op`rturo y imkceokzo.
B` oiu`rbm imk tmbm nm okt`s `xpr`sobm, uk sujsebem `s no bec`r`kieo `ktr` `n pr`iem r`onb` uk je`k m s`rveiem y `n pr`iem r`on `xeaebm o nms imksufebmr`s pmr uk je`k m s`rveiem ypmr toktm doy uko trosc`r`kieo qu` r`onezo `n @stobm `k iuon pu`b` s`r ekt`rpr`tobm imfmuk efpu`stm k`aotevm (- Ef ), pu`stm qu` `n Amje`rkm `k nuaor b` r`ioubor nms r`iursms ma`k`ror uk ekar`sm cesion sekm fïs je`k nms aostorï `k j`k`ceiem b` uko ekbustreo m b` nmsimksufebmr`s.
@xest`k bev`rsms tepms b` sujsebems, nms iuon`s s` pu`b`k inoseceior imfm<
Yujsebem s o no mc`rto < smk oqu`nnms mtmraobms o nos `fpr`sos y imrr`spmkb` o iuonque`rekt`rv`kieùk qu` besfekuyo `n imstm b` prmbuiieùk m ekir`f`kt` `n pr`iem r`iejebm pmr `n
prmbuitmr, imfporobm imk `n imstm y `n pr`iem qu` b`je`ro pr`von`i`r `k uk f`riobm kmbestmrsemkobm. Wmr `l`fpnm qu` s` b`iebe`ro mtmraor uk sujsebem o nms prmbuitmr`s b` treamporo qu` `n henm b` doreko s`o pu`stm `k `n f`riobm o uk :0% fïs jolm qu` `n vonmr r`on mb` `quenejrem, `ktmki`s, `s` :0% b` bec`r`kieo `s oqu`nnm qu` ioki`no `n Cesim o nmsprmbuitmr`s.
Yujsebem s o no b`fokbo < smk oqu`nnos troksc`r`kieos qu` r`bui`k nm qu` poao `nusuorem, imk r`sp`itm o oqu`n qu` t`kbræo qu` poaor se `stuve`ro `k uk f`riobm sekr`streiiemk`s y b` nejr` oii`sm (eki`ktevm on imksufm). @s b`ier r`bui`k nm qu` poao `nimksufebmr, pmr b`jolm b`n imstm b`n je`k m s`rveiem. B` `st` fmbm on imksufebmr n`oniokzoro poro imfpror uko ioktebob foymr b` åstms se`fpr` y iuokbm km s` trot` b` ukje`k Aecc`k.
Nms sujsebems o no b`fokbo te`k`k bms osp`itms<
Yujseb ems b er`itms < smk oqu`nnms `k qu` `n @stobm poao ber`itof`kt` `n b`siu`ktm b`uko port` b`n je`k m s`rveiem on imksufebmr. Pk `l`fpnm b` `st` tepm b` sujsebem pu`b` s`riuokbm o nos cofeneos s` n`s `ktr`ao uk sujsebem pmr port` b`n amje`rkm poro no obqueseieùkb` veve`kbos y `k `st` iosm, miurr` qu` s` eki`ktevo km smnm `n imksufm sekm tofjeåk noimkstruiieùk b` `nnos.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??9Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Yujseb ems iruzobms < `s iuokbm `n s`itmr `k su tmtonebob km `stï se`kbm sujsebeobm sekmoqu`n s`itmr b` no smie`bob qu` s` supmk` nms f`kms k`i`setobms (pmr nm a`k`ron b`foymr`s ekar`sms) `stï sujsebeokbm `n imksufm `s b`ier poaokbm uko foymr ioktebob b`qu` `n pr`iem r`on, b` oqu`n s`itmr b` no smie`bob qu` s` supmk` fïs k`i`setobm y pmrtoktm poaok f`kms. Rmbm `stm te`k` imfm r`suntobm qu` `n @stobm km pmkao kobo b`n
imstm b`n sujsebem, se`kbm ekk`i`sorem su opmym y nos `fpr`sos fokte`k`k nms ekar`smsimkstokt`s.
Okïnes es fot`fïtei m y a rïcei m b `n su js eb em
Y` belm qu` `n sujsebem imkstetuæo uk efpu`stm k`aotevm `s b`ier (-E f )@ktmki`s se W B `s `n pr`iem fïxefm qu` `stïk bespu`stm o poaor nms imksufebmr`s y W Y `s`n pr`iem `xeaebm pmr nms prmv``bmr`s `ktmki`s s` pu`b` `stojn`i`r qu`<
W B ’ W Y 6 - Ef 6; W B + Ef 6 W Y se b`kmtofms o Yuj imfm `n sujsebem `ktmki`s s` te`k`<W B + Yuj 6 W Y Ye s` te`k` qu` no b`fokbo `stï bobo pmr no `xpr`seùk _ 6 O ’ oW B y nomc`rto `stï bobo pmr _ 6 J + jW Y s` pu`b` r``sirejer no `iuoieùk b` no mc`rto ektrmbuie`kbm
uk sujsebem uketorem b` fmbm qu` s` mjt`kao< _ 6 J + j(W B + Yuj) .
Woro uko setuoieùk b` `quenejrem< J + j(W B + Yuj) 6 O ’ oW B y pmr nm toktm `n pr`iem fïxefm
qu` `stïk bespu`stm o poaor nms imksufebmr`s s`rï<jo
jYuj J O W B
pmr nm toktm imfm
s` te`k` qu` W Y 6 W B + Yuj qu` `s `n pr`iem `xeaebm pmr nms v`kb`bmr`s `ktmki`s no
`iuoieùk qu`bo imfm<jo
oYuj J O W Yuj
jo
jYuj J O W Y Y
@ktmki`s no ioktebob _* b` quenejrem storï bobo pmr<
jo
oYuj J Oj J_
jo
jYuj J Oo O_oW O_ B ***
B` `st` okïneses s` pu`b`k soior onaukos imkinusemk`s ok`xos ton`s imfm<Ye Yuj 6 7 6; W B 6 W Y 6 W* (pr`iem b` `quenejrem)
@ktmki`s< B Y
O J W W
o j
Nu`am<O J O J
_* O o J j o j o j
@l`fpnm< Bobo uko b`fokbo b` f`riobm `xpr`sobo imfm _ 6 ?77 ’ :W B y uko mc`rto b`
_ 6 ?7 + W Y , `ktmki`s s` b`j` b`t`rfekor nms pr`iems y ioktebob `k `quenejrem sek sujsebem
y imk sujsebem qu` `k `st` iosm s` `stefo `k Yuj 6 ?7 y b`spuås imk oqu`nnms botms osæ`kimktrobms prmi`b`r o aroceior nos setuoiemk`s cekon`s<
Yetuoieùk b` `quenejrem `imkùfeim sek sujsebem< `k `st` iosm Yuj 6 7 6; W B 6 W Y 6 W* pmr
toktm W B 6 W Y 6; B Y
O J W W
o j
6; 97?:
?7?77*
W 6; 97* W
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??2Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Wmr mtro port`<O J O J
_* O o J j o j o j
6;_* 6 ?77 ’ :(97) 6 ?7 + ?(97) 6 27 pmr
nm toktm _ *6 27
@quenejrem imk sujsebem (Yuj 6 ?7 )
Wr`iem fïxefm qu` `stïk bespu`stm o poaor nms imksufebmr`s `s<
31,:3?:
)?7(??7?77
B B W W
@n pr`iem qu` `xeaerïk nms v`kb`bmr`s imk sujsebem `s<
31,93?:
)?7(:?7?77
Y Y W W
U no ioktebob b`n ku`vm `quenejrem imk sujsebem s`rï<
_* suj 6 ?77 ’
:(:3.31) 6 ?7 + ?(93.31) 6;_* suj 6 23.31 No ku`vo setuoieùk arïceio s`rï pmr toktm<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??0Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No opneioieùk b` uk sujsebem b` ?7 u.f. p`rfet` o no `fpr`so prmbuier uko foymr ioktebob
b` je`k`s _* suj 6 ?7 fokt`ke`kbm su imstm. @stm s` pub` opr`ieor `k `n b`spnozofe`ktm
b` no iurvo b` mc`rto Y doieo no b`r`ido.
On pr`iem ekeieon, W Y 697, no `fpr`so `stï bespu`sto o prmbuier uko foymr ioktebob _* suj
623.31 , pu`stm qu` imk `n sujsebem b`n @stobm, oük pu`b` prmbuier fïs fokt`ke`kbm supr`iem. B` fot`k`r `n pr`iem s` prmbui` uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo `n iuon s` imrrea`
f`beokt` no besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem o W B 6 :3,31 , y pmr nm toktm imk uk ouf`ktm `k no
ioktebob (b` 27 o 23,31 ukebob`s b` prmbuiieùk).
@k `n ku`vm `quenejrem, no ioktebob mcr`iebo pmr nms prmbuitmr`s s`rï _* suj 6 23,31 , bobo
`sto ioktebob `n pr`iem b` f`riobm qu` poaorïk nms imksufebmr`s s`rï W B 6 :3,31 . @k
`st` iosm nms prmbuitmr`s r`iejerïk W Y 6 93,31 b`jebm o qu` `n @stobm cekokieo no
bec`r`kieo.
@c`itm je`k`stor b`n sujseb em < `k `st` iosm nms imksufebmr`s aokok no zmko b` imnmrozun, nms prmbuitmr`s aokok `n s`itmr v`rb`, `n Cesim pe`rb` (b`jebm o qu` poao `n sujsebem
nos zmkos v`rb`, ozun y koroklo y no Wårbebo Ymieon k`to `s no zmko b` imnmr koroklo.
2.1.? @n sujsebem y n je`k`stor
½Iùfm oc`ito `n sujsebem on je`k`stor b` nms imksufebmr`s y prmbuitmr`s=
No iurvo b` b`fokbo s` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido< imfpror `n je`k `s odmro fïs jorotm,pmrqu` on pr`iem qu` r`iej` `n v`kb`bmr (pr`iem b` f`riobm) doy qu` r`storn` `n sujsebem(Y ). No b`fokbo imrr`spmkb`rï o no qu` dojræo se on pr`iem b` f`riobm n` r`stofms `nefpu`stm.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??3Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??1Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iofjems r`suntokt`s `k `n je`k`stor b` no opneioieùk b` uk sujsebem
Yek Yujsebem Imk Yujsebem Iofjem
@xi`b. Imks uf . O + J O + J + B + @ + C + ( B + @ + C )
@xi`b. Wrmb uit. B + D B + D + J + I + ( J + I )
Ekar`sm Cesion kek auk m -(J +I + A + B + @ + C) -( J + I+A+B+@+C )
@xi`b`kt` Rmton O + J + B + D O + J + B + D ’ A - A
2.1.: @n Yujsebem y n o nosteiebob@N YPJYEBEM IMK @NOYREIEBOB B@ NO B@FOKBO PKEROZEO
On trotors` b` uk je`k imk `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo uketoreo, no fetob b`n sujsebem s` n`mtmrao on imksufebmr y no mtro fetob o no prmbuiieùk.
YPJYEBEM IMK @NOYREIEBOB B@ NO B@FOKBO @NÏYREIO
@n sujsebem vo bereaebm fïs o no prmbuiieùk qu` on imksufm
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??4Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
YPJYEBEM IMK B@FOKBO EK@NÏYREIO
No foymr port` b`n sujsebem `k `st` iosm `s b`stekobm poro `n imksufebmr
YPJYEBEM IMK B@FOKBO RMRONF@KR@ EK@NÏYREIO
Ye no b`fokbo `s tmtonf`kt` ek`nïsteio, `n sujsebem r`io` imfpn`tof`kt` `k `nimksufebmr.
Åst` `s `n iosm b` nms je`k`s b` pref`ro k`i`sebob y b` nms je`k`s pr`c`r`kt`s. @sa`k`ronf`kt` o `st` tepm b` je`k`s o nms qu` s` mtmrao `n sujsebem.
Imks`iu`kieos cekon`s b` uk sujsebem<
• Pk sujsebem seakeceio utenezor r`iursms qu` mreaekonf`kt` pube`rmk doj`r sebm
b`stekobms o mtrm tepm b` oitevebob`s.• O noram pnozm, nms s`itmr`s sujsebeobms km s b`sorrmnnok on retfm qu` no smie`bob
b`fokbo, prmvmiokbm qu` `k `n s`itmr p`rfok`ziok `fpr`sos qu` mcr`i`kprmbuitms y s`rveiems b` fono ionebob y `siosms.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
??5Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.4 IMF@ZIEM EKR@ZKM U @TR@ZEMZ
@n imf`riem `xt`remr `kanmjo nms ekt`ri ofje ms b ` je`k`s y s`rvei ems k tr` poæs`s . @nimf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon p`rf et` f`lmror `n je`k `stor b ` iobo poæs (imfprobmr yv`kb`bmr).
@n imf`riem ekt`rkm imrr`spmkb` oqu`nnms ekt`riofjems b` je`k`s y s`rveiems pmr nmsoa`kt`s p rmb uitm r`s p rmp ems b` uk poæs
Imkseb`r`fms bms poæs`s< `n pref`rm sùnm prmbui` n`id` y `n s`aukbm sùnm iork`. Ye kmduje`ro imf`riem `ktr` `nnms `n pref`rm sùnm pmbræo imksufer n`id` y `n s`aukbm sùnmiork`. No setuoieùk b` ofjms f`lmroræo imk `n imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon yo qu` ofjmspmbræok bev`rseceior su be`to y imksufer n`id` y iork`.Ekinusm `k `n iosm b` qu` ofjms poæs`s pube`rok prmbuier ofjms je`k`s no setuoieùk b`nms bms f`lmroræo se iobo ukm s` `sp`ieonezos` `k prmbuier oqu`nnm qu` f`lmr supe`s`doi`r.2.4.? S`ktolo Imfporotevo
No v`ktolo imfporotevo `s n f`kmr imstm b` mpmrtuk ebob `k no cojreioieùk b`uk je`k (m pmims je`k`s) imk r`sp`itm o nms b`fïs prmbuitmr`s. @n imstm b` mpmrtukebobdoi` r`c`r`kieo o oqu`nnm o nm qu` doy qu` r`kukieor poro prmbuier uk je`k. Imki`ktrors``k prmbuier uk smnm je`k m pmims je`k`s s` b`kmfeko `sp`ieon ezoieùk . @stosbec`r`kieos s` mreaekok yo s`ok pmr nos dojenebob`s ekbevebuon`s m b` nos ioroit`ræsteios b`nms r`iursms qu` pms``. Wmr nm a`k`ron km s` pu`b` s`r dojenebmsm y smjr`sone`kt` `ktmbm.
@k tmbo oitevebob dufoko nm qu` uko p`rsmko imkseb`ro becæien mtro no imkseb`rocïien, nm fesfm s` opneio o coitmr`s imfm te`rro y iopeton. Pk t`rr`km pu`b` s`r optm porooitevebob`s oaræimnos p`rm km poro co`kos fek`ros, uko fïqueko pu`b` s`r fuysmcesteiobo y pr`ieso p`rm su mp`roieùk km no pu`b` r`onezor iuonque`r p`rsmko, ukv`dæiunm b` iorr`ro cùrfuno ukm `s bes`ÿobm poro imrr`r o arok v`nmiebob p`rm km osæ poroorrostror m ioraor kmrf`s p`sms
Wmr `l`fpnm, se uk poæs b`ieb` prmbuier b`t`rfekobm vmnuf`k b` imfebo km pmbrïb`beior `sms r`iursms o no `nojmroieùk b` `kvos`s poro onef`ktms.
Oukqu` `s pmsejn` qu` uk poæs pr`s`kt` v`ktolo ojsmnuto `k no cojreioieùk b` nmsbms je`k`s (imfebo y `kvos`s) iobo poæs t`kbrï v`ktolo r`notevo `k ukm b` `nnms, nm qu`
lusteceio `n b`sorrmnnm b`n imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon.W`rm poro doi`r uk `l`fpnm uk pmim fïs cïien supmkaofms qu` s` te`k`k bms
Cïjreios s`ok `stos no Cïjreio T y s`o tofjeåk no Cïjreio U Ye s` supmk` qu` no Cïjreio T te`k` bms pnoktos qu` prmbui`k onef`ktms y `kvos`s
poro onef`ktms. Ye s` `stojn`i` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s poro no Cïjreio T s` te`k` nmseaue`kt`<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:7Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
B` oiu`rbm o no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk b` no Cïjreio T , se usoktmbms nms r`iursms `k no pnokto b` onef`ktms pu`b` prmbuier imfm fïxefm 2777 Xha/drV, yse usok tmbms nms r`iursms `k no pnokto b` `kvos`s pu`b` prmbuier imfm fïxefm 0777Xukeb/drV.
Ye s` n` bo mtrm s`ktebm o no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk kms bei` qu` seno Cïjreio T uso tmbms sus r`iursms poro prmbuier 9:77 ha b` onef`ktms, pmr dmro b`j`
besfekuer su prmbuiieùk b` 0777 o ?:07 `kvos`s pmr dmro.@s b`ier `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuier ?777 Xukeb/ drV b` `kvos`s `s 477
Xha/drV b` onef`ktms yo qu` b`j` soireceior su prmbuiieùk b`sb` 2777 o 9:77 Xha/drV¡Mlm!, v`r qu` no p`kbe`kt` b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk `stï bobo
pmr no r`noieùk 2777/0777 imk nm iuon s` mjte`k` uko r`noieùk poro iobo uko b` nosvoreojn`s ekvmnuirobos b` 7,4.
@s b`ier se b`s`m ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk b` `kvos`s `k 9777 Xukeb/drsV b`jmbesfekuer no prmbuiieùk b` onef`ktms b`sb` 2777 o :277 Xha/drV, imk nm iuon `n imstm b`mpmrtukebob `s b` ?377 Xha/drV b` onef`ktms.
Odmro v`r `n iosm b` no Cïjreio U qu` tofjeåk prmbui` onef`ktms y `kvos`s poroonef`ktms p`rm sus r`iursms y pnoktos smk ob`iuobms poro prmbuier fïs onef`ktms yf`kms `kvos`s imk r`sp`itm o no Cïjreio T , `s b`ier se s` pnokt`o no crmkt`ro b`
pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk b` no Cïjreio U s` te`k`.
S`r qu` no r`noieùk `xest`kt` poro prmbuier imk tmbms nms r`iursms bespmkejn`s `k nopnokto b` onef`ktms `s b` 3777 Xha/drV, y poro prmbuier imk nms r`iursms fïxefmsbespmkejn`s poro no pnokto b` `kvos`s `s b` :777 XPkeb/drV, pmr nm toktm no r`noieùk `ktr`nos voreojn`s `s b` 9.
@n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuier fen ukebob`s b` `kvos`s pmr dmro seakeceio qu`s` b`j`k soireceior 9777 ha b` onef`ktm pmr dmro, y `k su b`c`itm prmbuier ?777 ha b`onef`ktms pmr dmro imrr`spmkb` o soireceior 999,9 ukebob`s b` `kvos`s pmr dmro, `s b`ierr`buier no prmbuiieùk b`sb` :777 o ?333XPkeb/drV.
Y` do vestm `k ofjms iosms okt`remr`s nm qu` miurr` iuokbm `n imf`riem `sbesar`aobm y km oprmv`ido nos v`ktolos imfporotevos `ktr` ukm u mtrm y s` nefetok o susr`sp`itevos crmkt`ros b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.
No Cïjreio U te`k` v`ktolo imfporotevo `k no prmbuiieùk b` onef`ktms y no CïjreioT te`k` v`ktolo `k no prmbuiieùk b` `kvos`s. Ye no Cïjreio U s` `sp`ieonezo `k cojreioronef`ktms oqu`nno pu`b` prmbuier `k `n puktm „o‖ `k su crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b`prmbuiieùk y o su v`z no Cïjreio T s` pu`b` `sp`ieonezor `k no prmbuiieùk b` `kvos`s `ksu puktm fïxefm „j‖ b` su crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.
Ofjos cïjreios pu`b`k ekt`riofjeor onef`ktms y `kvos`s y nmaror uk prmbuitmimfpn`tm o nm noram b` no „næk`o b` imf`riem‖ (rmlo), b` fmbm ton qu` no Cïjreio U imfpro`kvos`s o T pmr f`kms b` su imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuierno y o su v`z no Cïjreio Tobque`r` o U onef`ktms pmr f`kms b`n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuiernms.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iobo uko b` nos cïjreios s` pu`b` i`ktror `k `n puktm „i‖, `n iuon `stï cu`ro b` noscrmkt`ros b` pmsejenebob b` prmbuiieùk b` ofjos pnoktos bmkb` iobo ukm b` `nnms pmbræo`ktr`aor uk prmbuitm imfpn`tm (onef`ktm `kvosobm) sek qu` doyo dojebm uk iofjem `ksus r`iursms.
Mtrm `l`fpnm< Yupmkaofms qu` `xest`k bms poæs`s s`ok `stms J`to y B`nto qu`ofjms prmbui`k imfebos y j`jebos. Ye uk poæs b`ieb` prmbuier uk b`t`rfekobm vmnuf`kb` imfebo km pmbrï b`beior `sms r`iursms o no `nojmroieùk b` j`jebo.
Oukqu` `s pmsejn` qu` uk poæs pr`s`kt` v`ktolo `k no cojreioieùk b` nms bmsje`k`s (imfebo y j`jebo) iobo poæs t`kbrï v`ktolo r`notevo `k ukm b` `nnms, nm qu` lusteceio`n b`sorrmnnm b`n imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon.
@k `st` `l`fpnm J`to te`k` v`ktolo ojsmnuto (pmrqu` utenezo f`kmr ioktebob b`coitmr`s prmbuitevms) k no cojreioieùk b` ofjms je`k`s.Ye s` okonezo no v`ktolo imfporotevo< Imfebo< poro prmbuier ? ha. J`to r`kukieo (imst` b` mpmrtukebob) o ?,33 nt.b` j`jebo(poro prmbuier ? ha. b` imfebo k`i`seto 0 dmros b` trojolm, r`iursms imk nms qu` pmbræoprmbuier ?,33 nt. b` j`jebo), fe`ktros qu` B`nto r`kukieo o :,0 nt. b` j`jebo. Wmr nm toktm,J`to te`k` v`ktolo r`notevo.
@k j`jebo, pmr iobo nt. J`to r`kukieo o 7,3 Ha. b` imfebo, fe`ktros qu` B`ntor`kukieo o 7,2 Ha. b` imfebo, pmr nm qu` B`nto iu`kto imk v`ktolo r`notevo.
@sto setuoieùk lusteceioræo qu` J`to s` `sp`ieonei` `k no pr`poroieùk b` imfebo yB`nto `k no `nojmroieùk b` j`jebos.
J`to `storï bespu`sto o imfpror j`jebo se`fpr` qu` no r`noieùk b` ekt`riofjems`o ? nt.> 7,3 Ha. b` imfebo y B`nto imfprorï imfebo se`fpr` qu` `sto r`noieùk s`o? nt.; 7,2 Ha.
Nu`am `k `s` ekt`rvonm (7,2 ha. > ? nt.> 7,3 ha.), suraerï y s` b`sorrmnnorï `n imf`riemekt`rkoiemkon `ktr` ofjms poæs`s.
Nos pmsejenebob`s b` imksufm b` J`to y B`nto imk imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon s`ræoknos seaue`kt`s<
J`to B`nto
? ha b` imfebo? Nt. b` j`jebo
09
?72
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?::Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Næfet`s Fïxefms b` Imksufm
Imk Imf`riem Imk Imf`riemYek Imf`riem Wr`iem? nts. 6 7,2 ha Wr`iem?nt. 6 ?,: ha.
J`to B`nto J`to B`nto J`to B`nto
Imfebo ?:7 ha 37 ha ?:7 ha 37 ha ?:7 ha ?47 ha (j)J`jebo ?77 ha ?07 nts 977 ha (o) ?07 nts ?77 nts ?07 nts
o) Næfet` t`ùreim< 977 nts. Næfet` r`on fïxefm b` prmbuiieùk B`nto<?07 Ntsj) Næfet` t`ùreim< ?47 ha. Næfet` r`on fïxefm b` prmbuiieùk b` J`to< ?:7 ha
Imkinuseùk< se bms poæs`s te`k`k imst`s b` mpmrtukebob bec`r`kt`s iobo ukmb`j`ræo `sp`ieonezors` `k prmbuier oqu`nnm `k nm qu` iu`kt` imk v`ktolo r`notevo,j`k`ceieïkbms` ofjms b`n imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon.
2.4.: S`ktolo ojsmnutoIuokbm s` imfporo no `ceioieo prmbuitevo b` bms poæs`s `k r`noieùk imk no
prmbuiieùk b` uk b`t`rfekobm je`k, oqu`n qu` utenezo f`kmr ioktebob b` coitmr`sprmbuitevms poro su `nojmroieùk s` bei` qu` pr`s`kto uko v`ktolo ojsmnuto.
Imfm pref`ro oprmxefoieùk s` pmbræo ocerfor qu` iobo poæs b`j`ræo`sp`ieonezors` `k prmbuier oqu`nnm `k nm qu` iu`kto imk v`ktolo ojsmnuto.S`ofms uk `l`fpnm<
Yupmkaofms bms poæs`s, O y J, qu` tok sùnm `nojmrok bms tepms b` prmbuitms,imfebo y j`jebo. Yupmkaofms qu` `n ükeim coitmr prmbuitevm `s no fokm b` mjro.
@k no seaue`kt` tojno s` r`ima` no ioktebob b` dmros qu` iobo poæs k`i`seto poro noprmbuiieùk b` uko ukebob b` `stms je`k`s.
Y` pu`b` v`r qu` O `s fïs `ceie`kt` `k no prmbuiieùk b` imfebo (k`i`seto 0dmros cr`kt` o ?7 qu` k`i`seto J), fe`ktros qu` `st` üntefm nm `s `k no `nojmroieùk b`j`jebo (2 dmros cr`kt` o 3 dmros).
Yupmkaofms qu` `n küf`rm b` dmros b` trojolm imk nos qu` iu`kto iobo poæs `sb` 377 dmros. @k `n arïceim seaue`kt` (crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk) s`r`pr`s`ktok nos bestektos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk imk nos qu` iu`ktok O y J `kcukieùk b`n pmri`ktol` b` sus r`iursms qu` b`beiok o no prmbuiieùk b` iobo ukm b` `stmsje`k`s.
Iokt. b` dmros
O J
? ha b` imfebo? Nt. b` j`jebo
03
?72
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:9Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n poæs O pmbræo prmbuier ?:7 ha b` imfebo se b`beioro `n ?77% b` su fokm b`mjro o no `nojmroieùk b` `st` je`k, ?77 nt b` j`jebo se s` i`ktroro `k `st` je`k, m onaukoimfjekoieùk ekt`rf`beo b` imfebo y j`jebo (setuobo `k no næk`o qu` uk` ofjms puktms) seb`beiobo port` b` sus r`iursms o iobo je`k.
@n poæs J pmbræo prmbuier 37 ha b` imfebo, ?07 nt b` j`jebo, m onauko imfjekoieùkekt`rf`beo.
Ye `ktr` `nnms km duje`s` imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon nos pmsejenebob`s b` imksufm b`ofjms v`kbræok nefetobos pmr sus r`sp`itevos crmkt`ros b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.
@k iofjem, se iobo poæs s` `sp`ieonezos` `k no prmbuiieùk b` oqu`nnm qu` f`lmrsoj` doi`r y nu`am imf`rieonezos`k ktr` nnms ouf`ktoræok nos pmsejenebob`s b` imksufmb` ofjms poæs`s.
Iobo poæs `storæo bespu`stm o imfpror on mtrm oqu`n prmbuitm qu` km cojreiose`fpr` qu` n` imstos` f`kms qu` `nojmrornm `n fesfm.
@n poæs O imfproræo ? nt. b` j`jebo se`fpr` qu` n` imstos` f`kms b` ?,: ha b`imfebo (yo qu` poro `nojmror uk netrm b` j`jebo k`i`seto 3 dmros b` trojolm, r`iursms imknms qu` pmbræo cojreior ?,: ha b` imfebo). Ye n` imstos` fïs b` ?,: ha b` imfebo n`r`suntoræo fïs r`ktojn` prmbuier su prmpeo j`jebo.
Wmr su port`, `n poæs J imfproræo ? ha b` imfebo se`fpr` qu` n` iu`st` f`kms b`:,0 nt. b` j`jebo (poro prmbuier ? ha. b` imfebo k`i`seto ?7 dmros b` trojolm, r`iursms imknm qu` pmbræo `nojmror :,0 nt. b` j`jebo). Ye n` imstos` fïs b` :,0 nt. b` j`jebo n`r`suntoræo fïs r`ktojn` prmbuier su prmpeo imfebo.
Sofms o imfporor `stms pr`iems (poro `nnm nms `xpr`sofms `k uko fesfo jos`,pmr `l`fpnm ha. b` imfebo).
@n poæs O imfproræo j`jebo se`fpr` qu` no r`noieùk b` ekt`riofjem s`o ? nt. > ?,:ha. b` imfebo.
@n poæs J imfproræo imfebo se`fpr` qu` no r`noieùk b` ekt`riofjem s`o ? nt. ; 7,2ha. b` imfebo (se `n vonmr b` ? ha. b` imfebo b`j` s`r f`kmr qu` `n b` :,0 nt. b` j`jebo,bïkbmn` no vu`nto o no `xpr`seùk `n vonmr b` 7,2 nt. b` j`jebo b`j` s`r foymr qu` `n b` ?ha. b` imfebo).
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:2Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
B`ktrm b` `st` ekt`rvonm (? nt. ; 7,2 ha, p`rm > ?,: ha.), ofjms poæs`s `storæokekt`r`sobms `k imf`rieor.
Iuokbm u k p oæs ojr` sus crmkt`ros on i mf`riem xt`remr s us pmseje n eb ob`s b`imk sufm ouf `ktok, f`lmrokbm pmr toktm su je`k`stor .
2.4.9 @xpmrtoiemk`s, efpmrtoiemk`s y oroki n`s
Osæ imfm s` imf`rieo `ktr` ekbevebums b`ktrm b` uko smie`bob m poæs, tofjeåk pu`b`bors` `n imf`riem b` je`k`s y s`rveiems `ktr` ekbevebums b` bec`r`kt`s poæs`s y nmsimksufms km `stïk nefetobms o nm qu` ekt`rkof`kt` uk poæs `s iopoz b` prmbuier.
@ktmki`s pu`b` b`iers` qu` `n imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon `s oqu`n qu` s` r`onezo `ktr`poæs`s y qu` imkstetuy` nm qu` b`kmfekofms uk F`riobm Ekt`rkoiemkon qu` s` imktropmk`on F`riobm Ekt`rkm qu` pms`` iobo poæs.
W`rm no pr`aukto qu` pmbræo ioj`r `s ½Iuïn s`rï no rozùk m efpmrtokieo poro `stojn`i`rbeidm imf`riem= @k nos pïaekos okt`remr`s s` vem uko port` qu` `rok nos v`ktolosimfporotevos y ojsmnutos, p`rm ½josto sùnm qu`bors` imk oqu`nnm= Km ekbubojn`f`kt`qu` km. Odmro doy qu` ferornm jolm `n presfo b` nms pr`iems qu` s` troksok y poro `nnmb`j`k imfporors` nms pr`iems qu` pms`` ekt`rkof`kt` uk poæs imk r`sp`itm on r`stm.
@k pref`r nuaor s` berï qu` nms je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` s` imfprok pmr ukebob b` te`fpm(okuon`s, f`ksuon`s, `ti.), o p`rsmkos b` mtrms poæs`s s` n`s b`kmfekok efpmrtoiemk`s y nms je`k`s y s`rveiems qu` s` v`kb`k b` eauon fmbm, o nms ekbevebums b` mtrms poæs`s s`b`kmfekok `xpmrtoiemk`s .
Iuokbm uk poæs km te`k` imf`riem imk `n r`stm b`n fukbm yo s`o pmrqu` sus b`iesemk`sauj`rkof`kton`s osæ nm b`iebe`rmk m pmrqu` pms``k no suceie`kt` requ`zo y f`bemsekt`rkms poro km doi`rnm s` bei` qu` `s uko ou to rq uæo qu` ve`k` b`n are`am οὗςήϏμΰεο yimkseb`rok qu` pu`b`k outmojost`i`rs`, su `imkmfæo `storæo imkstetuebo pmr no ioktebobje`k`s qu` prmb ui` ekt`rkof`kt` k uk p`rembm b` te`fpm no iuon `storæo `k `quenejrem`k _* y `n pr`ie m ekt `rkm s `ræo su pr `iem b ` quen ej rem W* bobm `k pïaekos okt`remr`s,qu` r`cn`lo nms imstms b` prmbuiieùk ekinuy`kbm su imstm b` mpmrtukebob y nms `xi`b`kt`sb`n imksufebmr y b`n prmbuitmr s` r`port`k `k `st` iosm imk uko `nosteiebob b` mc`rto yb`fokbo uketoreo `quetotevof`kt`, b` fmbm qu` no sufo b` ofjms feb` nms j`k`ceiemstmton`s, `ktmki`s<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:0Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Odmro supmk`r qu` `n poæs b`ieb` ojrers` on imf`riem imk `n r`stm b`n fukbm y poro `nnm nmpref`rm qu` vo o mjs`rvor qu` poro bestektms je`k`s y s`rveiems b` sefenor imkbeieùk(outmfùven`s, t`n`vesmr`s, r`crea`robmr`s, fot`reos prefos imfm `n imjr`, de`rrm, `ti)te`k`k uk pr`iem b` f`riobm ekt`rkoiemkon, qu` pu`b` `stor pmr `kiefo m pmr b`jolm b`npr`iem b` `quenejrem ekt`rkm b`n poæs.
?.- @n pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon `stï pmr `kiefo b`n pr`iem ekt`rkm
@k `st` iosm `n poæs s` imkv`rterï `k uk poæs `xpmrtobmr, pmr iuoktm nms ekbevebums qu``stïk cu`ro `n poæs v`rïk qu` su pr`iem ekt`rkm `s fïs jorotm `k r`noieùk o nm qu` `nnms`xea`k y pmr toktm b`s`orïk imfpron` o nms prmbuitmr`s ekt`rkm sus je`k`s y s`rveiems. Nosetuoieùk s` pu`b` aroceior imfm seau`<
@k `st` arïceim s` fu`stro qu` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k m s`rveiem sefenor on prmbuiebmekt`rkof`kt` s` b`t`rfeko pmr `n pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon y `k `st` iosm `n pr`iemekt`rkoiemkon `k foymr qu` `n pr`iem ekt`rkm, nm qu` seakeceio qu` n poæs t e`k` v`k toloimf porot evo `k su prmb uii eùk imk r`sp`itm on f`riobm `xt`remr (`s fïs jorotm
ekt`rkof`kt`). No iurvo b` b`fokbo b`n poæs B ekbeio qu` o uk pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkonW ekt`rkoiemkon `k `n poæs s` b`fokbok _ ? ukebob`s b` je`k`s y s`rveiem pmr ukebob b` te`fpmpmrqu` nms imksufebmr`s km `storæok bespu`stms o poaor uk pr`iem foymr qu` `n b``quenejrem y nms prmbuitmr`s `stïk bespu`stms o prmbuier y mcr`i`r uko ioktebob _ : pmrukebob b` te`fpm. @stm ekbubojn`f`kt` a`k`rorï uk `xi`b`kt` qu` `n f`riobm ekt`rkm km`stï `k imkbeiemk`s b` ojsmrj`r y qu` no ükeio sonebo `s `n f`riobm `xt`rkm. Nu`am, noioktebob prmbuiebo _ : f`kms no qu` s` imfprok _ ? , `s nm qu` `n f`riobm ekt`rkoiemkon`storæo bespu`stm o imksufer y imkstetueræo `n fora`k b` `xpmrtoiemk`s b`n poæs. @stosv`ktos doieo `n f`riobm `xt`rkm p`rfet` qu` `n f`riobm qu` `stojo `k b`s`quenejremku`vof`kt` nm `kiu`ktr` pmr no ekt`rv`kieùk b`n imf`riem `xt`remr.
½Iuïn s`ræo `n r`suntobm b` tmbm `stm=. No op`rturo doieo `n f`riobm `xt`remr prmbui` uk
`fp`mrofe`ktm b` nms imfporobmr`s pu`stm qu` b`j`k poaor uk pr`iem odmro fïs`n`vobm, km mjstokt` no setuoieùk b` nms prmbuitmr`s f`lmro b`jebm on foymr pr`iem qu`odmro v`kb`k y pmr no foymr prmbuiieùk qu` r`onezok b` _* o _ : .
No pr`aukto qu` ve`k` b` ekf`beotm ½iùfm `s no setuoieùk b` je`k`stor b` nmsimksufebmr`s y prmbuitmr`s=
@n seaue`kt` arïceim `xpneio no ku`vo setuoieùk<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:3Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
B` oiu`rbm o `st` arïceim s` pu`b` opr`ieor `k pref`r tårfekm qu` `n `xi`b`kt` b`nprmbuitmr ouf`kto o nos or`os O,J,I,B,@ y C y `sp`iæceiof`kt` `n or`o I `s uk ouf`ktmanmjon b`n poes m `k mtros ponojros r`pr`s`kto `n ouf`ktm b`n `xi`b`kt` tmton a`k`robopmr no aokokieo b` nos `xpmrtoiemk`s. W`rm pmr mtrm nobm `n `xi`b`kt` b` nmsimksufebmr`s ekt`rkms s` r`bui` on treokaunm @I , pmrqu` r`bui`k su imksufm dosto _? pmr n foymr pr`iem W ekt`rkoiemkon .
:.- @n pr`iem ekt`rkm `stï pmr `kiefo b`n pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon
@k `st` iosm `n pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon W ekt`rkoiemkon on s`r fïs besfekuebm (m fïs jorotm) qu` `npr`iem ekt`rkm km r`p r`s`ktorï uko v`ktolo imfporotevo imk `n i mf`riemekt`rkoiemkon , y ob`fïs nms imfprobmr`s ekt`rkof`kt` s` s`kterïk otroæbms pmr `st` jolmpr`iem y b`s`orïk obquerer fïs y f`lmr`s je`k`s y s`rveiems. W`rm nms prmbuitmr`s ekt`rkmskm b`s`orïk prmbuier fïs qu` no ioktebob _ ? (mc`rto ekt`rko) on pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkonW ekt`rkoiemkon , qu` `s f`kmr o no ioktebob qu` s` prmbui` on pr`iem b` `quenejrem ekt`rkm _* ypmr nm toktm nms imfprobmr`s b`s`orïk obquerer no ioktebob _ : , qu` `s foymr tofjeåk o nmqu` s` prmbuiæo `k `quenejrem, nu`am doy uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo eksotesc`ido y poroiujrer beido b`fokbo `n poæs b`j`rï ekar`sor je`k`s y s`rveiems b`n `xt`remr `s b`iera`k`ror efpmrtoiemk`s y `stos imfpros doi`k qu` `n f`riobm `kiu`ktr` uk ku`vm`quenejrem.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:1Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
½Iuïn`s s`ræok nms `c`itms b` `sto setuoieùk `imkùfeio=Nms `c`itms s` doi`k s`kter `k `n je`k`stor toktm b` prmbuitmr`s imfm b` prmbuitmr`s ypmr `kb` `k `n je`k`stor b`n poæs. Woro enustror `stm s` te`k` `n seaue`kt` arïceim<
B` oiu`rbm o no arïceio iuokbm `n f`riobm ekt`rkm s` ojr` o nos efpmrtoiemk`s, `n pr`iemqu` pms`` W* , jolo on pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon W ekt`rkoiemkon . No ioktebob imfprobo ouf`kto o noioktebob b`fokbobo _ : on pr`iem ekt`rfoiemkon y `n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr s``xpokb` `k tmbo `n or`o v`rb` ekinuy`kbm no zmko b` imnmr forrùk. No ioktebob prmbuieboekt`rkof`kt` besfekuy` o no ioktebob _ ? mcr`iebo on pr`iem W ekt`rkoiemkon y `n `xi`b`kt` b`nprmbuitmr s` r`bui` on or`o okoroklobo qu` `s ekbubojn`f`kt` fïs p`qu`ÿo b` ukosetuoieùk sek imf`riem `xt`remr. Wort` b`n or`o v`rb` b`sb` no nek`o dmrezmkton b`nW ekt`rkoiemkon , dosto no næk`o W* `s uk pårbebo b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr, `s b`ier doy ukor`bestrejuieùk b`n `xi`b`kt` tmton. W`rm no mtro port` b`n ouf`ktm b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n
imksufebmr, `n ïr`o forrùk, `s uko aokokieo k`to. @st` ouf`ktm b`n `xi`b`kt` tmton ypmr toktm ouf`ktm b`n je`k`stor anmjon b`n poæs`s imfm imks`iu`kieo b` uk pr`iem fïsjolm y b`n ouf`ktm b` nos imfpros y imrr`spmkb` o no aokokieo b` no efpmrtoiemk`s.
2.4.2 Z@YRZEIIEMK@Y ON IMF@ZIEM EKR@ZKOIEMKON
Nms amje`rkms pmr nm a`k`ron, `fpn`ok iuotrm tepms b` ekstruf`ktms m f`bebosprmt`iiemkestos trotokbm b` r`buier `n efpoitm (`n`vo `n pr`iem b` nms prmbuitmsefpmrtobms, nm qu` doi` io`r `n vmnuf`k b` efpmrtoiemk`s) y osæ prmt`a`r o nos ekbustreoskoiemkon`s b` no imfp`t`kieo `xt`rko.
Ekstruf`ktms b` prmt`iieùk<
o) Oroki`n`sj) Iumtos b` efpmrtoieùki) Mtros r`streiiemk`s o no efpmrtoieùk (ionebob, t`ikmnmaæo, `ti.)b) Yujsebems o no `xpmrtoieùk
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:4Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.4.2.? Oroki`n`s
Pk oroki`n imrr`spmkb` o uk efpu`stm qu` `stojn`i` iobo poæs efpmrtobmr iuokbm ukje`k obquerebm `k `n f`riobm `xt`rkm iruzo sus crmkt`ros. @stos f`bebos s` `stojn`i`kiuokbm `n poæs s` imkve`rt` `k efpmrtobmr, y su mjl`tevm `s `kior`i`r `n pr`iem y doi`rnmf`kms imfp`tetevm
Nms eki`ktevms b` pmk`r oroki`n`s pmr port` b` nms amje`rkms pu`b`k prmv`ker b`sb` `npuktm b` vesto b` a`k`ror ekar`sms o nos orios cesion`s, tofjeåk poro sotescoi`r ekt`r`s`sp`rsmkon`s b` ekbevebums qu` aokok imk ekbustreos qu` imfpet`k imk nos efpmrtoiemk`s.W`rm `k a`k`ron imfm s` v`rï fïs ob`nokt`, nms oroki`n`s y mtros r`streiiemk`s onimf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon besfekuy`k nos aokokieos b`n imf`riem y km cmf`ktok `n ekt`råssmieon.
Nms oroki`n`s su`n`k ioroit`rezors` pmr s`r besir`iemkon`s, `k `n s`ktebm qu` km s``stojn`i` poro tmbms nms je`k`s y s`rveiems efpmrtobms, sekm smjr` oqu`nnms qu` `namje`rkm `kte`kb` qu` pu`b` p`rlubeior ber`itof`kt` no ekbustreo koiemkon m o s`itmr`sekbustreon`s koiemkon`s.
Iuokbm s` opneio uk oroki`n, `n pr`iem qu` s` a`k`rorï `k `n f`riobm ekt`rkm s`rïsup`remr on pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon y s`rï `k no fesfo iuoktæo b`n efpu`stm.
@n seaue`kt` arïceim enustrorï no setuoieùk b` uk poæs efpmrtobmr qu` b`ieb` opneior ukoroki`n o nms prmbuitms `xt`rkms qu` pos`k pmr nos obuokos.
Iuokbm uk amje`rkm `stojn`i` uk oroki`n o nos efpmrtoiemk`s, `n pr`iem ekt`rkm (b``quenejrem W* ) `s sup`remr on pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon `k no fesfo iuoktæo b`n oroki`n opneiobm.@ktmki`s odmro `n `xi`b`kt` b` nms imksufebmr`s `s `n ïr`o imnmr`obo `k v`rb`, `n`xi`b`kt` b` nms prmbuitmr`s s`rï `n ïr`o imnmr`obo `k rmlm O + J y nms ekar`sms b`n Cesim
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?:5Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
pmr imki`ptm b` oroki`n o nos efpmrtoiemk`s imrr`spmkb` o no ioktebob b` je`k`s ys`rveiems efpmrtobms funtepneiobo pmr `n fmktm b`n efpu`stm y `s `n ïr`o imnmr`obo b`i`n`st`. Wmr nm toktm `n `xi`b`kt` tmton imk oroki`n smk nos ïr`os `k v`rb` b` nmsimksufebmr`s, fïs `n ïr`o imrr`spmkbe`kt` on `xi`b`kt` b` nms prmbuitmr`s J + O, `kimnmr rmlm y `n ïr`o b` nms ekar`sms pmr oroki`n b` imnmr i`n`st`, B .
½_uå sui`b` imk nos ïr`os I y @ =. @sos ïr`os r`pr`s`ktok no pårb ebo er r`p oroj n` b ``ceie`kieo prmvmiobo pm r n oroki`n . Wmrqu`, se s` sufok no voreoieùk b`n `xi`b`kt` b`nimksufebmr (qu` `s k`aotevo), imk no voreoieùk b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr (qu` `spmsetevo) y no voreoieùk b` nms ekar`sms pmr oroki`n`s b`n Cesim (qu` `s pmsetevo), qu`bocekonf`kt` I + @
@ktmki`s, `n j`k`ceiem qu` pube`rok mjt`k`r nms imfprobmr`s koiemkon`s pmr nosefpmrtoiemk`s s` r`bui`, fe`ktros qu` `n p`rlueiem qu` pube`rok sucrer nms prmbuitmr`skoiemkon`s tofjeåk besfekuy`, pmrqu` s` r`bui` `n kev`n b` efpmrtoiemk`s b` _ ?YO o _ ?O yb` _ :YO dosto _ :O. S`r qu` b`sb` _ ?O dosto _ :O imrr`spmkb` o nos ioktebob`s qu` s`efpmrtok b`sb` `n `xtrokl`rm ioki`nokbm `n oroki`n.
@n seaue`kt` iuobrm `xpneiotevm r`suf` y imfporo `n je`k`stor `imkùfeim `k uko setuoieùkb` `imkmfæo okt`s b`n oroki`n y pmst`remr o ån.
Yek Oroki`n Imk Oroki`n Iofjem
@xi`b. Imks uf . O + J + I + B + @ + C O + J - ( I + B + @ + C)
@xi`b. Wrmb uit. A I + A + I
Ekar`sm Cesion kekau km @ + @
@xi `b`kt ` Rmton O + J + I + B + @ + C+ A O + J + I + @ + A - ( B + C )
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?97Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@l`fpnm< Ye s` imkseb`ro o uk poæs qu` pms`` uk f`riobm bmkb` s` imf`rieonezokr`crea`robmr`s f`ksuonf`kt`, iuyos cukiemk`s b` mc`rto y b`fokbo smk nos seaue`kt`s<
Mc`rto _ Y 6 ’ ?0 + 9/: W B`fokbo _ B 6 ?27 ’ 4/0 W
o) B`t`rfekor Wr`iem y ioktebob b` r`crea`robmr`s `k uko setuoieùk b` outorquæo, `s b`ier
sek imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkonWoro `st` iosm `n `quenejrem ekt`rkm b`n poæs vo o b`t`rfekor nm qu` s` prmbui` y imksuf`tmtonf`kt` (eb`on)Nu`am< _ Y 6 _ B 6; ’ ?0 + 9/: W 6 ?27 ’ 4/0 W 6;9/: W + 4/0 W 6 ?27 + ?0 6;9?/?7 W 6 ?00 6;W* 6 07 u.f. qu` `s `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem b`n f`riobm ekt`rkm b`npoæs.
@ktmki`s poro b`t`rfekor no ioktebob qu` s` b`j` prmbuier poro sotescoi`r no b`fokboekt`rko s`rï< _* 6 ’ ?0 + 9/: W 6;_* 6 ’ ?0 + 9/:±07 6; _* 6 37 r`crea`robmr`s pmr f`s
j) Yupmk`r qu` `n poæs b`ieb` ojrer su `imkmfæo on r`stm b`n fukbm y onnæ `n pr`iemekt`rkoiemkon `s W Q 6 :7 u.f. (nùaeiof`kt` qu` s` supmk` qu` doy uko `quevon`kieo `ktr`
nos bevesos m fmk`bos ekt`rkoiemkon`s imk `n pr`iem ekt`rkm , P$, Ђ, ҷ, Nejros `st`rnekos,`ti.). Y` pu`b` mjs`rvor qu` `n pr`iem ekt`rkm `s sup`remr on pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon, `s b`ierW* ; W Q .
@ktmki`s s` peb` b`t`rfekor no b`fokbo b` efpmrtoiemk`s on pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon.Imfm _ B 6 ?27 ’ 4/0±W Q 6; _ B 6 ?27 ’ 4/0±:7 6;_ B 6 ?74, qu` r`pr`s`kto no b`fokbo pmrefpmrtoiemk`s s b`ier BF 6 ?73 r`crea`robmr`s f`ksuon`s
Ob`fïs _ Y 6 - ?0 + 9/:±W Q 6; _ Y 6 - ?0 + 9/:±:7 6; _ Y 6 ?0 , qu` r`pr`s`kto no ioktebob b`r`crea`robmr`s f`ksuon`s `stïk nms prmbuitmr`s bespu`stms o prmbuier y v`kb`rekt`rkof`kt` on pr`iem W Q 6 :7 u.f.
Y` pu`b` v`r qu` doy uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo qu` `n poæs b`j`rï efpmrtor poro iujrer ton`xi`sm. Nu`am nos efpmrtoiemk`s s`rïk b`< F 6 ?74 ’ ?0 6; F 6 59 r`crea`robmr`sf`ksuon`s
i) Ye `n amje`rkm b`ieb` imjror uk oroki`n celm pmr iobo ukebob efpmrtobo b` t 6 ?7 u.f.,½_uå sui`b` imk nos efpmrtoiemk`s `k `st` iosm=
Ye s` imjro uk oroki`n t 6 ?7 u.f. `ktmki`s `n pr`iem qu` s` b`j` imjror odmroekt`rkof`kt` imrr`spmkb` on pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon W Q ouf`ktobm `k `n oroki`n t , `s b`ier `nku`vm pr`iem s`rï pmr toktm W Q + t 6 ?7 + :7 6 97 u.f.
@ktmki`s no b`fokbo y mc`rto qu`bo b` no seaue`kt` fok`ro<
_ B 6 ?27 ’ 4/0±97 6; _ B 6 5: r`crea`robmr`s f`ksuon`s_ Y 6 ’ ?0 + 9/:±97 6; _ Y 6 97 r`crea`robmr`s f`ksuon`s
Nu`am, no b`fokbo pmr efpmrtoiemk`s s`rï< BF 6 5: ’ 97 6; BF 6 3: r`crea`robmr`sf`ksuon`s, qu` r`pr`s`kto uko jolo imk r`sp`itm on imf`riem nejr`.Arïceim b` no setuoieùk dosto odmro<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?9?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
b) ½Iuïn `s `n `xi`b`kt` b` nms imksufebmr`s y prmbuitmr`s sek imf`riem `xt`remr, `ksetuoieùk b` outorquæo=@xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr `k `st` iosm `s `n treïkaunm s`ÿonobm imk no n`tro O
@ktmki`s< @I 6 37 ( 57 07 )
:
6;@I 6 ?:77
@xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr imrr`spmkb` o nos zmkos s`ÿonobos imk nos n`tros J + B + D
@ktmki`s< @W 6 37 ( 07 ?7 )
:
6;@W 6 ?:77
`) @k uko setuoieùk b` nejr` imf`riem imk `n r`stm b`n fukbm ½iuïn `s `n `xi`b`kt` b` nmsimksufebmr`s y prmbuitmr`s=Woro `st` iosm s` te`k`<
@xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr `s nos zmkos O + J + I + B + @ + C + A
Wmr toktm< @I 6 ?74 ( 57 :7 )
:
6;@I 6 9147
@xi`b`kt` b`n Wrmbuitmr `s no zmko D
Wmr toktm< @W 6 ?0 ( :7 ?7 )
:
6;@W 6 10
c) Iuokbm s` opneio uk oroki`n t 6 ?7 u.f. ½iuïn s`rïk nms `xi`b`kt`s b`n imksufebmr,prmbuitmr, nos pårbebos err`porojn`s y nm qu` r`ioubo `n @stobm=
@I 6 (O + J + I) 6; @I 6 5: ( 57 97 )
:
6; @I 6 :137
@W 6 (D + B) 6; @W 697 ( 97 ?7 )
:
6;@W 6 977
Wårbebo er r`porojn` pmr ek ce ie`kieo k no prmbuiieùk, (@) 6; WEW 6( 97 ?0 )( 97 :7 )
:
6 10
Wårbebo e rr `porojn` pmr ek`ceie`kieo k n imksufm (A) 6; WE I 6( ?74 5: )( 97 :7 )
:
6 47
@c itm @stobm8 nm qu` r`ioubo (C ) 6; Z b n @ 6 ( 57 27 )( 97 :7 ) 077
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?9:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.4.2.: Iumtos b` efpmr toieùk
Pko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk `s uko r`streiieùk m uko nefetoieùk o no ioktebob b`efpmrtoiemk`s b` uk je`k `k porteiunor, `k bmkb` s` `sp`ieceio no ioktebob fïxefo qu` s`pu`b` efpmrtor b` beidm je`k `k uk p`rembm b`t`rfekobm.
Iose tmbms nms poæs`s b` onauko u mtro fok`ro efpmk`k iumtos smjr` uko ofpneo vore`bobb` ortæiunms. @stobms Pkebms pmr `l`fpnm nos efpmk` smjr` ortæiunms ton`s imfm t`xten`s ypop`n.
Nos iumtos b` efpmrtoieùk p`rfet`k o nms amje`rkms sotescoi`r nms ekt`r`s`s p`rsmkon`s b`no a`kt` qu` mjte`k` ekar`sms `k nos ekbustreos b` efpmrtoieùk y on eauon qu` `n oroki`nuko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk besfekuy` nos aokokieos b`n imf`riem y km cmf`kto `n ekt`råssmieon imfm s` enustrorï fïs ob`nokt`.
@c`itms b` uko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk Nms `c`itms qu` prmvmio uko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk smk sefenor`s o nms b` uk oroki`n, `sb`ier, `n pr`iem suj`, no ioktebob imfprobo besfekuy` y no ioktebob prmbuieboekt`rkof`kt` ouf`kto nms bms seaue`kt`s arïceims fu`strok nms `c`itms qu` s` s`ÿonok<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?99Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n pref`r arïceim fu`stro uko setuoieùk bmkb` `xest` nejr` imf`riem ekt`rkoiemkon y `k `ns`aukbm arïceim ekbeio nm qu` s` a`k`ro iuokbm s` efpmk` uko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk. Noiurvo b` mc`rto ekt`rko s` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido y imk `nnm `stï ekbeiokbm uko ku`vomc`rto ekt`rko fïs no ioktebob imrr`spmkbe`kt` o no iumto b` efpmrtoieùk qu` `n amje`rkmdo b`iebebm `stojn`i`r. Osæ b` `st` fmbm no iurvo b` mc`rto s` trokscmrfo `s Y (ek t rko) +iumto . @n pr`iem b` uk je`k m s`rveiem qu` s` troks` suj` b` W ekt`rkoiemkon dosto W imk iumto y no
ioktebob imfprobo ekt`rkof`kt` besfekuy` b`sb` _ :YI dosto _ :II y no ioktebob b` je`k`sy s`rveiems prmbuiebms ekt`rkof`kt` ouf`kto b`sb` _ ?YI dosto _ ?II y no ioktebob b`je`k`s y s`rveiems efpmrtobms on poæs besfekuy` o no ioktebob iuyo bec`r`kieo `s `ktr` _ :II y _ ?II . Rmbms nms `c`itms b` `sto iumto smk ebåkteims o nms `c`itms b` uk oroki`n.
½_ueåk aoko y queåk pe`rb`=, ½Doy m km p`rbebo smieon pmr no opneioieùk b` ukoiumto o nos efpmrtoiemk`s=
B`n fesfm fmbm imfm s` `stubeù `n oroki`n, uko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk ir`o tofjeåkaokobmr`s y p`rb`bmr`s p`rm imk uko bec`r`kieo.Iuokbm uk amje`rkm b`ieb` efpmk`r uko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk sui`b` nm seaue`kt`<o) Nms imksufebmr`s b`n je`k m s`rveiem `k `n poæs pe`rb`k
j) Nms prmbuitmr`s ekt`rkms aokoki) Nms efpmrtobmr`s b`n je`k m s`rveiem smf`tebm o iumto aokokb) No smie`bob `k su imkluktm pe`rb` y sura` uko pårbebo err`iup`rojn`
Nm qu` osæ s` `stï ocerfokbm s` pu`b` enustror f`beokt` nms seaue`kt`s arïceims<
@k `st` arïceim s` fu`stro uko setuoieùk `k bmkb` doy nejr` imf`riem o nos efpmrtoiemk`simk uk pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon pmr b`jolm b`n pr`iem ekt`rkm m b` `quenejrem. No zmko v`rb` yoforennm `k su imkluktm imrr`spmkb`k on `xi`b`kt` b` nms imksufebmr`s y no zmko oforenno`k porteiunor kms bei` iuïn `s no aokokieo b`n nejr` imf`riem. Wmr mtro port`, `n `xi`b`kt`b` nms prmbuitmr`s `s no zmko b` imnmr rmlm. No bec`r`kieo `ktr` _ : y _ ? ve`k` o s`r noioktebob imrr`spmkbe`kt` o nos efpmrtoiemk`s qu` r`onezo `n poæs, poro sotescoi`r nob`fokbo ekt`rko qu` b`jebm on jolm pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon prmvmio uk `xi`b`kt` b`b`fokbo ekt`rko qu` b`j` s`r iuje`rto imk je`k`s y s`rveiems troæbms b`sb` `n `xtrokl`rm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?92Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Woro `sto setuoieùk, `n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr s` r`bui` (ïr`o v`rb`). @stobesfekuieùk, `s no pårbebo poro nms imksufebmr`s imfm imks`iu`kieo b` no iumto b`efpmrtoieùk. No besfekuieùk b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr `stï ekt`arobo pmr iuotrms`itmr`s. @k pref`r nuaor, port` b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr s` troksce`r` o nmsprmbuitmr`s. @n ïr`o `ktr` `n pr`iem imk iumto, `n pr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon y no iurvo Y (ekt`rkm)
r`pr`s`kto `sto pårbebo b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr qu` s` troksce`r` imfm port`obeiemkon on `xi`b`kt` b` nms prmbuitmr`s. @k s`aukbm tårfekm, port` b`n `xi`b`kt` b`nimksufebmr s` pe`rb` pmrqu` `n imstm ekt`rkm poæs b` no prmbuiieùk `s foymr qu` `npr`iem ekt`rkoiemkon, y imkstetuy` no pårbebo err`iup`rojn` s`ÿonobo imfm `n treïkaunm b`imnmr turqu`so o no ezque`rbo `k `n arïceim. @k t`ri`r tårfekm, port` b`n `xi`b`kt` b`nimksufebmr s` troksce`r` o nms efpmrtobmr`s qu` imfprok `k `n `xt`remr y nos v`kb`k `k `nf`riobm ekt`rkm. @n ïr`o i`ktron b` imnmr cuiseo r`pr`s`kto `sto pårbebo b` `xi`b`kt b`nimksufebmr y nos utenebob`s poro nms efpmrtobmr`s. @k iuortm tårfekm, port` b`n `xi`b`kt`b`n imksufebmr s` pe`rb` pmrqu` nos efpmrtoiemk`s besfekuy`k y imrr`spmkb` on treokaunmb`n nobm b`r`idm b` imnmr turqu`so, s`ÿonobm imfm pårbebo err`iup`rojn`. Cekonf`kt` `n`xi`b`kt` tmton besfekuy` `k uk ïr`o r`pr`s`ktobo pmr no sufo b` nms bms treïkaunms b`imnmr`s turqu`so y s`ÿonobms imfm pårbebos err`iup`rojn`s.
No ükeio bec`r`kieo `ktr` uko iumto b` efpmrtoieùk y uk oroki`n s` pu`b` b`ier qu` ukoroki`n prmpmriemko ekar`sms on amje`rkm, `k toktm qu` uko iumto o nos efpmrtoiemk`sprmbui` utenebob`s poro nms efpmrtobmr`s. Rmbms nms b`fïs `c`itms smk eauon`s, se`fpr`qu` no iumto s` `stojn`zio `k no fesfo ioktebob b` efpmrtoiemk`s qu` `s imks`iu`kieob`n oroki`n.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?90Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.4.2.9 Iumto b` efpmr toieùk y n je`k`stor
@C@IRMY @K @N JE@K@YROZ WMZ NO EFWMYEIEÙK B@ PKO IPMRO O NOYEFWMZROIEMK@Y.
Yek Iumto o nos
efpmrtoiemk`s
Imk iu mto o nos
efpmrtoiemk`s
Iofjem
@xi`b. Imks uf . O + J + I + B + @ + C O + J - ( I + B + @ + C)
@xi`b. Wrmb uit. A I + A + I
Ekar`sm Cesion kekau km @ + @
@xi `b`kt ` Rmton O + J + I + B + @ + C+ A O + J + I + @ + A - ( B + C )
Woro opr`ieor imfm voræo `n je`k`stor tmton pmr no efpmseieùk b` uko iumto o nosefpmrtoiemk`s, s` sufok no voreoieùk b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n imksufebmr qu` `k `st` iosm `sk`aotevo, imk no voreoieùk b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr qu` `s pmsetevo, pmr iuoktmouf`kto y no voreoieùk b` nms efpmrtobmr`s qu` tofjeåk `s pmsetevo.
Y` pu`b` opr`ieor qu` `n `xi`b`kt` tmton besfekuy` `k `n ïr`o B + C . @stos ïr`osr`pr`s`ktok no pårbebo err`porojn` b` `ceie`kieo qu` `s prmvmiobo pmr no iumto o nosefpmrtoiemk`s.Imfm r`suf`k a`k`ron, s` pu`b` b`ier, qu` toktm nms oroki`n`s imfm nos iumtos smjr`nos efpmrtoiemk`s `n`vok `n pr`iem ekt`remr b`n je`k o troksor, r`bui`k `n je`k`stor b` nmsimksufebmr`s koiemkon`s, ouf`kto `n je`k`stor b` nms prmbuitmr`s koiemkon`s ycekonf`kt` s` prmvmio uko pårbebo err`porojn` b` `ceie`kieo. Wmr üntefm imfm yo s` belm ukoroki`n r`ioubo ekar`sms poro `n Cesim, `k iofjem no iumto o no efpmrtoiemk`s a`k`ro uk
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?93Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
`xi`b`kt` o nms efpmrtobmr`s qu` pu`b`k doi`r ton`s efpmrtoiemk`s imk iumtos qu` `s `nïr`o @ .
OZAPF@KRMY @K WZM U @K IMKRZO B@ NOY F@BEBOY B@ WZMR@IIEÙK
Orauf`ktms o covmr b` opneior f`bebos prmt iiemkestos te`k`k ie`rtos `xpneioiemk`s qu` n`
bok uk pesm b` ir`bejenebob, p`rm km mjstokt` nms qu` vok `k s`ktebm imktrorem (qu` s`v`rï o imktekuoieùk pmr nm a`k`ron smk fïs sùnebms y f`lmr cukbof`ktm b`sb` `n puktm b`vesto `imkùfeim.Nms orauf`ktms fïs imfuk`s qu` s` pu`b`k `sarefer smk ton`s imfm<o) Wrmt`iieùk o nms pu`stms b` trojolmj) W`rfet` imfp`ter imk fokm b` mjro `xtrokl`ro jorotoi) W`konezo kmrfos ofje`kton`s pmim `xea`kt`sb) Efpeb` o nms poæs`s b` foymr b`sorrmnnm `xpnmtor o nms poæs`s pmjr`s.
o) Wrmt`iieùk o nms pu`stms b` trojolm< `n nejr` imf`riem se je`k ie`rro onaukms pu`stms b`trojolm, p`rm km mjstokt` tofjeåk ir`o mtrms. Wrmbui` uko foymr roiemkonebob anmjon b`ntrojolm y oseako r`iursms nojmron`s o oqu`nnos b` foymr vonmr. @ktmki`s se je`k `s ie`rtm
qu` prmbuitm b` nos efpmrtoiemk`s s` pe`rb`k pu`stms b` trojolm, p`rm tofjeåk s` ir`okie`ktms b` pu`stms b` trojolm `k nms poæs`s imk v`ktolos imfporotevos. W`rm tofjeåk `k`n poæs s` ir`ok ie`ktms b` pu`stms b` trojolm b`jebm o nos `xpmrtoiemk`s qu` `s` poæsb`j` r`onezor y qu` o v`i`s smk f`lmr r`fuk`robos o nms okteaums `fpn`ms qu` okt`spms`æok.Nos efpmrtoiemk`s km sùnm iu`stok `fpn`ms, sekm qu` tofjeåk ir`ok `fpn`ms poro nmsfekmrestos qu` v`kb`k je`k`s y s`rveiems efpmrtobms y poro nos `fpr`sos qu` boks`rveiem b` `sms je`k`s. Rofjeåk ir`ok `fpn`ms on a`k`ror ekar`sms `k `n r`stm b`nfukbm, port` b` nms iuon`s s` aostok `k efpmrtoiemk`s b` je`k`s y s`rveiems cojreiobms`k `n poæs `xpmrtobmr.
j) W`rfet` imfp`ter imk fokm b` mjro `xtrokl`ro joroto< no imfp`tetevebob km `stï `k `n
pr`iem b` no fokm b` mjro `k sæ, sekm fïs je`k `k nms arobms b` prmbuitevebob qu` t`kao`n poæs imk `n r`stm b`n fukbm y vei`v`rso. Nos oitevebob`s `k nos qu` nms trojolobmr`s b`npoæs smk r`notevof`kt` fïs prmbuitevms qu` sus dmfùnmams `xtrokl`rms smk oqu`nnos `knos qu` beidm poæs te`k`k uko v`ktolo imfporotevo. Nu`am, on porteiepor `k `n nejr`imf`riem ouf`ktokbm no prmbuiieùk y nos `xpmrtoiemk`s b` je`k`s y s`rveiems `k nms qu`te`k` uko v`ktolo imfporotevo, y besfekuy`kbm no prmbuiieùk y ouf`ktokbm nosefpmrtoiemk`s b` je`k`s y s`rveiems `k nms qu` sus smiems imf`rieon`s te`k`k b` pmr sæuko v`ktolo imfporotevo. @n poæs pu`b` f`lmror km sùnm su prmpeo setuoieùk, sekm tofjeåkno b` sus prmpems ieubobokms.
i) W`konezo kmrfos ofje`kton`s pmim `xea`kt`s< s` orauf`kto qu` pmr nm a`k`ron nmspoæs`s f`kms b`sorrmnnobms km te`k`k nos fesfos pmnæteios ofje`kton`s qu` nms poæs`s
b`sorrmnnobms m poæs`s reims y pmr toktm se nms pref`rms b`s`ok imf`rieor b`j`rïk doi`rnmimk nms `stïkbor`s `imnmaestos on kev`n b` nms poæs`s reims.@s uk orauf`ktm båjen, pu`stm qu` uk poæs km pu`b` bors` `n nulm (pmr su imstm) b`pr`miupors` pmr su f`bem ofje`kt` imfm uk poæs b`sorrmnnobm, p`rm `k no oituonebobonaukms b` nms p`mr`s kev`n`s b` imktofekoieùk yo s`o b` oauo y oer` s` `kiu`ktrok `kpoæs`s ton`s imfm Ideko, Fåxeim, nms okteaums poæs`s b`n jnmqu` imfukesto b` @urmpomre`kton y poro quå b`ier b` PYO qu` kukio do cerfobm `n prmtmimnm b` Hemtm. W`rmtofjeåk `s orauf`ktm vïnebm b`ier qu` `k no f`bebo qu` f`lmr`k sus `imkmfæos b`jebmon nejr` imf`riem, `st` ir`iefe`ktm b` sus ekar`sms oqu`nnms poæs`s pmjr`s y `k b`sorrmnnm
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apuntes-fundamentos-de-economia 138/267
Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?94Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
`l`fpnm o oqu`nnms je`k`s qu` kms prmpmriemko no koturon`zo imfm nms ræms, pnoyos, `n oer`y mtrms qu` sufekestro `n @stobm imfm no b`c`kso koiemkon, no s`aurebob ieuboboko, `ti.
Rmbms `stms je`k`s smk b` usm arotuetm, `ktmki`s `stm pr`s`kto `n p`nearm b` uk fon usm,qu` doyo b`spencorrm.
Wmr `l`fpnm, uk je`k püjneim s`ræo `n onufjrobm püjneim qu` uso uko p`rsmko y qu` mtrmstofjeåk nm doi`k, fe`ktros qu` uk je`k prevobm s`ræo `n usm b`n t`nåcmkm qu` sùnmj`k`ceieo on usuorem. Osefesfm, nms je`k`s püjneims te`k`k no ioroit`ræsteio b` no km-revonebob, nm iuon seakeceio qu` `n je`k km besfekuy` pmr `n d`idm b` qu` nm imksufo ukküf`rm foymr b` p`rsmkos. @k ku`strm `l`fpnm, km s` imksuf` foymr onufjrobm pmr `nd`idm b` qu` uk küf`rm foymr b` p`rsmkos oprmv`id` su nuz. @k imks`iu`kieo, nmsprekiepems b` km-`xinuseùk y km-revonebob ioroit`rezok on je`k püjneim, nm iuon, o su turkm,seakeceio qu` te`k`k nuaor `xt`rkonebob`s, `s b`ier, imfm qu`bo beidm, qu` a`kt` s`j`k`ceieo b`n je`k sek doj`r imktrejuebm o su cekokieoieùk (cr``-reb`rs) m tofjeåk, `k mtrmsiosms, a`kt` qu` s` p`rlubeio (`xt`rkonebob`s k`aotevos m imstms `xt`rkms) setuoieùk åstoüntefo `k no qu` nms cr``-reb`rs smk nms `fesmr`s b` `xt`rkonebob`s.
Iuokbm kms `kimktrofms okt` `sms je`k`s, `n f`riobm km cukiemko imrr`itof`kt`, s`prmbui` `ktmki`s uko conno b`n f`riobm. Imfm `stms je`k`s ior`i`k b` pr`iem nmsf`riobms km pu`b`k aoroktezor su prmbuiieùk. @ktmki`s `s `n @stobm `n qu` b`j`ekt`rv`ker poro r`aunornms, jusiokbm foxefezor `n j`k`ceiem tmton.
@k iuonque`r iosm, `k `st` imkt`xtm, s` fokte`k` qu` nms je`k`s püjneims b`j`k s`rprmvestms pmr `n amje`rkm, yo qu` b` `s` fmbm, s` imkteküo beie`kbm, nms j`k`ceieorems b``xt`rkonebob`s pmsetevos cekokieoræok `n prmbuitm `k iu`steùk væo nms efpu`stms. U, pmrtoktm, km dojræo cr``-reb`rs y, pmr `kb`, b`sopor`i`ræo `so "conno b`n f`riobm" (noprmbuiieùk b` `xt`rkonebob`s km ekt`rkonezojn`s). @k `st` fesfm denm orauf`kton s`smste`k` qu` se `n amje`rkm km prmv`` `s` je`k, `n f`riobm km nm prmbuieræo m, se nm deie`ro,s`ræo o kev`n`s suj-ùptefms, pu`stm qu` nms prmbuitmr`s porteiunor`s t`kb`rïk o soior
portebo b` no `xt`rkonebob `sp`iunokbm imk no pmsejenebob b` imkstetuers` `k uk cr``-reb`r(`s b`ier, o no `sp`ro b` qu` mtrm s`o que`k nm prmbuzio y, pmr toktm, iorau` imk nmsaostms imrr`spmkbe`kt`s). B`n fesfm fmbm, s` do smst`kebm qu` `k iosm b` uko`xt`rkonebob k`aotevo `n amje`rkm b`j` imfp`ksor no oiieùk b`n r`spmksojn` (cr``-reb`r).
@k mtrms tårfekms, `n je`k püjneim imkstetuy` `n orauf`ktm i`ktron b`n ekt`rv`kiemkesfm`stoton, yo qu` `k `sto næk`o orauf`kton, `n amje`rkm prmbuieræo no ioktebob ùptefo b`nje`k `k iu`steùk qu` s`ræo cekokieobm pmr tmbms o trovås b` efpu`stms imk nm iuon s`ekt`rkonezoræo no `xt`rkonebob y km dojræo cr``-reb`rs ke imstms ke j`k`ceiems `xt`rkms sekekt`rkonezor. Ron v`z `n r`suf`k fïs inorm b` `sto pmseieùk `stå `xpr`sobm pmr ForiukMnsmk que`k smste`k` qu` "Pk `stobm `s, okt` tmbm, uko mraokezoieùk qu` prmv`` b`je`k`s püjneims o sus fe`fjrms, nms ieubobokms".
Repms b` Je`k`s
Woro `stubeor nms bestektms tepms b` je`k`s b` no `imkmfæo, r`sunto üten oarupornms b`oiu`rbm imk bms ioroit`ræsteios, `s b`ier bec`r`kieor se `n je`k `s `xinuejn` m se `s revon<Pk je`k s xinu ej n` iuokbm `s pmsejn` efp`ber qu` nm utenei` uko p`rsmko.Pk je`k s revon iuokbm su usm pmr port` b` uko p`rsmko r`bui` su usm pmr port` b`mtro.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?95Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Je`k`s Wrevobms< @stms je`k`s smk `xinu ej n`s y revon`s . @ktmki`s smk `xinuejn`spmrqu` josto imk km born` o uko p`rsmko `n je`k. U smk revon`s pmrqu` se nm utenezo ukop`rsmko km pu`b` utenezornm mtro. Ymk `l`fpnms b` je`k`s prevobms< uk d`nobm, no rmpo, uknïpez.
Je`k`s Wüjneims< @stms je`k`s smk b` nejr` oii`sm o tmbm `n fukbm (`s b`ier qu` km s`pu`b` r`strekaer su usm) y smk enefetobms (su usm pmr uko p`rsmko km nefeto `n usm pmr mtrmsekt`r`sobms). Wmr nm toktm nms je`k`s püjneims km sm k ke xinu ej n`s ke revon`s . Km s`
pu`b` efp`ber qu` uko p`rsmko utenei` uk je`k püjneim y su usm pmr port` b` uko kmr`bui` su usm pmr port` b` mtro. Ymk `l`fpnms b` je`k`s püjneims nos pnoyos, nms ræms, nob`c`kso koiemkon.
Z`iursms Imfuk`s< @stms smk b` nejr` oii`sm (km s` pu`b` r`strekaer su usm) p`rm smknefetobms pmrqu` su usm pmr port` b` uko p`rsmko se nefeto m r`bui` `n usm pmr mtrmsekt`r`sobms). Nms r`iursms i mfuk`s sm k r evo n`s p`rm km xinu ej n`s . Ymk `l`fpnms b`r`iursms imfuk`s< no p`sio, no iozo, nms joÿms b` nos pnoyos.
Roktm `k `n iosm b` nms je`k`s püjneims imfm `k `n b` nms r`iursms imfuk`s, sura`k`xt`rkonebob`s pmrqu` onam qu` te`k` vonmr ior`i` b` pr`iem. Ye uko p`rsmko sufekestrorouk je`k püjneim, imfm no b`c`kso koiemkon, ouf`ktoræo `n je`k`stor b` mtros y, sek`fjoram, km pmbræo imjrïrs`n`s pmr `st` j`k`ceiem. Osefesfm, iuokbm uko p`rsmko utenezouk r`iursm imfük, imfm nms p`i`s b`n miåokm, `fp`mro `n je`k`stor b` mtros y, sek`fjoram, km s` n`s imfp`kso pmr `sto pårbebo.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?27Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Onaukms Je`k`s Wüjneims efpmrtokt`s<
No b`c`kso koiemkon < no b`c`kso b`n poæs b` nms oar`smr`s `xtrokl`rms `s `n `l`fpnminïseim b` je`k püjneim, tofjeåk `s ukm b` nms fïs iorms. Iose kobe` bubo qu` s`ok`i`sorem b`stekor onaük aostm püjneim o no b`c`kso koiemkon. Ekinusm nms `imkmfestos qu`smk porteborems b` qu` `n @stobm s`o p`qu`ÿm `stïk b` oiu`rbm `k qu` no b`c`kso
koiemkon `s uk je`k püjneim qu` b`j` s`r sufekestrobm pmr `n @stobm.
No ek v`s tea oieùk jïsei o < no ir`oieùk b` imkmiefe`ktms `s uk je`k püjneim. U `n @stobmtroto b` sufekestror `n je`k püjneim b` nms imkmiefe`ktms a`k`ron`s b` bec`r`kt`s cmrfos.Nms mraokesfms püjneims sujv`kiemkok no ekv`steaoieùk jïseio `k voreos ïr`os. B` `socmrfo s` a`k`rok imkmiefe`ktms qu` smk b` utenebob poro tmbo no smie`bob, f`lmro noionebob b` vebo b` tmbms. @k Iden` s` te`k`k ekeieotevos auj`rkof`kton`s ton`s imfm<Imfeseùk Koiemkon b` Ekv`steaoieùk Ie`ktæceio y R`ikmnùaeio (Imkeiyt) , EkeieotevoIe`ktæceio Fen`kem (EIF), Cmkbm Koiemkon b` B`sorrmnnm Ie`ktæceim y R`ikmnùaeim(Cmkb`iyt) y Cmkbm b` Cmf`ktm on B`sorrmnnm Ie`ktæceim y R`ikmnùaeim (Cmkb`c).
Nms corms< Nms `imkmfestos utenezok b`sb` doi` fuidm te`fpm nms corms imfm `l`fpnm b`
je`k püjneim. @n j`k`ceiem qu` prmpmriemkok on iopetïk b` uk jorim km `s ke `xinuejn` kerevon, pmr nm qu` iobo iopetïk te`k` uk eki`ktevm poro oprmv`idors` b`n corm sek poaor `ns`rveiem. Imfm imks`iu`kieo b` `st` prmjn`fo b`n porïsetm, nms f`riobms prevobmskmrfonf`kt` km prmpmriemkok nms corms qu` k`i`setok nms iopetok`s b` nms jorims, pmr nmqu` oituonf`kt` no foymræo b` nms corms smk a`stemkobms pmr `n @stobm. @k Iden` `stïk oioram b` no Orfobo y onaukms b` nms fïs r`imkmiebms smk< Corm Iojm b` Dmrkms, Corm@voka`nesto, Corm Esno Fmido `ti.
Okïneses imstm j`k`ceiem. Dosto odmro s` do vestm qu` `n @stobm sufekestro je`k`spüjneims pmrqu` `n f`riobm prevobm km prmbui` pmr su iu`kto uko ioktebob `ceie`kt`. @n@stobm b`j` b`ieber `ktmki`s `n tepm b` je`k`s püjneims qu` vo o sufekestror, osæ imfm nosioktebob`s.
Yupmkaofms qu` `n amje`rkm `stï imkseb`rokbm no pmsejenebob b` r`onezor uk prmy`itmpüjneim, imfm no imkstruiieùk b` uk pu`kt` qu` uko o no esno b` Idenmå imk `n imktek`kt`.Woro soj`r se b`j` imkstruernm, do b` imfporor nms j`k`ceiems tmton`s b` tmbms nms qu` nmutenezorïk imk nms imstms b` su imkstruiieùk y fokt`kefe`ktm. Woro tmfor `sto b`ieseùk,pu`b` imktrotor o uk `quepm b` `imkmfestos ` eka`ke`rms o cek b` qu` r`onei`k uk `stubem,nnofobm okïneses imstm-j`k`ceiem, iuym mjl`tevm `s `stefor nms imstms y nms j`k`ceiemstmton`s qu` te`k` uk prmy`itm poro no smie`bob `k su imkluktm.
@n okïneses imstm - j`k`ceiem `s `n `stubem qu` imfporo nms imstms y nms j`k`ceiems qu`t e`k` poro no smi e`bob no prmveseùk b` uk je`k püjneim. Nms okonestos b`n imstm-j`k`ceiemte`k`k uko orbuo tor`o. Imfm `n pu`kt` `storï arotuetof`kt` o bespmseieùk b` tmbm `nfukbm, km `xest` kekaük pr`iem imk `n qu` pu`bo luzaors` su vonmr. Km `s ceojn` pr`auktor
o no a`kt` qu` vonmr imki`b`ræo on pu`kt`. @k pref`r nuaor, `s becæien iuokteceior nmsj`k`ceiems utenezokbm nms r`suntobms b` uk iu`stemkorem. @k s`aukbm nuaor, nms `kiu`stobmste`k`k pmims eki`ktevms poro b`ier no v`rbob. Nms qu` utenezoræok `n pu`kt` `k `st` iosm nmsidenmt`s te`k`k uk eki`ktevm poro `xoa`ror `n j`k`ceiem qu` mjt`kbræok imk `n cek b`imks`auer qu` s` imkstruyo beidm pu`kt`. Nms qu` r`suntoræok p`rlubeiobms te`k`k ukeki`ktevm poro `xoa`ror nms imstms qu` supmk` poro `nnms imk `n cek b` efp`ber qu` s`imkstruyo.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?2?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No prmveseùk `ceie`kt` b` je`k`s püjneims `s, pu`s, ektræks`iof`kt` fïs becæien qu` noprmveseùk `ceie`kt` b` je`k`s prevobms. @stms smk sufekestrobms pmr `n f`riobm. Nmsimfprobmr`s b` uk je`k prevobm r`v`nok `n vonmr qu` n` imki`b`k pmr f`bem b` nmspr`iems qu` `stïk bespu`stms o poaor. Nms v`kb`bmr`s r`v`nok sus imstms pmr f`bem b`nms pr`iems qu` stïk bespu`stms o oi`ptor. @k iofjem, nms okonestos b` imstm-j`k`ceiem kmmjs`rvok kekauko s`ÿon b` nms pr`iems iuokbm `vonüok no imkv`ke`kieo b` qu` `n @stobm
sufekestr` uk je`k püjneim. @n prmjn`fo sura` pmr no conto b` uk pr`iem b` r`c`r`kieo, y`stm beceiunto no r`onezoieùk b` `s` `stubem imstm-j`k`ceiem, bobm qu` `n imstm s` feb` `kbek`rm p`rm `n j`k`ceiem km ber`itof`kt`. Wmr nm toktm, sus r`suntobms smjr` nms imstms ynms j`k`ceiems b` nms prmy`itms püjneims smk, `k `n f`lmr b` nms iosms, jurbosoprmxefoiemk`s.
2.5.: Nms r`iursms imfuk`s
Nms r`iursms imfuk`s osæ imfm nms je`k`s püjneims, km smk `xinuejn`s, `stïkarotuetof`kt` o bespmseieùk b` que`k b`s`` utenezornms. Yek `fjoram nms r`iursms imfuk`ssmk revon`s, su usm pmr port` b` uko p`rsmko r`bui` su usm pmr port` b` mtro. Wmr nm toktm,nms r`iursms imfuk`s pnokt`ok uk ku`vm prmjn`fo. Pko v`z qu` s` sufekestro `n je`k, nos
outmrebob`s te`k`k qu` miupors` b` v`r iuïktm s` utenezo. Imfm f`lmr s` imfpr`kb` `st`prmjn`fo `s imk no porïjmno inïseio nnofobo no troa`beo b` nms j e`k`s imfuk on`s .
No troa`beo b` nms je`k`s imfukon`s `s no porïjmno qu` fu`stro pmr quå nms r`iursmsimfuk`s s` utenezok fïs b` nm b`s`ojn` b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto b` no smie`bob `k suimkluktm. Y` r`ce`r` o no vebo `k uk p`qu`ÿm pu`jnm f`be`von `k `n qu` uko b` noskuf`rmsos oitevebob`s qu` s` r`onezok `k ån `s no iræo b` mv`los. Nos cofeneos te`k`kr`joÿms b` mv`los y vev`k b` no v`kto b` noko. @stos mv`los postok `k nms nnofobmsR`rr`kms Imfukon`s, nms iuon`s km p`rt`k`i`k o kekauko cofeneo sekm qu` imn`itevof`kt`o nms r`seb`kt`s b`n pu`jnm. Wosok nms oÿms, no pmjnoieùk ir`i` on eauon qu` nos mv`los qu`postok `k `sms t`rr`kms. W`rm no ioktebob b` te`rro `s celo, pmr nm iuon `sto imfe`kzo op`rb`r su iopoiebob b` r`pmk`rs`. @s ton no ioktebob b` mv`los qu` postok `k `nno qu`
imfe`kzo o s`r `ståren. On km qu`bor de`rjo `k nms R`rr`kms Imfukon`s, `s efpmsejn` noiræo b` mv`los, pmr nm qu` b`sopor`i` no prùsp`ro ekbustreo nok`ro b`n pu`jnm, y imfmimks`iu`kieo fuidos cofeneos pe`rb`k su cu`kt` b` ekar`sms.
No troa`beo b` nms je`k`s imfukon`s miurr` b`jebo `s`kieonf`kt` o uko `xt`rkonebob.Iuokbm `n r`joÿm b` uko cofeneo posto `k nos te`rros imfukon`s, r`bui` no ionebob b` nosqu` qu`bok poro mtros cofeneos. Imfm km te`k` `k iu`kto `sto `xt`rkonebob k`aotevoiuokbm b`ieb` `n küf`rm b` mv`los qu` vo do t`k`r, `n r`suntobm `s uk `xi`sevm küf`rmb` mv`los.
Ye s` duje`ro pr`vestm no troa`beo, `n pu`jnm pmbræo doj`r r`su`ntm `n prmjn`fo b` voreoscmrfos. Wmbræo doj`r r`aunobm `n küf`rm b` mv`los b` nms r`joÿms bo iobo cofeneo,
ekt`rkonezokbm no `xt`rkonebob pmr f`bem b` efpu`stms smjr` nos mv`los m soiokbm osujosto uk r`buiebm küf`rm b` p`rfesms poro postor. @s b`ier `n pu`jnm f`be`von pmbræodoj`r r`su`ntm `n prmjn`fo b`n `xi`sevm postmr`m b` no fesfo cmrfo qu` no smie`bobfmb`rko ojmrbo `n prmjn`fo b` no imktofekoieùk.
No troa`beo b` nms je`k`s imfukon`s `s uko destmreo qu` te`k` uko n`iieùk a`k`ron<iuokbm uko p`rsmko utenezo uk r`iursm imfük, r`bui` su usm pmr port` b` mtro. Imfmimks`iu`kieo b` `sto `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo, nms r`iursms imfuk`s te`kb`k o utenezors``xi`sevof`kt`. @n @stobm pu`b` r`smnv`r `n prmjn`fo r`buie`kbm su usm pmr f`bem b` no
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?2:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
r`aunoieùk m b` efpu`stm. O v`i`s tofjeåk pu`b` imkv`rter `n r`iursm imfük `k uk je`kprevobm.
@sto n`iieùk s` imkmi` b`sb` doi` fen`s b` oÿms. Orestùt`n`s, cenùsmcm b` no okteauoAr`ieo, s`ÿonù `n prmjn`fo b` nms r`iursms imfukon`s< „Nm qu` `s imfük poro tmbmsr`iej` f`kms iuebobm, pu`s tmbms nms dmfjr`s iuebok fïs nm qu` `s suym qu` b` nm qu`
pms``k `k imfük imk mtrms‖.
Onaukms r`iursms imfuk`s efpmrtokt`s<
@k iose tmbms nms iosms, sura` `n fesfm prmjn`fo qu` `k no troa`beo b` nms je`k`simfukon`s< nms ekbevebums utenezok `xi`sevof`kt` `n r`iursm imfük. @n `stobm su`n`r`aunor no imkbuito m efpmk`r tosos imk `n cek b` ot`kuor `n prmjn`fo b`n usm `xi`sevm.
@n oer` y `n oauo nefpems. Imfm d`fms vestm nms f`riobms km prmt`a`k b`jebof`kt` `nf`bem ofje`kt`. No imktofekoieùk `s uko `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo qu` pu`b` r`smnv`rs`imk no r`aunoieùk m imk efpu`stms peamuveokms (b`kmfekobms osæ `k dmkmr on @imkmfesto
Ortdur Weamu, ukm b` nms pref`rms qu` b`c`kbeù `n usm b` efpu`stms oprmjobms poro
imrr`aer nms `c`itms b` nos `xt`rkonebob`s k`aotevos. Y` ofpneorï smjr` `stm `k `n `stubemb` @xt`rkonebob`s). Wmb`fms imkseb`ror qu` `st` connm b`n f`riobm `s uk `l`fpnm b` ukprmjn`fo b` r`iursms imfuk`s. @n oer` y `n oauo nefpems smk r`iursms imfuk`s imfm nmspostezon`s oje`rtms y no `xi`sevo imktofekoieùk imfm uk `xi`sevm postmr`m. Nob`aroboieùk b`n f`bem ofje`kt` `s uko troa`beo fmb`rko b` nms je`k`s imfukon`s.
Nos iorr`t`ros imka`stemkobos. Nos iorr`t`ros pu`b`k s`r je`k`s püjneims m r`iursmsimfuk`s. Ye km `stïk imka`stemkobos, su usm pmr port` b` uko p`rsmko km oc`ito o kobe`fïs. @k `st` iosm, `n usm km `s revon y nos iorr`t`ros smk uk je`k püjneim. Yek `fjoram, se`stïk imka`stemkobos, su usm a`k`ro uko `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo. Iuokbm uko p`rsmkoimkbui` pmr uko iorr`t`ro, ouf`kto no imka`steùk, pmr nm qu` mtros p`rsmkos b`j`kimkbuier fïs b`spoiem. @k `st` iosm, no iorr`t`ro `s uk r`iursm imfük. @n `stobm pu`b`
r`smnv`r `n prmjn`fo imjrokbm uk p`ol` o nms imkbuitmr`s. Pk p`ol` `s `s`kieonf`kt` ukefpu`stm peamuveokms smjr` no `xt`rkonebob b` no imka`steùk. @k Iden` nos iorr`t`ros `ka`k`ron smk je`k`s püjneims qu` fuidos v`i`s smk ekt`rv`kebms y `s iuokbm doyimki`semk`s pmr port` b` uk prevobm qu` r`onezo no mjro (pmr `l`fpnm uk pu`kt`) y otrovås b`n imjrm b`n p`ol` `s qu` s` vo r`iup`rokbm `n aostm. A`k`ronf`kt` smkimki`semk`s `ktr` `n FMW (Fekest`rem b` Mjros Wüjneios) y onaük prevobm.
Nms p`i`s, nos jonn`kos y mtros `sp`ie`s sonvol`s. Fuidos `sp`ie`s b` okefon`s smkr`iursms imfuk`s. Wmr `l`fpnm, nms p`i`s y nos jonn`kos te`k`k uk vonmr imf`rieon yiuonque`ro pu`b` er on miåokm y iopturor iuonque`r `sp`ie`. Iobo p`rsmko te`k` pmimseki`ktevms poro imks`rvor nos `sp`ie`s poro `n oÿm qu` ve`k`. B` no fesfo fok`ro qu`uk `xi`sevm postmr`m pu`b` b`struer nm t`rr`kms Imfukon`s, no `xi`sevo p`sio y no
`xi`sevo iozo b` jonn`kos pu`b`k b`struer pmjnoiemk`s forekos imf`rieonf`kt` vonemsos.Nms miåokms seau`k se`kbm ukm b` nms r`iursms imfuk`s f`kms r`aunobms. Ymk bms nmsprmjn`fos qu` efpeb`k `kimktror uko cïien smnuieùk. @k onaukms poæs`s `xest`k n`y`s qu`osperok o prmt`a`r no vebo sonvol`. Wmr `l`fpnm `n @stobm imjro pmr nos nei`kieos b` p`sioy iozo y r`streka` no buroieùk b` nos t`fpmrobos `k qu` s` pu`b` p`sior y iozor. @stosn`y`s r`bui`k `n usm b` uk r`iursm imfük y oyubok o fokt`k`r no pmjnoieùk okefon. @kIden` no imki`seùk b` p`rfesms y no r`aunoieùk `k fot`reo b` `xpnmtoieùk m b`sorrmnnm b`no iozo y p`sio imf`rieon `stï `k fokms b`n YOA (Y`rveiem Oaræimno y Aokob`rm) yY@ZKOW@YIO (Y`rveiem Koiemkon b` W`sio y Oareiunturo), r`sp`itevof`kt`.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?29Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.5.9 @xt`rkone bob s k n imksufm y no prmbuiieùk
Nos `xt`rkonebob`s te`k`k r`noieùk imk nms `c`itms b` nos oiiemk`s qu` prmvmio `nimfpmrtofe`ktm b` onaukos p`rsmkos m `fpr`sos y qu` oc`itok `n je`k`stor b` mtrms, qu`b`ktrm b` uk imkt`xtm b` f`riobm nms imstms b` prmbuiieùk m b` imksufm km smkr`cn`lobms `k `n sest`fo b` pr`iems b` nos mp`roiemk`s kmrfon`s.
@stos oitevebob`s prmbuitm b` uk f`riobm qu` oc`itok o mtrms y qu` pu`b`k s`r `k suj`k`ceiem m p`rlueiem imknn`vo qu` km doy poam m imfp`ksoieùk b` nos oiiemk`s osæb`siretos. W`rm sura` no pr`aukto< ½iùfm s` pu`b` f`ber m `vonuor `stm=, ½iuïn `s `niret`rems o `fpn`or=.
@k pref`r tårfekm, iuokbm nms `c`itms yo b`siretms oc`itok o prevobms m on imkluktm b`uko smie`bob y km tmfok `k iu`kto nms imstms m j`k`ceiems b` v`kb`bmr`s y imfprobmr`sporteiepokt`s, qu` `k b`ceketevo, km smk eauon`s o nms imstms m j`k`ceiems smieon`s
Ye nms `c`itms qu` r`io`k smjr` mtrms smk p`rlubeieon`s s` b`kmfeko `xt`rkonebobk`aotevo . Wmr `l`fpnm uko `fpr`so prmbui` prmbuitms quæfeims qu` `k nuaor b`
prmi`sornms nms nokzo o uk ræm, `so `fpr`so km `stï tmfokbm `k iu`kto nms imstmsobeiemkon`s b` ton prmi`sm p`rm nms imstms nms pu`b`k osufer iofp`sekms qu` re`aok susims`idos on v`r qu` imk oqu`nnos oauos km pu`b`k ims`idor nos ioktebob`s qu` okt`sprmbuiæok sus te`rros.
B`n fesfm fmbm, se nms `c`itms b` nos oiiemk`ssmk j`kåceims b` b`kmfeko `xt`rkon ebobpmse t evo , `s b`ier, iuokbm `so `fpr`so m p`rsmko km r`iej` tmbms nms j`k`ceiems b` susoitevebob`s, imk nm iuon mtrms y pmsejn`f`kt` no smie`bob `k a`k`ron, r`iej`k beidmj`k`ceiem sek r`trejuieùk m poam pmr `nnm. Wmr `l`fpnm8 `n fïs imkmiebm prmpu`stms pmrLof`s F`ob`, („@xt`rkon @imkmfe` okb Bes`imkmfe`s ek o Imfp`tetev` Yetuotemk ‖, ?50:)ekvmnuiro o bms `fpr`sos, uko qu` prmbui` fe`n b` oj`lo y mtro qu` prmbui` fokzokos.B`jebm o qu` nos oj`los s` onef`ktok b` cnmr`s b` fokzokm, ekir`f`ktm b` no prmbuiieùk
b` fokzokos f`lmrorï no prmbuitevebob b` no ekbustreo b` fe`n. Nms `c`itms j`k`ceiemsmsb` t`k`r oj`los je`k onef`ktobos `s uko `xt`rkonebob pmsetevo poro `n opeiuntmr. B`fok`ro sefenor, nos oj`los pmnekezok nms iuntevms b` fokzoko y `n opeiuntmr prmpmriemko ukj`k`ceiem `xt`rkm on bu`ÿm b`n iuntevm.
Imfm nms imfprobmr`s y nms v`kb`bmr`s km te`k`k `k iu`kto nms `c`itms `xt`rkms b` susoitms iuokbm b`ieb`k no ioktebob qu` vok o b`fokbor m o mcr`i`r, `n `quenejrem b`nf`riobm km `s `ceie`kt` iuokbm doy `xt`rkonebob`s. @s b`ier `n `quenejrem km foxefezo `nj`k`ceiem tmton b` no smie`bob `k su imkluktm. Osæ ferobo nos imsos s` pu`b` b`ier qu` nos`xt`rkonebob`s smk uko con no b`n f`riobm pmr iuokbm km `stï `k imkbeiemk`s b`r`aunornos.
@l`fpnms b` `xt`rkonebob`s qu` km smnm smk prmbuiebos pmr nos `fpr`sos sekm tofjeåk`ktr` ekbevebums imfm s`r<
No cojreioieùk b` v`dæiunms o imfjusteùk a`k`ro pu`stms b` trojolm y oyubo on trokspmrt`(j`k`ceiem smiem`imkùfeim), p`rm `s` v`dæiunm nm qu` imktofeko `k su p`rembm b` vebo y `nr`sebum qu` b`lo iuoktm t`rfeko su vebo üten `s no port` k`aotevo, k`aotevo poro no sonub b`no smie`bob y `n f`bem ofje`kt`. Wmr `nnm qu` `n amje`rkm poro r`aunor `sto `xt`rkonebobk`aotevo beito kmrfos b` `fesemk`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?22Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Nos oitevebob`s b` uko besimt`io km smnm oc`ito o sus prmpe`torems y sus ine`kt`s, sekm qu``n ruebm qu` a`k`ro, nms `stoiemkofe`ktms qu` s` miupok ekbesirefekobof`kt`, `ti. oc`itok`aotevof`kt` on v`iekborem. @k `st` iosm no n`aesnoieùk doi` qu` nos outmrebob`sopnequ`k funtos pmr ruebms fmn`stms o nms iousokt`s y pmr fon `stoiemkofe`ktm on ekcrekaernos bespmseiemk`s b` trïksetm.
Nms p`rrms qu` nobrok b`ktrm b` `beceiems y b`c`iok `k nos ionn`s iuokbm sus bu`ÿms nmssoiok o pos`or ir`ok `xt`rkonebob`s k`aotevos pmrqu` `n ruebm y nos c`ios fmn`stok o nmsv`iekms y te`kb`k o t`k`r pmios pr`iouiemk`s poro efp`ber m ofekmror nms `c`itms. Non`aesnoieùk imkt`fpno r`anof`ktms qu` r`aunok no imkvev`kieo `ktr` v`iekms poro `stos`xt`rkonebob`s k`aotevos, p`rm `k Iden` oük km `stï imkt`fpnobo uko kmrfo soketoreoporo `n bu`ÿm b` no fosimto qu` km r`ter` nms b`sd`idms `k no ionn`.
Iuokbm s` doi`k aroccetes `k cmrfo besirefekobo km sùnm oc`itok o nms prmpe`torems sekmtofjeåk o no orfmkæo b`n `ktmrkm bokbm uk osp`itm b` suie`bob `k `n v`iekborem m noieubob fesfo. Km doy uko kmrfo `k Iden` qu` r`aun` m funt` `stms oitms b` `xt`rkonebobk`aotevo.
Iuokbm s` doi`k ovoki`s `k t`ikmnmaæo, `stos a`k`rok `xt`rkonebob`s pmsetevos pmrqu`nms ku`vms imkmiefe`ktms pu`b`s s`r `fpn`obms `k mtros opneioiemk`s y p`rsmkos.B`jebm o qu` nms ekv`steaobmr`s ` ekv`ktmr`s smk pmims nm qu` doi`k nms amje`rkms `seki`ktevor y prmt`a`r beidos ekv`kiemk`s pmr f`bem b` pot`kt`s qu` n`s bo b`r`idm`xinusevm burokt` uk b`t`rfekobm te`fpm.
2.5.2 No @xt`rkonebob y nms B r`idms b` Wrmpe`bob
Oukqu` nms prmjn`fos qu` d`fms okonezobm sura`k `k fuidms f`riobms bec`r`kt`s,imfport`k uk t`fo imfük. @k tmbms nms iosms, `n f`riobm km oseako nms r`iursms`ceie`kt`f`kt` pmrqu` nms b `r`idm s b` prm pe`bob k m `stïk p`rc`it of`kt``stojn`iebms . @s b`ier, uk ortæiunm b` vonmr km te`k` uk prmpe`torem qu` pms`o no outmrebob
n`aon k`i`soreo poro imktrmnornm. Wmr `l`fpnm, oukqu` kobe` bubo qu` `n „je`k‖ b`n oer`nefpem m no b`c`kso koiemkon s`o vonemsm, kobe` te`k` `n b`r`idm k`i`sorem poro oseakorn`uk pr`iem y j`k`ceieors` b` su usm. Pko cïjreio imktofeko b`foseobm pmrqu` kobe` n`imjro no imktofekoieùk qu` `fet`. @n f`riobm km sufekestro b`c`kso koiemkon pmrqu`kobe` pu`b` imjror o nms b`c`kbebms `n j`k`ceiem qu` r`iej`k. Iuokbm no ous`kieo b`b`r`idms b` prmpe`bob prmvmio uk connm b`n f`riobm. @n @stobm pu`b` r`smnv`r `nprmjn`fo. @k tmbms nms iosms, se no pmnæteio `stï je`k pnokeceiobo y a`stemkobo, pu`b`ouf`ktor no `ceie`kieo b` no oseakoieùk b` nms r`iursms y `n`vor osæ `n je`k`stor`imkùfeim.2.5.0 Ekt rv`kieùk b n @stobm
@n @stobm pu`b` ekt`rv`ker<
o) Z`aunokbm nos oitevebob`s< prmdeje`kbm m prmfmve`kbm b`t`rfekobos oituoiemk`s,s`aük a`k`r`k `xt`rkonebob`s pmsetevos m k`aotevos.Wmr `l`fpnm, pu`b` mjneaor `n ie`rr` b` jor`s y besimt`ios o porter b` ie`rto dmro b` nokmid`, pu`b` prmdejer `n `l`rieiem b` oitevebob`s imktofekokt`s m p`nearmsos i`rio b`küin`ms urjokms.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?20Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
j) @stojn`ie`kbm imrr`itmr`s< sujv`kiemk`s m p`konezoiemk`s, b` fmbm qu` `n efpoitm`imkùfeim b` nos `xt`rkonebob`s oc`it` ber`itof`kt` o no port` qu` no mreaeko y pmr nmtoktm no t`kao `k iu`kto o no dmro b` tmfor sus b`iesemk`s.Imk `n `stojn`iefe`ktm b` imrr`itmr`s `n @stobm jusio qu` `n s`itmr prevobm ek t`rkon ei` nos `xt`rkonebob`s qu` a`k`ro. Y` troto qu` `n efpoitm `imkùfeim qu` prmbui`k nos`xt`rkonebob`s s` fot`reonei` `k uk foymr imstm m j`k`ceiem.
Wmr `l`fpnm< `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo prmbui` foymr imstm y o su v`z `xt`rkonebob pmsetevoj`k`ceiems poro oqu`n qu` no mreaeko.
Odmro s` `stubeorï iùfm oc`itok nos `xt`rkonebob`s `n je`k`stor `imkùfeim. Woroimkir`tor `n okïneses, s` `xofekorï uk f`riobm `sp`iæceim< pmr `l`fpnm no prmbuiieùk b`imjr` `k uko `imkmfæo iuonque`ro (r`imrbor no Z`cek`ræo b` S`ktokos). No iurvo b`b`fokbo b` imjr` r`cn`lo `n vonmr qu` te`k` åst` poro nms imksufebmr`s, `xpr`sobm pmrnms pr`iems qu` `stïk bespu`stms o poaor. Osefesfm no iurvo b` mc`rto r`cn`lo nms imstmsb` nms prmbuitmr`s b` imjr`.
@k ous`kieo b` ekt`rv`kieùk b`n @stobm, `n pr`iem b`n onufekem s` olusto poro `quenejror nomc`rto y no b`fokbo b` onufekem.
No ceauro r`pr`s`kto `n f`riobm b`n imjr` `k uko `imkmfæo iuonque`ro. No iurvo b`b`fokbo r`cn`lo `n vonmr poro nms imfprobmr`s y no b` mc`rto fu`stro `n imstm b` nmsv`kb`bmr`s. No ioktebob prmbuiebo y imksufebo `k `n `quenejrem b`n f`riobm, `s `ceie`kt``k `n s`ktebm b` qu` foxefezo no sufo b`n `xi`b`kt` b`n prmbuitmr y b`n imksufebmr. @nf`riobm oseako nms r`iursms b` ton cmrfo qu` foxefezo `n vonmr tmton poro nmsimksufebmr`s qu` imfprok y utenezok imjr` f`kms nms imstms tmton`s b` nms prmbuitmr`squ` nm cojreiok y nm v`kb`k. Wmr nm toktm `k ous`kieo b` `xt`rkonebob`s, `n `quenejrem b`nf`riobm `s `ceie`kt`.
2.5.3 @xt`rkonebob s k`aote vos k no prmbuiieùk
Yupmkaofms odmro qu` nos cïjreios b` imjr` imktofekok, pmr iobo ukebob prmbuiebo b`imjr`, `ktro uko b`t`rfekobo ioktebob b` dufm y vopmr`s imktofekokt`s `k nootfùsc`ro. Imfm `st` dufm y vopmr supmk` `n re`sam poro no sonub b` nos p`rsmkos qu`r`sperok `n oer`, `s uko `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo. Imfm imks`iu`kieo b` no `xt`rkonebob, `nimstm qu` te`k` poro no smie`bob no prmbuiieùk b` imjr` `s foymr qu` `n imstm qu` te`k`
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?23Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
poro sus prmbuitmr`s. @n imstm smieo n imfpr`kb` nms imstms pr evobms b` nmsprmbuitmr`s b` imjr` fïs nms ims tms b ` nms qu` r`suntok oc`itobms k`aotevof`kt pmr no imktofekoieùk.
@n arïceim fu`stro `n imstm smieon b` no prmbuiieùk b` imjr`. No iurvo b`n imstm smieon s``kiu`ktro pmr `kiefo b` no iurvo b` mc`rto pmrqu` te`k` `k iu`kto nms imstms `xt`rkmsqu` efpmk`k o no smie`bob o nms prmbuitmr`s b` imjr`. No bec`r`kieo `ktr` `stos bmsiurvos r`c n` lo `n imstm b` no imktofekoieùk `fet ebo . @stm, tofjeåk bei` qu` nopr`s`kieo b` no `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo b` no prmbuiieùk (m `k `n imksufm) mcr`iebo s`rïsup`remr o no smieonf`kt` ùptefo m b` mtro cmrfo, `n imstm smieon b` prmbuier imjr` `ssup`remr on imstm prevobm nu`am _ F@ZIOBM ; _ MWREFM .
@n imstm b` prmbuier imjr` ekinuy` nms imstms `xt`rkms b` no imktofekoieùk. @k pr`s`kieob` uko `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo b` no prmbuiieùk, `n imstm smieon b` prmbuier imjr` `s
sup`remr on imstm prevobm. No ioktebob ùptefo b` imjr`, `s pu`s f`kmr qu` no ioktebob b``quenejrem. No iouso b` `sto ek`ceie`kieo s` donno `k qu` `n `quenejrem b`n f`riobm sùnmr`cn`lo nms imstms prevobms b` prmbuiieùk. Wmr nm toktm no r`buiieùk b` no prmbuiieùk y b`nimksufm b` imjr` pmr b`jolm b`n kev`n b` quenejrem ouf`kto n je`k`stor imkùfeim tmton.
½Iùfm `s pmsejn` imks`auer `s` ùptefm= Pko pmsejenebob `s arovor o nms prmbuitmr`s b`imjr` pmr iobo tmk`nobo v`kbebo b` imjr`. B` `so cmrfo no iurvo b` mc`rto b` imjr` pmriobo tmk`nobo s` b`spnozoræo `k s`ktebm osi`kb`kt`. @k `n ku`vm `quenejrem b`n f`riobm,nms prmbuitmr`s b` imjr` prmbuieræok no ioktebob smieonf`kt` ùptefo. Y` bei` qu` ukefpu`stm b` `so inos` ekt`rkone zo no xt`rkonebob .
Ekt`rkonezoieùk b` uko xt`rkonebob s` no b`cek` imfm no ont`roieùk b` nm eki`ktevms b`
ton fok`ro qu` nos p`rsmkos t`kaok `k iu`kto nms `c`itms `xt`rkms b` sus oitms.
2.5.1 @xt`rkonebob s pmsete vos k no prmbuiieùk
Oukqu` doy fuidms f`riobms `k nms qu` `n imstm smieon b` prmbuiieùk `s sup`remr onimstm prevobm, tofjeåk doy onaukms `k nms qu` miurr` nm imktrorem. @k `stms f`riobms, no`xt`rkonebob j`k`ceieo o mtros p`rsm kos , pmr nm qu` `n ims tm smi eo n b` prmbu iieùk sf`kmr qu` n imstm p r evobm . Pk `l`fpnm `s `n f`riobm b` v`dæiunms `nåitreims - smnor`s
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?21Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
qu` km `fet`k aos`s ke imktofekok. @st` tepm b` `xt`rkonebob pmsetevo s` b`kmfeko`c`itm-becuseùk b` no t`ikmnmaæo.
@n arïceim fu`stro `n f`riobm b` v`dæiunms km imktofekokt`s. Imfm imks`iu`kieo b`n`c`itm-becuseùk qu` `s no `xt`rkonebob pmsetevo b` no t`ikmnmaæo`k no prmbuiieùk, `n ims tmsmieo n b` p rmbui er uk v`dæiunm `s f`kmr qu` `n ims tm prev obm . Nos ioktebob`smcr`iebos `k `st` iosm s`rïk ekc`remr`s o no smieonf`kt` ùptefo, _ F@ZIOBM > _ MWREFM . Wmrnm toktm `s imkv`ke`kt` prmbuier uko ioktebob b` v`dæiunms km imktofekokt`s foymr qu`no qu` b`ieberæo `n f`riobm prevobm. @k `st` iosm `n amje`rkm pu`b` ekt`rkonezor no`xt`rkonebob sujv`kiemkokbm no prmbuiieùk b` pok`n`s smnor`s y a`k`robmr`s imk ku`vosprmpe`bob`s.
2.5.4 @xt`rkonebob s k n imksufm
Onaukos `xt`rkonebob`s s` r`noiemkok imk `n imksufm. Wmr `l`fpnm `n imksufm b`
j`jebos onimdùneios (m nms ieaorrennms), a`k`rok `xt`rkonebob`s k`aotevos se nmsimksufebmr`s te`k`k fïs prmjojenebob`s b` imkbuier jolm su ekcnu`kieo y pmk`r `k p`nearmno vebo b` mtrms. Osefesfm, `n imksufm b` `buioieùk a`k`ro `xt`rkonebob`s pmsetevospmrqu` uko pmjnoieùk fïs `buiobo imkbui` o uk amje`rkm f`lmr, nm iuon j`k`ceieo o tmbm`n fukbm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?24Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n arïceim pr`s`kto uko `xt`rkonebob k`aotevo `k `n imksufm imfm no qu` `stïr`noiemkobo imk nos j`jebos onimdùneios. @k `st` iosm `n vonmr smieon `s f`kmr qu` `nvonmr prevobm. @k `st` iosm `n @stobm efpmk` uk efpu`stm on imksufm b` j`jebosonimdùneios y pmr toktm _ MWREFM > _ F@ZIOBM .
@n arïceim fu`stro `n iosm b` uko `xt`rkonebob pmsetevo `k `n imksufm, imfm no qu` `stïr`noiemkobo imk no `buioieùk. @k `st` iosm `n vonmr smieon `s foymr qu` `n vonmr prevobm yno ioktebob smieonf`kt` ùptefo `s foymr qu` no ioktebob b`t`rfekobo pmr `n f`riobmprevobm, s b`ier< _ MWREFO ; _ F@ZIOBM .
@stms `l`fpnms p`rfet`k imkinuer onaukos n`iiemk`s a`k`ron`s< nos `xt`rkonebob`sk`aotevos `k no prmbuiieùk m `k `n imksufm nn`vok o nms f`riobms o prmbuier uko
ioktebob foymr b` no qu` `s smieonf`kt` b`s`ojn`. Nos `xt`rkonebob`s pmsetevos `k noprmbuiieùk y `k `n imksufm nn`vok o nms f`riobms o prmbuier uko ioktebob f`kmr b` noqu` `s smieonf`kt` b`s`ojn`. Woro r`smnv`r `st` prmjn`fo, `n @stobm pu`b` ek t`rkon ezorarovokbm nms je`k`s qu` a`k`rok `xt`rkon ebob`s k`aotevos y sujv `kiemkokbm nm squ` a `k`rok xt`rkon ebob`s pm set evos.
2.5.5 Ymnuiemk`s prevobos poro r`smnv r xt rkon ebob s
Rmbos nos smnuiemk`s imfport`k `n mjl`tevm b` oi`rior no oseakoieùk b` nms r`iursms onùptefm smieon.
Repms b` smnuiemk`s prevobos<
Km se`fpr` `s k`i`soreo no ekt`rv`kieùk b`n @stobm poro r`smnv`r `n prmjn`fo. @k onaukosieriukstokieos nms porteiunor`s pu`b`k jusior smnuiemk`s prevobos. Wmr `l`fpnm, `xest`kbev`rsos kmrfos m r`anof`ktms qu` te`k`k pmr mjl`tm qu` nos p`rsmkos km ter`k josuro `kno ionn`, p`rm `stos km s` iufpn`k y tofpmim s` opneiok reaurmsof`kt`. @n prmjn`fopu`b` s`r r`su`ntm pmr nos p`rsmkos, pmrqu` teror josuro `s onam qu` `stï fon y no r`anob` mrm kms bei` „km doaos o nms b`fïs nm qu` km que`ros qu` t` doaok o te‖. @sto r`anokms bei` qu` b`j`fms t`k`r `k iu`kto nos imks`iu`kieos b` ku`strms oitms poro mtrosp`rsmkos. @k tårfekms `imkùfeims, kms bei` qu` b`j`fms ekt`rkonezor nos `xt`rkonebob`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?25Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Mtro smnuieùk prevobo poro r`smnv`r nos `xt`rkonebob`s smk nos ekstetuiemk`s j`kåceios,fuidos b` nos iuon`s s` ir`ok poro r`smnv`r nos `xt`rkonebob`s. Wmr `l`fpnm, nososmieoiemk`s iuym mjl`tevm `s prmt`a`r `n f`bem ofje`kt` smk mraokezoiemk`s sek cek`s b`nuirm cekokieobos imk bmkoiemk`s prevobos. @k `n ïfjetm ekt`rkoiemkon t`k`fms `n `l`fpnmb` no MKA Ar``k W`oi` (Woz S`rb`).
R`mr`fo b` Imos`
@st` t`mr`fo `k dmkmr on `imkmfesto Zmkonb Imos`, `stojn`i` qu` se nos port`s prevobospu`b`k k`amieor sek kekaük imstm smjr` no oseakoieùk b` nms r`iursms, `n f`riobm prevobmse`fpr` r`smnv`rï `n prmjn`fo b` nos `xt`rkonebob`s y oseakorï `ceie`kt`f`kt` nmsr`iursms.
Opneiokbm st` t`mr fo nos port s s` pmk`k b` oiu`rbm, sek t`k`r qu` r`iurrer pmr `l`fpnmo uk prmc`semkon, ojmaobm pmr `l`fpnm, poro r`smnv`r `n imkcneitm `xest`kt` `ktr` ofjosport`s. A`k`ronf`kt` kms r`c`refms prmjn`fos `ktr` v`iekms r`noiemkobms imk`xt`rkonebob`s qu` o v`i`s smk uk j`k`ceiem poro ukm p`rm uk p`rlueiem poro mtrm (pmr
`l`fpnm ruebms fmn`stms pmr no utenezoieùk b` uko fïqueko m `n p`rrm qu` nobro). @k `s`imkt`xtm uko b` nos port`s b`j` r`kukieor yo s`o o su fïqueko m on p`rrm se`fpr` qu` nomtro n` poau` nm suceie`kt` poro `nnm. M b` imktrorem `n bu`ÿm b` no fïqueko m b`n p`rrmb`j`rï ekb`fkezor o no mtro port` poro qu` `sto smpmrt` nos fmn`steos. @k sufo `nt`mr`fo b` Imos` `stojn`i` qu` nms oa`kt`s `imkùfeims prevobms pu`b`k r`smnv`r `nprmjn`fo b` nos `xt`rkonebob`s `ktr` `nnms. Iuonque`ro qu` s`o no bestrejuieùk ekeieon b` nmsb`r`idms, nos port`s ekt`r`sobos se`fpr` pu`b`k nn`aor o uk oiu`rbm `k `n qu` f`lmr` `nje`k`stor b` tmbm `n fukbm y `n r`suntobm s`o `ceie`kt`.
Nos smnuiemk`s prevobos km se`fpr` bok r`suntobm
@n t`mr`fo b` Imos` sùnm `s vïnebm iuokbm nos port`s ekt`r`sobos km te`k`k k ekaük
prmjn`fo poro n n`aor o uk oiu`rbm y opn eiornm . Yek `fjoram, `k `n fukbm nok`amieoieùk km se`fpr` cukiemko, ouk iuokbm s`o pmsejn` nn`aor o uk oiu`rbmfutuof`kt` j`k`ceiemsm.
O v`i`s nos port`s ekt`r`sobos km r`su`nv`k uk prmjn`fo b` `xt`rkonebob`s b`jebm o nmsimstms b` troksoiieùk. Nms imstms b` troksoiieùk smk nms imstms `k qu` ekiurr`k nosport`s `k `n prmi`sm b` pmk`rs` b` oiu`rbm y v`nor pmr su iufpnefe`ktm. @k mtrosmiosemk`s no k`amieoieùk s` rmfp` sefpn`f`kt`. @n prmjn`fo su`n` donnors` `k qu` iobouko b` nos port`s troto b` r`sester poro imks`auer uk oiu`rbm f`lmr. Nn`aor o uk oiu`rbm`ceie`kt` `s `sp`ieonf`kt` becæien iuokbm uk küf`rm b` port`s ekt`r`sobos `s ontm, yo qu``s imstmsm immrbekor o tmbm `n fukbm. Imkseb`r`fms, pmr `l`fpnm, `n iosm b` uko cïjreioqu` imktofeko `n oauo b` uk noam i`riokm. No imktofekoieùk efpmk` uko `xt`rkonebob
k`aotevo o nms p`siobmr`s nmion`s. Y`aük `n t`mr`fo b` Imos`, se no imktofekoieùk `sek`ceie`kt`, no Cïjreio y nms p`siobmr`s pmbræok nn`aor o uk oiu`rbm `k `n qu` nmss`aukbms poaorok o nos pref`ros pmr km imktofekor. Yek `fjoram, se doy fuidmsp`siobmr`s pu`b` s`r iose efpmsejn` trotor b` immrbekor o tmbms imk `n cek b` k`amieor imkno cïjreio. Iuokbm km bo r`suntobm no k`amieoieùk prevobo, o v`i`s `n @stobm pu`b`b`s`fp`ÿor uk pop`n efpmrtokt`. @k `n seaue`kt` oportobm v`fms iùfm troto b` r`smnv`r`n `stobm `n prmjn`fo b` nos `xt`rkonebob`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?07Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
2.5.?7 F`bebos püjne ios poro r `smnv r xt rkon ebob s @n @stobm pu`b` r`spmkb`r b` uko b` nos bms cmrfos seaue`kt`s< Nos f`bebos b` mrb`k yimktrmn r`aunok no imkbuito ber`itof`kt`8 nos f`bebos josobos `k `n f`riobm bokeki`ktevms poro qu` nms porteiunor`s b`iebok r`smnv`r `n prmjn`fo pmr sæ smnms.
No r`aunoieùk<
@n @stobm pu`b` r`smnv`r uko `xt`rkonebob `xeae`kbm m prmdeje`kbm b`t`rfekobosimkbuitos. Yek `fjoram, `k no foymræo b` nms iosms b` imktofekoieùk no setuoieùk km `stok s`kienno. O p`sor b` nms mjl`tevms b`inorobms b` onaukms `imnmaestos, s`ræo efpmsejn`prmdejer tmbos nos oitevebob`s imktofekokt`s. Wmr `l`fpnm, iose tmbms nms tepms b`trokspmrt` a`k`rok onaukms sujprmbuitms imktofekokt`s pmim b`s`ojn`s. Wmr nm toktm, `knuaor b` trotor b` `rrobeior tmtonf`kt` no imktofekoieùk, no smie`bob te`k` qu` smp`sor nmsimstms y nms j`k`ceiems imk `n cek b` b`ieber nms tepms y ioktebob`s b` imktofekoieùk qu`p`rfeterï.
@k Iden` no IMKOFO (Imrpmroieùk Koiemkon b`n F`bem Ofje`kt`) qu` b`p`kb` b`nFekest`rem b`n F`bem Ofje`kt`, `s `n mraokesfm qu` `nojmro y opneio r`anof`ktoiemk`s
b`stekobos o prmt`a`r `n f`bem ofje`kt`.
Nos r`anof`ktoiemk`s smjr` f`bem ofje`kt` pu`b`k obmptor fuidos cmrfos. @k onaukmsiosms s` mjneao o nos `fpr`sos o obmptor uko b`t`rfekobo t`ikmnmaæo qu` r`bui` nos`fesemk`s (imfm sui`b` `k Iden` imk nos `fesemk`s b` nos ekbustreos fek`ros). @k tmbmsnms iosms, poro `nojmror ju`kos kmrfos, nms mraokesfms püjneims `kioraobms k`i`setokimkmi`r nms b`tonn`s b` nos ekbustreos y nos bestektos t`ikmnmaæos qu` åstos pmbræokobmptor. @sto ekcmrfoieùk su`n` s`r becæien b` mjt`k`r poro `nnms.
Nms efpu`stms y nos sujv`kiemk`s peamuveokms
@n @stobm pu`b` ekt`rkonezor no `xt`rkonebob arovokbm nos oitevebob`s qu` te`k`k`xt`rkonebob`s k`aotevos y sujv`kiemkokbm nos qu` te`k`k `xt`rkonebob`s pmsetevos. Nmsefpu`stms oprmjobms poro imrr`aer nms `c`itms b` nos `xt`rkonebob`s k`aotevos s` nnofokefpu`stms peamuveokms, `k dmkmr on `imkmfesto Ortdur Weamu, ukm b` nms pref`rms qu`b`c`kbeù su usm.
Nms `imkmfestos kmrfonf`kt` pr`ce`r`k nms efpu`stms peamuveokms o nosr`anof`ktoiemk`s poro r`smnv`r `n prmjn`fo b` no imktofekoieùk pmrqu` pu`b`k r`buiernoimk uk imstm f`kmr poro no smie`bob. No rozùk pmr no qu` nms `imkmfestos pr`c`reræok `nefpu`stm s` donno `k qu` r`bui` fïs `ceie`kt`f`kt` no imktofekoieùk. No r`aunoieùkmjneao o iobo cïjreio o r`buier no imktofekoieùk `k no fesfo ioktebob, p`rm uko r`buiieùkeauon km `s k`i`soreof`kt` no cmrfo f`kms ioro b` nefpeor `n oauo. @n efpu`stmpeamuveokm pmk` `s`kieonf`kt` uk pr`iem on b`r`idm o imktofekor. B` no fesfo fok`roqu` nms f`riobms oseakok nms je`k`s o nms imfprobmr`s qu` fïs nms vonmrok, ukefpu`stm peamuveokm oseako no imktofekoieùk o no cïjreio `k nos qu` `s fïs ontm `n imstmb` r`buierno.
Nms efpu`stms peamuveokms km smk imfm iose tmbms nms b`fïs, `k nms qu` no foymræobestmrsemko nms eki`ktevms y on`lok no oseakoieùk b` nms r`iursms b`n ùptefm smieon. Nmsefpu`stms peamuveokms imrrea`k nms eki`ktevms poro qu` t`kaok `k iu`kto no pr`s`kieo b``xt`rkonebob`s y, pmr nm toktm, oi`riok fïs no oseakoieùk b` nms r`iursms on ùptefm smieon.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?0?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Osæ pu`s, nms efpu`stms peamuveokms, ob`fïs b` r`ioubor ekar`sms poro `n @stobm,f`lmrok no `ceie`kieo `imkùfeio.
Nms p`rfesms troksc`rejn`s b` imktofekoieùkPko b` nos v`ktolos b`n f`riobm b` p`rfesms b` imktofekoieùk s` donno `k qu` nobestrejuieùk ekeieon b` nms p`rfesms `ktr` nos `fpr`sos km efpmrto b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto
b` no `ceie`kieo `imkùfeio. No nùaeio `k no qu` s` joso `sto imkinuseùk `s sefenor o nonùaeio `k no qu` s` joso `n t`mr`fo b` Imos`. Nos `fpr`sos qu` pu`b`k r`buier fïscïienf`kt` no imktofekoieùk ükeiof`kt` imk uk ontm imstm `storæok bespu`stos o imfprornms p`rfesms qu` k`i`setorok.
Oukqu` no r`buiieùk b` no imktofekoieùk pmr f`bem b` p`rfesms por`zio fuy bec`r`kt`b` no r`buiieùk pmr f`bem b` efpu`stms peamuveokms, `k r`onebob nos bms f`bebos te`k`kfuidm `k imfük. @k ofjms iosms nos `fpr`sos poaok su imktofekoieùk. Imk nmsefpu`stms peamuveokms, nos `fpr`sos imktofekokt`s b`j`k poaor uk efpu`stm on @stobm.Imk nms p`rfesms b` imktofekoieùk, b`j`k poaor poro imfpror `n p`rfesm (ekinusm nosqu` yo pms``k p`rfesms b`j`k poaor poro imktofekor< `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b`imktofekor `s nm qu` pmbræok doj`r r`iejebm v`kbe`kbm sus p`rfesms `k `n f`riobm
oje`rtm).Roktm nms efpu`stms peamuveokms imfm nms p`rfesms b` imktofekoieùk ekt`rkonezok no`xt`rkonebob b` no imktofekoieùk on doi`r qu` s`o imstmsm poro nos `fpr`sos imktofekor.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?09Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
f`riobm, bobm qu` `stos b`jebof`kt` r`mre`ktobos, su`n`k s`r no f`lmr smnuieùk poror`smnv`r nos connos b`n f`riobm.
0.- R@MZÆO B@N IMKYPF EBMZ
No t`mræo b` no utenebob troto b` `xpneior `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b`n imksufebmr. B`sb` `sto
p`rsp`itevo s` bei` qu` no utenebob `s no optetub b` uk je`k poro sotescoi`r nosk`i`sebob`s. Osæ uk je`k `s fïs üten `k no f`bebo qu` sotescoao f`lmr uko k`i`sebob.@sto utenebob `s iuon e tot evo (nos iuonebob`s r`on`s m opor`kt`s b` nms je`k`s), `s `spoieon(`n mjl`tm b`j` `kimktrors` on onioki` b`n ekbevebum) y t`fpmron (s` r`ce`r` on fmf`ktm `kqu` s` sotescoi` no k`i`sebob).Bobms nms supu`stms b` no Imfpn`tetub, Rroksetevebob y no Imktekuebob, `s pmsejn`b`fmstror cmrfonf`kt` qu` nms ekbevebums smk iopoi`s b` mrb`kor tmbos nos setuoiemk`spmsejn`s8 b` no f`kms o no fïs b`s`ojn`. Wmr toktm, nms `imkmfestos b`kmfekok utenebob o`sto mrb`koieùk. Rofjeåk s` pu`b` ocerfor qu` nos setuoiemk`s fïs b`s`ojn`s r`pmrtokfïs utenebob qu` nos f`kms b`s`ojn`s. @s b`ier, se uko p`rsmko pr`ce`r` no setuoieùk O o noJ , beræofms qu` no utenebob oseakobo o no mpieùk O, ekbeiobo pmr P(O) , `s sup`remr o noutenebob oseakobo o no J , P(J)
@sto t`mræo port` b` vorems supu`stms<@n ekar`sm b`n imksufebmr pmr ukebob b` te`fpm `s n efetobm . Nos ioroi t`ræst ei os b`n je`k b`t`rfekok su utenebob y pmr toktm oc`itok nos b`iesemk`s b`nimksufebmr.@n imksufebmr jusio foxefezor su s otescoii eùk tmton (utenebob tmton), y pmr toktm aostotmbm su ekar`sm.@n imksufebmr pms`` ek cmrfoieùk p`rc`ito , `s b`ier, imkmi` nms je`k`s (susioroit`ræsteios y pr`iems).@n imksufebmr `s roiemkon , `stm que`r` b`ier qu` jusio nmaror sus mjl`tevms, `k `st` iosmtroto b` oniokzor no foymr sot escoiieùk pmsejn` . @stm que`r` b`ier qu` `n imksufebmr `siopoz b` b`t`rfekor sus pr`c`r`kieos y s`r imksest`kt` `k r`noieùk imk sus pr`c`r`kieos.
Osæ, se `n imksufebmr pr`ce`r` `n je`k O smjr` `n je`k J y pr`ce`r` `n je`k J smjr` `n je`k I ,
`ktmki`s pr`c`rerï `n je`k O smjr` `n je`k I (troksetevebob).
0.? OTEMFOY B@ NO @N@IIEÙK ZOIEMKONPko fok`ro b` ekeieor `n okïneses b` nos `n`iiemk`s b` nms ekbevebums `s `sp`ieceior
uk imkluktm b` pmstunobms jïseims m oxemfos qu` ioroit`rezok no imkbuito nnofobo„roiemkon ‖. Km mjstokt` s` dok prmpu`stm vorems imkluktms b` oxemfos, tmbms te`k`ksefenetub`s, `k `n s`ktebm b` qu` imfe`kzok imk `n s`ktebm b` „pr`c`r`kieo ‖< iuokbm ukop`rsmko b`inoro qu` „pr`ce`r` O o J , que`r` b`ier qu` t`keåkbmnm tmbm `k iu`kto, s` se`kt`f`lmr `k no setuoieùk O qu` `k no J . Kmrfonf`kt` s` supmk` qu` `sto r`noieùk b`pr`c`r`kieo te`k` tr`s prmpe`bob`s jïseios<
:. Wrmpe`bob b` Imfpn tetub m Imfporoieùk< se O y J smk bms setuoiemk`siuon`sque`ro, `n ekbevebum se`fpr` pu`b` `sp`ieceior `xoitof`kt` uko b` nos tr`spmsejenebob`s seaue`kt`s<
o) „Wr`ce`r` O o J ‖ j) „Wr`ce`r` J o O‖ i) „ O y J smk eauon b` otroitevos‖
@ktmki`s, s` supmk` qu` no ekb`ieseùk km poronezo o nms ekbevebums. @stmsimfpr`kb`k tmtonf`kt` y se`fpr` pu`b`k b`ieber no imkv`ke`kieo b` bms mpiemk`s
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?02Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
iuon`sque`ro. @n supu`stm tofjeåk `xinuy` no pmsejenebob b` qu` uko p`rsmko b`inor` qu`pr`ce`r` O o J y J o O.
:. Wrmpe`bob b` Rroksetevebob< se uko p`rsmko b`inoro qu` „ pr`ce`r` O o J ‖ y qu`„ pr`ce`r` J o I ‖ , tofjeåk b`j` b`inoror qu` „ pr`ce`r` O o I ‖ . @st` supu`stm `stojn`i`qu` nos `n`iiemk`s b`n ekbevebum smk ekt`rkof`kt` imd`r`kt`s y pu`b` `stubeors``fpæreiof`kt`. @k a`k`ron, nms `stubems `fpæreims nn`aok o no imkinuseùk b` qu` nos
`n`iiemk`s b` uko p`rsmko smk, b` d`idm, troksetevos p`rm `so imkinuseùk b`j`fmbeceiors` `k nms iosms `k qu` `n ekbevebum pu`b` km imfpr`kb`r tmtonf`kt` nosimks`iu`kieos b` nos b`iesemk`s qu` tmfo. Bobm qu` iose se`fpr` supmkbr`fms qu` nosb`iesemk`s s` tmfok `stokbm pn`kof`kt` ekcmrfobm, por`i` qu` no troksetevebob `s uksupu`stm ob`iuobm imk nos pr`c`r`kieos.
9. Wrmpe`bob b` Imktekuebob m Z`cn`xevebob< supmk` qu` iuonque`r `stobm b` no`imkmfæo `s, on f`kms, tok pr`c`rebm pmr `n imksufebmr imfm `s` fesfm `stobm. @s b`ierse uk ekbevebum ocerfo qu` „ pr`ce`r` O o J ‖ , tofjeåk b`j` pr`c`rer nos setuoiemk`sb`jebof`kt` „ por`iebos b` O o J ‖ . Rofjeåk poro iuonque`r iokosto T , no iokosto T `sse`fpr` on f`kms tok pr`c`rebo imfm `nno fesfo.@st` supu`stm jostokt` tåikeim `s k`i`sorem iuokbm s` que`r` okonezor nos r`spu`stos b`nekbevebum o nos voreoiemk`s r`notevof`kt` p`qu`ÿos b` no r`kto y b` nms pr`iems. Yu
cekonebob `s `xinuer ie`rtms tepms b` pr`c`r`kieos pmim dojetuon`s qu` pnokt`ok prmjn`fos ono t`mræo b` no `n`iieùk. @k mtros ponojros8 imktekuebob seakeceio qu` iofjems p`qu`ÿms `kno iokosto b` imksufm prmvmiok iofjems p`qu`ÿms `k `n kev`n b` pr`c`r`kieo.
0.: EK@TEYR@KIEO B@ PK ÜKEIM FÅRMBM WOZO F@BEZ NO PRENEBOB@s pmsejn` oseakor küf`rms o `stos mrb`koiemk`s b` no utenebob, p`rm `stms
küf`rms km s`ræok ükeims. Iuonque`r imkluktm b` küf`rms qu` s`ok oseakobmsorjetroreof`kt` y qu` r`cn`l` `xoitof`kt` no mrb`koieùk ekeieon b` nos pr`c`r`kieosefpneiorï `n fesfm imkluktm b` `n`iiemk`s. Bo nm fesfm b`ier qu` P(O) 6 0 y P(J)6 2 qu`b`ier P (O) 6 0.777.777 y qu` P (J )6 7,0 . @k iuonque`ro b` nms bms iosms, nms küf`rmsefpneiok qu` s` pr`ce`r` O o J `k tårfekms tåikeims, `n imki`ptm b` utenebob qu`bo
b`cekebm, sonvm uko trokscmrfoieùk qu` pr`s`rv` `n mrb`k („fmkùtmko‖), `s b`ier km voræose s` tmfo uko trokscmrfoieùk b` `st` tepm. Y`rverï iuonque`r imkluktm b` küf`rms qu`r`cn`l` `xoitof`kt` no mrb`koieùk b` nos pr`c`r`kieos b` uko p`rsmko. Wmr nm toktm kmte`k` s`ktebm pr`auktors` „`k quåf`b ebo s` pr`c e`r` fïs O qu` J ‖ , yo qu` `stopr`aukto km te`k` uko ükeio r`spu`sto. @ktmki`s, nos mrb`koiemk`s b` no utenebob smkimfm nos mrb`koiemk`s mrbekon`s b` nms r`stourokt`s m nos p`næiunos qu` utenezok uko, bms,tr`s, iuotrm m iekim `str`nnos. Ekbeiok sefpn`f`kt` no b`s`ojenebob b` nos i`stos b` je`k`s.
@sto ek`xest`kieo b` uk ükeim fåtmbm poro oseakor küf`rms o no utenebob, tofjeåkr`cn`lo no imkinuseùk b` qu` km s pmsejn` imfporor nos utenebob`s b` p`rsmkos bestektos. Yeuk ekbevebum r`pmrto qu` i`kor imk uk jest`i n` r`pmrto uko utenebob b` „4‖ y mtro ocerfo
qu` `so fesfo i`ko n` r`pmrto uko utenebob b` „07‖ , km s` pu`b` b`ier iuïn b` nms bmsvonmro fïs no i`ko, pmr iuoktm pmbræok `stor utenezokbm `sionos fuy bec`r`kt`s. Osæfesfm, km `s pmsejn` soj`r se uk fmvefe`ktm b` b`spnozofe`ktm b` no setuoieùk O o J r`pmrto fïs utenebob o uko p`rsmko qu` o mtro.
No t`mræo `imkùfeio b`n imfpmrtofe`ktm b`n imksufebmr s` tmpo imk uk prmjn`foefpmrtokt` (nnofobm `n prmjn`fo i`ktron b` no t`mræo b`n imksufebmr), `n iuon `s noefpmsejenebob b` iuokteceior `n arobm b` sotescoiieùk m utenebob qu` `n imksufebmr mjte`k`
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?00Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
b` nms je`k`s. Km `xest` uko ukebob b` f`bebo mjl`tevo b` no sotescoiieùk. @st` prmjn`fos` do `kcr`ktobm o trovås b` bms `kcmqu`s bestektms<
@kcmqu` iorbekon< Yupmk` qu` se `s pmsejn` f`ber no utenebob, m s`o qu` se s`bespmk` b` uko ukebob b` f`bebo b` no sotescoiieùk.(`k `n posobm onaukms `imkmfestosprmpmkæok qu` no utenebob pmbæo f`bers` oseakïkbms`n` uko f`bebo, nms „üten`s‖ . Osæ,
smst`kæok qu` o nos oiiemk`s qu` iousojok pnoi`r s` n`s pmbæo oseakor uk küf`rmpmsetevm y o nos oiiemk`s qu` prmvmiojok uk fon m bmnmr, s` n`s oseakojo uk küf`rmk`aotevm, y pmr üntefm s` sufojok ona`jroeiof`kt` `stms küf`rms. Ob`fïs, s` prmpmkæoqu` `stos f`bebos pmbæok mjt`k`rs` poro iobo uko b` nos p`rsmkos qu` `ro oc`itobo pmrnos oiiemk`s `k lu`am, `s b`ier, qu` no utenebob `ro susi`ptejn` b` s`r f`beboiuoktetotevof`kt` y imfporojn` ekt`rp`rsmkonf`kt`.)
Rofjeåk `k mtros ponojros, s` supmk` qu` se `s pmsejn` f`ber no utenebob, m s`oqu` se s` bespmk` b` uko ukebob b` f`bebo b` no sotescoiieùk. @k `c`itm, nms küf`rms ?,:, 9 smk küf`rms iorbekon`s, pu`stm qu` s` soj` qu` : `s `xoitof`kt` `n bmjn` b` ? y 9`s `xoitof`kt` `n trepn`. @stm seakeceio qu` uko f`beieùk iorbekon b` no utenebob efpneiouko `xoit e tub `k tårfekms iuoktetotevms b` nos bec`r`kieos mjt`kebos `k ukebob.@nojmror
supu`stms tok cu`rt`s km oyubo k n okïneses yo qu` s becæien f`ber üten`s k sto cmrfo.
@kcmqu` mrbekon< @k `st` `kcmqu` `n imksufebmr km feb` no utenebob, sùnm`stojn`i` imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` pr`ce`r` m n` smk ekbec`r`kt`s imk r`sp`itm o mtrosimfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s. @n `kcmqu` b` no utenebob mrbekon `s f`kms ræaebm, y imksest`sefpn`f`kt` `k mrb`kor nms kev`n`s b` utenebob. Iuokbm s` doi` r`c`r`kieo o „utenebob‖ `k tårfekms mrbekon`s, s` que`r` r`cn`lor smnof`kt` `n mrb`kofe`ktm b` nos pr`c`r`kieos.Y` b`cek` `ktmki`s o utenebob imfm uko voreojn` iuyo foaketub r`notevo ekbeio `n mrb`k b`pr`c`r`kieos.
Rofjeåk `xpr`sobm b` mtro cmrfo8 `k `st` `kcmqu` `n imksufebmr km feb` noutenebob, sùnm `stojn`i` imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` pr`ce`r` m n` smk ekbec`r`kt`s imkr`sp`itm o mtros imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s. @stm seakeceio uko inoseceioieùk u mrb`koieùk
b` „pref`rm‖, „s`aukbm‖, „t`ri`rm‖, `ti. smk küf`rms mrbekon`s, pu`stm qu` efpn eiok ukroka m m uk mrb `k sp `iæceim . Km pu`b` ocerfors` kobo oi`rio b`n tofoÿm b` no r`noieùkb` nms küf`rms mrbekon`s8 sefpn`f`kt` s` pu`b` b`ier onam r`sp`itm b` no efpmrtokieor`notevo qu` te`k`k `ktr` sæ.
Ptenebob Mrbekon
@st` imki`ptm cu` b`c`kbebm pmr nms `imkmfestos imfm Wor`tm y Deihs, s`aük nmsiuon`s o no utenebob km s` n` pu`b` oseakor uk vonmr `k imkir`tm, p`rm sæ pu`b` s`rimfporobo imk mtros utenebob`s b` cmrfo qu` s` b`t`rfek` iuïn b` `nnos prmpmriemkofoymr sotescoiieùk on imksufebmr.
@n `kcmqu` b` no utenebob mrbekon `s f`kms ræaebm, y imksest` sefpn`f`kt` `kmrb`kor nms k ev`n`s b` ute n ebob . Iuokbm s` doi` r`c`r`kieo o „utenebob‖ `k tårfekmsmrbekon`s, s` que`r` r`cn`lor smnof`kt` `n mrb`kofe`ktm b` nos pr`c`r`kieos. Y` b`cek``ktmki`s o utenebob imfm uko voreojn` iuyo foaketub r`notevo ekbeio `n mrb`k b`pr`c`r`kieos.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?03Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No utenebob se s` tmfo imfm uk imki`ptm b` cukieùk mrbekon `ktmki`s pmb`fms pmr`l`fpnm supmk`r qu` se P(x) 6 3 y P(y) 6 : , `ktmki`s no iokosto x `s `streito f`kt`pr`c`rebo o no iokosto y . W`rm `stm km seakeceio qu` x `s tr`s v`i`s pr`c`rebo o y .
@kcmqu` iorbekon<
O porter b` nms supu`stms y imki`ptms f`kiemkobms s` b`cek`k bms imki`ptms b`utenebob m sotescoiieùk<
Ptenebob Rmton (PR )< `s no sotescoiieùk tmton b` imksufer uko ie`rto ioktebob b` ukje`k. Ptenebob Foraekon (PF )< `s no sotescoiieùk `xtro b` uko ukebob b` imksufm obeiemkon.
@n b`sorrmnnm b` uko cukieùk b` utenebob iorbekon coieneto no imfpr`kseùk b` nmsimki`ptms b` utenebob tmton y utenebob foraekon. Ye s` mjs`rvo no Ceauro ?, s` pu`b`opr`ieor, iùfm no utenebob tmton ouf`kto o f`bebo qu` s` imksuf`k ukebob`s obeiemkon`sb`n je`k jolm `stubem, fe`ktros qu` no port` ekc`remr b` no ceauro fu`stro iùfm `n
ekir`f`ktm b` utenebob qu` prmpmriemko iobo ukebob obeiemkon b`n je`k `k iu`steùk `siobo v`z f`kmr, o f`bebo qu` `n imksufm ouf`kto. No cukieùk qu` v`fms `k no port`sup`remr `s no utenebob tmton, fe`ktros qu` no port` ekc`remr fu`stro `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b` noutenebob foraekon.
@l`fpnm< Yupmkao qu` uk imksufebmr p`riej` nms seaue`kt`s kev`n`s b` utenebob tmton yforaekon pmr `n imksufm b` dmt-bma<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?01Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
_ PR PF7 7 - ? 4 4 : ?4 ?7 9 :3 4 2 9: 3
0 93 23 94 :1 94 74 93 -:
Aroceiokbm ofjms imki`ptms<
@k nms botms okt`remr`s s` mjs`rvo qu` s` sotescoi` no N`y b` no Ptenebob ForaekonB`ir`ie`kt`, `s b`ier, no sotescoiieùk obeiemkon b`n imksufebmr besfekuy` o f`bebo qu`s` imksuf` uko foymr ioktebob b`n je`k. Mjs`rv` qu` doy uk puktm b` ekcn`xeùk, o porterb`n iuon no utenebob foraekon (PF ) s` vu`nv` b`ir`ie`kt`<
Kmto< `k åpmios okt`remr`s, `n t`fo b` no utenebob nm ojmrbojok nms cenùsmcms y`imkmfestos b`sb` uk puktm b` vesto `k `n iuon pmbæo f`bers` `n arobm b` je`k`stor b`nos p`rsmkos, s` p`ksojo qu` pmbæo s`r uko f`bebo kufåreio b`n arobm b` c`neiebob b`nms ekbevebums y pmr toktm sus b`iesemk`s nos tmfojok trotokbm b` foxefezor su utenebob ypmr `kb` s`r nm fïs c`nei`s pmsejn`s. W`rm ½iùfm pmbæo `k r`onebob f`bers` oqu`nnoutenebob=, ½s`ræo no fesfo ioktebob b` utenebob `ktr` nms ekbevebums=, ½`s ekb`p`kbe`kt` `nseakeceiobm b` utenebob r`sp`itm o foxefezornm `ktr` nos b`iesemk`s ekbevebuon`s=
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?04Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@s pmr `stos beceiuntob`s imki`ptuon`s b` f`bebo b` no c`neiebob qu` `so okteauo eb`o cu`b`s`idobo pmr nms `imkmfestos y no r`cmrfunormk imfm uko imkbuito b`n imksufebmr `kcukieùk b` sus pr`c`r`kieos , se`kbm b` st` fmbm no utenebob uko cmrfo b` b`sirejerno.
Rrobuiebm `k mtrms tårfekms, `stos cukiemk`s `storæok fmstrokbm qu` nos pref`rosukebob`s imksufebos, prmpmriemkok on ekbevebum foymr pnoi`r qu` nos üntefos, o f`beboqu` åst` vo oniokzokbm uk puktm b` soie`bob. @s b`ier, iobo ukebob obeiemkon qu` s`imksuf` jrekbo uko utenebob f`kmr qu` no okt`remr, `stm `s nm qu` s` b`kmfeko utenebobforaekon b`ir`ie`kt`.
@k tårfekms fot`fïteims pmb`fms b`ier qu` no pref`ro b`revobo b` no cukieùk b`utenebob `s pmsetevo, fe`ktros qu` no s`aukbo `s k`aotevo.
B` tmbos cmrfos, posor`fms o imktekuoieùk o ekboaor `k `n okïneses b` no utenebobmrbekon, qu` pu`b` borkms foymr`s ekstruf`ktms poro `stubeor `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b``n`iieùk b`n imksufebmr.
0.9 @N YPWP@YRM B@N I@R@ZEY WOZEJPYBobm qu` no utenebob s` r`ce`r` o no sotescoiieùk anmjon, doy tmbo uko vore`bob b`
coitmr`s qu` ekcnuy`k `k `sto f`bebo. @k no utenebob b` uko p`rsmko ekcnuy` km smnm suimksufm b` je`k`s cæseims sekm tofjeåk nos oitetub`s pseimnùaeios, nos pr`semk`s b`narupm, nos `xp`re`kieos p`rsmkon`s y `n `ktmrkm iunturon `k a`k`ron. Oukqu` nms`imkmfestos te`k`k uk ekt`rås a`k`ron `k `xofekor `sms coitmr`s, kmrfonf`kt` `s
k`i`sorem b`nefetor `n iofpm b` okïneses. Wmr imkseaue`kt`, s` pr`sto ot`kieùk o oqu`nnms`xinusevof`kt` iuokteceiojn`s (pmr `l`fpnm, nos ioktebob`s r`notevos imfprobos b`onef`ktms y onmlofe`ktm, `n küf`rm b` dmros trojolobos o no s`foko m nms vmtms o covmr b`cùrfunos trejutoreos imkir`tos), fokt`ke`kbm imkstokt` nos b`fïs voreojn`s qu` oc`itok ono imkbuito. @st` supu`stm I`t`res Worejus (fok t`keåkbms` tm bm nm b`fïs i mk stok t` ),s` ekvmio `k tmbms nms okïneses `imkùfeims b` nos `n`iiemk`s foxefezobmros b` no utenebobimk `n cek b` pmb`r okonezor nos `n`iiemk`s `k uk imkt`xtm sefpneceiobm.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?05Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
0.2 WZ@C@Z@KIEOY U NO CPKIEÙK B@ PRENEBOBNo cukieùk b` utenebob imrr`spmkb` o uk ekstruf`ktm fot`fïteim qu` s` `fpn`o
poro r`pr`s`ktor nos pr`c`r`kieos m austms b` nms ekbevebums.
Woro imkseb`ror uk `l`fpnm b`n supu`stm b` I`t`res Worejus, `xofekor`fms `n
prmjn`fo b` uko p`rsmko qu` b`j` `n`aer `k uk b`t`rfekobm ekstokt` b` te`fpm `ktr` k je`k`s b` imksufm, `s b`ier8 x ? , x : , x 9 …x k . Y` supmkbrï qu` no mrb`koieùk b` `stmsje`k`s pu`b` r`pr`s`ktorf` f`beokt` uko cukieùk b` utenebob b` no cmrfo<
Ptenebob 6 P (x ? , x : , x 9 ,…x k 8 mtros imsos) (?)
Bmkb` nos x , s` r`ce`r`k o nos ioktebob`s b` nms je`k`s qu` pmbræok `sima`rs` y nokmtoieùk „mtros imsos‖ s` utenezo poro r`imrbor on onufkm qu` s` fokte`k`k imkstokt`s`k `n okïneses fuidms osp`itms b`n je`k`stor b`n ekbevebum. Km sùnm s` b`j`k fokt`k`rimkstokt`s nms „austms‖ , sekm tofjeåk imkstokt`s onaukms osp`itms iuokteceiojn`s ton`simfm `n imksufm cuturm, `n küf`rm b` dmros trojolobos (nm qu` `quevon` fokt`k`r
imkstokt` no r`ito) y no ioktebob b` r`kto odmrrobo. Rmbms `stms osp`itms iuokteceiojn`sb` no imkbuito b`n ekbevebum qu` pu`b`k ekv`steaors` pmr sæ fesfm, p`rm qu` `k no t`mræob` no `n`iieùk, s` fokte`k`k imkstokt`s.
Wmr nm a`k`ron `s imfük `xpr`sor no `iuoieùk (?) imfm s`r<
Ptenebob 6 P(x ? , x : , x 9 ,…x k ) (:) Ye s` que`r`k `xofekor smnof`kt` bms je`k`s, s`ok `stms T ` U , `ktmki`s
Ptenebob 6 P(T, U) (9)
Bmkb` tmbm oqu`nnm qu` `stå cu`ro b`n forim okonæteim s` fokte`k` imkstokt`,sonvm nms je`k`s o qu` s` r`ce`r` no cukieùk b` utenebob. Km `s k`i`sorem r`imrbor o iobo
posm `sto pr`feso pmrqu` se`fpr` s` pmstuno `n I`t`res Worejus.
No kmtoieùk b` no cukieùk b` utenebob s` `fpn`o poro ekbeior imfm mrb`ko ukekbevebum nms orauf`ktms b` no cukieùk imkseb`robo. @k `n iosm fïs dojetuon, no cukieùk b`utenebob (:) s` utenezo poro r`pr`s`ktor no cmrfo `k qu` uko p`rsmko mrb`ko b`t`rfekobosi`stos b` je`k`s b` nos qu` pu`b` bespmk`r `k uk b`t`rfekobm fmf`ktm b` te`fpm. Ov`i`s r`sunto üten `fpn`or mtrms orauf`ktms `k no cukieùk b` utenebob y `s f`lmr `xpr`sorb`sb` `n pref`r fmf`ktm `stos imkseb`roiemk`s imkv`kiemkon`s. Wmr `l`fpnm, pu`b`r`suntor üten r`c`rers` o no ute n ebob qu` r`pmrto o uko p `rsmko no requ`zo (Q ). Wmr nm toktms` `fpn`orï no kmtoieùk<
Ptenebob 6 P (Q)(2)
O f`kms qu` `n ekbevebum s`o uk ovorm jostokt` p`iuneor, no requ`zo km r`pmrto pmrsæ fesfo kekauko utenebob ber`ito. Yùnm r`pmrto onauko iuokbm aosto `k je`k`s b`
imksufm . Wmr `sto rozùk no `iuoieùk (9) ve`k` o seakeceior qu` no utenebob pmr no requ`zos` b`revo, `k r`onebob, b`n aostm b` `sto requ`zo b` uko cmrf o ton qu` r`pmrt` no
foymr ut e n ebob pmsej n` .
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?37Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
B`cek eieùk Ptenebob< nos pr`c`r`kieos b` nms ekbevebums s` r`pr`s`ktok pmr uko cukieùk b`utenebob b` no cmrfo< Ptenebob 6 P(x ? , x : , x 9 ,…x k ) (0)
Bmkb` x ? , x : , x 9 ...x k smk nos ioktebob`s b` nms k je`k`s qu` pmbræokimksufers` `k uk p`ræmbm. No cukieùk sùnm `s ükeio sonvm uko trokscmrfoieùk qu`
pr`s`rv` `n mrb`k.
No cukieùk b` utenebob oseako uk küf`rm r`on o iobo imfjekoieùk b` imksufm, b`ton fok`ro qu` beidm küf`rm s`rï `n fesfm poro i`stos b` imksufm qu` efpneiok ukfesfm kev`n b` sotescoiieùk poro `n imksufebmr, foymr poro i`stos pr`c`rebos y f`kmrporo imfjekoiemk`s f`kms pr`c`rebos m qu` r`pmrtok uk f`kmr kev`n b` je`k`stor poro `nimksufebmr. Ye`kbm osæ, no cukieùk b` ute n ebob p`rfet` mrb`kor y imfporor nos
bec`r`kt`s imf jekoiemk`s b` imksufm im kcmrf` o nos pr`c`r`kieos b`n imk suf ebmr.
Y` r`ce`r` o uko cukieùk mrbekon, b`jebm o qu` `n ækbei` b` utenebob qu` s`omtmraobm (qu` `s uk küf`rm r`on) km te`k` s`ktebm b` cmrfo oesnobo, sekm iuokbm `stï `k
r`noieùk imk nms b`fïs ækbei`s qu` s`ok oseakobms. @k b`ceketevo, nm fïs r`n`vokt` `s `nmrb`k qu` `stojn`zio iobo cukieùk imk r`sp`itm o nos i`stos b` imksufm ont`rkotevos qu`s`ok `xofekobos.
0.2.? Wr`c`r`kieos b`n Imksufebmr y Iurvos b` Ekbec`r`kieo.
Nms ekbevebums pr`ce`r`k iuoktm fïs, f`lmr, nm qu` seakeceio qu` fokt`ke`kbm tmbmnm b`fïs imkstokt` (I`t`res Worejus ), s` pr`ce`r` uko foymr ioktebob b` uk je`k o ukof`kmr. Ye s` imkseb`ro `n iosm b` uk ekbevebum qu` mpto `ktr` bms iokostos poro suimksufm. No iokosto O te`k` ?: dofjurau`sos s`fokon`s y ?7 ebos on iek` s`fokon`s.
@n supu`stm s`aük `n iuon „iuoktm fïs f`lmr‖ , kms ekbeio qu` tmbos nos iokostossetuobos `k `n iuobrokt` sup`remr i`n`st` b` O pr`ce`r`k o åsto qu` åsto s` pr`ce`r`, o suv`z o tmbos nos setuobos `k `n iuobrokt` ekc`remr oforennm.
@st` supu`stm kms ekbeio qu` \ te`k` uk imksufm b` :4 dofjurau`sos s`fokon`sy ?: ebos on iek` s`fokon`s, s` pr`ce`r` o O y qu` O s` pr`ce`r` o Q , qu` te`k` smnof`kt`uk imksufm b` 3 dofjurau`sos s`fokon`s y 2 ebos on iek` s`fokon`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?3?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye s` imkseb`ro `n imkluktm b` i`stos qu` s` `kiu`ktrok `k no næk`o qu` uk` Q y \
s` te`k` qu` s` pr`ce`r` no i`sto \ o no O y no O o no Q , que`r` b`ier qu` o f`bebo qu` s`fu`v` b` \ o Q s` `kimktrorï imk uko i`sto eauon qu` no O. Y`o J no i`sto qu` s`
pr`ce`r` eauon qu` no O y qu` imkte`k` ?1 dofjurau`sos b` imksufm s`fokon y 4 ebos oniek` pmr s`foko.
@n supu`stm s`aük `n iuon „s` pr`ce`r` fïs o f`kms‖ tofjeåk kms bei` qu` `k nonæk`o r`ito qu` imk`ito nms puktms Q y \ sùnm dojrï uko i`sto qu` r`üko `sos
ioroit`ræsteios. Nms puktms b` `so næk`o setuobms doieo `n iuobrokt` i`n`st` b` J smk
tmbms `nnms f`lmr`s qu` J y nms setuobms doieo n iuobrokt` oforennm, p`mr`s.
Ye s` seau` `n prmi`befe`ktm s` pu`b` `kimktror `n puktm I qu` r`pr`s`kto no i`sto(:7,1). Y`aük `n supu`stm b` troksetevebob, soj`fms qu` I tofjeåk s` pr`ce`r` eauon qu` O
(yo qu` s` pr`ce`r` eauon qu` J, qu` s` pr`ce`r` eauon qu` O).
@st` prmi`sm s` pu`b` r`p`ter nos v`i`s qu` s` b`s``, imk nm iuon s` mjte`k` uko
iurv o b` ekbec`r`kieo , qu` imrr`spmkb` on imkluktm b` iokostos qu` s` pr`ce`r`k eauonqu` no mreaekon, O y qu` n` mtmraok no fesfo utenebob. @st` imkluktm s` r`pr`s`kto `k no
iurvo qu` s` fu`stro o imktekuoieùk y s` b`kmto imk no n`tro P y s` kmfjro osæ pmrqu``n imksufebmr `s ekbec`r`kt` r`sp`itm o su utenebob `ktr` tmbos nos iokostos qu` s``kiu`ktrok `k `nno.
@sto iurvo p`rfet` imfporor no sotescoiieùk qu` r`pmrtok beidos iurvos imkr`sp`itm o nos qu` s` `kiu`ktrok pmr `kiefo m b`jolm b` `nnos.
Ye s` imfporo no i`sto I (:7,1) imk no H (:9,2) qu` te`k` uko ioktebob f`kmr b` ebos
on iek` y foymr b` imksufm b` dofjurau`sos qu` no I . Y` soj` qu` no I pr`ce`r` eauonqu` no B (:0,3) yo qu` ofjos s` `kiu`ktrok `k no fesfo iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo.
No B s` pr`ce`r` o no H pmr `n supu`stm b` „iuoktm fïs f`lmr‖. Cekonf`kt` no
troksetevebob bei` qu` imfm I s` pr`ce`r` eauon qu` no B y no B s` pr`ce`r` o no H , no I b`j`pr`c`rers` o no H
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?3:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye s` seau` `n fesfm rozmkofe`ktm, pu`b` b`iers` qu` s` pr`ce`r` no iokosto N o noO . @k a`k`ron, nos i`stos qu` s` `kiu`ktrok pmr `kiefo b` uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo s`pr`ce`r`k o nos qu` s` `kiu`ktrok `k `nno.
B` eauon fok`ro, nos i`stos qu` s` `kiu`ktrok `k uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo s`pr`ce`r`k o nos qu` s` `kiu`ktrok pmr b`jolm.
No prmpe`bob b` imfpn`tetub b` nos pr`c`r`kieos efpneio qu` doy uko iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo qu` poso pmr tmbos nos i`stos pmsejn`s. Wmr nm toktm nos pr`c`r`kieos b`nimksufebmr pu`b`k r`pr`s`ktors` pmr f`bem b` uk fopo b` iurv os b` ekbec`r`kieo.
Rmbms nms puktms smjr` no fesfo iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo prmpmriemkok ebåkteiosotescoiieùk on imksufebmr. Nms puktms smjr` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo P : ekbeiok foymrsotescoiieùk qu` nms puktms smjr` no iurvo P ? , p`rm f`kmr qu` nms puktms smjr` no iurvoP 9 . B` `sto cmrfo, sùnm s` r`que`r` `n mrb`k m rokam b` pr`c`r`kieos b` uk imksufebmrporo pmb`r trozor sus iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo.
P ? , P : , …P k smk ækbei`s b` vonmr qu` s` utenezok poro ekbeior `n mrb`k b` pr`c`r`kieos qu`imrr`spmkb` o nos r`sp`itevos iurvos ekbec`r`kieo b` fmbm qu` sotesceie`ro no prmpe`bobb` P ? > P : > P 9 > ,…> P k `k bmkb` `stïk r`pr`s`ktobos nos pr`c`r`kieos b`n imksufebmr nmqu` cekonf`kt` iu`kto `s no mrb`koieùk b` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo y km nms vonmr`skufåreims oseakobms.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?39Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iurvo b` Ekbec`r`kieo . Pko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo (m sup`rceie` b` ekbec`r`kieo, se s` dojnob` k bef`ksemk`s) fu`stro uk imkluktm b` i`stos b` imksufm qu` km doi`k bec`r`kieoporo `n ekbevebum. @s b`ier, tmbos `stos iokostos n` mcr`i`k `n fesfm kev`n b` utenebob.
0.2.: Iùfm fmstror no imkv`xebob b` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieoB`t`rfekor no
RF Y `k `n iosm b` cukiemk`s `sp`iæceios b` utenebob r`pr`s`kto uk
otolm imkv`ke`kt` fuidos v`i`s b`fmstror no imkv`xebob b` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo.Ye (T*, U* ) `s no iokosto ùptefo `k uk prmjn`fo b` foxefezoieùk, tofjeåk nm s`rï
uko cukieùk b` utenebob SXP(x, y)V, bmkb` S `s uko cukieùk ir`ie`kt` iuonque`ro S(x ? ) ;S(x : ) iuokbm x ? ; x : . Pk otolm `s utenezor `n nmaoretfm `k no cukieùk b` utenebob, pu`s `s ukocukieùk ir`ie`kt` y imks`rvo `n mrb`k km ont`rokbm no RFY qu` s` pr`t`kb` ioniunor.@l`fpnm<
Y`o P(x, y) 6 xy , Ye S X P(x,y) V 6 nk X P(x,y) V 6 7,0∕nkx + 7,0∕n ky
6;
7,0 S
y x x RFY
S 7,0 x y y
_u`bo inorm qu` `sto RF Y b`ir`i` o f`bebo qu` x suj` y qu` y jolo. Wmr toktm, nosiurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo smk imkv`xos.
½_uå sui`b` iuokbm nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos smk iùkiovos y km imkv`xos= @k tmbm nm qu` s` do pnokt`obm imk okt`noieùk s` imkinuæo qu` ån ùptefm b`n imksufebmr,bobo uko r`ito b` pr`supu`stm y iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos imkv`xos on mrea`k imrr`spmkbæoon puktm smjr` no næk`o b` pr`supu`stm qu` tmio o no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo fïs ontooniokzojn`.
Odmro s` pnokt`o `n iosm `k `n iuon nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos smk iùkiovos `k v`z b`
imkv`xos imfm s` fu`stro `k no seaue`kt` ceauro<
Nos ber`iiemk`s b` nos pr`c`r`kieos, `n imkluktm b` mpmrtukebob`s smfjr`obms y nonæk`o b` pr`supu`stm HN imkt`kebms `k `n arïceim qu` s` fu`stro, `k `st` iosm s` opr`ieo
qu` `n puktm R km `s `n ùptefm. @k nuaor b` `nnm, R `s `n puktm f`kms pr`c`rebm smjr` no
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?32Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
næk`o b` pr`supu`stm, oukqu` s` nmionezo `k P : , no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo fïs jolooniokzobo o nm noram b` HN. Imfm nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos smk iùkiovos, `n ùptefm b`oiu`rbm o no b`cekeieùk km pmbræo s`r R , pmrqu` oukqu` `s toka`kt` o P : `n puktm N `stï `kuk kev`n b` ekbec`r`kieo P 9 ; P : , `n puktm @ s` nmionezo `k `n puktm fïs ontm b` nos iurvosb` ekbec`r`kieos qu` `k `st` iosm `s P 2 . @k mtros ponojros `n puktm b` toka`kieo R km `s
`n pr`c`rebm, oük fïs `s `n f`kms pr`c`rebm smjr` no næk`o b` pr`supu`stm yo qu` s`nmionezo `k no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo fïs jolo. Imk nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos iùkiovosqu` s` `xpmk`k `k `n arïceim okt`remr, `n ùptefm `stï `k @ bmkb` `n imksufebmr aosto tmbmsu ekar`sm `k U . @stm s` b`kmfeko smnui eùk squeko .
½Iuïn `s `n b`c`itm y ioroit`ræsteio qu` te`k` `st` fmb`nm=
@k pref`r nuaor nos p`rsmkos pmr nm a`k`ron bev`rseceiok sus ekar`sms `k `nimksufm b` voreobms je`k`s y km aostok tmbm su pr`supu`stm `k tok smnm ukm. @stmmiurr` smnof`kt` `k uk fmb`nm `k `n iuon nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos imk iùkiovos nosiuon`s smk ekimfpotejn`s imk uk imksufm bev`rseceiobm.
@st` tepm b` imksufebmr s` ioroit`rezo pmr `sp`ieonezors` `k uk b`t`rfekobm je`ky qu` aosto tmbm su pr`supu`stm `xinusevof`kt` `k oqu`n.
Mtrm iosm pu`b` bors` `k oqu`n imksufebmr on iuon s` n` pr`s`ktok bms je`k`sp`rm ukm b` `nnms `s b`foseobm iorm imk r`sp`itm on mtrm pmr `l`fpnm popos y ioveor,ju`km `n imksufebmr o p`sor b` s`r b`foseobm ontm `n pr`iem b`n ioveor, ån pmbræo poaoruko ioktebob pmr bescrutor uko p`qu`ÿo ioktebob b` åst`, p`rm km `storæo bespu`stm opoaor `n `xi`sevm pr`iem r`qu`rebm.
0.2.9 Nms Je`k`s @imkùfe ims
@k `sto cmrfo b` r`pr`s`ktor, s` supmk` qu` nos T smk „je`k`s ‖ (ber`fms qu` smkje`k`s pmrqu` poro nms ekbevebums smk opr`ieojn`s m r`qu`rebms nms je`k`s y km nms„fon`s‖ ), `s b`ier, s` supmk` qu`, ekb`p`kbe`kt`f`kt` b` nos ioktebob`s `imkùfeiosqu` r`pr`s`ktok, s` pr`ce`r` uko ioktebob foymr o uko f`kmr b` iuonque`r T e , burokt` ukp`ræmbm b` te`fpm iuon`sque`ro. (Wrekiepem b` km soturoieùk). Y` supmkbrï qu` miurr` osæ`k `n iosm b` tmbms nms je`k`s, yo s`o uk s`kiennm ortæiunm b` imksufm imfm uk sïkbweidm uk imfpn`lm oar`aobm imfm no requ`zo m `n miem.
No ceauro qu` o imktekuoieùk s` fu`stro, r`pr`s`kto `sto imkv`kieùk `k `n iosm b`uko cukieùk b` utenebob b` bms je`k`s. @k `sto ceauro tmbos nos i`stos b` imksufm b`nïr`o smfjr`obo s` pr`ce`r`k o no T *, U * pmrqu` iuonque`r i`sto b` `so ïr`o smfjr`obo
prmpmriemko uko ioktebob foymr, on f`kms, b` ukm b` nms je`k`s. Osæ pu`s, s`aük ku`strob`cekeieùk b` „je`k`s‖ , `k no mrb`koieùk b` nos i`stos b` je`k`s, nos b`n ïr`o smfjr`obos` `kiu`ktrok `k uk pu`stm fïs ontm qu` nos T *, U *.
Osæ fesfm, nos i`stos b`n ïr`o `k nos qu` s` pmk` „p`mr`s‖ smk inorof`kt`ekc`remr`s o T *, U *, yo qu` imkte`k`k uko ioktebob f`kmr, on f`kms, b` ukm b` nms je`k`sy kekauko ioktebob foymr b`n mtrm. Nos i`stos b` nos bms ïr`os ekbeiobos, smk becæien`s b`imfporor imk nos T* , U* pmrqu` imkte`k`k uko ioktebob foymr b` ukm b` nms je`k`s y uko
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?30Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
f`kmr b`n mtrm. Imfm v`r`fms, nms b`spnozofe`ktms b` `stos ïr`os efpneiok ekt`riofjems`ktr` bms je`k`s.
@k no ceauro qu` s` fu`stro, nos pmsejenebob`s b` uk imksufebmr qu` pr`ce`r`foymr ioktebob b` uk je`k o uko f`kmr ioktebob b` åst`
@n ïr`o smfjr`obo r`pr`s`kto nos imfjekoiemk`s b` T ` U qu` s` pr`ce`r`k
ek`quævmiof`kt` o no T* , U* , I`t`res Worejus8 nms ekbevebums pr`ce`r`k uko ioktebob foymrb` iuonque`r je`k o uko f`kmr. Nos imfjekoiemk`s eb`kteceiobos imk uko ekt`rrmaoieùkefpneiok voreoiemk`s ofjeauos b`n je`k`stor, yo qu` imkte`k`k uko ioktebob foymr b` ukje`k y uko f`kmr b`n mtrm.@l`fpnm< supmkaofms qu` no cukieùk b` utenebob b` nos pr`c`r`kieos b` uk imksufebmr`ståk bobos pmr P(x,y) 6 x∕y, se s` imkseb`ro qu` `sto cukieùk b` utenebob imfm s` belmokt`remrf`kt` `s uk küf`rm r`on, `ktmki`s, k`i`soreof`kt` se doi`fms qu` P(x,y) 6 x∕y 6
2 , s` vo t`k`r uk kev`n b` sotescoiieùk imkstokt` ` eauon o 2.
Nu`am se s` `kiu`ktrok pmsejn`s imfjekoiemk`s b` vonmr`s toktm b` x imfm b` y iuym prmbuitm s`o 2, s` pu`b` t`k`r `n seaue`kt` imkluktm b` por`s b` vonmr`s< P(x,y)6 x∕y
6 2 6; {(x,y) / x∕y 6 2 }6; { (:,:), (2,?), (?,2), (4, ¶), (¶, 4), …}
Ye `stm s` nn`vo o uk arïceim, s` te`k`<
No iurvo osæ imkstruebo bo iu`kto b` nos bec`r`kt`s imfjekoiemk`s b` imksufm qu`r`pmrtok `n fesfm arobm b` sotescoiieùk on imksufebmr, `s b`ier qu` n` smk ekbec`r`kt`s.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?33Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@ktmki`s no iurvo qu` imrr`spmkb` on nuaor A`mfåtreim qu` r`pmrtok uk kev`n b`sotescoiieùk imkstokt` o nm noram b` `nno r`iej` `n kmfjr` b` Iurvo b` Ekbec`r`kieo ,
nu`am, cmrfonf`kt` s` pu`b` b`ier qu` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo b` kev`n P r`ük` `nimkluktm b` imfjekoiemk`s b` imksufm (x, y) qu` n` prmpmriemkok on imksufebmr uk kev`n
b` sotescoiieùk P . Nu`am, nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo smk, pmr toktm, nos iurvos b` kev`n b`
no cukieùk b` utenebob, `s b`ier< P x y P , (@s b`ier `n kev`n b` sotescoiieùk o nms noram
b` no iurvo `s imkstokt`)
No cukieùk P x y x y , `s uko cukieùk b` utenebob y nos pr`c`r`kieos qu` r`pr`s`kto
s` b`kmfekok pr`c`r`kieos r`aunor`s . @stm üntefm seakeceio qu` nos pr`c`r`kieos ob`fïsb` iufpner imk nms oxemfos b` imfpn`tetub, r`cn`xevebob, troksetevebob y km soie`bob mfmkmtmkæo, smk str eitof`kt` imkv`xos .
@n seakeceiobm `imkùfeim b` no `streito imkv`xebob b` nos pr`c`r`kieos robeio `k qu` nmsimksufebmr`s imk `s` tepm b` pr`c`r`kieos pr`c e`r`k nms f`bems o nms xtr`f ms, `stm
`s, imfjekoiemk`s qu` imkt`kaok ioktebob`s ekt`rf`beos b` ofjms je`k`s s`rïkpr`c`rebms o oqu`nnos qu` efpnequ`k no `sp`ieonezoieùk `k `n imksufm b` ukm b` nmsje`k`s.
@l`fpnm< se s` imkseb`rok nos iokostos (2,?) , (:,9) y (:,:) .Ye s` supmk`k qu` `stosiokostos te`k`k nos seaue`kt`s iot`amræos bobos pmr uk imksufebmr<?.- (:,9) `s pr`c`rebm o (2,?) :.- (2,?) s ekbec`r`kt` o (:,:) Ye s` oseakok o `stos iokostos küf`rms iuonque`ro qu` pr`s`rv`k `n mrb`k b` nospr`c`r`kieos, pmr l`fpnm<
P :,9 3 P 2,? P :,: 2
O `stms küf`rms nms b`kmfekor`fms kev`n`s b` ute n ebob
Imfm uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo imkte`k` iokostos eauonf`kt` pr`c`rebos, y on s`r
eauonf`kt` pr`c`rebos, efpn eio qu ` pms``k n fesfm kev`n b` ute n ebob . @ktmki`s b``stm s` pu`b` b`ier qu` `k uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo tmbos nos iokostos te`k`k `n fesfmkev`n b` utenebob@ktmki`s, no iokosto (2, ?) y (:, :) stïk k no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo imk uk kev`n b` utenebob
P 2 .
W`rm no iokosto (:, 9) `stï `k no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo imk uk kev`n b` utenebob P 3 Ymjr` uk arïceim, stos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo s` pr`s`ktok osæ<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?31Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Mtro cmrfo b` vesuonezor no fesfo ekcmrfoieùk, `s aroceiokbm `k tr`s bef`ksemk`s nmskev`n`s b` imksufm y b` utenebob tr`s b` iokostos smjr` `n `l` v`rteion<
Ye `k `sto vesuonezoieùk `k tr`s bef`ksemk`s s` ekimrpmrok nos iurvos b`
ekbec`r`kieo `nnos, kms pu`b`k mtmraor uko foymr ekcmrfoieùk<
Imfporokbm fïs iokostos s` imkstetuy` uko imn`iieùk foymr b` iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo yuko f`lmr b`sirepieùk b` nos pr`c`r`kieos b`n imksufebmr<
U
P63P62P6:
Iurvos b`ekbec`r`kieos fïs ontosimkte`k`k iokostospr`c`rebos
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?34Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Imfm okt`s, `stos iurvos pu`b`k s`r vesuonezobos `k tr`s bef`ksemk`s, aroceiokbm iobouko b` nos iurvos o uko onturo imrr`spmkbe`kt` o su kev`n b` utenebob. @stm `s<
No imfporoieùk b` tmbos nos iokostos b` imksufm pmsejn`s, kms `ktr`ao ukoimfpn`to imn`iieùk b` iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo, o iobo uko b` nos iuon`s s` n` oseako ukkev`n b` utenebob.
@st` imkluktm b` iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo r`pr`s`kto nos pr`c`r`kieos b`nimksufebmr. Ye s` n` r`pr`s`kto `k cmrfo `spoieon (9B), `k no iuon vo ouf`ktokbm `n `l`b` no utenebob, s` te`k`k nos seaue`kt`s setuoiemk`s<
0.2.2. Fopo b` Iur vos b` E kbe c r`kieos
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?17Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Wmr mtro port` uk je`k s` tmrko `k uk fon s iuokbm uk o ukebob obeiemkon b` oqu`n,b esfek uy` no ute n ebob, s b`ier k ms bo uko iokosto f`kms p r`c`rebo .
Cekonf`kt`, uk je`k k`utrm `s uk je`k iu okbm uko ukebob obeiemk on km iofjeo nout e n ebob, s b`ier kms bo uko iokosto eauonf`kt` pr`c`rebo .Rmbm nm okt`remr s` pu`b` `xpr`sor f`beokt` uk arïceim qu` `stå pr`s`kt` imfm cukieùk
b` no utenebob, s b`ier
Onr`b`bmr b` T vosms b` oauo, uko ukebob obeiemkon n` r`pmrto on imksufebmruko utenebob k`utron y `k `s` iosm `s uk je`k k`utrm.
0.2.3 Pte n ebob b` nos iokostos b` je`k`s@n ekstruf`ktm qu` utenezofms `k `st` okïneses s` b`kmfeko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo y
sura`k b` uko cukieùk b` utenebob uk pmim fïs imfpn`lo. R`k`fms osæ, no ceauro qu` s`fu`stro imfm „Pte n ebob b` nos i okostos ‖, poro bms je`k`s T ` U , qu` b`sirej` ukocukieùk b` utenebob iorbekon P(x, y) , no utenebob tmton s` feb` `k no t`ri`ro bef`kseùk `kcmrfo osi`kb`kt`, imfm no onturo `k `n pnokm jos`. Ye tmfofms no i`sto x 6 x ? , y 6 y : , no
utenebob tmton ve`k` bobo pmr `n s`af`ktm R R² . Ye s` fokte`k` no ioktebob b` ukm b` nmsje`k`s imkstokt` pmr `l`fpnm `k y 6 y 9 , v`fms imfm no utenebob tmton ouf`kto o f`beboqu` no ioktebob b`n mtrm je`k x s` ekir`f`kto. @stm s` pu`b` mjs`rvor `k `n s`af`ktmJSA poro y imkstokt` eauon o y 9 y `k `n s`af`ktm OZPA poro no ioktebob b`n je`k x eauono x : .
Ptenebob
Cukieùk b`utenebob
Pkebob`s qu` Pkebob`s qu`smk je`k`s smk fon`s
T Oauo
Ptenebobiokostos
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?1?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Iobo iurvo s` `n`vo (no utenebob tmton s` ekir`f`kto) o f`bebo qu` T ouf`kto, ypmr toktm no utenebob foraekon b` T `s pmsetevo. B`n fesfm fmbm, no utenebob foraekon b`nje`k U p`rfok`i` pmsetevo `k no f`bebo qu` U s` ekir`f`kto.
Nos utenebob`s foraekon`s b` iobo i`sto, r`sp`itm o iobo ukm b` nms je`k`s s`feb`k pmr nos b`revobos porieon`s b` no cukieùk b` utenebob tmton r`sp`itm o T 7 o U .
@s b`ier< se no utenebob `s no cukieùk b` nos ioktebob`s imksufebos toktm b` T imfm b` Ubobo pmr P(x, y) , `ktmki`s nos Pte n ebob`s Foraekon`s smk b`cekebos imfm b`revobos
porieon`s x
P PF
x
y y
P PF
y
. @k a`k`ron, iobo Ptenebob Foraekon s`rï uko
cukieùk toktm b` T imfm b` U , `stm `s, no b`revobo iruzobo:P
x y
y qu` pmr nm imfük `s
bestektm b` i`rm.@k tårfekms b` no sotescoiieùk mjt`kebo, `s pmsejn` qu` `xesto onauko
ekt`rb`p`kb`kieo `ktr` nms je`k`s. No sotescoiieùk ekir`f`ktobo b` uk imksufebmr o porter
b` 077 arofms obeiemkon`s b` fokt`quenno pmr nm imfük b`p`kb` b` no toso imrre`kt` b`imksufm b` mtros f`riokiæos ont`rkotevos imfm no foraoreko m `n pok qu` s`ræo uk je`kimfpn`f`ktorem. @k `n `l`fpnm b` no utenebob foraekon b` T `k `n puktm R iuokbm s`iufpn` qu` x 6 x ? y y 6 y : , s` fu`stro pmr no p`kbe`kt` `k `n puktm R o nm noram b` no iurvoYRP 8 km `s k`i`soreof`kt` nm fesfm qu` no utenebob foraekon b` T `k `n puktm S , bmkb`s` iufpn` qu` x 6 x ? , p`rm y 6 y 9 , no iuon `s no p`kbe`kt` `k S o nm noram b` JSA . Wmr toktms` mjs`rvo qu` no utenebob foraekon b` T pu`b` b`p`kb`r b` no ioktebob b` U y vei`v`rso.
@k no ceauro qu` s` fu`stro o imktekuoieùk y qu` imrr`spm kb` o no ute n ebobforaekon y iurv os b` ekbec`r`kieo v`fms no fesfo cukieùk b` utenebob tmton, imk nobec`r`kieo b` qu` odmro s` r`sontok nms puktms qu` uk`k s`af`ktms b` eauon onturo (meauon kev`n b` utenebob), `s b`ier oqu`nnos i`stos b` imksufm qu` r`pr`s`ktok no fesfo
utenebob poro `n imksufebmr. @stos iurvos b` utenebob imkstokt`, smk nos iurvos b`ekbec`r`kieo. @k mtros ponojros, iuonque`r i`sto b` imksufm uj eiobo smjr` uko b``sos iurvos prmpmriemko on imksufebmr no fesfo ute n ebob, pmr nm toktm `sekb ec`r`kt` on n`aer iuonq ue`ro b` nnos .
Ptenebob Foraekony iurvos b`ekbec`r`kieo
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?19Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
0.2.0. No Roso m Z noieùk Foraekon b` Yuste tuieùk (RF Y m ZFY)Pko b` nos ioroit`ræsteios `s`kieon`s b` no t`mræo sujl`tevo b`n vonmr imksest` `k qu`bec`r`kt`s imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s pu`b`k prmbuier `n fesfm kev`n b` utenebob. @s b`ier,qu` `n imksufebmr s` fu`str` ekbec`r`kt` `k iuoktm o no imfjekoieùk porteiunor qu`r`iejo. Wmr nm toktm, b` oiu`rbm imk nm qu` ekbequ`k nms pr`iems b`n f`riobm, uk je`k
pu`b` s`r s ust e tu ebm pmr mtrm `k tårfekm s ton`s q u` `n imk sufeb mr p `rfok`zioeauon qu` okt`s , m s`o, `k no fesfo iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo. @s fuy efpmrtokt` imkmi`r notoso o no qu` `n imksufebmr oi`pto sustetuer pmr mtrm `k su iokosto b` imksufm.
No iurvo P `s uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo. @n imksufebmr `s ekbec`r`kt` `ktr` noimfjekoieùk Z qu` te`k` 7x ? ukebob`s b` x y 7y ? ukebob`s b` y , y no imfjekoieùk W qu`imkte`k` 7x : ; 7x ? ukebob`s b` T y 7y : > 7y ? ukebob`s b` U . @n imksufebmr `stï bespu`stm osustetuer y ? y : ukebob`s b` U pmr x ? x : ukebob`s b` T . @k imks`iu`kieo, no toso o no qu` `stïbespu`stm o iofjeor U pmr T `s<
? :
: ?
7 y 7 y ZY
7x 7x YW
@sto rozùk feb` `n küf`rm prmf`bem b` ukebob`s b` U qu` `n imksufebmr oi`ptosoireceior poro mjt`k`r uko ukebob fïs b` T (`k `n ekt`rvonm b` imfjekoiemk`s qu` s``stïk imkseb`rokbm). @s b`ier, no rozùk feb` no ioktebob b` U qu` b`j` soireceiors` pmrukebob obeiemkon b` T , poro qu` `n imksufebmr p`rfok`zio `k `n fesfm kev`n b`sotescoiieùk.
No rozùk okt`remr mtmrao no toso b` sustetuieùk. W`rm o f`bebo qu` `n puktm Z ovokzo o nm noram b` P doieo W , rozùk ZY/YW s` oprmxefo iobo v`z fïs o no p`kbe`kt` b`no toka`kt` RR― `k `n puktm W , o no p`kbe`kt b` P , m s`o, o no b` su toka`kt` `k `n puktmW , no b`kmfekofms no toso foraekon b` sust e tuieùk m r`noieùk foraekon b` sust e tu ieùkb`n je`k T pmr `n je`k U .
Cmrfonf`kt` s` pu`b` b`ceker o no toso foraekon b` sustetuieùk b` T o iofjem b` U imfm oqu`nno qu` feb` `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s b` U qu` b`j`k soireceiors` pmr ukebobobeiemkon b` T `k cmrfo ton qu` s` imks`rv` uk kev`n imkstokt` b` sotescoiieùk. Nop`kbe`kt` b` uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo `k uk puktm, imk seakm imktrorem, kms bo no toso
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?12Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
foraekon b` sustetuieùk m r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk `k `s` puktm, no iuon `stïb`cekebo poro fmvef e`ktms o nm noram b` uko iurv o b` ekbec`r`kieo y ku kio poro
fmv efe`ktms ktr` nos iurv os.
@n r`quesetm b` qu` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo s`ok iùkiovos vestos b`sb` orrejoefpneio qu` no toso foraekon b` sustetuieùk b` T o iofjem b` U , `s b`ier `n imksufebmr`storï bespu`stm o i`b`r uko ie`rto ioktebob b` U o iofjem b` uko ukebob obeiemkon b` T ,
fokt`ke`kbm im kstokt` su kev`n b` sotescoiieùk .
P `s uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo8 W , _ , y Z smk tr`s imfjekoiemk`s setuobos `k `sto iurvo yiobo uko b` n nos t e`k` uko p`kbe`kt` best ekto o nm noram b` no iurv o b` ekbec`r`kieo ,`ktmki`s no p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo `xpr`sobo `k tårfekms fot`fïteims `s<
by bx
/ P 6 it`
Nm qu` kms bei` qu` no `xpr`seùk Βx/Βy, `k `n næfet` imrr`spmkb` o no b`revobo b`no cukieùk `k `n puktm x ― y s` b`kmfeko toso foraekon b` sustetuieùk m r`noieùk foraekon b`sustetuieùk b` y pmr x . Wmr nm toktm
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?10Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
yx P it`
by RFY /
bx
. Y` pmbræo b`ceker imfm `n næfet` b` no r`noieùk pmr iumie`kt`
`ktr` no ioktebob qu` s` soireceio b` uk je`k y no qu` do b` r`iejers` b` mtrm poro qu` `nkev`n b` sotescoiieùk b`n imksufebmr p`rfok`zio imkstokt`. Mjveof`kt` no RFY `s ukvonmr k`aotevm iuym vonmr b`ir`i` o nm noram b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo, `k uk
b`snezofe`ktm b` ezque`rbo o b`r`ido. ½Wmr quå=
Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos imfm s` opr`ieo `k tmbms nms arïceims okt`remr`s smkimkv`xos, `s b`ier, imfjobos doieo ob`ktrm. @n tårfekm imkv`xm seakeceio qu` nop`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo ouf`kto (m s`o, s` vu`nv` f`kms k`aotevo) of`bebo qu` s` b`sie`kb` o nm noram b` no iurvo. @k mtros ponojros, uko iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo `s imkv`xo se no RFY besfekuy` o nm noram b` no iurvo.
B` oiu`rbm o no ceauro okt`remr s` pu`b` opr`ieor qu` o porter b` no i`sto O yb`spnozïkbms` o no J , no RFY b`sie`kb` `k uko r`noieùk - ∃U/∃T 6 - (-3)/? 6 3 .
Yek `fjoram iuokbm s` port` b`sb` no i`sto J y s` b`spnozo dosto I , no RFY b`sie`kb` o ’ (-2) / ? 6 2 .
Worte`kbm b` no i`sto b` f`riobm I y b`spnozïkbms` o B , no RFY `s ’ (-9)/?69
@k no f`bebo qu` ouf`kto `n imksufm b` nms je`k`s T , besfekuy` no p`kbe`kt` b`no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo, pmr nm qu` tofjeåk besfekuy` no RFY .
Imfm s` belm okt`remrf`kt` se no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo `s b`ir`ie`kt`, no RF Y `sk`aotevo. @st` seakm k`aotevm ekbeio, qu` se porte`kbm b` uko i`sto b`t`rfekobo, `nimksufebmr imksuf` uko ioktebob foymr (f`kmr) b` je`k T y `storï bespu`stm o
imksufer uko ioktebob f`kmr (foymr) b`n je`k U , fokt`keåkbms` imkstokt`, nosvoreoiemk`s `k `n imksufm b` ofjms je`k`s, `stms b`j`k t`k`r s`ktebms mpu`stms.
@ktmki`s, `n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no RFY ekbeio `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s b`n je`k U qu``n ekbevebum `stï bespu`stm o i`b`r o iofjem b` uko ukebob obeiemkon b`n je`k T , porofokt`k`r imkstokt` su kev`n b` sotescoiieùk. M ont`rkotevof`kt`, `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s`k qu` t`kbræo qu` ouf`ktor su imksufm b` je`k U se imksufe`ro uko ukebob f`kms b`nje`k T fokt`keåkbms` imkstokt` su kev`n b` sotescoiieùk m utenebob. Z`cn`lo, pmr toktm, no
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?13Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
vonmroieùk r`notevo b` ofjms je`k`s pmr port` b`n imksufebmr. Imfm `s nùaeim, no RFY `simfpn`tof`kt` sujl`tevo y b`p`kb` b` nos pr`c`r`kieos b`n imksufebmr y `k a`k`ron b`nms kev`n`s b` imksufm (x, y) qu` n` prmpmriemkok on imksufebmr uk kev`n b` sotescoiieùkP6it` . Ye`kbm b` `st` fmbm nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo iurvos b` kev`n b` no cukieùk b`
utenebob, s b`ier< P P
½_uå sui`b` se bms iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo s` imrtok=
@k `n arïceim qu` s` fu`stro doy bms iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo P ? ` P : , qu` s` imrtok`k `n puktm I . Imfm I y J s` `kiu`ktrok ofjms `k no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo P ? , `nimksufebmr b`j` s`r ekbec`r`kt` `ktr` nos bms i`stos qu` s` mcr`i`k. Wmr mtro port`,tofjeåk imrr`spmkb` s`r ekbec`r`kt` `ktr` I y B , yo qu` s` `kiu`ktrok `k no iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo P : . Wmr nm toktm, tofjeåk imrr`spmkb` qu` s`ok ekbec`r`kt`s `ktr` J y B .
W`rm `sto imkinuseùk `s ekimrr`ito, yo qu` no i`sto b` f`riobm J b`j` pr`c`rers`
o no B , pu`stm qu` imkte`k` uko ioktebob foymr toktm b` T imfm b` U . Wmr imkseaue`kt`,nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo qu` s` imrtok vok k imk tro b`n supu`stm b` roiemkon ebob
b`n imksufebmr que`k pr`c e`r` uko ioktebob foymr o uko ioktebob f`kmr o
imksufer .
No ekt`rs`iieùk b` bms iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo efpneio qu` nos pr`c`r`kieos kmsmk imksest`kt`s.
U(ukebob`s pmr
ukebob b` te`fpm) P ?
P :
I
J
B
T (ukebob`s pmr
p`ræmbm b` te`fpm)
Ioktebob b` U
I
B
@ O
P ?
J
P :
Ioktebob b` T
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?11Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Nos imfjekoiemk`s O y B `stïk smjr` no fesfo iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo y, pmr toktm,smk eauon b` b`s`ojn`s. Yek `fjoram s` pu`b` r`iurrer on oxemfo b` troksetevebob porob`fmstror qu` O `s pr`c`rejn` o B . Wmr toktm, no ekt`rs`iieùk b` bms iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieokm `s imksest`kt` imk nos pr`c`r`kieos roiemkon`s.
S`r qu` pmr `n supu`stm b` eksoieojenebob „O `s pr`c`rejn` o J‖ y „I `s pr`c`rejn`
o B‖ . W`rm `n ekbevebum mjte`k` no fesfo sotescoiieùk imk J qu` imk I (`stïk `k no fesfoiurvo b` b` ekbec`r`kieo), pmr nm iuon `n oxemfo b` troksetevebob efpneio qu` O b`j` s`rpr`c`rejn` o B . Yek `fjoram `stm km `s ie`rtm, pmrqu` O y B `stïk `k no fesfo iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo y, pmr b`cekeieùk, smk imkseb`robms je`k`s eauonf`kt` b`s`ojn`s.
Wmr nm toktm s` b`fu`stro qu` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo km s` pu`b`k iruzor.
0.2.3. No ute n ebob foraekon b ir`ie`kt` y no RFY
No destmreo kms iu`kto imfm Forsdonn utenezù `n supu`stm b` no utenebob foraekonb`ir`ie`kt` poro r`smnv`r no porobmlo b`n oauo y nms beofokt`s. Y`aük Forsdonn novonmroieùk qu` doi` uko p`rsmko b` uk je`k `s nm qu` b`t`rfeko su vonmr< nm qu`b`t`rfeko `n pr`iem b`n oauo `s no ioktebob qu` uko p`rsmko `stï bespu`sto o poaor pmruk netrm fïs. Bobm qu` iojræo p`ksor qu` `st` vonmr foraekon besfekuy` o f`bebo of`bebo qu` ouf`kto no ioktebob b` oauo qu` imksuf`, Forsdonn b`fmstrù pmr quå `noauo te`k` uk jolm vonmr b` iofjem. Ektuetevof`kt`, por`i` inorm qu` `n supu`stm b` no
utenebob foraekon b`ir`ie`kt` b` uk je`k `stï r`noiemkobm imk `n supu`stm b` no RFY
b`ir`ie`kt`, por`i` qu` ofjms imki`ptms s` r`ce`r`k o no fesfo eb`o b` s`ktebm imfükb` qu` uko p`rsmko s` soieo r`notevof`kt` b` uk je`k o f`bebo qu` s` imksuf` ukofoymr ioktebob b` ån. B`saroieobof`kt` nms bms imki`ptms smk fuy bec`r`kt`s. Nob`fmstroieùk b` no `xest`kieo b` uko r`noieùk `ktr` nms bms imki`ptms `s onam imfpneiobob`sb` `n puktm b` vesto fot`fïteim. Oituonf`kt` `n imki`ptm b` no RF Y b`ir`ie`kt` dosustetuebm o no eb`o b` Forsdonn, pmrqu` `n okïneses b` no RF Y km b`p`kb` b`n imki`ptm b`utenebob y s`ræo uko cmrfunoieùk fïs v`receiojn` b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto `fpæreim qu` noeb`o b` no soie`bob r`notevo.
Kmto< `n oauo te`k` uk pr`iem jolm pmrqu` te`k` toktm, uk jolm vonmr foraekon imfm
uk jolm imstm foraekon b` prmbuiieùk. B` mtro port`, nms beofokt`s te`k`k uk pr`iem ontmpmrqu` te`k`k uk ontm vonmr foraekon (pmrqu` no a`kt` `stï bespu`sto o poaor jostokt` pmrmtrm beofokt` fïs) y uk ontm imstm foraekon b` prmbuiieùk.
@l`fpnm < supmk`r qu` nos dofjurau`sos (U ) y nos j`jebos (T ) `stïk a`k`robos pmr noseaue`kt` cukieùk utenebob<
Pte ne bob 6 P(x,y) 6 (x,y) 7,0 6 x 7,0 ∕y7,0
Wmr troksetevebob O ; B Imktrobeiieùk< O ~ J
Km soturoieùk O ; J , I ; B, p`rm J ~ I
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?14Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Nu`am, no utenebob foraekon b`revobo b` uko j`jebo obeiemkon `s<
PF a x 6∊P
∊x 67,0∕x - 7.0∕y7,0
Mjs`rvor qu` no PFa x besfekuy` `k no f`bebo qu` ouf`kto x y qu` imfm miurr`
a`k`ronf`kt`, no utenebob foraekon b`n je`k x tofjeåk b`p`kb` b` no ioktebob imksufebob`n je`k y . @k `st` iosm imkir`tm, no utenebob foraekon qu` r`pmrtok nos j`jebos obeiemkon`s(x ) ouf`kto o f`bebo qu` ouf`kto `n küf`rm b` dofjurau`sos ( y ), p`rm km se`fpr`te`k` qu` s`r osæNo utenebob foraekon b` nos dofjurau`sos s` b`t`rfeko b` fok`ro sefenor<
PF a y 6∊P
∊y67,0∕x 7.0∕y- 7,0
Odmro s` pu`b` b`t`rfekor no RF Y xy 7 ,0 7 ,0
x xy 7 ,0 7 ,0
y
PFa 7,0 x y y RFY
PFa 7,0 x y x
@st` r`suntobm `s onam fïs a`k`ron qu` nm qu` s` mjtuvm `k `l`fpnm okt`remr
@k bmkb` P 6 ?7 y RFY 6 by
bx
6 :
?77
x
P ? 6 ?7
No qu` s` opneio o iuonque`r i`sto y km sùnm o nos qu` s` `kiu`ktr`k `k no iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo. No `iuoieùk
7 ,0 7 ,0
x xy 7 ,0 7 ,0
y
PFa by 7,0 x y y RFY
bx PFa 7,0 x y x
Fu`stro sek `fjoram, on eauon qu` okt`s, qu` `n puktm x 6 0 , y 6 :7 , no RFY xy `s 2, fe`ktrosqu` `k `n puktm x 6:7 , y 60 , `s 7,:0 .
½_uå r`noieùk `xest` `ktr` no Ptenebob Foraekon b` nms je`k`s T ` U y no RFY =
Y`o no cukieùk b` utenebob P x y ( , ) , b` ton fok`ro qu` P x y P ( , ) bmkb` P `s uko
imkstokt` qu` kms bo uko b`t`rfekobo iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo.
Ye s` tmfo no b`revobo tmton s` mjte`k`<P P
b x y bx by x y
, 7
B`sp`lokbm by bx , qu` `s no p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo, s` te`k`<
x
y
P PF by x
P bx PF
y
6 RF Y yx 6; x yx
y
PF by RFY
bx PF
@n seakm k`aotevm b` no RFY yx
s` b`j` o se s` mjte`k` uko foymr ioktebob b`n je`k x , s` te`k` qu` r`iejer uko f`kmrioktebob b`n je`k y poro imks`rvor n fesfm kev`n b` utenebob
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?15Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Rofjeåk ioj` no ekt`rpr`toieùk `k bmkb` no voreoieùk b` imksufm b` iobo je`k qu`fokte`k` imkstokt` no utenebob o nm noram b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo pu`b` s`r<
x y PF bx PF by P 7
@ktmki`s, s` pu`b` b`ier qu` no RFY b` y pmr x , `s no rozùk b` nos utenebob`s foraekon`s
b` x ` y .
0.0 NO Z@YRZEIIEÙK WZ@YPWP@YROZEO No r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo, imrr`spmkb` o uko eb`o `k no iuon `n aostm b` uk
imksufebmr km pu`b` sup`ror o nms r`iursms im k nms qu` iu `kto, m f`lmr b eidm, km
pu`b` sup`ror o su ekar`sm bespmkejn` . @n aostm `k iobo ukm b` nms je`k`s b`imksufm s`rï k`i`soreof`kt` `n r`suntobm b` funtepneior no ioktebob b` ukebob`sobquerebos pmr `n pr`iem uketorem b` iobo je`k. @ktmki`s, `n aostm s` `xpr`so `k ukebob`sfmk`toreos (p`sms, bùnor`s, `urms, `ti), osæ imfm no r`kto m ekar`sm fmk`torem b` ioboekbevebum. Okonæteiof`kt` s` pu`b` `xpr`sor no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo o porter b`nsupu`stm qu` iobo ekbevebum aosto tmbm su ekar`sm `k je`k`s, poro nm iuon s` ekeieo imk `nd`idm b` qu`
Aostm 6 E kar sm
Aostm `s eauon o no sufo b`n pr`iem b` iobo je`k, funtepneiobm pmr no ioktebob imfprobo.@k `st` iosm< Aostm 6 W T ∕_x + W U ∕_U
Ye s` r`pr`s`kto `n ekar`sm m r`kto imfm , `ktmki`s
W T ∕_T + W U ∕_U 6 6; W U ∕_U 6 - W T ∕_T 6; _ y 6 T T
U U
W _
W W
@sto `xpr`seùk ekbeio qu` no ekt`ri`pieùk b`n `l` U `sU W
y qu` no p`kbe`kt` b` no næk`o
b` r`streiieùk pr`supu`ston `s T
U
W
W
½_uå sui`b` iuokbm doy uko voreoieùk b` nms pr`iems m r`kto=
No p`kbe`kt` y no pmseieùk b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo b`p`kb`k tmtonf`kt` b`no r`kto b`n imksufebmr y b` nms pr`iems b` nms r`sp`itevms je`k`s. Ont`rokbm iuonque`rob` `stos voreojn`s y s` t`kbrï uko ku`vo r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?47Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye s` supmk` qu` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo te`k` uk ekar`sm ? , `n pr`iem b` T
`s? T W y `n b` U `s
? U W . Ye aostoro tmbm su ekar`sm `k U `ktmki`s?
?
U
E
W fmstroræo `n
küf`rm tmton b` ukebob`s b` U qu` pmbræo imfpror. Ye aostoro tmbm su ekar`sm `k T ,
`ktmki`s?
?
T
E
W fmstroræo `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s b` T qu` pmbræo imfpror. No næk`o b`
pr`supu`stm J? O? uk` nms bms puktms `xtr`fms.No p`kbe`kt` b` no næk`o b` pr`supu`stm `storï bobo pmr<
? ? ?
? ?
?
?
U T T ?
? U ? U
T
E
W W W E
E W E W
W
Ye `sto eb`o s` `xte`kb` o iuonque`r næk`o b` pr`supu`stm, no p`kbe`kt` `stï bobo
pmr<
U T T
U U
T
E
W W W E
E W E W
W
No p`k be`kt` b ` no næk`o b` pr`su pu`stm feb ` no iokteb ob b` U qu` `n
im ksufeb mr t`k bræo k`i`seb ob b` i`b `r k n f`ri obm por o mjt`k`r uko u kebob fïs
b` T . @s b`ier `s uko r`noieùk b` ekt`riofjem `k `n iuon s` fokte`k` b`ktrm b` uk kev`n
b` ekar`sm E , pmr iuoktm `n f`riobm `stï mcr`ie`kbm uko r`noieùk b` ekt`riofjem b` T
U
W
W
on s`r uko r`noieùk b` pr`iems qu` `s `xùa`ko o nms ekt`r`s`s b`n imksufebmr.Mjs`rvor qu` `n imksufebmr pu`b` mjt`k`r iuonque`r imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s
b`ktrm b`, m `k nms næfet`s b`n treïkaunm J?7O?. Rmbos åstos imkstetuy`k su imkluktm b`
imfjekoiemk`s coit ej n`s m os`quejn`s . No næk`o b` pr`supu`stm J? O? s`poro nosimfjekoiemk`s coitejn`s (nm qu` `n imksufebmr `stï `k pmsejenebob`s b` imfpror), b`oqu`nnos imfjekoiemk`s qu` s` `kiu`ktrok fïs onnï b` sus pmsejenebob`s cekokie`ros.
Nms iofjems k n ekar`sm b`n imksufebmr y nms iofjems k nms pr`iems b` nmsje`k`s y s`rveiems bespmkejn`s fm be ce iorïk no næk`o p r`s up u`s tm b`n ekbevebum.
Ye s` fmbeceio `n ekar`sm ? y qu` nms pr`iems b` T ` U seau`k se`kbm ? T W y ? U W
r`sp`itevof`kt` y qu` su næk`o b` pr`supu`stm ekeieon `s oük J? O?. Ye `n pr`iem b` T
ouf`kto odmro o: T W fe`ktros qu` su ekar`sm y `n pr`iem b` U p`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s, no
næk`o b` pr`supu`stm s` imkve`rt` `k J? O― ?. Km doy iofjem onaukm `k no ioktebob b` U qu`pmbrï obquerer imk su ekar`sm se nm aostoro tmbm `k U 8 sek `fjoram, `n pr`iem fïs ontm b` T
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?4?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
besfekuy` b` 7O? o 7O― ? no ioktebob b` T qu` pube`ro imfpror se aostoro tmbm su bek`rm `k
T . Wmr toktm, no ku`vo næk`o b` pr`supu`stm uk` J? y O― ?.
Ye no næk`o ekeieon b` pr`supu`stm J? O? imrr`spmkbe`kt` o uk ekar`sm ? , åst`
ouf`kto o : , fe`ktros qu` nms pr`iems b` T ` U p`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s. No næk`o b`
pr`supu`stm s` fu`v` doieo no b`r`ido poron`no imkseam fesfo o J: O:. @n foymr ekar`smn` p`rfet` imfpror ioktebob`s foymr`s b` T se smnm imfpro T m ioktebob`s foymr`s b` U
se sùnm imfpro U , pmr nm qu` O: s` `kiu`ktro o no b`r`ido b` O y J: pmr `kiefo b` J.Imfm nms pr`iems b` T ` U km dok iofjeobm, ofjos næk`os b` pr`supu`stm te`k`k
p`kbe`kt` b` ?
?
T
U
W
W y pmr toktm smk poron`nos.
@l`fpnm< Woro uk imksufebmr iuonque`ro `xest`k bms je`k`s `k nms iuon`s ekve`rt` suekar`sm bespmkejn`, `stms je`k`s smk T ` U iuyms pr`iems pmr ukebob smk, $:.977 y $9.477
r`sp`itevof`kt`.@n imksufebmr, imkseb`ro no pmsejenebob b` obquerer `xinusevof`kt` iuonque`ro b` nms bmsje`k`s. Ye nea` n je`k U mjt`kbræo :0 ukebob`s (_ : 6 U : 6 :0). Wmr nm toktm<
o) ½Iuïn s`ræo `n kev`n b` ekar`sm b`n imksufebmr=j) ½Iuïktos ukebob`s mjt`kbræo b` n`aer `n je`k T =i) ½Iuïn `s no p`kbe`kt` b` no r ito b`n jonoki` b`n ekar`sm y imksufm b`n r`c`rebm
imksufebmr=Ymnuieùk< Botms< _ : 6 :0 ukebob`s b`n je`k U
W : 6 $9.477 (pr`iem pmr ukebob b`n je`k U )_ ? 6 ½x = Pkebob`s b`n je`k T
W ? 6 pr`iem pmr ukebob b`n je`k T E 6 ekar`sm bespmkejn`
o) Ekar`sm bespmkejn` b`n imksufebmrE 6 _ : ∕W : 6; E 6:0∕9.477 6; E 6 $50.777
j) Ioktebob b` ukebob`s qu` mjt`kbræo b` `n`aer `n je`k T
_ ? 6?
E
W 6; _ ? 6
50.777
:.977 6; _ ? 6 2?,97 ukebob`s
i) No p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` pr`supu`stm m jonoki` `s<
: ? ? ? : ?
y y y y ( x x ) x x
W`rm, a`mfåtreiof`kt` : ?
: ?
y y f x x
qu` `s no p`kbe`kt` b` no
r`ito.
Wmr nm toktm ? ? y y f( x x ) 6; : ?
: ?
y y f
x x
`s no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b`n
jonoki`.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?4:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Z``fpnozokbm `k f 6;:0 7 :0 ?
f f - 7 2?,97 2?,97 ?,30:
@l`fpnm< b`n `l`fpnm okt`remr8 quå miurreræo se<
o) @n ekar`sm b`n imksufebmr ouf`ktos` m besfekuy`s` `k $:0.777 ,fokt`keåkbms` imkstokt` `n pr`iem b` ofjms je`k`s
j) Ye `n pr`iem b` ofjms je`k`s s` ekir`f`ktos` `k uk ?77% km voreokbm `nekar`sm mreaekon.
Ymnuieùk<
o) Ye `n ekar`sm bespmkejn` b`n imksufebmr ouf`ktos` b` $50.777 + $:0.777 s`ræoeauon o $?:7.777
Wmr nm toktm nos ioktebob`s b` ofjms je`k`s voreorïk b` no seaue`kt` fok`ro m `knos seaue`kt`s ioktebob`s<
_ : 6?:7.777
9?,04 9: 9.477
ukebob`s (r`bmkb`okbm `n r`suntobm b`n je`k U )
_ ? 6?:7.777
0:,: 0: :.977
ukebob`s (r`bmkb`okbm `s 0: ukebob`s b`n je`k T )
No p`kbe`kt` s`ræo<9?,04 7 ?
f 7 0:,: ?,30
Ye s` tmfo `k iu`kto `n r`bmkb`m b` botms `k `n r`suntobm b` no p`kbe`kt` vofms o t`k`r
qu` åsto km voræo yo qu` s`ræo eauon o - ?/3 `k ofjms iosms.
Ye `n ekar`sm bespmkejn` b`n imksufebmr besfekuy` $50.777 - $:0.777 qu` `s eauon o $17.777 , nos ioktebob`s mjt`kebos `k `st` iosm s`ræok<
_ : 617.777
?4,2: ?4 9.477
ukebob`s b`n je`k U (r`bmkb`obm `n r`suntobm)
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?49Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
_ ? 617.777
97,29 97 :.977
ukebob`s b`n je`k T (r`bmkb`obm `n r`suntobm)
No p`kbe`kt` `k `st` iosm s`rï<
?4 7 f7 97
6; ? f?,30
j) ½_uå sui`b`ræo se `n pr`iem b` ofjms je`k`s s` ekir`f`ktoro `k uk ?77% y `n ekar`smbespmkejn` km voræo, s` fokte`k` `k $50.777 =
W : 6 $9.477 ∕: 6 $1.377
W ? 6 $:.977 ∕: 6 $2.377
_ : 650.777
?:,0 1.377
ukebob`s b`n je`k U
_ ? 6 50.777 :7,30 2.377 ukebob`s b`n je`k T
?:,0 7 ? f
7 :7,30 ?,30
W`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b`n jonoki`
@l`fpnm< Yupmk`r qu` uk ekbevebum te`k` uko r`kto b` ?77 ukebob`s fmk`toreos y qu`pu`b` `sima`r `ktr` bms je`k`s b` imksufms, s`ok `stms je`k x ? y je`k x : , iuyms pr`iems
smk, r`sp`itevof`kt`, x? W ? y x: W : . Y` peb` b`t`rfekor nm seaue`kt`<
o) @xpr`sor okonæteiof`kt` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo b`n imksufebmr y r`pr`s`ktorno.Ekbeior iuïn s`rï su imkluktm pr`supu`storem.j) Ioniunor no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki` y `xpneior su seakeceiobm `imkùfeim.
Yupmk`r o imktekuoieùk qu` beidm ekbevebum do r`iejebm uk ouf`ktm b`n 07% `k sur`kto, b` cmrfo ton qu` su ekar`sm oituon poso o s`r b` ?07 ukebob`s fmk`toreosi) ½Iùfm oc`itorï `st` iofjem o no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo=. Z`pr`s`ktor no ku`vor`ito b` jonoki` y `n ku`vm imkluktm pr`supu`storem. ½Y` v`rï oc`itobo no p`kbe`kt` b` nor`ito b` jonoki` pmr n ouf`ktm k n kev`n b` ekar`sms.
Yupmk`r `ks`auebo qu` `n ekbevebum do b`iebebm bmkor ækt`arof`kt` `n 07% b` suouf`ktm b` su`nbm qu` r`iejeù o uko cukboieùk b` okieokms, b` fok`ro qu` su r`kto
vu`nv` o s`r no ekeieon. Wmr `c`itms `imkùfeims `n pr`iem b`n je`k x ? ouf`ktorï posokbm os`r x? W' 6: .
b) @xpr`sor okonæteiof`kt` no ku`vo r`ito b` pr`supu`stm. ½Iùfm dojrï voreobm sup`kbe`kt`=. ½Iùfm s` dojrïk vestm oc`itobos nos pmsejenebob`s b` imksufm b`nekbevebum=
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?42Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ymnuieùk< Iosm o) B` oiu`rbm o nms botms no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo b`j` tmfor no cmrfo b`<
? x ? x: : ? : W x W x ?77 x :x ?77
B` oiu`rbm o nm vestm imk okt`remrebob, s` soj` qu` `n seakm k`aotevm b` no
p`kbe`kt` te`k` `n seakeceiobm qu` se o porter b` no r`ito b` jonoki` `n imksufebmrb`iebe`s` imksufer uko foymr ioktebob b`n je`k x ? , t`kbræo qu` posor o imksufer f`kmsb`n je`k x : se quese`ro s`auer aostokbm tmbo su r`kto (`s b`ier p`rfok`i`r smjr` no r`itob` pr`supu`stm), y vei`v`rso. Ron imfm s` b`cekeù `n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no p`kbe`kt` b` nor`ito b` jonoki` supmkbræo `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s b`n je`k x : qu` `n ekbevebum b`j` b`lorb` imksufer se obque`r` uko ukebob fïs b`n je`k x ? poro imktekuor smjr` no r`ito b`jonoki` (`s b`ier, poro s`auer aostokbm tmbo su r`kto). Km mnvebor qu` `sto b`cekeieùk te`k`uko imrr`noieùk imk `n imki`ptm b` imstm b` mpmrtukebob. Nu`am, b`sb` `st` puktm b`vesto, no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` pr`supu`stm imk stetu eræo n imst m b` mp mrtu keb ob b`n
je`k x ?`k tårf ekms b`n je`k x : , `s b`ier8 küf`rm b` ukebob`s b`n je`k x : o nos qu` `n
ekbevebum te`k` qu` r`kukieor `k `n f`riobm se que`r` ouf`ktor `k uko ukebob suimksufm b`n je`k x ? , fokt `keåkbm s` se`fp r` smj r` su r `ito b` p r`sup u`stm m
jonoki` (aostokbm tmbo su r`kto).
Iosm j) No p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki` pu`b` ekt`rpr`tors` osefesfm, imfm novonmroieùk r`notevo b` nms je`k`s qu ` r`on ezo n f`riobm , `s b`ier< uko ukebob b`n je`k
x ? `k `n f`riobm iu`sto ?
:
Wx
Wx ukebob`s b`n je`k x : . Ye `n ekbevebum oiub` on f`riobm, sùnm
pmbrï mjt`k`r uko ukebob obeiemkon b`n je`k x ? se s` b`spr`kb` b` ?
:
Wx
Wx ukebob`s b`n je`k
x : .@k r`suf`k, no p`kbe`kt ` b` no r`ito b ` jonoki` s`rï no toso b` su stetu ieùk m
b` ekt`riofjem m jl`t evm `ktr` nms je`k`s b`n f`riobm . Wmr mtro port`, imfm nms
imksufebmr`s smk pr`iem oi`ptokt` (km pu`b`k fmbe c eior nms pr`iems b` f`riobm
pmr su s m no vm nuktob ) `k tmbms nms f`riobms, tmbms `nnms s` `kcr`ktok o nms fesfmspr`iems r`notevms. Woro `n prmjn`fo pnokt`obm, se `n imksufebmr b`s`o imksufer ukoukebob fïs b`n je`k x ? y b`s`o p`rfok`i`r smjr` su r`ito b` jonoki` (aostor tmbo sur`kto ), b`j`rï k`i`soreof`kt` b`lor b` imksufer ¶ ukebob b`n je`k x : . Imfm s` pu`b`v`r, `n f`riobm vonmro r`notevof`kt` fïs `n je`k x : qu` `n je`k x ? .
Iosm i) Ye `n ekbevebum r`iej` uk ouf`ktm `k su ekar`sm b`n 07%, su r`kto poso o s`r noioktebob b` E ' ?07 , y su r`ito b` jonoki` `s<
x? ? x: : W x W x E ' 6; ? : x :x ?07
Nos fïxefos ioktebob`s qu` pu`b`k imksufer b` iobo ukm b` nms je`k`s smkodmro foymr`s y nms ku`vms puktms `k bmkb` no r`ito b` jonoki` m r`ito b` pr`supu`stmimrto o nms `l`s b` immrb`kobos s`rïk<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?40Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye b`lo b` imksufer x ? aostorï tmbm su ekar`sm `k x : 6; :
x:
E ' ?07 x' 10 7 , 10
W :
Ye b`lo b` imksufer x : aostorï tmbo su r`kto `kx ? 6; ?
x?
E ' ?07 x' ?07 ?07 , 7
W ?
S`r qu` no r`ito b` jonoki` s` do b`spnozobm poron`nof`kt`, ob`fïs no r`kto kmopor`i` `k no `xpr`seùk b` no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` pr`supu`stm, qu` km s` dojrï vestmoc`itobo pmr `n ekir`f`ktm b` no r`kto. @k n iosm b` uk ouf`ktm k n eka r`sm, n
b`spnozofe`ktm s`rï doieo no b`r`ido imk n im kseau e`kt` ouf`ktm pr`supu `storem y pmsejenebob`s b` imksufm b`n ekbevebum.
Iosm b) Ye odmro `n pr`iem b`n je`k?
x posoro o s`rx?
W' : y no r`kto cu`ro b` E ?77
u.f., no r`ito b` jonoki` b`n ekbevebum s`rï<
: x? ? x ? : W' x W E :x :x ?77
Nos ku`vos ioktebob`s fïxefos qu` s` pu`b`k imksufer b` iobo ukm b` nmsje`k`s y nms ku`vms puktms b` imrt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki` imk nms `l`s immrb`kobmss`rïk<
Ye b`lo b` imksufer x ? y aosto tmbo su r`kto `k x : 6; :
?77 x 07 7 , 07
:
Ye b`lo b` imksufer x : y aosto tmbm su ekar`sm `k x ? 6; ?
?77 x' 07 07 , 7
:
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?43Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No ioktebob fïxefo b`n je`k x : qu` pu`b` imksufer km s` dojrï vestm oc`itobo,p`rm sæ no ioktebob fïxefo b`n je`k x ? , qu` s` dojrï vestm r`buiebo o no fetob.No p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki` s`rï odmro<
?
:
x :
? x
W' bx : ?
bx W :
: ZJ ZJ
?
bx / /
bx
x? x?
: :
? ? ZJ ,W ? ZJ ,W' :
bx bx ? ?
bx : bx
Imfm pu`b` opr`ieors`, no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` pr`supu`stm dojrï ouf`ktobm`k vonmr ojsmnutm. @stm seakeceio uk `kior`iefe`ktm r`notevm b`n je`k x ? `k tårfekms b`nje`k x : , nu`am, poro mjt`k`r `k `n f`riobm uko ukebob obeiemkon b`n je`k x ? , n imksufebmrt`kbrï qu` `ktr`aor uko ukebob b`n je`k : y km ¶ imfm miurræo imk okt`remrebob. M b`sefåtreio fok`ro, se `n imksufebmr b`loro b` imksufer uko ukebob b`n je`k x ? , pmbræomjt`k`r odmro o iofjem uko ukebob b`n je`k x : y km sùnm ¶, imfm miurræo okt`remrf`kt`.Wmr nm toktm, `n ekir`f`ktm b`n pr`iem b`n je`k x ? supmk` uk ouf`ktm `k no vonmroieùkfoymr b`n je`k x ? `k tårfekms b`n je`k x : pmr port` b`n f`riobm. Z`sufe`kbm8 `n imstm b`
mpmrtukebob b`n je`k x ? `k tårfekms b`n je`k x : dojrï ouf`ktobm, `s b`ier, poro imksuferuko ukebob b`n je`k x ? , `n imksufebmr b`j`rï r`kukieor o uko ukebob b`n je`k x : (imstm b`mpmrtukebob) y km sùnm o ¶ ukebob, imfm miurræo okt`s. Cekonf`kt` imfm pu`b` v`rs` `k`n aroceim r`ie`kt`, nos pmsejenebob`s b` imksufm ekbevebuon s` r`bui`k on ouf`ktor `npr`iem b` ukm b` nms je`k`s< dojrï i`stos b` imksufm qu` okt`s `rok os`quejn`s y odmroyo km nm s`rïk (pmr `l`fpnm, no imfjekoieùk O b`n arïceim). Ob`fïs v`r qu` no r`ito b`jonoki` dojrï aerobm `k `n s`ktebm b` nos oaulos b`n r`nml, opmyïkbms` `k `n puktm (7, x : )
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?41Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
0.0.? EKAZ@YM Z@ON U WZ@IEMY Z@NORE SMY
Ekar`sm Z`on< `n ekar`sm r`on b` uk ekbevebum `s `n ekar`sm b` `s` ekbevebum`xpr`sobm km imfm bek`rm, sekm imfm uko ioktebob b` je`k`s qu` pu`b` imfpror nocofeneo. @xpr`sobm `k tårfekms b` supmke`kbm idurrosims, `n ekar`sm r`on b`n ekbevebum b`
y p . @sto ioktebob `s `n küf`rm fïxefm b` idurrosims qu` `n imksufebmr pu`b`
obquerer. @s eauon o su ekar`sm fmk`torem bevebebm `ktr` `n pr`iem b`n idurrosim. Ye `nekar`sm b` no p`rsmko `s b` $9777 y `n pr`iem b` iobo idurrosim `s b` $?777 , pmr nm qu` suekar`sm r`on `k tårfekms b` idurrosims `s b` 9 ukebob`s.
Wr`iem Z`notevm< uk pr`iem `notevm `s `n pr`iem b` uk je`k bevebebm `ktr` `n pr`iem b` mtrm
je`k. @k uko `iuoieùk pr`supu`storeo, no voreojn` x
y
p
p `s `n pr`iem r`notevm b`n je`k x `k
tårfekms b`n je`ky . Ye pmr `l`fpnm
p x 63 y
p y 69 `n pr`iem r`notevm `s b` :
y pmr iobo je`k
x
Mtrm `kcmqu` poro `n pr`iem Z`on y Wr`iem Z`notevm
Ye o uko p`rsmko qu` te`k` uko r`streiieùk pr`supu`ston `ktr` nm qu` pu`b` y nm qu` kmpu`b` p`rfeters` y qu` s` r`pr`s`ktok pmr no seaue`kt` tojno qu` r`noiemko nosimfjekoiemk`s os`quejn`s b` ebos on `stobem y imf`r porrennobos `k uk r`stourokt`<
Ekar`sm b`n Ekbevebum `s b` 97 u.f.
Wmseje n ebob`s
b` Imksufm
@ktrobos
(pmr f`s)
Worre n nobos
(pmr f `s)
o
j
i
b
`
c
7
?
:
9
2
0
?7
4
3
2
:
7
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?44Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo b`n ekbevebum fu`stro `n næfet` `ktr` nm qu` pu`b` ykm pu`b` p`rfeters`. No tojno fu`stro nos imfjekoiemk`s os`quejn`s b` ebos on `stobem yimfebos `k uk r`stourokt` iuokbm su ekar`sm `s b` 97 u.f., `n pr`iem b` iobo porrennobo `k
uk r`stourokt` `s b` 9 u.f. y `n pr`iem b` no `ktrobo on `stobem `s b` 3 u.f.@n puktm o kms
ekbeio qu` `n ekbevebum oamto su ekar`sm b` 97 u.f. iuokbm aosto ?7 u.f. `k r`stourokt` ykm osest` on `stobem. Nms puktms b` o dosto c r`pr`s`ktok no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo(næk`o rmlo).
Woro `n iosm b` je`k`s bevesejn`s, no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo s`rï tmbo no næk`ormlo `k cmrfo imktekuo. Woro `n iïniunm b` no `iuoieùk bobo no r`streiieùk s` imfe`kzo imk`n supu`stm qu` `n aostm `s eauon on ekar`sm y pmr nm toktm<
9_ d + 3_ p 6 97 se s` beveb` pmr 9 s` mjte`k` _ d + :_ p 6 ?7
Z`stokbm :_ d o ofjms nobms b` no `iuoieùk s` te`k`< _ 6 ?7 - :7_
@k a`k`ron, `s pmsejn` b`sirejer no r`streiieùk pr`supu`ston utenezokbm uko `iuoieùkpr`supu`storeo o porter b` no pr`feso b`n Aostm 6 Ekar`sm
Ye s` r`pr`s`kto `n ekar`sm imfm E , `n aostm b` iobo porrennobo `k `n r`stourokt` W d ,no ioktebob b` porrennobos imfm _ d , `n pr`iem b` uko `ktrobo on `stobem imfm W p , noioktebob b` `ktrobos imfprobos imfm _ p y nu`am utenezokbm `stms sæfjmnms poro no`iuoieùk pr`supu`storeo b`n ekbevebum qu`bo imfm seau`< W d _ d + W p _ p 6 E
M tofjeåk utenezokbm `n ekar`sm b`n ekbevebum imfm `k prekiepem< 9_ d + 3_ p 6 97
@n ekbevebum pu`b` `n`aer iuon`sque`r ioktebob b` porrennobos _ d y ioktebob b``ktrobos on `stobem _ p qu` sotescoaok `sto `iuoieùk. Imk `n cek b` `kimktror no r`noieùk`ktr` `stos ioktebob`s, s` beveb` pref`rm ofjms nobms b` no `iuoieùk `ktr` `n pr`iem b` no
porrennobo W d poro mjt`k`r<p
d p d d
p E _ _
p p odmro r stor `n tårfekm
p p
d
p _
p b` ofjms
nobms b` `sto `iuoieùk poro mjt`k`r<
?7 o
4 j
3 i Km os`quejn`
2 b
: `
7 c7 ? : 9 2 0
@ktrobos (pmr f`s)
Worrennobos(
pmrf`s)
Os`quejn`
Z`str eii e ùk
pr`supu`sto n
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?45Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
p d p
d d
p E _ _
p p
@k `n iosm b`n ekbevebum, `n ekar`sm E `s b` 97 , `n pr`iem b` uko `ktrobo W p `s b`3u.f. y `n pr`iem b` uko porrennobo W d `s b` 9 u.f.Wmr nm toktm `n ekbevebum te`k` qu` `n`aer
nos ioktebob`s b` ebos on `stobem y osest`kieo o uk r`stourokt` qu` sotescoaok no `iuoieùkseaue`kt`<
d p 97 3
_ _ 9 9
m je`k d p _ ?7 :_
Woro ekt`rpr`tor no `iuoieùk, ku`vof`kt` mjs`rv` `n arïceim `k bmkb` s`r`pr`s`kto no r`streiieùk pr`supu`ston y v`recequ` qu` no `iuoieùk bå imfm r`suntobm `stor`streiieùk pr`supu`ston. @k pref`r nuaor qu` se _ p 6 7 . @k `st` iosm, no `iuoieùk
pr`supu`storeo `xpr`so qu` _ d , no ioktebob b` porrennobos `sd
E
p
, nm qu` r`pr`s`kto ?7
porrennobos. @sto imfjekoieùk b` _ p y _ d `s no fesfo qu` opor`i` `k no tojno poro `npuktm o . Ye `stojn`i` odmro qu` _ p `s eauon o iekim. Odmro _ d `s eauon o i`rm (puktm c ).
No `iuoieùk pr`supu`storeo imkte`k` bms voreojn`s `n`aebos _ p y _ d qu` poro uk
imkt`xtm a`k`ronezobm smk nos `n`aebos pmr nos cofeneos y bms voreojn`sd
E
p y
p
d
p
p qu` no
cofeneo tmfo imfm bobos. Bobos `stos ieriukstokieos s` pu`b` b`ier qu` `n ekar`sm r`onb` uk ekbeveb um `s `n ekar`sm b` `s` ekbevebum `xp r`sobm km imf m bek`rm, sekm
imf m uko ioktebob b` je`k`s qu` pu`b` imfpror no cofen eo.
@xpr`sobm `k tårfekms b` porrennobos, `n ekar`sm r`on b`n ekbevebum `sd
E
p . @sto
ioktebob `s `n küf`rm fïxefm b` porrennobos qu` `nno pu`b` imfpror. @s eauon o suekar`sm fmk`torem bevebebm `ktr` `n pr`iem b` iobo porrennobo. @s b`ier `n ekar`sm b`nekbevebum `s 97 u.f. y `n pr`iem b` iobo dofjurau`so `s 9 u.f. pmr nm qu` su ekar`sm r`on`k tårfekms b` imfebos `k uk r`stourokt` `s b` ?7 porrennobos. @stm s` r`pr`s`kto `k nor`streiieùk pr`supu`ston imfm `n puktm `k `n qu` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`ston iruzo `n `l` U .
Pk pr`iem r`not evm `s `n pr`iem b` uk je`k bevebebm `ktr` `n pr`iem b` mtrm je`k. @k
no `iuoieùk pr`supu`storeo b`n ekbevebum, no voreojn` p
d
p p
`s `n pr`iem r`notevm b` uko
`ktrobo on `stobem `k tårfekms b` porrennobos. Woro `n imksufebmr `k iu`steùk, p p `s 3 u.f.
pmr `ktrobo on `stobem y W d `s 9 u.f. pmr porrennobo, pmr nm qu` `n pr`iem r`notevm `s eauon obms porrennobos pmr `ktrobo on `stobem. @s b`ier, poro obquer er uko `ktrobo fïs, `n
imk sufeb mr t e`k` qu` r`kukieor o bms porr e n nobos .
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?57Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Y` oiojo b` ioniunor `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` uko `ktrobo poro `n
ekb ev ebum . Z`imrbor qu` `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` uko oiieùk `s no f`lmr ont`rkotevop`rbebo. Woro qu` `n ekbevebum obque`ro uko `ktrobo fïs on f`s, te`k` qu` r`kukieor obms porrennobos.
Rofjeåk s` do ioniunobm `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` nos porrennobos poro `nekbevebum. Woro qu` `n imksufebmr obque`ro bms porrennobos fïs on f`s, te`k` qu`r`kukieor o uko `ktrobo on `stobem. Wmr toktm, su imstm b ` mpmrtuk ebob b` bms
porr e n nobos s b` u ko ktrobo on stobem .
@n pr`iem r`notevm b` uko `ktrobo `k tårfekms b` porrennobos `s no foaketub b` nop`kbe`kt` b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo b`n ekbevebum.
Woro ioniunor no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`ston, r`iu`rb` no cùrfuno porono p`kbe`kt`, `k bmkb` no p`kbe`kt` `s eauon on iofjem `k no voreojn` f`bebo smjr` `n `l`U , bevebebm `ktr` `n iofjem `k no voreojn` f`bebo smjr` `n `l` T , imkcmrf` s` b`spnozo o
nm noram b` st` l` .
@k `n iosm b`n imksufebmr b`n `l`fpnm no voreojn` f`bebo smjr` `n `l` U `s noioktebob b` porrennobos `k uk r`stourokt` y no voreojn` f`bebo smjr` `n `l` T `s noioktebob b` `ktrobos on `stobem. O nm noram b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo (næk`o rmlo)imkcmrf` nos porrennobos besfekuy`k b` ?7 o 7 , nos `ktrobos on `stobem ouf`ktok b` i`rm oiekim. Wmr nm toktm, no foaketub b` no p`kbe`kt` b` r`streiieùk pr`supu`ston `s b` ?7porrennobos bevebebos `ktr` iekim `ktrobos, m s`o bms porrennobos pmr `ktrobo on `stobem . Nofoaketub b` sto p`kbe`kt` s xoitof`kt` no fesfo qu` n pr `iem r`not evm qu ` s`
oiojo b` ioniunor . Rofjeåk n i mstm b` m pmr tukeb ob b` uko k trobo .
0.0.:. FOTEFE\OIEÙK B@ NO PRENEBOBNo t`mræo b`n imfpmrtofe`ktm b`n imksufebmr s` joso `k no pr`feso b` qu` uk
imksufebmr ekbevebuon, t`ke`kbm uko r`streiieùk b` pr`supu`stm, jusio foxefezor no
sot escoiieùk .
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?5?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Y` bespmk` b` iuonque`r imfjekoieùk, imfm O, J, I , m @ , `k no næk`o b`
pr`supu`stm8 on eauon qu` iuonque`r imfjekoieùk, imfm A qu` s` `kiu`ktro o no ezque`rbom b`jolm b` `nno. B`jebm o no nefetokt` b`n pr`supu`stm, nos imfjekoiemk`s qu` s``kiu`ktrok o no b`r`ido m pmr `kiefo b` `nno km `stïk bespmkejn`s. No imfj ekoieùk qu`
s` sim lo te`k` qu` kimk trors` sm jr` m f`lmr bei dm k no næk`o b` pr`sup u`stm .
@n puktm O ekbeio qu` no `n`iieùk r`onezobo pmr `n imksufebmr `s uk f`kmrimksufm b` T y uk foymr imksufm b` U, y o su v`z `n puktm B `stï ekbeiokbm qu` `nimksufebmr s` do b`spnozobm doieo uk imksufm fuidm foymr b`n je`k T , `k r``fpnozmb` uk imksufm f`kmr b`n je`k U .
Pk imksufebmr qu` tmfo no imfjekoieùk A vemno `n pmstunobm b` „pr`c`rer fïs o
f`kms‖. On posor b` A o I `n imksufebmr mjte`k` fïs b` T sek soireceior kekauko U, pmrtoktm poso o uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo fïs onto. @st` tepm b` fmvefe`ktm se`fpr` `spmsejn` `k `n iosm b` uko imfjekoieùk qu` s` `kiu`ktr` b`jolm b` no næk`o b`
pr`supu`stm. @n imksufebmr b`j`rï s`n`iiemkor, b` `ktr` nos imfjekoiemk`s smjr` no næk`ob` pr`supu`stm, oqu`nno qu` tmio no næk`o b` pr`supu`stm fïs onto qu` pu`b` oniokzor,åsto s`rï no imfjekoieùk I , se`kbm no ükeio imfjekoieùk bespmkejn` smjr` no iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo. (Nos imfjekoiemk`s O, J, B y @ s` `kiu`ktrok tmbos smjr` iurvos b`ekbec`r`kieo fïs jolos). Nu`am, no imfj ekoieùk qu` foxefei ` no sotescoiieùk `s
oqu`nno k no i uon no næk`o b` pr`su pu`s tm b ` no p`rsmk o s`o toka`kt ` o uko iu rvo b `
ekbec`r`kieo . W`rm b`j` mjs`rvors` qu`, poro qu` tmbm `stm miurro, nos iurvos b`
ekbec`r`kieo t e`k`k qu` s`r im kv`xos on mrea`k .
No toka`kieo b` no næk`o b` pr`supu`stm o uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo r`pr`s`kto no
toso o no iuon `n imksufebmr `stï bes pu `st m o i`b`r onam b` U poro mjt`k`r fïs b` T
qu` `s eauon o no toso o no iuon `n f`riobm n` xea erï r`kukieor o uko ie`rto ioktebob b` U poro t`k`r fïs ioktebob b` T .
@n ekar`sm b` nos p`rsmkos y nms pr`iems o nms qu` s` `kcr`ktok, nefetok sus`n`iiemk`s b` imksufm. Osefesfm, nos pr`c`r`kieos b` nos p`rsmkos b`t`rfekok no utenebobqu` pu`b` mjt`k`rs` b` iobo mpieùk b` imksufm pmsejn`.
@n mjl`t evm b` uk imk sufeb mr `s foxefezor su ute n ebob tmton , no iuon `s ukocmrfo ont`rkotevo b` xpr`sor n prmjn`fo imkùfeim cukbof`kton< no sios`z.
@st` mjl`tevm s` nmaro m s` bei` qu` `n imksufebmr `stï k `qu enej rem , iuokbm
aosto su ekar`sm `k cmrfo ton, qu` no utenebob m no sotescoiieùk b`n ünt efm p`sm aostobm `knms bec`r`kt`s ortæiunms `s no fesfo. M beidm b` mtro cmrfo, `s doi`r qu` no utenebobforaekon pmr ukebob fmk`toreo (p`sms, bùnor`s, `urms, `ti.) aostobo `k iobo je`k s`oeauon poro tmbms nms je`k`s.
@ktmki`s, no utenebob foraekon pmr ukebob fmk`toreo aostobo `s no utenebob foraekonqu` s` mjte`k` b` no üntefo ukebob imksufebo b` uk je`k, bevebebo `ktr` `n pr`iem b`n je`k.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?5:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
M tofjeåk< `n ünt efm p `sm aostobm k n je`k x `s quev on`kt` on ünt efm p`sm aostobm
`k n je`k y .
Fot`fïteiof`kt` pu`b` `xpr`sors` imfm<
y x
x U
PFa PFa W W
Imk no r`streiieùk qu`
x x U U W _ W _ ( Ekar`sm b`n imk sufeb mr)
@l`fpnm< Pk imksufebmr p`riej` nms seaue`kt`s kev`n`s b` utenebob tmton pmr `n imksufm b`nms je`k`s O y J pmr ukebob b` te`fpm<
_ PRo PRj
7 7 7
? ?3 5
: 97 ?1
9 2: :2
2 0: 97
0 37 90
3 33 95
Ob`fïs s` soj` qu` `n pr`iem b`n je`k O `s $: y `n pr`iem b` J `s $?. @n ekar`smb`n imksufebmr `s $?7. ½Iuïktm b`j` imfpror b` iobo je`k `n imksufebmr imk `n cekb` foxefezor su sotescoiieùk tmton=
Woro r`spmkb`r o `sto pr`aukto `s k`i`sorem ioniunor no utenebob foraekon poroiobo je`k y no utenebob foraekon pmr p`sm aostobm (utenebob foraekon `ktr` `n pr`iem b`nje`k)<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?59Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
_ PRo PRj PFo PFj PFo / Wo PFj / Wj
7 7 7 - - - -
? ?3 5 ?3 5 4 5
: 97 ?1 ?2 4 1 4
9 2: :2 ?: 1 3 1
2 0: 97 ?7 3 0 3
0 37 90 4 0 2 0
3 33 95 3 2 9 2
Imk jos` `k `so ekcmrfoieùk `n imksufebmr aosto su ekar`sm b` $?7. Imfpropref`rm uko ukebob b` J , yo qu` n` prmpmriemko uko utenebob b` 5, foymr qu` no utenebob b`no pref`ro ukebob b` O qu` `s 4. Nu`am pmbrï imfpror ekbec`r`kt`f`kt` `ktr` no pref`roukebob b` O m no s`aukbo b` J , yo qu` prmv``k no fesfo sotescoiieùk. Yu ekar`sm n`oniokzo poro imfpror ofjos ukebob`s. Dosto oquæ nn`vo aostobms $2, yo qu` doimfprobm bms ukebob`s b` J o uk pr`iem b` $? iobo uko y uko ukebob b` O iuym pr`iem`s $:. Osæ imkteküo aostokbm tmbm su ekar`sm, dosto imfpror 9 ukebob`s b` O y 2 b` J . @k`st` puktm aostù tmbm su ekar`sm y foxefezù su sotescoiieùk. @stm s` pu`b` imfprmjorv`receiokbm nos bms imkbeiemk`s f`kiemkobos poro foxefezor no sotescoiieùk tmton<
?. @n imksufebmr aostm tmbm su ekar`sm< r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo<6 Wo ±_o + Wj ±_j
$?7 6 $: ± 9 + $? ± 2$?7 6 $3 + $2
$?7 6 $?7:. @n imksufebmr foxefezo su utenebob tmton< imkbeieùk b` `queforaekonebob<
o j
o j
PFa PFa
W W
?: / $: 6 3 / $?3 6 3
@n imksufebmr on imfpror nos 9 ukebob`s b` O y nos 2 ukebob`s b` J do mjt`kebmuko sotescoiieùk tmton b` 1: (2: b` O + 97 b` J ), qu` `s no fïxefo sotescoiieùk pmsejn`bobms `stms pr`iems y su ekar`sm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?52Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
½_uå poso se `n pr`iem b` O jolo o $? =
Woro r`spmkb`r o no pr`aukto `s k`i`sorem vmnv`r o ioniunor no tojno okt`remr, p`rmodmro imk `n ku`vm pr`iem b`n je`k O<
_ PRo PRj PFo PFj PFo / Wo PFj / Wj
7 7 7 - - - -
? ?3 5 ?3 5 ?3 5
: 97 ?1 ?2 4 ?2 4
9 2: :2 ?: 1 ?: 1
2 0: 97 ?7 3 ?7 3
0 37 90 4 0 4 0
3 33 95 3 2 3 2
Imk jos` `k `so ekcmrfoieùk `n imksufebmr aosto su ekar`sm b` $?7. Imfpropref`rm uko ukebob b` O, yo qu` n` prmpmriemko uko utenebob b` ?3 , foymr qu` no utenebobb` no pref`ro ukebob b` J qu` `s 5. Nu`am imfprorï no s`aukbo, t`ri`ro y iuortoukebob`s b` O, yo qu` iobo uko b` `nnos prmpmriemko uko sotescoiieùk foymr qu` nopref`r ukebob b` J . B`spuås imfprorï no pref`ro ukebob b` J , qu` prmpmriemko foymr
sotescoiieùk qu` no quekto ukebob b` O. Osæ imkteküo aostokbm tmbm su ekar`sm, dostoimfpror 3 ukebob`s b` O y 2 ukebob`s b` J . @k `st` puktm aostù tmbm su ekar`sm yfoxefezù su sotescoiieùk.
@stm s` pu`b` imfprmjor v`receiokbm nos bms imkbeiemk`s f`kiemkobos porofoxefezor no sotescoiieùk tmton<
?. @n imksufebmr aostm tmbm su ekar`sm< r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo<6 Wo ±_o + Wj ±_j
$?7 6 $?± 3 + $? ± 2$?7 6 $3 + $2
$?7 6 $?7:. @n imksufebmr foxefezo su utenebob tmton< imkbeieùk b` `queforaekonebob<
o j
o j
PFa PFa
W W
6;3 / $? 6 3 / $? 6;3 6 3
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?50Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@n imksufebmr on imfpror nos 3 ukebob`s b` O y nos 2 ukebob`s b` J do mjt`kebmuko sotescoiieùk tmton b` 53 (33 b` O + 97 b` J ), qu` `s no fïxefo sotescoiieùk pmsejn`bobms nms ku`vms pr`iems y su ekar`sm.
0.0.9. ROYO FOZAEKON B@ YPYRE RPIEÙK (RFY)Kmto `k onaukms t`xtms opor`i` imfm ZFY (r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk)
No RFY `s no toso o no qu` uko p`rsmko r`kukieorï on je`k U (`n je`k f`bebm smjr``n `l` U ) poro mjt`k`r fïs b`n je`k T (`n je`k f`bebm smjr` `n `l` T ) y on fesfm te`fpmp`rfok`i` ekbec`r`kt` (p`rfok`i`r smjr` no fesfo i urvo b` ekbec`r`kieo ). No tosoforaekon b` sustetuieùk s` feb` f`beokt` no foaketub b` no p`kbe`kt` b` uko iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo). @stm tofjeåk s` pu`b` ekt`rpr`tor `k cmrfo ekv`rso, `s b`ier no toso o no qu`r`kukieorï on je`k T poro mjt`k`r fïs b`n je`k U . (RF Y UT )
No RFY TU b` T pmr U imrr`spmkb` o no p`kbe`kt` b` uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo `kiuonque`r puktm b` `nno, se`kbm pmr toktm no p`kbe`kt` b` uko næk`o b` pr`supu`stm `k
iuonque`ro b` sus puktms x
y
W
W (`s `n vonmr ojsmnutm qu` te`k` no p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b`
ekbec`r`kieo `k `s` puktm).
@ktmki`s< RFY 6-by
bx 6; RFY T U 6 x
y
PFa
PFa 6 x
U
W
W
P 6 P 7
Ye no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo te`k` p`kbe`kt` prmkukieobo, no RFY `s onto (puktm I ).No p`rsmko `stï bespu`sto o r`kukieor o uko arok ioktebob b`n je`k U poro mjt`k`r ukop`qu`ÿo ioktebob b`n je`k T , qu` nm doao p`rfok`i`r ekbec`r`kt`.
Ye no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo `s pnoko (puktm A), no RF Y `s jolo. No p`rsmko `stïbespu`sto o r`kukieor o uko p`qu`ÿo ioktebob b`n je`k U poro mjt`k`r uko arok ioktebobb`n je`k T qu` nm doao s`auer ekbec`r`kt`.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?53Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
0.0. Opneioieùk b`n Iïniunm poro Foxefezor no P te ne bob
Imksebår`s` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo qu` uk ekbevebum poro nms je`k`s T ` U . Ye s`imkseb`ro o P(x, y) imfm no cukieùk b` utenebob b`n imksufebmr r`strekaebo o su ekar`sm mr`kto E 6 _ T ∕W T + _ U ∕W U
@ktmki`s km s` b`j` b`lor b` tmfor `k iu`kto qu` nms mjl`tevms smk<
@kimktrors` `k no r`ito b` pr`supu`stm Yufekestror on imksufebmr no imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s qu` n` r`pmrt` uko foymrutenebob Y` r`pr`s`kto pmr `n puktm bmkb` s` eauono no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b`pr`supu`stm imk no p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo Y` b`j`k t`k`r pr`s`kt` qu` no imkbeieùk b` `quenejrem b`n imksufebmr `s<
x
y
PFa
PFa 6 x
U
W
W
Okonæteiof`kt` `n puktm b` `quenejrem s` pu`b` b t`rfekor<
0.3. Imkbeieùk b` ÙptefmImksebår`s` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo b` uk imksufebmr poro nms je`k`s x y . Ye
`xpr`sofms no cukieùk b` utenebob imfm P 6 P(x, y)
Pko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo s` b`cek` imfm P(x, y) 6 P
Bmkb`P r`pr`s`kto uk kev`n imkstokt` b` utenebob. Ioniunokbm `n bec`r`kieon tmton b` no
`iuoieùk P(x, y) 6P s` mjte`k`<
bP 6P P
bx by 7 x y
Nu`am, nms fmvefe`ktms qu` s` r`onei`k o nm noram b` uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo kmoc`itok `n kev`n b` utenebob. Wu`stm qu`
P P bx by 7
x y
6;P P
bx by x y
Bmkb` xy
P by x
RFY P bx y
@sto üntefo `iuoieùk `stï ekbeiokbm qu` no p`kbe`kt` b` uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo,
by bx , `s eauon o no toso foraekon b` sustetuieùk b` x pmr y , imk seakm k`aotevm.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?51Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@l`fpnm< se s` tmfok nms botms b`n `l`fpnm okt`remr s` te`k` qu` smnof`kt` b`sp`lor U `kno r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo `k cukieùk b` T y sustetuer U pmr `n r`suntobm se`fpr` qu`opor`zio `k no cukieùk utenebob. No utenebob s` imkve`rt`, `k uko cukieùk b` T y s` pu`b`foxefezor tmfokbm no pref`ro b`revobo imk r`sp`itm o T ` eauonïkbmno o i`rm. @n vonmr b`T qu` r`su`nv` `so `iuoieùk `s `n vonmr ùptefm b` T , qu` pu`b` r``fpnozors` b` ku`vm
`k no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo y donnor `n vonmr ùptefm b` U .
@s b`ier< 37 :x 9y
6;:
y :7 x 9
ektrmbuie`kbm `sto `xpr`seùk `k no
cukieùk utenebob P(x,y) 6 x∕y 6; P(x,y) 6 x∕(:
:7 x 9
)
6;P(x,y) 6 :7x -: :
x 9
tmfokbm no pref`ro b`revobo b` P imk r`sp`itm o T ` eauonokbm `n
r`suntobm o i`rm< :7 -
2
x 7 9
6;x 6 ?0 y odmro sustetuy`kbm `st` vonmr `k no r`streiieùkpr`supu`storeo<
37 6 :∕?0 + 9y 6; 37 6 97 + 9∕y 6; y 6 ?7 imk nm iuon s` nn`ao o nms fesfmsr`suntobms okt`remr`s.
Cekonf`kt`, imk `stms vonmr`s ùptefms b`x y , `n imksufebmr mjt`kbrï ?0∕?76?07
ukebob`s b` utenebob.
Ye s` aroceio no i`sto ùptefo b` oiu`rbm on prmjn`fo pnokt`obm, s` te`k`<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?54Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
½Wu`b` doj`r uko smnuieùk `squeko poro iurvos imkv`xos=
O v`i`s nms imksufebmr`s imfprok ioktebob`s `xtr`fos, on f`kms b`ktrm b` onaukosinos`s b` je`k`s. @s b`ier iuokbm `n ekbevebum s` b`iebæo foxefezor su utenebob `ktr` bmsje`k`s bojo imfm r`suntobm uk fïxef m ek t`re mr `k `n iuon imksufæo ioktebob`spmsetevos b` nms bms je`k`s. Yek `fjoram pmbæo bors` `n iosm qu` `n ekbevebum pmbæooniokzor no fïxefo utenebob mptokbm pmr km imksufer kobo b` ukm b` nms je`k`s. @s b`ierse uk imksufebmr b`ktrm b` bms je`k`s s`ok `stms8 vekm y i`rv`zo y qu` `kcr`ktobm o ukor`ito b` pr`supu`stm mptoro pmr ukm b` `stms bms je`k`s km t`ke`kbm fmtevm poro oseakorport` b` sus ekar`sms o ukm b` nms je`k`s qu` km b`s`o pmb`fms r`cn`lor beido setuoieùk`k bms arïceims seaue`kt`s<
0.1 YPYRERPRMY W@ZC@IRMY
Nm fesfm miurr` imk nms iuob`rkms qu` miupok nms `stubeokt`s o nms iuon`s no
foymræo mpto pmr ukm u mtrm sek efpmrtor no forio. Iuokbm nms je`k`s smk sust e tu tmsp`rc`itms `ktr` sæ, sus iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo smk næk`os r`itos imk p`kbe`kt`b`si`kb`kt` y su RFY `s imkstokt` .
Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo b` no ceauro dok sebm a`k`robos pmr uko cukieùk b`utenebob imk no cùrfuno.
Ptenebob 6 P(x, y) 6 ο∕x + κ∕y
Bmkb`, ο y κ smk imkstokt`s pmsetevos. @s jostokt` `veb`kt` qu` nos iurvos b`ekbec`r`kieo b` `sto cukieùk smk næk`os r`itos8 `s b`ier s` pu`b` ioniunor uko iurvo b`
kev`n iuonque`ro doie`kbm qu` P(x, y) s`o eauon o uko imkstokt` qu`, bobo no cmrfo nek`onb` no cukieùk, `sp`ieceio inorof`kt` uko næk`o r`ito. No koturon`zo nek`on b` `stos iurvosb` ekbec`r`kieo bo nuaor on tårfekm sust e tu tms p`rc`itms poro b`sirejer no r`noieùk efpnæieto
`ktr` x ` y . Bobm qu` no RFY `s imkstokt` (` eauon o
) o nm noram b` tmbo no iurvo b`
ekbec`r`kieo, ku`strms imki`ptms okt`remr`s b` uko RF Y b`ir`ie`kt` km s` opneiok o `st`iosm. Pko p`rsmko imk `stos pr`c`r`kieos `storæo bespu`sto o r`kukieor o no fesfo
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
?55Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
ioktebob b` y poro imks`auer uko ukebob fïs b` x ekb`p`kbe`kt` b` no ioktebob qu` `ståimksufe`kbm b` x . Pko setuoieùk osæ b`sirejeræo no r`noieùk `ktr` bestektos forios b` ukprmbuitm qu`, `k `s`kieo `s eauon.
Yupmk`r qu` o uk imksufebmr n` austo no v`rburo y no iork` b` ov`, p`rm `storæo se`fpr`bespu`stm o ekt`riofjeor uko ukebob b` iork` b` ov` pmr bms b` v`rburos,ekb`p`kbe`kt`f`kt` b`n kev`n b` imksufm b` ofjms onef`ktms.
@k `st` iosm, nms je`k`s smk sustetutms p`rc`itms< on imksufebmr n` ekt`r`so `n imksufmtmton b` je`k`s (onef`ktms `k `st` iosm) y no toso o no qu` `storï bespu`stm o ekt`riofjeorm sustetuer ukm pmr mtrm `s imkstokt` ` ekb`p`kbe`kt` b`n kev`n b` imksufm b` nms je`k`s.Bobos bms imfjekoiemk`s b` imksufm b` je`k`s iuon`sque`ro qu` smk ekbec`r`kt`s,tofjeåk nm s`rï iuonque`r imfjekoieùk nek`on b` ofjos. Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo smknæk`os r`itos b`ir`ie`kt`s y poron`nos.
Wmr toktm no RF Y , qu` `s no p`kbe`kt` b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo, `s imkstokt` y k`aotevo.@n imksufebmr `storï bespu`stm o sustetuer uko ukebob b` iork` b` ov` pmr bms b` v`rburoekb`p`kbe`kt`f`kt` b` su kev`n b` imksufm b` ofjms onef`ktms. Ioj` b`ier qu` `nimksufebmr vonmro no iork` b` ov` `n bmjn` qu` no v`rburo y pmr toktm, `storï tofjeåkbespu`stm o r`kukieor o f`bem pnotm b` iork` b` ov` o iofjem b` ukm fïs b` v`rburo,p`rfok`ie`kbm imkstokt` su kev`n b` utenebob. Osæ, no RFY s`rï<
y x
by RFY
bx
,
6
?
:
P6 it .
Wmr nm toktm, uko cukieùk b` utenebob qu` r`pr`s`kt` `stos pr`c`r`kieos b`j` t`k`r imfm
iurvos b` kev`n, cukiemk`s nek`on`s b` no cmrfo< P(x, y) 6 x + :y
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:77Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@sto cukieùk oseako `n fesfm kev`n b` utenebob o nos imfjekoiemk`s (2, 2,0) , (0, 2) y(1, 9) , pmr `l`fpnm, qu` smk ekbec`r`kt`s poro `n imksufebmr yo qu` se`fpr` `stï bespu`stmo ekt`riofjeor uko ukebob b` iork` b` ov` pmr bms b` v`rburo. Y` pu`b` opr`ieor `k nmseaue`kt`<
P (2, 2,0) 6 2 + :±2,0 6 ?9
P (0, 2) 6 0 + :±2 6 ?9
P (1, 9) 6 1 + :±9 6 ?9
Mtrm l`fpnm < s` pu`b` imkseb`ror P(x, y) 6 x + y ½Iùfm s` r`pr`s`ktok nos iurvos b`ekbec`r`kieo b` `sto cukieùk=
S`r qu` tmbos smk nek`on`s y poron`nos.@k a`k`ron, iuokbm nms je`k`s smk sustetutms p`rc`itms, no cukieùk b` utenebob tmforï no
cmrfo<
x y P x y O
,
Bmkb` y
smk imkstokt`s pmsetevos qu` ekbeiok no vonmroieùk m pr`iems b` nmsje`k`s x ` y , te`k`k poro `n imksufebmr< osæ fesfm, O ; 7
Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo `k `st` iosm te`k`k no cmrfox y
P
, y su p`kbe`kt` `s no
y x P
by RFY
bx
,
/ , qu` `s no toso o no qu` `n imksufebmr `stï bespu`stm o sustetuer `n
je`k y pmr `n je`k x
0.4 FON@Y½Iùfm s` pu`b` ekt`rpr`tor poro uk imksufebmr uk fon f`beokt` nos iurvos
b` ekbec`r`kieo=
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7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:7:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
y
P x y PF y
y
, ): 7
@k `st` iosm imfm no PF b` y `s k`aotevo, `storæo ekbeiokbm qu` `n p`siobm `s uk fon.
Woro no `iuoieùk b` uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo s`ræo P x y
: : y no RF Y `s pmsetevo,
imfm imrr`spmkb` on iosm b` ukm b` nms bms je`k`s `s uk fon, `ktmki`s<
y x P
by x x RFY
bx y y
,
:/ 7
:
0.5 JE@K K@PRZM½Iùfm s` pu`b` r`pr`s`ktor uk je`k qu` s`o k`utrm poro uk imksufebmr=
Ye s` supmk` qu` uk imksufebmr `k uko iokosto b` iork` b` voiukm y v`rburo`sto üntefo km n` r`pmrto kekauko sotescoiieùk, p`rm iuremsof`kt` tofpmim n` prmvmiokekaük besaustm, se`kbm pmr toktm poro `st` imksufebmr no v`rburo uk je`k qu` s`imkseb`ro k`utrm y pmr toktm `n kev`n b` sotescoiieùk s`rï ekb`p`kbe`kt` b`n kev`n b`imksufm b` v`rburos, se`kbm pmr toktm `n imksufm b` iork` b` voiukm que`k mtmrau` `kb`ceketevo `n kev`n b` sotescoiieùk. Ye s` r`pr`s`kto f`beokt` uk arïceim s` te`k` nmseaue`kt`<
@k `st` iosm no RF Y s`rï eauon o i`rm pmrqu` imfm no v`rburo `s uk je`k k`utrm
poro `n imksufebmr, su utenebob foraekon `s kuno y km doy cmrfo b` ekt`riofjeor iork` b`voiukm pmr v`rburo p`rfok`ie`kbm imkstokt` `n kev`n b` utenebob tmton. No ükeio pmsejenebob`s qu` ouf`kt` `n imksufm b` iork` b` voiukm y imk `nnm ouf`kt` su utenebob tmtonekb`p`kbe`kt`f`kt` b`n imksufm b` v`rburos.
Rmbm nm beidm okt`remrf`kt` s` pu`b` `xpr`sor fot`fïteiof`kt` f`beokt` nmseaue`kt`<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:79Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
x y,x P it`
PF by 7 RFY / 7
bx PFy PFy
Pko pr`aukto qu` pu`b` doi`rs`, `s ½quå sui`b` se `k nuaor b` no v`rburo cu`rono iork` b` voiukm `k je`k k`utron= @k ton iosm nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo s`ræok r`itos
v`rteion`s poron`nos on `l` b` mrb`kobos y r`pr`s`ktoræok foymr kev`n b` utenebob iuoktmfïs n`lms b`n mrea`k s` `kimktrorok. ½U quå sui`b` imk no RFY = Ju`km `k `s` iosm s`mjte`k` nm seaue`kt`<
x x y,x P it`
PF PF by RFY /
bx PFy 7
Nm qu` kms bei` qu` `n je`k k`utrm r`pr`s`ktobm `k `n `l` b` nos mrb`kobos, noRF Y s`rï eauon o ekceketm `k vonmr ojsmnutm.
½U iùfm s` pu`b` r`pr`s`ktor `stos pr`c`r`kieos imk uko cukieùk b` utenebob `k no iuon
km opor`zio `n je`k k`utron=, `k `n pref`r iosm `n je`k k`utron x `s no v`rburo, `ktmki`ss` pu`b` `sirejer f`beokt` P x , y y , `k bmkb`
`s no imkstokt` pmsetevo qu`
r`pr`s`kto no utenebob foraekon b`n je`k y (no iork` b` voiukm `k `st` iosm)
Woro `n iosm imktrorem `k bmkb` `n je`k k`utrm cu`s` y , `ktmki`s no cukieùk b`
utenebob pu`b` t`k`r no cmrfo b` P x, y x y s`ræo uko imkstokt` pmsetevo qu`
r`pr`s`kto no Ptenebob Foraekon b`n je`k x .
0.?7 JE@K@Y W@ZC@IROF@KR@ IMFWN@F@KROZEMY
Ymk je`k`s p`rc`itof`kt` imfpn`f`ktorems iuokbm km s` pu`b`k sustetuer `ktr` sæ`k cmrfo onauko. @n t`k`r bms zopotms ezque`rbms imk ukm b`r`idm km `s f`lmr qu` t`k`rukm b` iobo ukm. Yek `fjoram, s` pr`ce`r` t`k`r bms b` iobo ukm o t`k`r ukm b` ioboukm.
Woro qu` T ` U s`ok imfpn`f`ktms p`rc`itms, no RF Y TU y no RF Y UT te`k`k qu` s`reauon`s o i`rm. Wmr `l`fpnm `k no Cea. o , nms puktms b , ` y c `stïk tmbms smjr` no iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo P 7 , sek `fjoram `n puktm c imfpr`kb` no fesfo ioktebob b` U , p`rm fïs b` T
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:72Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
`k `n puktm ` . Osæ `n imksufebmr `stï soturobm b` T y no RF Y TU 6 7 . B` eauon fok`ro, `npuktm b imfpr`kb` no fesfo ioktebob b` T p`rm fïs b` U qu` `n puktm ` . Osæ `nimksufebmr soturobm b` U y no RFY UT 6 7 .
@n outmfùven y no aosmneko pu`b`k imkseb`rors` imfm imfpn`f`ktorems p`rc`itms.@k a`k`ron, nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo km smk næk`os r`itos ke te`k`k ïkaunms r`itms sekmqu` fu`strok ie`rto iurvoturo. O f`bebo qu` no cmrfo b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo s`por`zio o uko r`ito, foymr s`rï `n arobm b` sustetuejenebob `ktr` T ` U .
Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo `k cmrfo b` N enustrok uko setuoieùk `xoitof`kt`imktroreo on iosm b` nms sustetutms p`rc`itms. @stos pr`c`r`kieos s` opneioræok o nms je`k`squ` „vok luktms‖ < iocå y n`id`, fokt`quenno y f`rf`nobo y uk zopotm b`r`idm imk ukezque`rbm pmr `l`fpnm. Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo efpneiok qu` nms por`s b` je`k`sse`fpr` s`rïk utenezobms `k uko r`noieùk prmpmriemkon celo, r`pr`s`ktobo pmr nms vårtei`s b`åstos iurvos. No p`rsmko qu` pr`ce`r` ?77 ii b` n`id` pmr iobo 4 tozos b` iocå qu`rrï:77 ii b` n`id` poro ?3 tozos b` iocå.
Pko ioktebob `xtro b` iocå sek n`id` km t`kbræo vonmr poro `sto p`rsmko, imfmtofpmim nm t`kbræo fïs n`id` sek fïs iocå. No p`rsmko sùnm pmbræo ouf`ktor no utenebobiuokbm `nelo nms bms je`k`s luktms.
Y` pu`b` cmrfonezor `stms imki`ptms se s` okonezo no cukieùk b` utenebob qu`a`k`ro `stos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo `k cmrfo b` N <
Ptenebob 6 P(x, y)6 fek (οx, κy)
@k `st` iosm ο y κ smk porïf`trms pmsetevms y `n mp`robmr „fek‖ seakeceio qu` noutenebob `stï bobo pmr `n f`kmr b` nms bms tårfekms `ktr` imrid`t`s. @k `n `l`fpnm b`n
iocå y no n`id`, se b`lofms qu` nos tozos b` iocå s`ok r`pr`s`ktobos pmr x y nms ii b`n`id` pmr y , no utenebob `storæo bobo pmr<
Pte ne bob 6 P(x, y)6 fek (x, 4y)
Odmro 4 tozos b` iocå y ?77 ii b` n`id` mcr`i`k 477 ukebob`s b` utenebob. Yek`fjoram, ?3 tozos b` iocå y ?77 ii b` n`id` seau`k mcr`ie`kbm tok sùnm 4 ukebob`s,pmrqu` fek (?3,4)64 . @n iocå obeiemkon sek n`id` km te`k` vonmr, imfm fu`stro no s`iieùkdmrezmkton b` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo iuokbm kms on`lofms b`n vårtei`8 `s b`ier, noutenebob km ouf`kto iuokbm sùnm ouf`kto x (imk y imkstokt`). Yùnm iuokbm s` bupneioktoktm `n iocå imfm no n`id` (o ?3 y :, r`sp`itevof`kt`) no utenebob ouf`ktorï o ?3.
@k tårfekms a`k`ron`s, km dojrï uk `xi`sm b` kekaukm b` nms bms je`k`s sùnm se
οx 6 κy 6; y/x 6 ο/ κ
_ u` fu`stro uko r`noieùk celo prmpmriemkon qu` s` b`j` prmbuier `ktr` bms je`k`s poroqu` nos `n`iiemk`s s` `kiu`ktr`k `k nms vårtei`s b` nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:70Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
0.??. NO CPKIEÙK B@ IMJJ-BMPANOYNo cukieùk b` utenebob Imjj-Bmuanos `k dmkmr o bms ekv`steaobmr`s Idorn`s Imjj y WounBmuanos `k ?5:4, qu` utenezormk `sto cukieùk poro su `stubem b`tonnobm b` nos r`noiemk`sb` prmbuiieùk `k no `imkmfæo `stobmukeb`ks`.
No cukieùk b` Imjj-Bmuanos iuyo `xpr`seùk a`k`ron `stï bobo pmr P x , y Ox y , `k
bmkb` O, ,
7 , se`kbm pmr nm a`k`rony no efpmrtokieo r`notevo qu` n` mtmrao `n
imksufebmr o `stms je`k`s y bobo qu` no utenebob `s ükeio poro uko trokscmrfoieùkfmkùtmko s` su`n` kmrfonezor beidms porïf`trms b` cmrfo qu` ?
y nos
pr`c`r`kieos qu` r`pr`s`kto s` b`kmfekok pr`c`r`kieos r`aunor`s. @stm seakeceio qu` nospr`c`r`kieos b` uk imksufebmr ob`fïs b` iufpner imk nms oxemfos b` imfpn`tetub,r`cn`xevebob, troksetevebob y km soie`bob m fmkmtmkæo, smk str eitof`kt` imkv`xos . Wmrtoktm `n imksufebmr pr`c`rerï se`fpr` o nms f`bems ` nuaor b` nms `xtr`fms, von` b`ierimfjekoiemk`s qu` imkt`kaok ioktebob`s ekt`rf`beos b` ofjms je`k`s.
Iurvos b` Imjj-Bmuanos
Ye opneiofms o `sto cukieùk b` Imjj-Bmuanos no RFY s` te`k`<
P x, y Ox y 6;?
?x
y,x P y
PF by O x y y RFY /
bx PF x O x y
@stm pu`b` v`receiors` qu` su vonmr ojsmnutm `s b`ir`ie`kt` imk `n imksufm b`n je`k x ,`ktmki`s<
y,x y,x y,x
y y b RFY RFY RFY x x by y
bx x y bx x y x
6;xy
b RFY y y y
bx x x x x
: :
?? 7
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:73Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ye `k porteiunor no efpmrtokieo r`notevo qu` n` mtmrao `n imksufebmr o x ` y cu`s`k eauon`s,`ktmki`s poro no cukieùk b` utenebob, no RFY s`rï<
x y,x P
y
PF by y RFY /
bx PF x
Nu`am, `k `sto `iuoieùk no RF Y `s k`aotevo y
su vonmr ojsmnutm b`p`kb` b` nms kev`n`s b` imksufm b` ofjms je`k`s yo qu` `n
imksufebmr `storæo bespu`stm o b`lor b` imksufer uko prmpmrieùk b` y x
b`n je`k y o
iofjem b` pmb`r imksufer uko ukebob obeiemkon b`n je`k x , fokt`keåkbms` b` `so cmrfoimkstokt` su utenebob.
Ye s` opneio no b`cekeieùk poro iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos `streitof`kt` imkv`xos s` te`k`<
y,x y,x y,x
y y b RFY RFY RFY by y x x
bx x y bx x y x
6;xy
b RFY y y y
bx x x x x
: :
? :7
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:71Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
WZ@APKROY, ONR@ZKORESOY, S@ZBOB@ZM M CONYM U @L@ZIEIEMY.
Wr`auktos b` Feirm`imkmfæo<?. ½Wmr quå s` bei` qu` @imkmfæo `s uko ie`kieo qu` `stubeo oseakoieùk b` r`iursms
`siosms=:. ½Iuïn`s smk nms `n`f`ktms jïseims b` no oitevebob `imkùfeio=
9. ½O quå s` n` b`kmfeko r`iursms=2. ½Iùfm s` inoseceiok b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto inïseim=0. ½Iùfm s` inoseceiok b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto ont`rkotevm=3. ½Wmr quå s` ioroit`rezok prekieponf`kt` nms r`iursms=1. ½Wmr quå s` ioroit`rezok prekieponf`kt` nos k`i`sebob`s= B` uk `l`fpnm4. ½O quå s` n` b`kmfeko uk je`k= B` uk `l`fpnm5. ½O quå s` r`ce`r` iuokbm s` dojno b`n „prmjn`fo `imkùfeim‖=. Bå uk `l`fpnm ?7. ½Iuïn`s smk nos pr`auktos inïseios b` no `imkmfæo cr`kt` o uko b`ieseùk `imkùfeio= Bå
uk `l`fpnm on r`sp`itm??. ½Wmr quå s` dojno b` fmb`nms `imkùfeims=½@k quå imksest`k=?:. ½Wmr quå s` ioroit`rezo iobo fmb`nm `imkùfeim=?9. @xpnequ` `n fmb`nm b` cnulm ieriunor b` no oitevebob `imkùfeio?2. ½@k quå imksest` `n rozmkofe`ktm `imkùfeim=?0. ½Iuïn`s smk nos ïr`os b` `stubem b` no `imkmfæo=?3. ½Iuïn `s no bec`r`kieo `ktr` feirm`imkmfæo y foirm`imkmfæo=?1. ½O quå s` n` b`kmfeko ocerfoiemk`s pmsetevos=. Bå uk `l`fpnm on r`sp`itm?4. ½O quå s` n` b`kmfeko ocerfoiemk`s kmrfotevos=. Bå uk `l`fpnm on r`sp`itm?5. ½O quå s` r`ce`r` `n oxemfo b` imfpn`tetub=:7. ½@k quå imksest` no prmpe`bob b` troksetevebob=. Bå uk `l`fpnm on r`sp`itm:?. ½Wmr quå s` ioroit`rezo no prmpe`bob b` imktekuebob=::. ½_uå troto b` `xpneior no t`mræo b` no Ptenebob=:9. ½Iuïn`s smk nms supu`stms b` no t`mræo b` Ptenebob=:2. ½Wmr quå km `xest` uk ükeim fåtmbm poro f`ber no utenebob=:0. ½@k quå imksest` `n @kcmqu` Iorbekon=. Bå uk `l`fpnm on r`sp`itm:3. ½@k quå imksest` `n @kcmqu` Mrbekon=. Bå uk `l`fpnm on r`sp`itm:1. ½O quå s` n` b`kmfeko Ptenebob Rmton=. Bå uk `l`fpnm:4. ½O quå s` n` b`kmfeko Ptenebob Foraekon=. Bå uk `l`fpnm
:5. B`n` vonmr`s o no seaue`kt` tojno, b` fmbm qu` arocequ` no Ptenebob Rmton, Foraekon, puktmsb` ekcn`xeùk, Ptenebob Foraekon Fïxefo, Ptenebob Rmton Fïxefo.
_ PR PF7?:920314
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:74Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:bo Wort`
?. ½_uå `kte`kb` imfm imki`ptm (km b`cekeieùk) r`sp itm b`n supu`stm y usm b`n I`t`resWorejus=
:. Iuokbm s` `sirej` no cukieùk b` utenebob y s` n` oar`ao… „mtros imsos‖, ½o quå onub` `stocros` y pmr quå=
9. ½_uå `kte`kb` imfm requ`zo b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto b no utenebob=2. ½_uå s` `kte`kb` pmr je`k`s=0. ½O quå s` r`ce`r` `n prekiepem b` km soturoieùk=3. ½O quå s` n` b`kmfeko „imstm b` mpmrtukebob‖=8 imkstruyo uk `l`fpnm on r`sp`itm1. ½@k quå `si`korem imrr`spmkb` opneior uk imstm b` mpmrtukebob=4. ½_uå `kte`kb` pmr „j`k`ceiem foraekon‖=8 imkstruyo uk `l`fpnm 5. ½_uå `kte`kb` pmr „imstm foraekon‖=8 bå uk `l`fpnm ?7. ½Iuïkbm s` bei` qu` uk f`riobm `s `ceie`kt`=, ½Iùfm ub. pmbræo `xpneiornm imk uk `l`fpnm
imtebeokm=??. ½Iuïkbm s` bei` qu` uk f`riobm `s ek`ceie`kt`=, `xpnequ` `stm imk uk `l`fpnm?:. ½_uå s` `kte`kb` pmr „F`riobm‖= ?9. ½_uå s` `kte`kb` pmr „vonmr b` no prmbuiieùk‖ ?2. ½Iùfm `xpneio qu` n kev`n b` vebo te`kb` o f`lmror imk uk ouf`ktm b` no prmbuiieùk=, ½@s
se`fpr` vïnebm=
?0. ½@xpnequ` nm qu` s` `kte`kb` pmr ekcnoieùk= (km us` uko b`cekeieùk inïseio)?3. ½@xest` onaük fåtmbm poro besfekuer `n c`kùf`km b no ekcnoieùk=?1. ½_uå imks`iu`kieos tro` poro no cu`rzo nojmron uk c`kùf`km ekcnoiemkorem=. @xpnequ` `st`
c`kùf`km?4. ½_uå potrmk`s m imfpmrtofe`ktms `ktr` voreojn`s b`j`k `xofekors` `k nms arïceims
`imkùfeims=. Imkstruyo uk `l`fpnm onusevm o iobo ukm b` `nnms?5. ½_uå `stojn`i` no p`kbe`kt` y su r`suntobm `k uko arïceio `ktr` bms je`k`s r`pr`s`ktobms
b`sb` `n puktm b` vesto `imkùfeim= (km `streitof`kt` fot`fïteim):7. Eb`` bms je`k`s, imkstruyo `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b` oqu`nnms je`k`s f`beokt` arïceims y
`xpnæqu`nms:?. ½_uå `kte`kb` pmr Crmkt`ro b Wmsejenebob`s b` Wrmbuiieùk=::. ½_uå sui`b` se s prmbui` b ktrm b` nos crmkt`ros b` prmbuiieùk=:9. ½_uå sui`b` se s prmbui` lustof`kt` `k no crmkt`ro b` prmbuiieùk=
:2. ½_uå sui`b` se s` prmbui` se s` prmbui` cu`ro b` no crmkt`ro b` prmbuiieùk=:0. ½Wmr quå no crmkt`ro b prmbuiieùk te`k` uko cmrfo iurvobo doieo ocu`ro=.½_uå pe`kso ub. se`stuve`ro iurvobo doieo ob`ktrm=
:3. ½_uå sui`b` se b` bms je`k`s okonezobms ukm b` `nnms b`sorrmnno ku vo t`ikmnmaæo=,`xpnæqu`nm f`beokt` uk arïceim y iuïn`s s`ræok nos r`streiiemk`s qu` ub. s` boræo
:1. ½Iuïn `s næfet` b` fïxefo `ceie`kieo on qu` s` `kcr`kto no prmbuiieùk ceie`kt`=:4. ½@s pmsejn` prmbuier se`kbm `n imstm foraekon sup`remr on j`k ceiem foraekon=:5. ½@s v`rbob qu` `n j`k`ceiem foraekon `s se`fpr` ir`ie`kt`=97. Eb`ktecequ` n imstm b mpmrtukebob b iobo uko b` nos seaue`kt`s setuoiemk`s<
o) Pk trojolobmr aoko uk sonorem b` $2077 pmr dmro, b`ieb` trojolor f`bem te`fpm poroosester o no Pkev`rsebob.j) Foræo b`ieb` veolor `k outmfùven o Ronio b`sb` Yokteoam poro vesetor o su delm qu``stubeo `k oqu`nno ieubob.i) Oko b`ieb` er o uko ce`sto y posor cu`ro b` no ioso tmbo no kmid` okt`remr o su `xof`kb` cæseio.b) W`brm aosto $27.777 `k uk por b` zopotms.`) No @ssm ekve`rt` PY$477 fennmk`s `k no imkstruiieùk b` uko ku vo pnokto sujsebeoreoqu` quezïs `ktr` `k mp`roiemk`s `k ?7 oÿms}c) @n pobr` b` @buorbm `s bu`ÿm b` uk tonn`r b` fu`jn`ræo `k Zokioauo. @buorbmtrojolo `k ån 27 dmros o no s`foko, o iofjem b` nos iuon`s km r`iej` imfp`ksoieùkonauko.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:75Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
9?. ½@k quå cmrfo no iurvo b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk oinoro nms prmjn`fos cukbof`kton`sb` no `imkmfæo=, `s b`ier< ½_uå prmbuier=, ½Iùfm prmbuier=, y ½Woro queåk prmbuier=
9:. Besiütos` poro `n iosm b` Iden` `k tårfekms b` no iurvo b` trokscmrfoieùk y `k r`noieùk imknos mpiemk`s jïseios `ktr` s`aurebob y je`k`stor, ½iuïn do sebm no `vmnuieùk b` `stos bmsmpiemk`s `k nms üntefms oÿms y qu` s` `sp`ro poro `n cuturm=. Arocequ` su r`spu`sto `ktårfekms b` no iurvo b` trokscmrfoieùk, imkseb`r` nms pmsejn`s b`spnozofe`ktms pmsetevms mk`aotevms b` no iurvo, osæ imfm nms fmvefe`ktms o nm noram b` no fesfo.
99. Pk oareiuntmr b` no zmko b` _uennmto trojolo `k su idoiro `k n iuntevm b` `spïrroams y idminmsdoieo nms iuon`s iokonezo tmbms sus r`iursms prmbuitevms doie`kbm pn`ko utenezoieùk b` nmsfesfms. Arocequ` `k tårfekms b` no iurvo b` prmbuiieùk m pmsejenebob`s b` trokscmrfoieùk nosseaue`kt`s setuoiemk`s<
o) Pko f`lmro `k no t`ikmnmaæo b` no prmbuiieùk b` `spïrroams doi` qu` ekir`f`kt` noprmbuiieùk b` nms fesfms.j) Re`k` oii`sm o uk pråstofm pmr nm iuon vo obquere`kbm sui`sevof`kt` foymr`sioktebob`s b` fïquekos y `quepms poro no prmbuiieùk b` ofjms je`k`s, p`rm fokt`ke`kbmcelms nms sufekestrms b` nms mtrms r`iursms. ½Iùfm s` fokece`sto no n`y b` r`kbefe`ktmsb`ir`ie`kt`s `k `sto setuoieùk=. Arocequ` y cukbof`kt`.i) Okt` uko f`lmro `k no b`fokbo b` `spïrroams `n oareiuntmr vo prmar`sevof`kt`
sustetuy`kbm no prmbuiieùk b` idminms pmr no b` `spïrroams. @k `st` iosm quå miurr` imknms imstms b` mpmrtukebob b` no prmbuiieùk b` `spïrroams. Arocequ` no setuoieùk `k no iurvob` trokscmrfoieùk.
92. Nos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk b` ie`rtm poæs stïk bobos pmr<
Imfebo(ha pmr f`s)
Ir`fo prmt`itmro smnor(netrms pmr f`s)
977:77?77
7
707
?77?07
o) Rroi` uko arïceio b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk
j) ½Iuïn`s smk nms imstms b` mpmrtukebob b` prmbuier imfebo y ir`fo prmt`itmro smnor oiobo kev`n b` prmbuiieùk b` no tojno=
90. Ye `k `n prmjn`fo okt`remr, poro mjt`k`r uk netrm b` ir`fo prmt`itmro no a`kt` b` oqu`npoæs `stï bespu`sto o i`b`r 0 ha b` onef`ktms se te`k` :0 nts. b` ir`fo prmt`itmro smnor8 : hab` onef`ktms, se te`k` 10 Nts b` ir`fo prmt`itmro smnor, y ? ha b` onef`ktms se te`k`k ?:0 Ntsb` ir`fo prmt`itmro smnor
o) Bejul` uko arïceio b n j`k ceiem foraekon b` no ir`fo prmt`itmro `k oqu`n poæsj) ½Iuïn `s no ioktebob ceie`kt` b` ir`fo prmt`itmro smnor qu` b`j`ræo prmbuiers`=
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?7Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
EKBEIOZ @K IOBO PKO B@ NO Y WZ@APKROY YE @Y S@ZBOB@ZM M CONYM
?.- Rmbos nos imfjekoiemk`s b` imksufm oii`sejn`s poro `n imksufebmr `stïk setuobos smjr` nor`ito b` jonoki`.
:.- No p`kbe`kt` b` uko r`ito b` jonoki` `s cukieùk b` nms pr`iems b` nms je`k`s y b` no r`kto b`nimksufebmr
9.- _u` uk imksufebmr pr`ce`ro uko imso u mtro b`p`kb`, b` nms pr`iems2.- Nos pr`c`r`kieos b`n imksufebmr `stïk ioroit`rezobos pmr uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo0.- B` tmbos nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` cmrfok uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo, `n imksufebmr
pr`c`rerï oqu`nno `k no qu` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo `s toka`kt` o no r`ito b` jonoki`.3.- Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieos smk imkv`xos doieo `n mrea`k b` immrb`kobos1.- @k `quenejrem b` foxefezoieùk, no r`noieùk o no qu` `stï bespu`stm `n imksufebmr o ekt`riofjeor
bms je`k`s y fokt`k`rs` ekbec`r`kt` imekieb` imk no r`noieùk o no qu` `n f`riobm ekt`riofjeo`stms bms je`k`s.
4.- Ye sùnm doy bms je`k`s, on f`kms ukm b` `nnms b`j` s`r kmrfon.5.- Ye bms ekbevebums imfprok imfjekoiemk`s bec`r`kt`s b` je`k`s s` pu`b` `stor s`aurm b` qu`
sus austms smk bec`r`kt`s.?7.- @n imksufebmr Amkzïn`z pr`ce`r` no imfjekoieùk O o no imfjekoieùk J y, sek `fjoram, s` do
mjs`rvobm qu` do `n`aebm no imfjekoieùk J. Wu`b` ocerfors` iot`aùreiof`kt` qu` Amkzïn`z `serroiemkon.
Z@YWP@YROY<
?.- Consm. Rofjeåk nms puktms setuobms pmr b`jolm b` no r`ito b` jonoki` smk oii`sejn`s:.- Consm. Nms pr`iems b`t`rfekok no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki`. No r`kto b`t`rfeko su
pmseieùk9.- Consm. Nos pr`c`r`kieos km b`p`kb`k b` nms pr`iems. Pk imksufebmr pr`c`rerï uk C`rrore üntefm
fmb`nm o uk Ceot 377 tmbm b`stortonobm. Mtro imso `s qu` pu`bo p`rfetærs`nm2.- Consm. @stïk ioroit`rezobos pmr uk fopo b` iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo.0.- Consm. @s ekbec`r`kt` `ktr` tmbos `nnos.3.- S`rbob`rm.
1.- S`rbob`rm. No r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk `s eauon o no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki`.4.- S`rbob`rm.5.- Consm. Wu`b`k t`k`r nos fesfos pr`c`r`kieos, p`rm `kcr`ktors` o pr`iems y/m r`ktos bestektos.?7.- Consm. Ye do `n`aebm no imfjekoieùk J `s pmrqu` „km pmbæo‖ imfpror (bobms nms pr`iems y no
r`kto) no imfjekoieùk O
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:??Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
ONR@ZKORESOY.
?.- ½Iuïn b` nms seaue`kt`s coitmr`s KM b`spnozo no iurvo b` b`fokbo b` uk je`k=o. @n je`k s` pmk` "b` fmbo".j. Pk ekir`f`ktm b n pr`iem b` nos fot`reos prefos.i. Pk ekir`f`ktm b` no r`ktob. No `n`voieùk b`n pr`iem b` uk je`k imfpn`f`ktorem.Z (j)
:.- No b`fokbo b` uk je`k km b`p`kb`<o. B`n pr`iem b` mtrms je`k`s.j. B` su pr`iem.i. B` no t`ikmnmaæo.b. B` no r`kto b` nms imksufebmr`s.Z (i)No t`ikmnmaæo ekt`rve`k` smjr` no cukieùk b` mc`rto.
9.- Pk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b`n je`k O qu` `s imfpn`f`ktorem b`n je`k J prmvmio<o. Pk ouf`ktm b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` O.j. Pk ouf`ktm b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` J.
i. Pk b`si`ksm b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` O y b` no b`fokbo b` J.b. Kekauko b` nos okt`remr`s.Z(i)Ymjr` no iurvo b` b`fokbo b` O s` prmbuieræo uk fmvefe`ktm b` ojolm o orrejo y `k iuoktmo no b`fokbo b` J, no iurvo s` b`spnozoræo doieo no ezque`rbo.
2.- Ye jolo `n pr`iem b` uk je`k, b` imkbeieùk I`t`res Worejus, `k sus je`k`s sustetutms<o. Besfekuerï no ioktebob b`fokbobo.j. Ouf`ktorï no ioktebob b`fokbobo.i. Ouf`ktorï no b`fokbo.b. Besfekuerï no b`fokbo.Z (b)Ouf`ktorï no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n je`k `k iu`steùk y besfekuerï no b`fokbo b` sus
sustetutms, `stm `s, sus iurvos s` b`spnozorïk o no ezque`rbo.
0.- Ye jolo `n pr`iem b` uk je`k, poro sus imfpn`f`ktorems<o. Ouf`ktorï no b`fokbo.j. Ouf`ktorï no ioktebob b`fokbobo y tofjeåk no mc`rtobo.i. Ouf`ktorï no ioktebob b`fokbobob. Ouf`ktorïk no mc`rto y no b`fokbo.Z (o)Ouf`ktorï no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` beidm je`k y no b`fokbo b` sus imfpn`f`ktorems.
3.- Pk je`k kmrfon `s oqu`n<o. Iuyo b`fokbo ouf`kto iuokbm ouf`kto no r`kto.j. Iuyo b`fokbo besfekuy` iuokbm ouf`kto no r`kto.
i. Iuyo b`fokbo km s` fmbeceio iuokbm ouf`kto no r`kto.b. Iuyo b`fokbo km s` v` ekcnu`kieobo pmr `n pr`iem b` mtrms je`k`s.Z (o)@s no b`cekeieùk.
1.- Ye`fpr` qu` ouf`kto no r`kto m ekar`sm<o. Rmbos nos ont`rkotevos smk ekimrr`itos.j. No b`fokbo s` b`spnozo o no b r`ido.i. No mc`rto y no b`fokbo s` b`spnozok o no b`r`ido.b. No b`fokbo s` b`spnozo o no ezque`rbo.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Z(o)B` fmv`rs` onauko cukieùk s`ræo no b`fokbo, p`rm poro soj`r `n s`ktebm b`n pmsejn`b`spnozofe`ktm kms conto no ekcmrfoieùk b` se `n je`k `s kmrfon m ekc`remr.
4.- Ye T `s uk je`k ekc`remr y s` prmbui` uk ouf`ktm `k no r`kto, kmrfonf`kt`<o. No b`fokbo b` T ir`i`rï f`kms qu` prmpmriemkonf`kt`.j. No b`fokbo b` T besfekuerï f`kms qu` prmpmriemkonf`kt`.i. Besfekuerï no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` T , p`rm km su b`fokbo.b. Besfekuerï no b`fokbo b` T p`rm km soj`fms iuïktm.Z (b)Km doy ekcmrfoieùk suceie`kt` poro pmb`r iuokteceior no besfekuieùk b` no b`fokbo.
5.- No iurvo b` b`fokbo b` uk je`k kmrfon s` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido se<o. Ouf`kto su pr`iem.j. Besfekuy` su pr`iem.i. F`lmro no t`ikmnmaæo.b. Ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` mtrm je`k b`n qu` s sustetutevm.Z(b)Ye ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` uk sustetutm besfekuerï no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n fesfm youf`ktorï no b`fokbo b` ku`strm je`k.
?7.- Iuoktm foymr s`o no "r`kto p`r iïpeto" ioj` `sp`ror qu` s`rï< o. Foymr no b`fokbo b` tmbms nms je`k`s.j. Foymr no b`fokbo b` nms je`k`s kmrfon`s.i. Foymr no b`fokbo b` nms je`k`s ekc`remr`s.b. F`kmr no b`fokbo b` nms je`k`s b` imksufm.Z (j)Ye nms b`fokbokt`s bespmk`k b` uko r`kto sup`remr `nnm nn`vorï o uko foymr b`fokbo b`oqu`nnms je`k`s imkseb`robms imfm kmrfon`s y o uko f`kmr b`fokbo b` nms imkseb`robmsimfm ekc`remr`s.
??.- ½Iuïn b` nos seaue`kt`s ieriukstokieos borï nuaor, kmrfonf`kt`, o uk ouf`ktm b` nob`fokbo b` T =<
o. Pko besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b` T .j. Pk ekir`f`ktm b n pr`iem b` uk je`k imfpn`f`ktorem.i. Pk ekir`f`ktm b` no r`kto, se n je`k s kmrfon.b. Rmbos nos okt`remr`s.Z (i)Wmr b`cekeieùk b` nm qu` `s uk je`k kmrfon.
?:.- No iurvo b` b`fokbo s` b`spnozorï o no b`r`ido se<o. Besfekuy` `n pr`iem b`n prmbuitm.j. Ouf`kto no ioktebob v`kbebo.i. Besfekuy` n pr`iem b` uk je`k imfpn`f`ktorem.b. Nos tr`s okt`remr`s.Z (i)
Ouf`ktorï no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n imfpn`f`ktorem y no b`fokbo b` ku`strm je`k. Yuiurvo s` b`spnozorï o no b`r`ido.
?9.- Ye b`sie`kb` no b`fokbo b` uk je`k uko `xpneioieùk rozmkojn` pmbræo s`r<o. _u` do besfekuebm no mc`rto b`n fesfm.j. _u` do sujebm `n pr`iem b n fesfm.i. _u` do jolobm `n pr`iem b` uk je`k sustetutm.b. _u` do sujebm `n pr`iem b` uk je`k sustetutm.Z (i)Ouf`ktorï no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n sustetutm y pmr toktm besfekuerï no b`fokbo b`
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?9Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
ku`strm je`k.
?2.- @n outmfùven y no aosmneko< o. Ymk je`k`s sustetutms.j. Ymk imfpn`f`ktorems.i. On besfekuer `n pr`iem b` nms outmfùven`s s` v`kb`rï f`kms aosmneko.b. Km ekcnuy` no besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem `k nos v`ktos.Z (j)@s uko depùt`ses dojetuon y jostokt` imktrostobo qu` `n b`si`ksm b`n pr`iem b` ukm b` `nnmsnn`vo o uk ouf`ktm b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n fesfm y o uko foymr b`fokbo b`n mtrm.
?0.- Pko `n`voieùk b`n pr`iem b` no aosmneko, km voreokbm mtrms coitmr`s, doi` besfekuer nob`fokbo b`< o. Aosmneko.j. K`ufïteims.i. Rrokspmrt`s imn`itevms.b. Rmbm nm okt`remr.Z (j)@s uk `l`fpnm inorm b` je`k`s imfpn`f`ktorems, besfekueræo no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`aosmneko, s` ieriunoræo f`kms y `nnm r`buieræo no b`fokbo b` k`ufïteims.
?3.- No mc`rto b` uk je`k b`p`kb`<o. B`n kev`n b` r`kto.j. B` no pmjnoieùk.i. B` no t`ikmnmaæo.b. B` nms austms b` nms imksufebmr`s.Z (i)No ioktebob qu` s` pnok`o prmbuier, o iobo pr`iem pmsejn`, b`p`kb` b` no t`ikmnmaæobespmkejn`.
?1.- Ye nms je`k`s T ` U smk sustetutms `ktr` se, uk ouf`ktm b` no b`fokbo b` T prmvmiorï<o. Pk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` T y uko r`buiieùk b`n pr`iem b` U .j. Pko besfekuieùk b` nms pr`iems b` T y b` U .
i. Pk ouf`ktm b` nms pr`iems b` T y b` U .b. Pko r`buiieùk b`n pr`iem b` T y uk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b`n je`k U .Z (o)No foymr b`fokbo b` T dorï ouf`ktor su pr`iem8 no f`kmr b`fokbo b` U dorï besfekuer `nsuym.
?4.- Ye ouf`kto no r`kto b` nms imksufebmr`s, miurrerï qu`<o. No iurvo b` b`fokbo b` nms je`k`s kmrfon`s s` b`spnozorï o no b`r`ido.j. No iurvo b` mc`rto b` nms je`k`s kmrfon`s s` b`spnozorï o no b`r`ido.i. No ioktebob b`fokbobo b` nms je`k`s ekc`remr`s km voreorï.b. Rmbm nm okt`remr.Z (o)Wmr b`cekeieùk b` nm qu` `s uk je`k kmrfon.
?5.- No `n`voieùk b`n pr`iem b` uk je`k O qu` `s sustetutm b` mtrm je`k J prmvmio<o. Pk b`si`ksm `k `n pr`iem b` J.j. Pk b`spnozofe`ktm doieo no b`r`ido b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo b`n je`k J.i. Pko besfekuieùk `k no ioktebob b fokbobo b n je`k J.b. Pk b`spnozofe`ktm doieo no ezque`rbo b` no iurvo b` b fokbo b`n je`k J.Z (j) Besfekuerï no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` O y ouf`ktorï no b`fokbo b`n je`k J.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?2Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:7.- Pko f`riokiæo `s ekc`remr se<o) Yu cukieùk b` b`fokbo r`kto `s b`ir`ie`kt`.j) Ymnm se su cukieùk b` b`fokbo pr`iem `s ir`ie`kt`.i) Yu cukieùk b` mc`rto pr`iem `s ræaebo.b) Km te`k` ke imfpn`f`ktorems ke sustetutevms.Z(o) No b`fokbo b`n je`k voræo `k s`ktebm imktrorem o no r`kto. No r`pr`s`ktoieùk `k `n pnokm(r`kto, je`k T) s` imrr`spmkb`ræo imk no zmko `k qu` no iurvo `s b`ir`ie`kt`.
:?.- Ymk f`riokiæos ekc`remr`s oqu`nnos qu`<o) @stïk fuy pmim `nojmrobos.j) Ouf`kto no b`fokbo on besfekuer no r`kto.i) Ouf`kto no b`fokbo on ouf`ktor no r`kto.b) Besfekuy` no b`fokbo on besfekuer `n pr`iem.Z(j) Z`noieùk ekv`rso `ktr` ofjos voreojn`s.
::.- Ye uk je`k `s kmrfon<o) Yu cukieùk b` b`fokbo-pr`iem `s ir`ie`kt`.j) Km te`k` ke imfpn`f`ktorems ke sustetutms.i) Yu cukieùk b` b`fokbo r`kto `s b`ir`ie`kt`.b) Yu cukieùk b` b`fokbo r`kto `s ir`ie`kt`.
Z(b). No b`fokbo b`n je`k `vmnuiemko `k `n fesfm s`ktebm qu` no r`kto. No cukieùk qu`r`noiemko beidos voreojn`s `s ir`ie`kt`.
:9.- No cukieùk b` b`fokbo-pr`iem b` uk je`k<o) Y` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` uk je`k imfpn`f`ktorem.j) Y` b`spnozo o no ezque`rbo iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` uk sustetutevm.i) Km s` b`spnozo iuokbm voræo no r`kto fmk`toreo b`n imksufebmr.b) Rmbms sus puktms smk puktms b` `quenejrem b`n imksufebmr.Z(b). @n imksufebmr nmaro su `quenejrem iuokbm, bobos sus pr`c`r`kieos, nms pr`iems b` nmsje`k`s y su r`kto fmk`toreo, s`n`iiemko `k iobo fmf`ktm no imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s qu`foxefezo su utenebob. Ye fokt`keåkbms` imkstokt` tmbm nm b`fïs `n pr`iem b` uk je`k voræos` s`n`iiemkoræo mtro imfjekoieùk. Ye r`noiemkofms `n je`k imk iobo ukm b` sus pmsejn`spr`iems nm qu` mjt`k`fms `s no cukieùk b` b`fokbo-pr`iem b` beidm je`k.
:2.- No iurvo b` b`fokbo b` uk je`k `xp`ref`ktorï uk b`spnozofe`ktm doieo no b`r`idoiuokbm<o) Ouf`kt` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k imfpn`f`ktorem.j) Besfekuyo `n pr`iem b` uk je`k sustetutevm.i) Ouf`kt` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k sustetutevm.b) Y` prmbuzio uk ekir`f`ktm b` nms ekar`sms b`n imksufebmr.Z(i) No ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n sustetutevm s`rï f`kmr y `nnm dorï qu` ouf`kt` no b`fokbob` ku`strm je`k (b`spnozofe`ktm o no b`r`ido b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo).
:0.- Yupmkao qu` `n f`riobm b`n je`k l imksto b` : ekbevebums, " a" y " d" , imk nos seaue`kt`siurvos b` b`fokbo<
a d l l l l U : 2 p 8 U 3 ?: p
@ktmki`s, no ioktebob b`fokbobo pmr `n f`riobm poro p 6 7,:0 s`rï<o) 4j) O `s` pr`iem kekaük imksufebmr "l" b`fokborï kobo.i) K`aotevo.b) 2Z(b) Josto imk ektrmbuier beidm pr`iem `k iobo uko b` nos cukiemk`s. @n ekbevebum " a" b`fokboræo uko ukebob y `n ekbevebum " d" tr`s ukebob`s, `k tmton no ioktebob b`fokbobos`ræo b` iuotrm ukebob`s.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?0Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:3.- No n`y b` b`fokbo km s` iufpn` poro nms je`k`s ekc`remr`s< o. Rmbos nos okt`remr`s smk imrr`itos.j. Iuokbm `n c`itm r`kto `s sup`remr on `c`itm sustetuieùk.i. Wu`b` s`r ie`rtm poro n ekbevebum p`rm iose kukio poro n f`riobm.b. Wmrqu` pu`b`k sujer `n pr`iem y no ioktebob b`fokbobo.Z(j)No "n`y b` no b`fokbo" bei` qu` `xest`, "I`t`res Worejus" uko r`noieùk ekv`rso `ktro noioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk je`k y su pr`iem. Km s` iufpn` `k `n iosm b` nms nnofobms je`k`sAecc`k, je`k`s ekc`remr`s imk pr`bmfekem b`n `c`itm r`kto.
:1.- Iuonque`r puktm setuobm `k no Crmkt`ro b` Wmsejenebob`s b` Wrmbuiieùk `s< o. @ceie`kt`.j. Lustm.i. Ekoniokzojn`.b. Ekcnoiemkesto.Z(o) "@ceie`kieo" seakeceio, `k `st` iosm, qu` no `imkmfæo `stï utenezokbm pn`kof`kt` tmbmssus r`iursms b` cmrfo qu` km `s pmsejn` ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk b` onaük je`k sekbesfekuer no prmbuiieùk b` onaük mtrm.
:4.- No crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk fu`stro poro iobo kev`n b` prmbuiieùk b`uk je`k<
o. No ioktebob fækefo qu` s pu bo prmbuier b`n mtrm je k.j. No ioktebob f`beo qu` s` pu`bo prmbuier b`n mtrm je`k.i. @n pr`iem b`n mtrm je`k.b. No ioktebob fïxefo qu` s pu bo prmbuier b`n mtrm je`k.Z(b) Iuokbm `stofms setuobms smjr` uk puktm iuonque`ro b` no crmkt`ro nms r`iursms `stïkpn`kof`kt` `fpn`obms. Celobo no ioktebob b` ukm b` nms je`k`s, no crmkt`ro kms ve`k` o b`ierqu` imk nms r`iursms km `fpn`obms `k no prmbuiieùk b`n fesfm, b`stekobms o no prmbuiieùkb`n mtrm mjt`kbræofms no fïxefo ioktebob pmsejn`, qu` `k `stos ieriukstokieos pmbræofmsmjt`k`r b`n s`aukbm je`k.
:5.- No iurvo (crmkt`ro) b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk `s b`ir`ie`kt`<o. Wmrqu` nms r`kbefe`ktms b` nms coitmr`s b` prmbuiieùk smk b`ir`ie`kt`s.j. Wmrqu` nms r`iursms smk `siosms.
i. Nos bms smk imrr`itos.b. Kekauko `s imrr`ito pmrqu` nos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk smk ir`ie`kt`s.Z(j) Imfm nms r`iursms smk `siosms se `stofms smjr` no crmkt`ro y qu`r`fms ofpneor noprmbuiieùk b` ukm b` nms je`k`s, t`kbr`fms qu` r`buier no prmbuiieùk b`n mtrm.
97.- No iurvo b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk pu`b` utenezors` poro enustror imki`ptms imfm<o. @n imst` b` mpmrtukebob.j. No `sios`z b` r`iursms.i. @n pn`km `fpn`m b` nms r`iursms.b. Rmbos nos okt`remr`s.Z(b) U fuidos fïs imsos...
9?.- Ye uko `imkmfæo s` `kiu`ktro prmbuie`kbm `k `n ekt`remr b` su CWW <o. Y` do b`iebebm prmbuier uko imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s `quevmiobo.j. Y` dok oamtobm b`t`rfekobms r`iursms prmbuitevms.i. @xest` b`s`fpn`m.b. Do iofjeobm no t`ikmnmaæo.Z(i) @xest` uko ekcroutenezoieùk b` nms r`iursms yo qu` s` pmbræo prmbuier uko foymrioktebob b` onaukm b` nms je`k`s sek besfekuer no ioktebob b`n mtrm, ` ekinusm prmbuier fïsb` nms bms.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
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9:.- Pk puktm `xt`remr o no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk seakeceio<o. _u` s` b`spencorrok r`iursms.j. _u` s` `stïk `fpn`okbm `ceie`kt`f`kt` nms r`iursms.i. _u` no setuoieùk `s ekoniokzojn` `k `n fmf`ktm pr`s`kt`.b. @s err`n`vokt` b`sb` n puktm b` vesto `imkùfeim.Z(i) Ke no t`ikmnmaæo ke nms r`iursms bespmkejn`s p`rfet`k, `k `n fmf`ktm oituon, oniokzor`so imfjekoieùk b` prmbuitms.
99.- Ekbequ` no ocerfoieùk imrr`ito<o) Ye T `s uk je`k ekc`remr y no r`kto b` nms imksufebmr`s ouf`kto, no b`fokbo b` T ouf`kto.j) Ye T `s uk je`k kmrfon ` U sustetutm b` T , uk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` T ouf`kto no b`fokbo b` U .i) Ye T `s uk je`k kmrfon y no r`kto b` nms imksufebmr`s besfekuy`8 no b`fokbo b` T ouf`kto.b) Ye T `s uk je`k kmrfon ` U uk imfpn`f`ktorem b` T , uko besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b` T besfekuy`no b`fokbo b` U .Z(j) Ye`kbm T uk je`k kmrfon, uk ouf`ktm b` su pr`iem, "I`t`res Worejus", r`buierï noioktebob b`fokbobo b`n fesfm y ouf`ktorï no b`fokbo b` sus sustetutms.
92.- Pko `n`voieùk b` nms imstms b`n `fpr`sorem prmvmio, "I`t`res Worejus"< o. Pk b`spnozofe`ktm b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo.j. Pk b spnozofe`ktm o nm noram b` no iurvo b b`fokbo.
i. Pk b`spnozofe`ktm b` no iurvo b` mc`rto.b. Pk b spnozofe`ktm o nm noram b` no iurvo b mc`rto.Z (i)Imkir`tof`kt`, uk ouf`ktm b` nms imst`s b` prmbuiieùk besfekuy` no mc`rto, no iurvo b`mc`rto s` b`spnozo o no ezque`rbo.
90.- Y`ÿon` iuïn b` nms seaue`kt`s coitmr`s doi` b`spnozors` o no iurvo b` mc`rto o nob`r`ido.o. Pk ekir`f`ktm `k nms pr`iems b`n trokspmrt` o nms bestrejuebmr`s.j. Pk ekir`f`ktm b` nms efpu`stms ekber`itms.i. @n prmbuitm s` pmk` "b` fmbo".b. Pko f`lmro `k no t`ikmnmaæo utenezobo.Z (b)
Wmr efpneior, f`beokt` `n odmrrm b` r`iursms, uk b`si`ksm `k nms imstms b` prmbuiieùk.
93.- On besfekuer `n pr`iem b` uk coitmr voreojn`, kmrfonf`kt`, no iurvo< o. B` mc`rto s` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo.j. B` mc`rto s b`spnozo doieo no b r`ido.i. B` b`fokbo s` b`spnozorï doieo orrejo.b. B` b`fokbo s` b`spnozorï doieo ojolm.Z (j)Wmr nms f`kmr`s imstms b` prmbuiieùk qu` `nnm efpneio.
91.- Pko `n`voieùk a`k`ronezobo b` nms sonorems, imfm r`ano a`k`ron< o. B`spnozorï no iurvo b` b`fokbo o no b`r`ido.j. B`spnozorï no iurvo b` mc`rto o no ezque`rbo.
i. B`spnozorï ofjos iurvos o no b`r`ido.b. B`spnozorï ofjos iurvos doieo orrejo.Z (j)Wmr nms foymr`s imstms b` prmbuiieùk qu` `nnm efpneio.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?1Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
94.- Yupmke`kbm celo no mc`rto b` p`siobm cr`sim, o imrtm pnozm ` ekvoreobms mtrms coitmr`s,uko cu`rt` `ktrobo b` p`siobm imka`nobm prmi`b`kt` b` mtrms f`riobms<o. Dorï ouf`ktor nos b`fokbos b` ofjms tepms b` p`siobm.j. Dorï ouf`ktor no mc`rto b` p`siobm imka`nobm y km voreorï `n `quenejrem `k n f`riobm b`
p`siobm cr`sim.i. Dorï besfekuer nms pr`iems b` ofjms.b. Dorï ouf`ktor no mc`rto b` p`siobm imka`nobm y no b`fokbo b` p`siobm cr`sim.Z (i)@storæo ouf`ktokbm no mc`rto b` p`siobm imka`nobm pmr nm iuon besfekueræo su pr`iem, onfesfm te`fpm, pmr rozmk`s b` sustetuieùk, `storæo besfekuy`kbm no b`fokbo b` p`siobmcr`sim nm iuon boræo nuaor, tofjeåk, o uko besfekuieùk b` su pr`iem.
95.- Ye ouf`ktok nms imstms b` prmbuiieùk b` uko `fpr`so< o. No iurvo b` b`fokbo s` b`spnozorï doieo no ezque`rbo.j. No iurvo b` mc`rto s` b`spnozorï doieo no b`r`ido (`n pr`iem b` quenejrem y no ioktebob b`
`quenejrem ouf`ktok).i. No iurvo b` mc`rto s` b`spnozorï doieo no ezque`rbo (`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem ouf`kto y no
ioktebob b` `quenejrem besfekuy`).b. Km s` prmbui` kekauko b` nos imks`iu`kieos okt`remr`s.Z (i)
No iurvo b` mc`rto s` b`spnozo o no ezque`rbo y supmke`kbm uko b`fokbo kmrfon, s` `n`voræosu pr`iem, besfekuy`kbm no ioktebob b` `quenejrem.
27.- Ye s` prmbui` uko f`lmro t`ikmnùaeio `k no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k T , `n pr`iem b`n je`k U ,sustetutevm b`n okt`remr<o. Km sucrerï kekauko voreoieùk.j. B`p`kb` b`n arobm b` b spnozofe`ktm b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo.i. Ouf`ktorï.b. Besfekuerï.Z(b)@k `n f`riobm b`n je`k T , no f`lmro t`ikmnùaeio nn`vorï o uk ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto b`n fesfm(b`spnozofe`ktm o no b`r`ido b` no cukieùk b` mc`rto), prmvmiokbm uko besfekuieùk b`npr`iem y uk ouf`ktm `k no ioktebob b` `quenejrem. Wmr no sustetuejenebob `nnm nn`vorï o uko
f`kmr b`fokbo b` U , nm iuon, se su f`riobm `s kmrfon, ekbuierï o uk b`si`ksm b` su pr`iemy b` su ioktebob b` `quenejrem.
2?.- Ye nms je`k`s T ` U smk sustetutms `ktr` se, uko besfekuieùk b` no mc`rto b` T prmvmiorï< o. Pk r`buiieùk b`n pr`iem b` T y uk ouf`ktm b`n b` U .j. Pk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` T y uko r`buiieùk b`n b` U .i. Pko besfekuieùk b` nms pr`iems b` T y b` U .b. Pk ouf`ktm b` nms pr`iems b` T y b` U .Z(b)@k `n f`riobm b`n je`k T , bobo su b`fokbo, s` prmbuierï uk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem y ukobesfekuieùk b` no ioktebob b` `quenejrem. Wmr no sustetuejenebob ouf`ktorï no b`fokbo b` U ,ouf`ktokbm toktm su pr`iem imfm no ioktebob b` `quenejrem.
2:.- Ye nms je`k`s T ` U smk imfpn`f`ktorems `ktr` sæ, uko besfekuieùk b` no mc`rto y b` noioktebob mc`rtobo b` T prmvmiorï<o. Pk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` T y uko besfekuieùk b`n U .j. Pko besfekuieùk b` nms pr`iems b` T y b` U .i. Pk ouf`ktm b` nms pr`iems b` T y b` U .b. Pko r`buiieùk b`n pr`iem b` T y uk ouf`ktm b`n U .Z(o)@k `n f`riobm b`n je`k T , bobo su b`fokbo s` prmbuierï uk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem y ukobesfekuieùk b` no ioktebob b` `quenejrem. Wmr no imfpn`f`ktore`bob s` r`buierï no b`fokbob` U , besfekuy`kbm toktm su pr`iem imfm no ioktebob b` `quenejrem.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?4Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
29.- Pk ouf`ktm sefuntïk`m b` no mc`rto (pmr ekkmvoiemk`s t`ikmnùaeios) y b` no b`fokbo(pmr ouf`ktm b` no r`kto) efpneiorï qu` su pr`iem<o. Ouf`kt`.j. Besfekuyo.i. Km voræ`.b. Kms contok botms poro imkt`stor.Z(b)Wmr `n ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto (b`spnozofe`ktm o no b`r`ido), t`kb`ræo o besfekuer `n pr`iem y oouf`ktor no ioktebob. Wmr `n ouf`ktm b` no b`fokbo (b`spnozofe`ktm o no b`r`ido)t`kb`ræok o ouf`ktor toktm `n pr`iem imfm no ioktebob.@k b`ceketevo no ioktebob t`kb`ræo o s`r foymr, y `k iuoktm on pr`iem km s` pu`b` b`ier kobo,yo qu` km soj`fms iuïn b` nms bms efpoitms `s `n fïs ekt`ksm.
22.- Iuokbm `n pr`iem b` f`riobm `s ekc`remr on b` `quenejrem doy uk `xi`sm<o. B` b`fokbo y n pr`iem te`kb` o jolor.j. B` mc`rto y n pr`iem te`kb` o jolor.i. B` b`fokbo y `n pr`iem te`kb` o sujer.b. B` mc`rto y n pr`iem te`kb` o sujer.Z(i)
No ioktebob b`fokbobo s`ræo sup`remr o no ioktebob mcr`iebo, y se `n f`riobm `s nejr` `npr`iem t`kb`ræo o sujer dosto no pmseieùk b` `quenejrem.
20.- Pk `xi`sm b` mc`rto ekbeio qu`< o. @n pr`iem `s ekc`remr on b` `quenejrem.j. @n pr`iem `s sup`remr on b` `quenejrem.i. Nms imstms smk ekc`remr`s on pr`iem.b. @n f`riobm `s fmkmpmnesto.Z(j)No prmbuiieùk pnok`obo sup`ro o no ioktebob qu` s` pnok`o obquerer, `sm miurr` iuokbm `npr`iem `stï pmr `kiefo b` su pmseieùk b` `quenejrem.
23.- @n amje`rkm celo uk pr`iem fækefm poro uk b`t`rfekobm je`k, qu` `stï pmr `kiefo b`n b`
`quenejrem `k `n f`riobm. @n `c`itm fïs prmjojn`, r`sp`itm o no setuoieùk okt`remr, `s qu`<o. Yuj`k `n pr`iem y no ioktebob troksobo.j. Yuj` `n pr`iem fmf`ktïk`of`kt` p`rm nu`am s` vu`nv` on `quenejrem okt`remr.i. Km voræ`k ke pr`iem ke ioktebob.b. Opor`zio uk f`riobm k`arm.Z(b)Opor`i`rï uk `xi`sm b` mc`rto y nms b`fokbokt`s pmbrïk obquerer ioktebob`s b`n je`k,inokb`stekof`kt`, o pr`iems ekc`remr`s on fækefm n`aon.
21.- Ye `n amje`rkm celo uk pr`iem fækefm pmr `kiefo b`n b` `quenejrem s` prmbui`<o. Pk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo.j. Km `s pmsejn` celor uk pr`iem fækefm, pu`s km s` v`kb`ræok tmbms nms je`k`s `k `n f`riobm.i. Pk `xi`sm b` mc`rto.b. B`p`kbe`kbm b no setuoieùk, s` prmbuieræo uk `xi`sm b` mc`rto m b` b`fokbo.Z (i)O `s` pr`iem no ioktebob mcr`iebo s`rï foymr qu` no ioktebob b`fokbobo.
24.- Ye `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem b` uk f`riobm `s ?7 , ½_uå sui`b` se s` `stojn`i` uk W 6 3 =o. Opor`i` uko `sios`z.j. Opor`i` uk `xi`b`kt`.i. Y` b`spnozo no iurvo b` mc`rto doieo no b`r`ido.b. Y` b`spnozo no iurvo b` b`fokbo doieo no ezque`rbo.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:?5Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Z(o)Ye s` celo `s` pr`iem, imfm `stï pmr b`jolm b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem, s` prmbuierï uk `xi`smb` b`fokbo yo qu` no ioktebob mcr`iebo s`ræo ekc`remr o no b` `quenejrem y no ioktebobb`fokbobo sup`remr.
25.- Ye `n pr`iem b` f`riobm b` uk prmbuitm `s b` :.777 u.f. y `n amje`rkm nm celo `k ?077 <o. Opor`i` uk `xi`b`kt`.j. Wu`b` opor`i`r uk f`riobm k`arm.i. Y` ekir`f`kto no ioktebob b`fokbobo.b. Ymk vïnebos j) y i).Z(b)Wmr `stor pmr b`jolm b` no pmseieùk b` `quenejrem s` r`bui` no ioktebob mcr`iebo b`n je`k youf`kto su ioktebob b`fokbobo, opor`ie`kbm uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo qu` ekbuierï nooporeieùk b` uk f`riobm k`arm.
07.- No `xest`kieo b` f`riobms k`arms `s pmsejn`<o. Yùnm se `xest`k pr`iems fækefms.j. Yùnm se `xest`k pr`iems fïxefms.i. Roktm imk pr`iems fækefms imfm fïxefms.b. Ye nms imktrotms `stïk fon b`cekebms y nms imst`s b` troksoiieùk smk `n`vobms.
Z(i)Iuokbm `n pr`iem fækefm `stï pmr `kiefo b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem s` a`k`rorï uk `xi`sm b`mc`rto y s` pmsejenetorï uk f`riobm k`arm bmkb` nms v`kb`bmr`s oi`pt`k pr`iems ekc`remr`son fækefm8 se s` troto b` uk pr`iem fïxefm setuobm pmr b`jolm b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem, s`pmsejenetorï uk f`riobm k`arm bmkb` nms imfprobmr`s oi`ptorïk pr`iems pmr `kiefo b`nfïxefm.
0?.- No `nosteiebob-pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `s<o. No bec`r`kieo `ktr` `n iofjem b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo y n pr`iem.j. @n imie`kt` `ktr` `n iofjem pmri`ktuon b no ioktebob b`fokbobo y no b` bek`rm.i. @n imie`kt` `ktr` `n iofjem pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk je`k y `n iofjempmri`ktuon b` su pr`iem.b. No s`ksejenebob b`n pr`iem b` uk je`k o no sujebo b`n pr`iem b` mtrm je`k.
Z(i)@s uko b`cekeieùk fuy dojetuon. @n vonmr b` no `nosteiebob ekbeio `n pmri`ktol` b` voreoieùk b`no ioktebob on voreor `n pr`iem uk ?%. Osæ, se no `nosteiebob von` `k vonmr ojsmnutm :,0 , `smseakeceio qu` se `n pr`iem ouf`kto `k uk ?%, no ioktebob b`fokbobo besfekuerï `k uk :,0% .
0:.- Pk je`k imk `nosteiebob-pr`iem eauon o ? <o. @s uk je`k kmrfon.j. @s b` `nosteiebob uketoreo.i. @s sup`remr.b. @stï `k no crmkt`ro `ktr` kmrfon y sup`remr.Z (j)@veb`kt`f`kt`. @n pr`iem y no ioktebob `stïk voreokbm `k no fesfo prmpmrieùk.
09.- No iurvo b` b`fokbo s`rï p`rc`itof`kt` ek`nïsteio iuokbm su `nosteiebob pr`iem s`o< o. I`rm.j. K`aotevo.i. Ekceketm.b. Pkm (`k vonmr ojsmnutm).Z(o)"W`rc`itof`kt` ek`nïsteio" seakeceio qu` nos voreoiemk`s b`n pr`iem km oc`itok o no ioktebobb`fokbobo, pmr toktm< `nosteiebob-pr`iem kuno.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
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Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
02.- Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s i`rm<o. No iurvo `s v`rteion.j. No iurvo `s dmrezmkton.i. @stofms okt` uk je`k k`utron.b. @stofms okt` uk je`k ekb`p`kbe`kt`.Z(o)Iuokbm r`pr`s`ktofms arïceiof`kt` uko cukieùk b` b`fokbo-pr`iem f`befms nms pr`iems`k `n `l` b` mrb`kobos y nos ioktebob`s `k `n `l` b` ojsiesos. Iuokbm no `nosteiebob-pr`iem`s i`rm, iuonque`ro qu` s`o `n pr`iem n` imrr`spmkb` se`fpr` no fesfo ioktebob, nu`am nor`pr`s`ktoieùk arïceio b` no b`fokbo `s uko r`ito v`rteion (@k `n n`kauol` fot`fïteim, uko"r`ito" `s sefpn`f`kt` uk tepm b` "iurvo").
00.- Ye okt` uk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` uk je`k b` uk :%, no ioktebob b`fokbobo voræo `k uk9%, `stofms okt` uko b`fokbo<o. @nïsteio.j. Ek`nïsteio.i. _u`jrobo.b. Yup`remr se no ioktebob ouf`kto, ekc`remr se no ioktebob besfekuy`Z(o)Opneiokbm no cmrfuno b` no `nosteiebob, bevebe`kbm `n pmri`ktol` b` voreoieùk b` no ioktebob
`ktr` `n pmri`ktol` b` voreoieùk b`n pr`iem, t`kbræofms< - 9% / :% 6 -?,0 foymr qu` no ukebob,`k vonmr ojsmnutm, nu`am `nïsteio.
03.- R`ke`kbm `k iu`kto `n seaue`kt` iuobrm< WZ@IEM IOKREBOB
O ?77 :7
J 47 27 ½Iuïn `s `n vonmr b` no `nosteiebob `k `s` trofm b` iurvo=< o. -0.j. -:.i. -?.b. -9.
Z(b)Ye s` supmk` qu` s` `stï posokbm b` " O" o " J" , opneiokbm no seaue`kt` cùrfuno, s` mjte`k``n imrr`spmkbe`kt` r`suntobm<
6∃ ∃
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Ye s` supmk` qu` s` `stï posokbm b` " J" o " O " , `n r`suntobm s`rï<
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6√727
7476 :
Y`aük `stm, opor`kt`f`kt` doy bms smnuiemk`s, p`rm se s` mjs`rvo je`k, `k `n `kukieobm s`dojno b`n "trofm b` no iurvo". Nu`am, doy qu` opneior no cùrfuno b` no @NOYREIEBOB OZIM.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
::?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
6
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@c`itevof`kt`, `sto üntefo `s no smnuieùk.Kùt`s` qu` s` do utenezobm no cmrfuno b` fmbm qu` no `nosteiebob imrr`spmkb` imk su vonmrimrr`itm.
01.- Ye besfekuy` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k b` ?77 o 10 u.f. y no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n fesfmouf`kto b` : o 9 fennmk`s b` ukebob`s beoreos, no iurvo b` b`fokbo `k `s` trofm `s<o. Zæaebo.j. @nïsteio.i. B` `nosteiebob uketoreo.b. Contok botms poro `stefor no `nosteiebob.Z(j)Opnequ`fms `n fåtmbm b`n aostm<Yetuoieùk ekeieon< ?77 x : 6 :77 u. fmk`toreos.
Yetuoieùk cekon< 10 x 9 6 ::0 u. fmk`toreos.Do besfekuebm `n pr`iem y do ouf`ktobm `n aostm, nu`am< `nïsteio.
04.- Ye besfekuy` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k b` ?77 o 07 u.f. y no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n fesfmouf`kto b` : o 9 fennmk`s b` ukebob`s beoreos, no iurvo b` b`fokbo `k `s` trofm `s<o. @nïsteio.j. Zæaebo.i. B` `nosteiebob uketoreo.b. Contok botms poro `stefor no `nosteiebob.Z (j)Opnequ`fms `n fåtmbm b`n aostm.Yetuoieùk ekeieon< ?77 x : 6 :77 u. fmk`toreos.Yetuoieùk cekon< 07 x 9 6 ?07 u. fmk`toreos.
Do besfekuebm `n pr`iem y do besfekuebm `n aostm, nu`am< `s ek`nïsteio ("ræaebo").
05.- No `nosteiebob-pr`iem b` no b`fokbo b` uk je`k s`rï (`k vonmr ojsmnutm)<o. Foymr iuoktm f`kmr s`o `n pr`iem b` `s` je`k `k `n pr supu`stm b`n imksufebmr.j. Pketoreo, iuokbm no voreoieùk (pmri`ktuon) `k nos ioktebob`s imksufebos s eauon o no voreoieùk
(pmri`ktuon) b`n pr`iem.i. Pketoreo, iuokbm no voreoieùk (pmri`ktuon) `k nos ioktebob`s imksufebos `s eauon o no voreoieùk
(pmri`ktuon) b`n pr`iem.b. F`kmr iuoktms fïs sustetutms i`riokms t`kao `n je`k k iu`steùk.Z (i)Mjvem.
37.- No b`fokbo b` koroklos s`rï, r`sp`itm o no b`fokbo b` crutos `k a`k`ron<o. F`kms `nïsteio.j. Fïs `nïsteio.i. Eauon b` `nïsteio.b. Kms contok botms.Z(j)@s fïs cïien sustetuer `n `sp`ieceim "koroklo" qu` `n a`kåreim "cruto"8 `stm `s, se ouf`kto `npr`iem b` nos koroklos pmb`fms mptor pmr mtro cruto, se ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` no cruto nosustetuieùk `s fïs becæien.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:::Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
3?.- Iuoktms fïs je`k`s sustetutevms t`kao uk je`k<o. Fïs ræaebo s`rï su b`fokbo.j. Fïs `nïsteio s`rï su b`fokbo.i. Fïs cnuituoiemk`s t`kbrï su pr`iem.b. F`kms pmsejenebob`s `xest`k b` fmkmpmnem.Z(j)@s uk prekiepem a`k`ron.
3:.- Pko iurvo b` b`fokbo r`pr`s`ktobo pmr uko r`ito s` ioroit`rezo<o. Wmr t`k`r p`kbe`kt` y `nosteiebob voreojn`s.j. Wmr uko p`kbe`kt` voreojn` y uk `nosteiebob imkstokt`.i. Wmr uko p`kbe`kt` imkstokt` y uk `nosteiebob voreojn`.b. Wmr t`k`r p`kbe`kt` y `nosteiebob imkstokt`.Z(i)No `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio qu` p`rfet` ioniunor no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `k iobopuktm b` no iurvo, `s<Bobo no cukieùk b` b`fokbo W 6 c(_)
(@s imstufjr` okt`pmk`r uk seakm k`aotevm, p`rm `sm km oc`ito on vonmr ojsmnutm b`nr`suntobm, qu` `s nm qu` ekt`r`so)No b`revobo s` doi` smjr` no cukieùk y `s no ekv`rso b` no p`kbe`kt`.Wmr trotors` b` uko r`ito, b_/bW `s imkstokt`, p`rm no `nosteiebob tofjeåk b`p`kb` b`n puktm(_, W), nu`am o iobo puktm n` imrr`spmkb`rï uk vonmr bestektm b` no `nosteiebob.
39.- @n puktm bmkb` `n ekar`sm tmton s` doi` fïxefm `k `n f`riobm efp`rc`itm `s oqu`n `k `nqu`< o. @n j`k ceiem `s `n fïxefm qu` p`rfet` n f`riobm.j. No `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s eauon o ukm.i. @n ekar`sm foraekon `s eauon on imst` foraekon.b. @s fïxefo no bec`r`kieo `ktr` ekar`sm f`bem y imst` f`bem.
Z(j)Pko imkmiebo cmrfuno r`noiemko `n ekar`sm foraekon, `n pr`iem y no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` nob`fokbo, `s no seaue`kt`<
W
? EFa W ?
No `nosteiebob `stï `xpr`sobo `k vonmr ojsmnutm.Ye no `nosteiebob von` ? , mp`rokbm, `n ekar`sm foraekon von` i`rm. Imfm `n ekar`sm foraekon `sno b`revobo b`n ekar`sm tmton, onnæ bmkb` `n pref`rm s` okuno, `n s`aukbm oniokzo su vonmrfïxefm.
32.- Ye `n ekar`sm f`bem b`ir`i` kms ekbeio qu`< o. @n ekar`sm foraekon b`ir`i`.
j. @n ekar`sm foraekon `s ekc`remr.i. @n ekar`sm tmton b`ir`i`.b. No b`fokbo `s fïs je`k ræaebo.Z(o)@k f`riobms bmkb` km doy besirefekoieùk b` pr`iems, ekar`sm f`bem y pr`iem smk no fesfoimso. Ymjr` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo kmrfon, b`ir`ie`kt`, `n pr`iem b`ir`i` iuokbm kmsfmv`fms b` orrejo o ojolm.Eauonf`kt`, bobo uko iurvo b` b`fokbo kmrfon, `n ekar`sm foraekon `s tofjeåkb`ir`ie`kt`, nu`am iuokbm kms fmv`fms b` orrejo o ojolm smjr` no iurvo b` b`fokbo,tofjeåk `stï besfekuy`kbm `n ekar`sm foraekon.
W
W b_
_ bW
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
::9Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
30.- @k `n s`af`ktm `nïsteim b` no iurvo b` b`fokbo, uko r`buiieùk b`n pr`iem<o. @n`vo no ioktebob b`fokbobo y besfekuy` n aostm tmton.j. @n`vo no ioktebob b`fokbobo y km ont`ro `n aostm tmton.i. @n`vo no ioktebob b`fokbobo y `n aostm tmton.b. Km ont`ro no ioktebob b`fokbobo ke `n aostm tmton.Z(i)No besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem `k uk b`t`rfekobm pmri`ktol` doi` ouf`ktor no ioktebobb`fokbobo `k uk pmri`ktol` sup`remr, `n aostm b` nms imfprobmr`s ouf`kto. Beidm `k ukn`kauol` nnokm, imfprok fïs jorotm, p`rm imfprok fuidm fïs.
33.- Ye `n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no `nosteiebob-pr`iem b`n je`k qu` v`kbm `s eauon o 9 y b`s`mouf`ktor fes ekar`sms tmton`s, f` ekt`r`sorï<o. Ouf`ktor `n pr`iem.j. Besfekuer `n pr`iem.i. Besfekuer no prmbuiieùk.b. Kms contok botms.Z(j)Imfm no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio imkve`k` jolor `n pr`iem se nm qu` s` b`s`o `s ouf`ktor `nekar`sm tmton.
31.- Nms v`kb`bmr`s b`n je`k T , poro ouf`ktor sus ekar`sms b`ieberïk besfekuer su pr`iem sepe`ksok qu`<o. No `nosteiebob r`kto b` nms dojetuon`s imfprobmr`s `s fuy onto.j. No iurvo b` b`fokbo b` T `s `nïsteio.i. No `nosteiebob r`kto b` nms je`k`s sustetutevms b` T `s fuy onto.b. No `nosteiebob r`kto b` nms dojetuon`s imfprobmr`s `s jolo.Z (j)S`r r`spu`sto okt`remr.
34.- Yupmkaofms uk je`k kmrfon, imk uko `nosteiebob-pr`iem sup`remr o no ukebob. I`t`ræsWorejus, se nms mc`r`kt`s `n`vok `n pr`iem v`rïk<o. _u` besfekuy`k sus imstms tmton`s.
j. _u` besfekuy`k sus ekar`sms tmton`s.i. _u` no b`fokbo s` b`spnozo o no ezque`rbo.b. _u` ouf`ktok sus j`k`ceiems.Z(j)Imfm no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio, no besfekuieùk b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo `s,prmpmriemkonf`kt`, fuidm foymr. Y` v`kb` fïs iorm, p`rm s` v`kb` fuidm f`kms.
35.- I`t`ræs Worejus, se nms mc`r`kt`s r`bui`k `n pr`iem b` uk je`k kmrfon imk `nosteiebobpr`iem sup`remr o ? , s`aurm qu`<o. Ouf`ktok sus ekar`sms tmton`s.j. Besfekuy`k sus ekar`sms tmton`s.i. No b`fokbo s` b`spnozo o no b`r`ido.b. Ouf`ktok sus j`k`ceiems.Z(o)B` oiu`rbm imk `n `kukieobm, no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio. @n ouf`ktm b` no ioktebob b`fokbobos`ræo prmpmriemkonf`kt` foymr qu` no besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem. Y` v`kb` fïs jorotm, p`rm s`v`kb` fuidm fïs.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
::2Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
17.- Ye besfekuy` `n pr`iem b` uk je`k, `n aostm tmton b` nms imksufebmr`s `k beidm je`kouf`ktorï<o. Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s sup`remr o no ukebob.j. Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s ekc`remr o no ukebob.i. Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s sup`remr o no b` mc`rto.b. @k kekaük iosm.Z(o)Ye no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio, `n ouf`ktm b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo s`ræo prmpmriemkonf`kt`foymr qu` no besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem. Y` v`kb` fïs jorotm, p`rm s` v`kb` fuidm fïs.
1?.- Pk ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` uk prmbuitm p`rfeterï qu` ouf`kt`k nms ekar`sms tmton`s b`sus v`kb`bmr`s<o. Ye no b`fokbo `s jostokt` `nïsteio.j. Ye no mc`rto `s jostokt` `nïsteio.i. Ye mc`rto y b`fokbo smk jostokt` `nïsteios.b. Kekauko b` nos r`spu`stos okt`remr`s `s imrr`ito.Z(b)Ye no b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteio, mpieùk qu` km `stï `ktr` nos ont`rkotevos prmpu`stos.
1:.- Pk `fpr`sorem prmbui` T , imk `nosteiebob b` b`fokbo 6 7,0 , ` U , imk `nosteiebob eauon o
?,4 , (ofjos `k vonmr ojsmnutm) poro ouf`ktor sus ekar`sms b`j`ræo< o. Jolor `n pr`iem b` T y sujer `n b` U .j. Yujer ofjms pr`iems.i. Jolor ofjms pr`iems.b. Yujer `n pr`iem b` T y jolor `n b` U .Z(b)B` oiu`rbm imk no ekcmrfoieùk, no b`fokbo b` T `s ek`nïsteio. O `c`itms b` uk ekir`f`ktmb` ekar`sms imkv`kbræo ouf`ktor su pr`iem8 no b`fokbo b` U `s `nïsteio, `k `st` iosmimkv`kbræo besfekuer su pr`iem.
19.- @k uk poæs, `n aostm `k vekm ouf`kto iuokbm suj` su pr`iem p`rm `n aostm `k i`rv`zobesfekuy` iuokbm suj` `n pr`iem b` åsto. @stm pu`b` `xpneiors` pmrqu`<o. Ymk je`k`s sustetutms `ktr` sæ.
j. @k `s iosm, n vekm `s kmrfon y no i`rv`zo ekc`remr.i. No b`fokbo b` vekm `s `nïsteio y no b` i`rv`zo ek`nïsteio.b. No b`fokbo b` i`rv`zo `s `nïsteio y no b` vekm ek`nïsteio.Z(b)@k `n iosm b`n vekm, se on `n`vors` su pr`iem ouf`kto `n aostm `s qu` su b`fokbo `sek`nïsteio8 `k `n iosm b` no i`rv`zo, se on ouf`ktor su pr`iem besfekuy` `n aostm, `s qu` sub`fokbo `s `nïsteio.
12.- Ye ouf`ktok nms efpu`stms smjr` nms je`k`s y s`rveiems ioj` `sp`ror qu` ouf`kt`k nmspr`iems b` nms fesfms toktm fïs iuoktm fïs<o. K`i`sorems s`ok nms je`k`s.j. Nulmsms s`ok nms je`k`s.i. @nïsteio s`o no b`fokbo.
b. Zæaebo s`o no b`fokbo.Z(b)Yuiektof`kt`, `n v`kb`bmr ekt`ktorï trosnobor no iorao b`n efpu`stm on imfprobmr `k nocmrfo b` uk pr`iem fïs ontm. @n qu` nm nmar` `k foymr m f`kmr f`bebo vo o b`p`kb`r b` no`nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo b`n prmbuitm `k iu`steùk. Imfm kmrfo a`k`ron, fe`ktros fïsek`nïsteio s`o no b`fokbo, fïs s` `n`vorï `n pr`iem b`n prmbuitm imfm imks`iu`kieo b`nefpu`stm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
::0Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
10.- B`cekefms no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo imfm no r`noieùk `ktr` `n iofjempmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` uk je`k y `n iofjem pmri`ktuon b`<o. No r`kto b`n imksufebmr.j. @n pr`iem b` mtrm je`k.i. No ioktebob b`fokbobo b` mtrm je`k.b. No ioktebob b`fokbobo b` nms b`fïs je`k`s.Z (j)@s no b`cekeieùk.
13.- No `nosteiebob iruzobo b` bms je`k`s sustetutms `s<o. Ye`fpr` k`aotevo.j. Ye`fpr` pmsetevo.i. Ye`fpr` foymr qu` ukm.b. Ye`fpr` f`kmr qu` ukm.Z (j)No `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no `nosteiebob iruzobo `s<
@k `n iosm b` nms je`k`s sustetutms no b`revobo `s pmsetevo. Imfm `n pr`iem y no ioktebob smkse`fpr` pmsetevms, `n r`suntobm `s se`fpr` pmsetevm.
11.- Ye no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo b` T r`sp`itm o U `s eauon o : , uko `n`voieùk b`npr`iem b` U b`n ?7% prmvmiorï `k no b`fokbo b` T < o. Pk ouf`ktm b`n 0%. j. Pk ouf`ktm b`n :7%. i. Pko besfekuieùk b`n 0%. b. Pko besfekuieùk b`n :7%. Z(j)B` `ktrobo, imfm no `nosteiebob iruzobo `s pmsetevo, nms je`k`s smk sustetutms, imfm doouf`ktobm `n pr`iem b` U ouf`ktorï no b`fokbo b` T , imfm no `nosteiebob `s " :" y `n pr`iemb` U do voreobm `k uk ?7 %, no f`kiemkobo ioktebob nm dorï `k uk :7%, y osæ< :7%/?7% 6 :.
14.- Ye no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` uk je`k T imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem b` mtrm je`k U `s eauon o7,7? efpneio qu`<
o. No b`fokbo b` T ouf`kto iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem b`n je`k U .j. No b`fokbo b` T besfekuy` iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem b`n je`k U .i. No b`fokbo b` T km s` ont`ro iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem b`n je`k U .b. No ioktebob mc`rtobo b` U ouf`kto iuokbm jolo `n pr`iem b`n je`k T .Z(o)Wmr s`r pmsetevo nms je`k`s smk sustetutms. No b`fokbo b` T ouf`kto iuokbm suj` `n pr`iemb` U .
15.- Ye no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo b` uk je`k T imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem b` mtrm je`kU `s pmsetevo<o. Yu b`fokbo ouf`kto, iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem b`n je`k U .j. Yu mc`rto besfekuy`, iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem b n je`k U .i. Yu b`fokbo besfekuy`, iuokbm ouf`kto n pr`iem b`n je`k U .
b. Yu mc`rto ouf`kto iuokbm ouf`kto n pr`iem b`n je`k U .Z(o)Wmr s`r pmsetevo nms je`k`s smk sustetutms. No b`fokbo b` T ouf`kto iuokbm suj` `n pr`iemb` U .
T U TU
U T
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
::1Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
40.- B`iefms qu` uk je`k `s sup`remr<o. Iuokbm su `nosteiebob r`kto `s sup`remr o ukm.j. Iuokbm su `nosteiebob r`kto s pmsetevo.i. Iuokbm te`k` no imkseb`roieùk b` nulm.b. Iuokbm sùnm `s imksufebm pmr dmaor`s b`n fïs ontm kev`n b` r`kto.Z(o)D`fms s`ÿonobm no r`spu`sto tåikeiof`kt` imrr`ito. "Yup`remr" m "b` nulm", `k `st`imkt`xtm smk no fesfo imso.
43.- Nms je`k`s b` nulm te`k`k<o. @nosteiebob r`kto k`aotevo.j. @nosteiebob r`kto pmsetevo.i. @nosteiebob r`kto pmsetevo y sup`remr o no ukebob.b. @nosteiebob r`kto pmsetevo ` ekc`remr o no ukebob.Z (i)Wmr b`cekeieùk.
41.- Nos voreojn`s qu` ekt`arok `n iïniunm b` nos `nosteiebob`s s` feb`k `k< o. Sonmr`s imkstokt`s.j. Sonmr`s r`on`s.
i. Sonmr`s fmk`torems.b. Soreoiemk`s pmri`ktuon`s.Z(b)Rmbo `nosteiebob, pmr b`cekeieùk, `s uk imie`kt` `ktr` voreoiemk`s r`notevos, yo s`okpmri`ktol`s m toktms pmr ukm.
44.- Y`ÿon` no `xpr`seùk imrr`ito<o. Pko iurvo b` b`fokbo `nïsteio supmk` uko nosteiebob pr`iem foymr qu` i`rm.j. Pko iurvo b` b`fokbo ek`nïsteio supmk` uko `nosteiebob pr`iem eauon o ukm.i. Pko iurvo b` b`fokbo nïsteio supmk` uko `nosteiebob pr`iem foymr qu` ukm.b. Pko iurvo b` mc`rto `nïsteio supmk` qu` no `nosteiebob pr`iem `s f`kmr qu` ukm.Z(i)Yupmk` qu` no voreoieùk pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo `s sup`remr o no voreoieùk
pmri`ktuon b`n pr`iem, pmr toktm su imie`kt`, `k vonmr ojsmnutm, `s sup`remr o no ukebob.
45.- B`sirejo nms je`k`s T ` U o porter b` nms seaue`kt`s botms smjr` sus `nosteiebob`s<@nosteiebob iruzobo TU 6 -?,0 . @nosteiebob r`kto b` T 6 7,0 . @nosteiebob r`kto b` U 6 ?,: .o. T `s ekc`remr, U `s kmrfon y ofjms smk sustetutms `ktr` se.j. T `s kmrfon, U `s sup`remr y ofjms smk sustetutms `ktr` se.i. T `s kmrfon, U `s sup`remr y ofjms smk imfpn`f`ktorems.b. T `s ekc`remr, U `s sup`remr y ofjms smk imfpn`f`ktorems.Z(i)Nos `nosteiebob`s r`kto b` nms bms je`k`s smk pmsetevos, nu`am nms bms smk kmrfon`s. @n je`kT b` pref`ro k`i`sebob y `n je`k U b` nulm. Wmr s`r no `nosteiebob iruzobo k`aotevo, smkimfpn`f`ktorems.
57.- Ye no b`fokbo b` `ktrobo `k uko outmpesto b` poam te`k` `nosteiebob-pr`iem b` ?,0 (`kvonmr ojsmnutm), y `n pr`iem b` `ktrobo `s b` 97 y no `sios`z b` ?0%. ½Iuïktm b`j` sujer `npr`iem poro `nefekor nos imnos=<o. ?0%.j. 0%.i. ?7%.b. 3%.Z(i)Wrmjn`fo fuy ekt`r`sokt`. Ps`fms no `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo` ektrmbuziofms `k `nno nms botms.
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6∃ ∃
6 .∃
6 .
B` oquæ qu`<∃ 6 √.
√. 6 .
@k b`ceketevo, ?7%
KMRO< Yupmk`fms qu` no mc`rto `s tmtonf`kt` ek`nïsteio y qu` `n `xi`sm b` b`fokbo s`r`su`nv` ükeio y `xinusevof`kt` pmr no r`buiieùk b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo.
5?.- No r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo ekbeio< o. Nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` pu`b` imfpror `n imksufebmr.j. No r`noieùk `ktr` r`kto r`on y r`kto fmk`toreo.i. Nms næfet`s foriobms pmr `n pornof`ktm o nms ieubobokms.b. @n olust` b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo okt` nos voreoiemk`s `k nms sonorems.Z(o)@n imksufebmr bespmk` b` uko r`kto fmk`toreo, nms je`k`s te`k`k ukms pr`iems qu` smkoi`ptobms pmr ån. Rmbos nos imfjekoiemk`s ont`rkotevos b` je`k`s qu` s` pu`b`k obquerer o`sms pr`iems, bobo no r`kto fmk`toreo imkcmrfok su r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo.
5:.- @n `c`itm b` uk ouf`ktm b` no r`kto<o. @s s`f`lokt` o uk ouf`ktm b` nms pr`iems.j. @s s`f`lokt` o uko besfekuieùk b nms pr`iems.i. Wrmbui` uk b`spnozofe`ktm b` no iurvo b` no b`fokbo doieo no ezque`rbo.b. Kekauko b` nos okt`remr`s.Z(j)Y` prmbuieræo uk b`spnozofe`ktm poron`nm b` no r`ito b` jonoki` o no b`r`ido, nm fesfm qu`se duje`rok besfekuebm tmbms nms pr`iems `k uko fesfo prmpmrieùk.Wmr `l. `n `c`itm b` uko bupneioieùk b` no r`kto `s `n fesfm qu` `n b` uko r`buiieùk b` tmbmsnms pr`iems o no fetob.
59.- Ye no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo fmbeceio su p`kbe`kt` `s pmrqu`<o. Do voreobm n kev`n b` r`kto.j. Dok voreobm nms pr`iems r`notevms b` nms je`k`s.i. Dok voreobm sefuntïk`of`kt` nms pr`iems b` nms je`k`s.b. Wu`b`k doj`r voreobm nms austms b` nms imksufebmr`s.Z(j)No p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki` `s `n imie`kt` `ktr` nms pr`iems ojsmnutms b` nms je`k`s,beidm imie`kt` `s `n pr`iem r`notevm b` ukm b` nms je`k`s r`sp`itm on mtrm.
52.- Pko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo fu`stro< o. @n imkluktm b` je`k`s qu` pu`b` obquerer uk imksufebmr on fesfm pr`iem.j. @n kev`n b` utenebob qu` r`pmrto iobo je`k o uk imksufebmr `k cukieùk b` su r`kto.i. Nos setuoiemk`s `k qu `n kev`n b` je`k`stor b` bms sul`tms `s ebåkteim.b. Nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` supmk`k n fesfm kev`n b` utenebob poro `n imksufebmr.Z (b)Son` imfm b`cekeieùk `n`f`kton.
50.- Nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo b` nms imksufebmr`s km smk<o. Iùkiovos imk r`sp`itm on mrea`k.j. Imkv`xos r`sp`itm on mrea`k.i. B`ir`ie`kt`s.b. Kekauko b` nos okt`remr`s.Z(o)Ymk b`ir`ie`kt`s y imkv`xos.
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::5Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
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53.- Iuokbm ouf`kto `n imksufm b` uk je`k, kmrfonf`kt`<o. Ouf`ktok utenebob tmton y foraekon.j. Besfekuy`k utenebob tmton y foraekon.i. Ouf`kto no utenebob tmton, besfekuy` no foraekon.b. Ptenebob tmton y foraekon voræok `k no fesfo ber`iieùk.Z(i)Nos sui`sevos ukebob`s b`n je`k ouf`ktok no utenebob tmton, p`rm iobo v`z f`kms. No utenebobforaekon `s pmsetevo y b`ir`ie`kt`.
51.- Ye iobo ukebob obeiemkon qu` imksufm b` uk je`k doi` ir`i`r fe utenebob tmton f`kmsqu` no ukebob okt`remr<o. No utenebob tmton `stï b`ir`ie`kbm.j. No utenebob tmton ir`i` p`rm no foraekon `stï b`ir`ie`kbm.i. Nos utenebob`s tmton y foraekon `stïk ir`ie`kbm, p`rm iobo v`z f`kms.b. No utenebob tmton ir`i` p`rm no utenebob foraekon `s k`aotevo.Z(j)Nm qu` s` oÿob` o no utenebob tmton pmr `n imksufm b` "uko fïs" `s no utenebob foraekon, se"uko fïs" oÿob` f`kms qu` no okt`remr, no utenebob foraekon `s b`ir`ie`kt`.
54.- Pk je`k nejr` s` imksuf` dosto `n puktm `k qu` no utenebob<
o. Rmton s` eauono o i`rm.j. Foraekon s` eauono i`rm.i. Foraekon s` eauono o no utenebob foraekon b` nms b`fïs je`k`s.b. Foraekon s` eauono o no utenebob foraekon b` no üntefo p s`to b`stekobo o nms b`fïs je`k`s.Z(j)Pk je`k nejr` s` ioroit`rezo pmr qu` su pr`iem b` `quenejrem `s i`rm. Wu`stm qu` kms son`arotes, imksufer`fms b` ån dosto nn`aor o no soie`bob, onnæ no utenebob foraekon s`rï kuno.
55.- Yupu`stm uk imksufebmr b` bms je`k`s, s` bei` qu` do oniokzobm `n `quenejrem `k su`n`iieùk iuokbm<o. @n üntefm p`sm aostobm `k iobo ukm km ekir`f`kto su kev`n b` utenebob.j. @n üntefm p`sm aostobm `k iobo ukm n` prmbui` `n fesfm ekir`f`ktm b` utenebob.i. No imfpro b` ukm no prmbui` no fesfo sotescoiieùk qu` no imfpro b`n mtrm.
b. Iobo p`sm aostobm `k ukm n` prmbui` no fesfo utenebob qu` iobo p`sm aostobm `k `n mtrm.Z(j)@s no imkmiebo "n`y b` no eauonbob b` nos utenebob`s foraekon`s pmkb`robos". Pko v`znn`aobms o `s` puktm, `n r`bestrejuer no r`kto `ktr` nms bestektms je`k`s km kms p`rfeteræoouf`ktor no utenebob, nu`am `n puktm `k iu`steùk `s uk fïxefm b` utenebob.
?77.- Ye `n `stobm celo uk pr`iem fïxefm sup`remr on b` `quenejrem<o) @k `n `quenejrem no ioktebob mcr`iebo `s sup`remr o no b`fokbo.j) Km te`k` `c`itm smjr` `n pr`iem ke no ioktebob ekt`riofjeobo `k `n `quenejrem.i) @k `n `quenejrem no ioktebob b`fokbobo `s foymr qu` no mcr`iebo.b) No ioktebob ekt`riofjeobo `s f`kmr qu` no b` `quenejrem.
Z(j) Y` suae`r` utenezor `n tæpeim arïceim mc`rto-b`fokbo, s`ÿonor `k `n no pmseieùk b`
`quenejrem y, pmst`remrf`kt` trozor uko næk`o dmrezmkton pmr `kiefo b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem,qu` r`pr`s`ktoræo `s` pr`iem fïxefm. Ye s` `nefeko no zmko pmr `kiefo b` no næk`o s` v`rïimfm no pmseieùk b` `quenejrem `stï `k no zmko p`rfetebo.
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?7?.- @k `n f`riobm b`n je`k T s` celo `n pr`iem pmr b`jolm b`n b` `quenejrem. Ye ouf`kto `npr`iem b` uk je`k sustetutevm b` T , s` prmbui` qu`<o) No ioktebob ekt`riofjeobo b` T ouf`ktorï.j) No ioktebob ekt`riofjeobo b` T besfekuerï.i) No mc`rto b` T besfekuerï.b) No ioktebob ekt`riofjeobo b` T p`rfok`i`rï imkstokt`.
Z(b) Y` r`buieræo no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`n je`k iuym pr`iem do ouf`ktobm y, pmr nosustetuejenebob, ouf`ktoræo no b`fokbo b` T . @n `xi`sm b` b`fokbo b` beidm je`k `s odmrofoymr, p`rm no ioktebob mcr`iebo seau` se`kbm no imrr`spmkbe`kt` o `s` pr`iem fïxefm qu``stojo pmr b`jolm b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem.Y` suae`r` r`pr`s`ktor `n `quenejrem, trozor uko næk`o pmr b`jolm b`n pr`iem b` `quenejrem yb`spnozor no b`fokbo o no b`r`ido.
?7:.- @k uk f`riobm ekt`rv`kebm `k `n qu` no cukieùk b` b`fokbo `s T 6 27 - W , y no mc`rto `sT 6 W/: + ?7 , `n @stobm celo uk pr`iem fïxefm W 6 97 . No ioktebob ekt`riofjeobo s`rï<o) 0 j) ?7 i) :7 b) :0 Z(i) Z`smnv`fms `n sest`fo cmrfobm pmr nos cukiemk`s b` b`fokbo y b` mc`rto<
6 6 . } 6; 6 8 6
Imfm `n pr`iem b` `quenejrem `s ekc`remr on pr`iem fïxefm, `n sest`fo s` olusto o no pmseieùkb` quenejrem.
?79.- Ye besfekuy`k nos pr`c`r`kieos pmr uko f`riokiæo<o) Besfekuy` no ioktebob mcr`iebo `k `n `quenejrem.j) Yu iurvo b` mc`rto s` b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido.i) Ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` sus f`riokiæos imfpn`f`ktoreos.b) Besfekuy` no ioktebob b`fokbobo b` sus f`riokiæos sujstetutevos.Z(o). Y` r`bui` no b`fokbo (iurvo b` b`fokbo o no ezque`rbo) y bobo no mc`rto b` beidm je`k,besfekuy`k toktm `n pr`iem imfm no ioktebob.
?72.- Pko iurvo b` mc`rto r`pr`s`ktobo pmr uko næk`o dmrezmkton kms beræo<o) O iuonque`r pr`iem s` prmbuieræo se`fpr` no fesfo ioktebob.j) Wmr `kiefo b` ie`rtm pr`iem no prmbuiieùk s`ræo ekceketo.i) Nos r`spu`stos o y j smk imrr`itos.b) O `st` pr`iem `stï bespu`stm o mcr`i`r iuonque`r ioktebob.Z(b) Y` trotoræo b` uko mc`rto ekceketof`kt` `nïsteio.
?70.- Iuokbm `k uk f`riobm miurr` qu`<o) @xest` `quenejrem, `ktmki`s `s pmsejn` qu` nms pr`iems t`kaok t`kb`kieo on onzo m no jolo.j) @xest` `quenejrem, `ktmki`s `n `xi`sm b` mc`rto `s ebåkteiof`kt` kunm ` eauon on `xi`sm b`b`fokbo.i) Doy uk `xi`sm b` mc`rto, `ktmki`s `n pr`iem te`kb` o sujer.b) Doy uk `xi`sm b` b`fokbo, `ktmki`s `n pr`iem te`kb` o jolor.Z(j) Ye `xest` `quenejrem km doy `xi`sm b` mc`rto ke b` b`fokbo, ofjms smk kunms.
?73.- Ye `n je`k T `s kmrfon, `n `c`itm b` uk ouf`ktm `k `n pr`iem b` uk coitmr b` prmbuiieùkb` beidm je`k s`rï<o) Pk ouf`ktm b` no ioktebob ekt`riofjeobo b` T `k `n `quenejrem.j) Pk `kior`iefe`ktm b` T pmr trosnoieùk b` no b`fokbo.i) Pk `kior`iefe`ktm b` T pmr trosnoieùk b` no mc`rto.b) Pk ojorotofe`ktm b`n je`k T .
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Z(i) @n ouf`ktm b`n pr`iem b` nms coitmr`s b` no prmbuiieùk, pmr a`k`ror ouf`ktms `k nmsimstms, r`bui`k no mc`rto (no cukieùk b` mc`rto s` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo) y, se nob`fokbo `s kmrfon, `nnm nn`vo o uko `n`voieùk b`n pr`iem b`n prmbuitm.
?71.- A`k`ronf`kt`, no cukieùk b` b`fokbo b` uko f`riokiæo qu` t`kao pmims sustetutms`s<o) W`rc`itof`kt` `nïsteio.j) @nïsteio.i) W`rc`itof`kt` ræaebo.b) Ek`nïsteio.Z(b) Fe`ktros f`kms sustetutms t`kao uk je`k, fïs ek`nïsteio s`rï su b`fokbo.
?74.- No `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo b` uk je`k<o) @s foymr se `n je`k km te`k` sustetutevms.j) @s foymr o imrtm qu` o noram pnozm.i) Ekbeio no s`ksejenebob b` no b`fokbo b` uk je`k imk r`sp`itm o nos voreoiemk`s b` su pr`iem.b) @s eauon o ? se no iurvo b` b`fokbo `s uko næk`o r`ito.Z(i) @s `n imie`kt` `ktr` no voreoieùk r`notevo b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo y no voreoieùkr`notevo b` su pr`iem. Fe`ktros foymr s`o, `k vonmr ojsmnutm, beidm imie`kt`, fïs s`ksejn` s`fu`stro no b`fokbo b`n je`k r`sp`itm o no voreoieùk b` su pr`iem.
?75.- No `nosteiebob pr`iem b` uk je`k `s foymr<o) O imrtm qu` o noram pnozm.j) Iuoktms fïs y f`lmr`s sustetutevms t`kao.i) Iuoktm f`kmr s`o no prmpmrieùk b` su r`kto qu` aosto `n imksufebmr `k beidm je`k.b) Iuïktm fïs k`i`sorem s`o `n je`k.Z(j) Ye ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` uk je`k no t`kb`kieo koturon `s no b` sustetuernm. Fe`ktros fïs yf`lmr`s sustetutevms t`kao, fïs cïien `s su sustetuieùk.
??7.- Pko f`riokiæo `s ekc`remr se y sùnm se< o) Yu cukieùk b` b`fokbo-pr`iem `s imkstokt`.j) Km te`k` ke imfpn`f`ktorems ke sustetutevms.i) Yu cukieùk b` mc`rto-pr`iem `s ræaebo.
b) Yu cukieùk b` b`fokbo-r`kto `s b`ir`ie`kt`.Z(b) B`fokbo-r`kto b`ir`ie`kt` seakeceio qu` doy uko r`noieùk ekv`rso `ktr` no r`kto y noioktebob qu` s` b`fokbo b` no f`riokiæo, nm qu` ioroit`rezoræo on je`k imfm ekc`remr.
???.- Ye uk je`k te`k` uko `nosteiebob b`fokbo-r`kto f`kmr qu` no ukebob s` pu`b` os`aurorqu`<o) Km `s uk je`k ekc`remr.j) Km `s uk je`k b` nulm.i) Km `s uk je`k Aecc`k.b) Km `s uk je`k b` pref`ro k`i`sebob.Z(j) Wmbræo t`k`r uk vonmr k`aotevm, s`ræo `ktmki`s uk je`k ekc`remr8 pmbræo t`k`r uk vonmrpmsetevm ` ekc`remr o no ukebob, s`ræo `ktmki`s uk je`k b` pref`ro k`i`sebob. Nm qu` kukiopmbræo s`r `s uk je`k b` nulm, yo qu` no `nosteiebob-r`kto b` nms fesfms `s pmsetevo y foymrqu` no ukebob.
??:.- Ye uk je`k `s ekc`remr, no `nosteiebob b`fokbo-r`kto s`rï<o) Kuno.j) Wmsetevo.i) Foymr qu` no ukebob.b) K`aotevo.Z(b) Y` b`bui` b` no b`cekeieùk
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??9.- Iuokbm bms je`k`s smk imfpn`f`ktorems sus `nosteiebob`s-pr`iem iruzobos smk<o) Wmsetevos.j) K`aotevosi) Foymr`s qu` no ukebob.b) Kunos.Z(j) No `xpr`seùk b` no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` x r`sp`itm on pr`iem b` y `s<
, 6 ∕
Imfm no b`revobo, `k `n iosm b` nms je`k`s imfpn`f`ktorems, `s k`aotevo y ke `n pr`iem, ke noioktebob pu`b`k s`rnm, `n vonmr b` no `nosteiebob iruzobo r`sunto k`aotevm.
??2.- Ye no iurvo b` b`fokbo b` f`riobm poro uk je`k `s uko næk`o r`ito b` p`kbe`kt`k`aotevo, pmb`fms ekc`rer qu`<o) Re`k` `nosteiebob imkstokt`.j) No `nosteiebob io` iuokbm `n pr`iem ir`i`.i) No `nosteiebob io` iuokbm ir`i` no ioktebob.b) @n aostm `k beidm je`k s` fokte`k` imkstokt` oukqu` voræ` su pr`iem.
Z(i) Ps`fms no `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no `nosteiebob< W b_ W bW _
Imfm s` troto b` uko næk`o r`ito no p`kbe`kt` `s imkstokt`, osæ pu`s, `n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no`nosteiebob ir`i` on ouf`ktor `n pr`iem y besfekuy` on ouf`ktor no ioktebob.
??0.- Pko iurvo b` b`fokbo nek`on y b` p`kbe`kt` k`aotevo<o) Ekbeio qu` s` troto b` uk je`k k`i`sorem.j) Ekbeio qu` se`fpr` s` troto b` uk je`k kmrfon.i) Re`k` `nosteiebob uketoreo `k tmbms sus puktms.b) No `nosteiebob ouf`kto o f`bebo qu` ouf`kto `n pr`iem b`n je`k.
Z(b) Ps`fms no `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no `nosteiebob< W
b_ W
bW _
Imfm s` troto b` uko næk`o r`ito no p`kbe`kt` `s imkstokt`, osæ pu`s, `n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no`nosteiebob ir`i` on ouf`ktor `n pr`iem y besfekuy` on ouf`ktor no ioktebob.
??3.- O nm noram b` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo r`itenæk`o imk p`kbe`kt` k`aotevo<o) No `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s i`rm `k `n puktm f`bem b` no iurvo.j) No `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo `s se`fpr` i`rm `k nms puktms b` imrt` imk nms bms `l`s b`immrb`kobos.i) No `nosteiebob-pr`iem `s imkstokt`.b) No b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteio pmr b`jolm b`n puktm f`bem b` no iurvo y `nïsteio pmr `kiefo b`nfesfm.
Z(b) Ps`fms no `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no `nosteiebob< W
b_ W
bW _
@n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no `nosteiebob msieno `ktr` ekceketm iuokbm no ioktebob `s kuno, y i`rmiuokbm `n pr`iem `s kunm. Lustm `k no fetob b` no cukieùk b` b`fokbo `s uketoreo. Nu`am, pmr`kiefo b` `s` puktm no `nosteiebob msieno `ktr` ? ` ekceketm y pmr b`jolm `ktr` ? y i`rm.
??1.- Pko iurvo b` b`fokbo nek`on y b` p`kbe`kt` k`aotevo ekbeio<o) _u` `n imksufebmr `s eks`ksejn` okt` voreoiemk`s b`n pr`iem b`n je`k.j) _u` s` troto b` uk je`k k`i`sorem.i) _u` te`k` `nosteiebob uketoreo `k tmbms sus puktms.b) _u` no `nosteiebob ouf`kto o f`bebo qu` ouf`kto `n pr`iem.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:99Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Z(b) Ps`fms no `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no `nosteiebob< W
b_ W
bW _
Imfm s` troto b` uko næk`o r`ito no p`kbe`kt` `s imkstokt`, osæ pu`s, `n vonmr ojsmnutm b` no`nosteiebob ir`i` on ouf`ktor `n pr`iem y besfekuy` on ouf`ktor no ioktebob.
??4.- Ye no cukieùk b` b`fokbo-pr`iem te`k` `nosteiebob imkstokt` y foymr qu` no ukebob<
o) Iuokbm besfekuy` `n pr`iem, ouf`kto `n aostm.j) @n aostm p`rfok`i` imkstokt` on voreor `n pr`iem.i) Iuokbm besfekuy` `n pr`iem, tofjeåk nm doi` `n aostm.b) No voreoieùk b`n aostm b`p`kb` tofjeåk b` no `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto.Z(o) No b`fokbo `s `nïsteio `k tmbms sus puktms y s` soj` qu` `k `st` iosm `n pr`iem y `naostm `vmnuiemkok `k s`ktebm imktrorem.
??5.- Ye voræo `n pr`iem b` uk je`k<o) Soræo no r`kto r`on b`n ekbevebum.j) Soræo no r`kto fmk`toreo b`n ekbevebum.i) No r`ito b` jonoki` s` b`spnozo poron`nof`kt`.b) Do b` voreor k`i`soreof`kt` `n b`n mtrm je`k pmrqu` nms pr`iems r`notevms km pu`b`k voreor.Z(o) Y` r`bui` `n küf`rm b` nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s o nos qu` pu`b` mptor.
?:7.- @n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b`n je`k x : `k tårfekms b`n je`k x ? o) Soræo o nm noram b` no r`ito b` jonoki`.j) @s imkstokt` o nm noram b` no r`kto b` jonoki`.i) B`p`kb` b` no r`kto fmk`toreo.b) B`p`kb` b` no r`kto fmk`toreo y b` nms pr`iems.Z(j) @s` imstm b` mpmrtukebob `s `n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms je`k`s.
?:?.- @n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b`n je`k T `k tårfekms b`n je`k U <o) Soræo o nm noram b` no r`ito b` jonoki`.j) @s imkstokt` o nms noram b` no r`ito b` jonoki`.i) B`p`kb` b` no r`kto fmk`toreo.b) B`p`kb` b` no r`kto r`on.
Z(j) @s` imstm b` mpmrtukebob `s `n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms je`k`s.?::.- No ioktebob fïxefo b`n je`k \ qu` pu`b` b`fokbor uk imksufebmr qu` bespmk` b` ?0 ukebob`s b` T y 2 b` \ , iuokbm nms pr`iems smk W x 6 ?7 y W z 6 0 , `s< o) ?17 j) ?1 i) :7 b) 92
Z(b) @n vonmr fmk`torem b` sus bespmkejenebob`s `s< T±Wx + \±Wz 6 ?0±?7 + 2±0 6 ?17 u.f. Ye utenezoro `sos ukebob`s fmk`toreos poro obquerer smnm \ , pmbræo mjt`k`r, imfm fïxefm<?17 /0 6 92 ukebob`s.
?:9.- No næk`o qu` r`pr`s`kto nos bestektos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` prmpmriemkok nofesfo utenebob on imksufebmr s` b`kmfeko<o) Cukieùk b` utenebob.j) Iurvo b` b`fokbo.i) Iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo.b) Z`ito b` jonoki`.Z(i) Wmr b`cekeieùk.
?:2.- Y`ÿon` iuïn b` nos seaue`kt`s ocerfoiemk`s `s imrr`ito. Pko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieor`pr`s`kto<o) Rmbos nos imfjekoiemk`s b` ioktebob`s b` je`k`s qu` r`pmrtok on imksufebmr no fesfo utenebob.j) Rmbos nos imfjekoiemk`s fïxefos b` je`k`s qu` `n imksufebmr pu`b` imfpror.i) Rmbos nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` smk oniokzojn`s poro `n imksufebmr bobo su r`kto.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:92Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
b) Rmbos nos ioktebob`s b` uk je`k qu` mcr`i`k on imksufebmr no fesfo utenebob.Z(o) Wmr b`cekeieùk.
?:0.- Iuokbm uk ekbevebum v` ekir`f`ktobm su vmnuf`k b` r`kto bespmkejn`, y nms pr`iems b`nms je`k`s qu` imksuf` s` fokte`k`k imkstokt`s, sui`b`rï qu`<o) Iofjeorï ekf`beotof`kt` sus pr`c`r`kieos `k imksufm.j) Yu imkluktm pr`supu`storem ouf`kto.i) Ekir`f`ktorï `k foymr prmpmrieùk sus aostms `k `n imksufm.b) Yu imkluktm pr`supu`storem besfekuy`.Z (j) @n küf`rm b` nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s o su onioki` `s odmro foymr.
?:3.- Ye doy bms je`k`s y no r`kto y `n pr`iem b`n je`k ? s` bupneiok, fe`ktros qu` `n pr`iemb`n je`k : s` fokte`k` it`<o) No p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki` km voreorï.j) No b`fokbo b`n je`k : ouf`ktorï sùnm se `s uk je`k ekc`remr poro `n imksufebmr.i) No b`fokbo b`n je`k : besfekuerï sùnm se `s uk je`k ekc`remr poro `n imksufebmr.b) @n imkluktm b` pmsejenebob`s b` imksufm km s` fmbeceiorï.Z (i) No r`kto r`on, `k tårfekms b`n je`k : , do ouf`ktobm. No b`fokbo b` beidm je`k pmbræobesfekuer se `n je`k `s ekc`remr.
?:1.- @k no `n`iieùk b`n imksufebmr `ktr` bms je`k`s `n puktm b` `quenejrem s` bï<o) @k `n puktm fïxefm b` no cukieùk b` utenebob.j) @k iuonque`r puktm b` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo.i) Iuokbm `n imie`kt` b` utenebob`s tmton`s `s eauon o no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki`.b) Ymjr` no r`ito b` jonoki`, `k `n puktm `k qu` `n imie`kt` b` nos utenebob`s foraekon`s `s eauon onimie`kt` b` nms pr`iems b` nms je`k`s.Z (b) Ye tmbm `s kmrfon. Y` troto b` no imkbeieùk b` `quenejrem.
?:4.- Ye `n imie`kt` `ktr` nos utenebob`s foraekon`s b` O y J `s f`kmr qu` `n b` nms pr`iemsWo/Wj , `n imksufebmr<o) B`fokborï fïs ioktebob b` O.j) B`fokborï fïs ioktebob b` J.i) B`fokborï fïs ioktebob b` O y b` J.
b) B`fokborï f`kms ioktebob b` O y b` J.Z(j) Doy qu` voreor nms imksufms b` cmrfo qu` ouf`kt` `n imie`kt` b` nos utenebob`sforaekon`s dosto eauonors` on imie`kt` `ktr` nms pr`iems. Woro `nnm b`j`rï besfekuers` noutenebob foraekon b` J (imksufe`kbm fïs) y ouf`ktors` no utenebob foraekon b` O (imksufe`kbm f`kms).
?:5.- Ye `n iumie`kt` `ktr` nos utenebob`s b` O y J `s foymr qu` `n b` nms pr`iems W O /W J , `k `n`quenejrem, n imksufebmr<o) B`fokborï fïs ioktebob b` O.j) B`fokborï fïs ioktebob b` J.i) B`fokborï fïs ioktebob b` ofjms je`k`s.b) B`fokborï f`kms ioktebob b` ofjms je`k`s.Z(o) Doy qu` voreor nms imksufms b` cmrfo qu` besfekuyo `n imie`kt` b` nos utenebob`s
foraekon`s dosto eauonors` on imie`kt` `ktr` nms pr`iems. Woro `nnm b`j`rï besfekuers` noutenebob foraekon b` O (imksufe`kbm fïs) y ouf`ktors` no utenebob foraekon b` J(imksufe`kbm f`kms).
?97.- Y`o uk imksufebmr qu` imksuf` smnm bms je`k`s ( x ` y ). @k `n `quenejrem se ouf`kto `npr`iem b`n je`k y (W y ).o) Ouf`ktorï k`i`soreof`kt` no utenebob foraekon b` x.j) Ouf`ktorï `n imie`kt` `ktr` no utenebob foraekon b` U y no utenebob foraekon b` x.i) Besfekuerï no toso foraekon b` sustetuieùk b` y pmr x (RFY x y).b) Ouf`ktorï tofjeåk `n pr`iem b` x.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:90Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Z(j) @k no pmseieùk b` `quenejrem do b` v`receiors`<
(Nos b`revobos porieon`s smk nos imrr`spmkbe`kt`s utenebob`s foraekon`s).Wmr ouf`ktor `n s`aukbm fe`fjrm b` no `xpr`seùk, poro nn`aor o uk ku`vm puktm b``quenejrem dojrï b` ouf`ktor tofjeåk `n pref`r fe`fjrm.
IMKR@YR@ YE @Y S@ZBOB@ZM M CONYM<
?.- Nms imkmiefe`ktms qu` b`sorrmnno no `imkmfæo km s` imkseb`rok b`ceketevms< `stïk smf`tebmsimkstokt`f`kt` o no iræteio y no imktrostoieùk imk no r`onebob.
:.- Ye s` mjs`rvo qu` b` uk oÿm o mtrm suj`k nms sonorems y tofjeåk nms pr`iems, pu`b` ocerfors`qu` `n pref`rm b` nms d`idms do sebm iouso b`n s`aukbm.
9.- No t`ikmnmaæo pmk` `n næfet` o nos ioktebob`s fïxefos b` prmbuitm qu` pu`b`k mjt`k`rs` imkiobo imfjekoieùk b` ioktebob`s b` coitmr`s.
2.- No n`y b` r`kbefe`ktms b`ir`ie`kt`s smste`k` qu`< „se s` vok ekir`f`ktokbm ukebob`s sui`sevosb` uk coitmr voreojn` o uk coitmr celm, nn`aorï uk fmf`ktm o porter b`n iuon no prmbuiieùk imf`kzorïo b`si`kb`r‖
0.- Y` prmbui` uko f`lmro t`ikmnùaeio `k no prmbuiieùk b` uk je`k iuokbm b`spuås b`n iofjemdoi`k conto f`kms ioktebob`s b` r`iursms poro a`k`ror no fesfo ioktebob b` `s` je`k
3.- Iuokbm uk poæs s` setüo smjr` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk, `stï utenezokbm tmbmsnms r`iursms imk no f`lmr t`ikmnmaæo bespmkejn`.
1.- Iuokbm besfekuy` `n b`s`fpn`m `k uk poæs, no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk s`b`spnozo doieo no b`r`ido.
4.- @k uk sest`fo b` f`riobm, nms pr`iems troksfet`k no ekcmrfoieùk b` ukms oa`kt`s o mtrms.
5.- Pk pr`iem `s no r`noieùk o no qu` ekt`riofjeok bms imsos `ktr` sæ.
?7.- Pk f`riobm s` `kiu`ktro `k `quenejrem iuokbm su pr`iem nn`vo fuidm te`fpm sek voreor.
??.- No `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem feb` nos ukebob`s `k qu` besfekuy` noioktebob b`fokbobo iuokbm `n pr`iem s` ekir`f`kto `k uk iåktefm b` uko ukebob fmk`toreo
?:.- Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo von` ?, on ouf`ktor `n pr`iem `k uk 2% no ioktebob b`fokbobos` r`buierï `k uk ?%
?9.- Ye on ouf`ktor `n pr`iem b` uk je`k no ioktebob b`fokbobo b`sie`kb`, s` pu`b` ocerfor qu` nob`fokbo `s `nïsteio.
?2.- On ouf`ktor `n pr`iem b` uk je`k `k uk :% no ioktebob b`fokbobo io` uk ?%. Y` pu`b`ocerfor qu` no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo von` 7,0.
?0.- Ye no `nosteiebob r`kto von` ?,0 `n je`k, `s b` nulm.
?3.- On besfekuer `n pr`iem b` uk je`k, nms ekar`sms b` nms prmbuitmr`s ouf`ktok se no b`fokbo `s`nïsteio.
?1.- Ye no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` bms je`k`s `s k`aotevo, ofjms je`k`s smk sustetutms `ktr` sæ.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:93Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
?4.- @k uko iurvo b` b`fokbo r`itenæk`o no `nosteiebob pr`iem `s no fesfo `k tmbms nms puktms.
?5.- Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo b`n je`k T imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem b`n je`k U `s (- 9 ), ofjmsje`k`s smk ekc`remr`s.
:7.- No b`fokbo b` uk je`k su`n` s`r toktm fïs `nïsteio iuoktms fïs sustetutms t`kao `n je`k.
Z@YWP@YROY<
?.- S`rbob`rm:.- Consm. No sefuntok`ebob b` bms d`idms km efpneio k`i`soreof`kt` uko r`noieùk b` iousonebob`ktr` `nnms. Dojræo qu` oesnor `sto r`noieùk b` iuonque`ro mtros voreojn`s qu` doyok pmbebm ekcnuer `k`n ouf`ktm b` nms pr`iems y b` nms sonorems.9.- S`rbob`rm2.- Consm. No prmbuiieùk seau` ir`ie`kbm p`rm o uk retfm f`kmr, nms ekir`f`ktms `k no prmbuiieùksmk iobo v`z f`kmr`s.0.- S`rbob`rm3.- S`rbob`rm1.- Consm. Iuokbm besfekuy` `n b`s`fpn`m, no `imkmfæo s` setüo `k uk puktm fïs i`riokm o su
crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.4.- S`rbob`rm5.- S`rbob`rm?7.- Consm. Pk f`riobm s` `kiu`ktro `k `quenejrem iuokbm imekieb`k nos ioktebob`s qu` b`s`okimfpror nms imksufebmr`s imk nos qu` b`s`ok prmbuier nos `fpr`sos. Ye åsto `s no iouso pmr noqu` `n pr`iem b` `s` f`riobm km do voreobm `k fuidm te`fpm, `ktmki`s no ocerfoieùk b`n`kukieobm s`ræo ie`rto, p`rm km se no iouso `s iuonque`r mtro imfm pu`bo s`r onaük tepm b`r`aunoieùk qu` fokt`kao uk pr`iem bestektm on b`n `quenejrem y qu` efpebo oituor o nos cu`rzos b`nf`riobm.??.- Consm. Feb` `n pmri`ktol` `k qu` besfekuy` no ioktebob b`fokbobo iuokbm `n pr`iem s`ekir`f`kto `k ?% ?:.- Consm. @k uk 2% ?9.- Consm. Woro qu` s`o `nïsteio km josto qu` b`sie`kbo8 te`k` qu` b`si`kb`r `k uk pmri`ktol`
sup`remr on qu` s` do ekir`f`ktobm `n pr`iem.?2.- S`rbob`rm.?0.- S`rbob`rm.?3.- S`rbob`rm. Wmrqu` `k `s` iosm no ioktebob v`kbebo ouf`kto `k uko prmpmrieùk sup`remr o noqu` besfekuy` `n pr`iem.?1.- Consm. Ymk imfpn`f`ktorems?4.- Consm. @s foymr `k nms vonmr`s sup`remr`s on pr`iem.?5.- Consm. No `nosteiebob iruzobo sùnm pu`b` ekbeior se nms je`k`s smk sustetutms, imfpn`f`ktoremsm ekb`p`kbe`kt`s.:7.- S`rbob`rm.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:91Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
EKBEIOZ NO Z@YWP@YRO IMZZ@IRO
?.- @k `imkmfæo, uk fmb`nm `s<o) uk fmb`nm fot`fïteim qu` serv` poro prmi`sor nms botmsj) uk iosm qu` b`j` s`r efetobm pmr sus arokb`s vertub`si) uko tåikeio poro f`ber `k no r`onebob ie`rtms imki`ptmsb) uko r`pr`s`ktoieùk sefpneceiobo b` no r`onebob
:.- No k`i`sebob b` `n`aer `s imks`iu`kieo b`<o) `n imstm b` mpmrtukebobj) no `sios`zi) no ek`ceie`kieob) nms pr`iems
9.- @n imstm b` mpmrtukebob `s imks`iu`kieo b`<o) no `n`iieùkj) no `xest`kieo b` je`k`s nejr`si) `n b`sorrmnnm t`ikmnùaeimb) no `xest`kieo b`n f`riobm
2.- Y` nnofo „iopeton‖ `k `imkmfæo o) on bek`rmj) o nms coitmr`s prmbuitevms qu` sufekestro no koturon`zoi) o nms coitmr`s prmbuitevms qu` dok sebm prmbuiebms pmr mtrms coitmr`sb) o nms r`iursms `imkùfeims qu` smk prefmrbeon`s
0.- Y` prmbui` imk `ceie`kieo iuokbm<o) km doy `sios`zj) km `s pmsejn` ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk b` uk je`k sek besfekuer no b` mtrmi) `s pmsejn` ouf`ktor no prmbuiieùk b` tmbms nms je`k`sb) besfekuy`k nms r`iursms prmbuitevms
3.- No crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk s` b`spnozo doieo no ezque`rbo se<
o) no smie`bob km utenezo tmbms sus r`iursmsj) f`lmro no t`ikmnmaæo `k no prmbuiieùk b` ukm b` nms je`k`si) ouf`ktok nms r`iursms prmbuitevmsb) besfekuy`k nms r`iursms prmbuitevms
1.- No cmrfo iùkiovo b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk s` b`j` o<o) no n`y b` r`kbefe`ktms b`ir`ie`kt`sj) no `xest`kieo b` uk imstm b` mpmrtukebobi) no `sios`zb) no `ceie`kieo `k no prmbuiieùk
4.- @k uk sest`fo b` f`riobm, no k`i`soreo immrbekoieùk `ktr` nms oa`kt`s `imkùfeims s` nn`vo oiojm<o) o trovås b`n @stobmj) o trovås b` nms pr`iemsi) pmkeåkbms` b` oiu`rbm b`spuås b` uko besiuseùkb) o trovås b` no pujneiebob
5.- Pk pr`iem r`notevm `s<o) oqu`n qu` `s iorm m jorotm b`p`kbe`kbm b`n bek`rm qu` nn`v`fmsj) `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s fmk`toreos qu` von` uk je`ki) `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s b` uk je`k qu` s` ekt`riofjeok pmr uko ukebob b` mtrm je`kb) oqu`n qu` nmaro sotescoi`r nms b`s`ms b` tmbms nms imksufebmr`s
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:94Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
?7.- @n sest`fo b` f`riobm s` joso `k<o) `n pop`n b`n @stobmj) `n f`iokesfm b` outmrebobi) `n ekt`riofjem vmnuktoremb) nos ek`ceie`kieos b` no prmbuiieùk
??.- Ye on besfekuer `n pr`iem b` uk prmbuitm `k uk :% no ioktebob b`fokbobo s` ekir`f`kto b` ?77 o ?7? ukebob`s, no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo von`<o) 2 j) : i) ? b) 7.0
?:.- Ye no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `s 7.0, iuokbm `n pr`iem s` ekir`f`kt` `k uk :% noioktebob b`fokbobo besfekuerï uk<o) 7.0% j) ? % i) : % b) 2 %
?9.- Ye no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem `s :, on ouf`ktor `n pr`iem `k uk :%,nms ekar`sms b` nms prmbuitmr`s<o) ouf`ktorïkj) besfekuerïki) p`rfok`i`rïk imkstokt`sb) oniokzorïk uk fïxefm
?2.- @k uko iurvo b` b`fokbo r`itenæk`o<o) no `nosteiebob `s fïxefo `k `n puktm i`ktronj) no `nosteiebob b`ir`i` on ouf`ktor `n pr`iemi) no `nosteiebob ir`i` on ouf`ktor `n pr`iemb) no `nosteiebob `s no fesfo `k tmbms nms puktms
?0.- @k a`k`ron, no b`fokbo b` uk je`k t`kb`rï o s`r toktm f`kms `nïsteio imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem<o) iuoktms f`kms sustetutms pms`o `n je`kj) iuoktm foymr s`o `n p`sm b` `st` je`k `k `n aostm b` nms imksufebmr`si) iuoktm fïs noram s`o `n pnozm imkseb`robmb) iuoktm fïs imkir`tm s`o `n je`k.
?3.- Ye on besfekuer no r`kto `k ?% no ioktebob b`fokbobo s` r`bui` `k uk :%, pu`b` b`iers` qu`<o) no b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteioj) no `nosteiebob r`kto `s (- :) i) no `nosteiebob iruzobo `s (-:) b) no `nosteiebob r`kto `s (:)
?1.- Ye no `nosteiebob r`kto `s (-:), `n je`k imkseb`robm `s<o) ekc`remrj) sustetutmi) b` pref`ro k`i`sebobb) b` nulm
?4.- @n vonmr b` no `nosteiebob iruzobo p`rfet` inoseceior nms je`k`s imfm<o) sustetutms m imfpn`f`ktoremsj) `nïsteims m ek`nïsteimsi) ekc`remr`s m kmrfon`s
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:95Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
b) b` pref`ro k`i`sebob m b` nulm
?5.- Ye no `nosteiebob iruzobo b` no b`fokbo b`n je`k T imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem b`n je`k U `s (-7.:0), ofjms je`k`s smk<o) ekc`remr`sj) sustetutmsi) imfpn`f`ktoremsb) b` nulm
:7.- On ekir`f`ktors` `n pr`iem b` uk prmbuitm uk 9% no ioktebob mcr`iebo b` uk prmbuitm s`ekir`f`kto b`sb` ?7.777 tmk`nobos dosto ?7.377 tmk`nobos. No `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto `s<o) 7.0 j) : i) 9 b) 3
:?.- Iuokbm s` bei` qu` `n imksufebmr `s roiemkon s` que`r` ekbeior qu`<o) roiemko nms je`k`s poro mjt`k`r fïs sotescoiieùkj) r`oiiemko imk s`r`kebob okt` nms ekir`f`ktms b` pr`iem.i) sus austms km smk `xtrovoaokt`s
b) sus oiiemk`s smk imd`r`kt`s imk sus mjl`tevms.
::.- On ouf`ktor no r`kto b`n imksufebmr, no r`ito b` jonoki`<o) s` b`spnozo poron`nof`kt` doieo no b`r`idoj) s` b`spnozo poron`nof`kt` doieo no ezque`rboi) aero `k s`ktebm dmroremb) aero `k s`ktebm okte dmrorem
:9.- Ye nms pr`iems b` tmbms nms je`k`s s` ekir`f`ktok `k no fesfo prmpmrieùk, no r`ito b` jonoki`<o) s` b`spnozo poron`nof`kt` doieo no b`r`idoj) s` b`spnozo poron`nof`kt` doieo no ezque`rbo.i) aerob) km s` fu`v`
:2.- Ye ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` ukm b` nms je`k`s, no r`ito b` jonoki`<o) s` b`spnozo poron`nof`kt` doieo no b`r`idoj) s` b`spnozo poron`nof`kt` doieo no ezque`rboi) aerob) km s` fu`v`
:0.- Pk imksufebmr pr`c`rerï no imfjekoieùk Oo no imfjekoieùk J , ofjos setuobos smjr` su r`itob` jonoki`, se<o) no imfjekoieùk O `stï fïs i`rio b`n puktm f`bem b` no r`ito b` jonoki`.j) pmr J poso uko iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo fïs i`rioko on mrea`k.i) O te`k` fïs ioktebob b`n je`k covmretm b`n imksufebmrb) no r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk `s foymr `k O qu` `k J .
:3.- No r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk `s<o) `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s b` uk je`k qu` s` ekt`riofjeok `k `n f`riobm pmr uko ukebob b` mtrmje`kj) no prmpe`bob qu` te`k`k bms je`k`s sustetutms `ktr` sæ.i) no p`kbe`kt` b` no r`ito b` jonoki`.b) `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s b` uk je`k qu` `n imksufebmr `storæo bespu`stm o ekt`riofjeor pmr ukoukebob b` mtrm je`k fokt`keåkbms` ekbec`r`kt`.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:27Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:1.- @n imksufebmr roiemkon `n`aerï oqu`nno imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s<o) qu` t`kao nos ioktebob`s fïxefos b` tmbms nms je`k`s.j) `k no qu` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo fïs on`lobo b`n mrea`k tmqu` on imkluktm pr`supu`storem.i) setuobo `k `n puktm f`bem b` no r`ito b` jonoki`b) setuobo `k `n puktm `k `n qu` no r`ito b` jonoki` imrto on `l` b` ojsiesos.
:4.- On besfekuer no r`kto (m ekar`sms)o) `n imksufebmr `n`aerï mtro imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s f`kms pr`c`rebo o no okt`remrj) `n imksufebmr s`auerï `neae`kbm no fesfo imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s.i) `n imksufebmr iofjeorï su r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùkb) `n imksufebmr `n`aerï mtro imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s pr`c`rebo o no okt`remr
:5.- On besfekuer `n pr`iem b`n je`k T <o) `n imksufebmr `n`aerï mtro imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s f`kms pr`c`rebo o no okt`remrj) `n imksufebmr s`auerï `neae`kbm no fesfo imfjekoieùk b` je`k`si) nos iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo s` fmv`rïk p`rm no r`ito b` jonoki` s` fokt`kbrïb) `n imksufebmr `n`aerï mtro imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s pr`c`rebo o no okt`remr
97.- O nm noram b` uko iurvo b` b`fokbo ekbevebuon, p`rfok`i`k imkstokt`s<o) nms ekar`sms m r`kto b`n ekbevebum y nos ioktebob`s imksufebos b` nms b`fïs je`k`s
j) `n pr`iem b` nms b`fïs je`k`s y nos ioktebob`s imksufebos b` nms b`fïs je`k`s.i) nms ekar`sms m r`kto b`n ekbevebum y `n pr`iem b` nms b`fïs je`k`sb) nms ekar`sms m r`kto b`n ekbevebum, `n pr`iem b` nms b`fïs je`k`s y nos ioktebob`s imksufebos b`nms b`fïs je`k`s.
Z@YWP@YROY .?.- b:.- j9.- j, yo qu` no b`fokbo `s nïsteio2.- i0.- o3.- b1.- o
4.- o5.- i?7.- j??. - b?:. - j?9. - o?2. - i?0. - j?3. - b?1. - o?4. - j?5. - i:7. - i:?.- b::.- o:9.- j:2.- i:0.- j:3.- b:1.- j:4.- o:5.- b97.- i
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:2?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
R@FOY B@ OKÏNEYEY
?.- Okonezor no seaue`kt` ocerfoieùk< „No `imkmfæo s` bec`r`kieo tok sùnm b` nos b`fïs ie`kieossmieon`s `k qu` su iofpm b` `stubem `s bestektm‖ :.- Ekt`rpr`tor, utenezokbm imki`ptms `imkùfeims oprmpeobms, no seaue`kt` cros`< „Oy`r cue o ukmsarokb`s onfoi`k`s. F` duje`ro austobm imfpror imk uk poktonùk y ukms zopotms p`rm km f`qu`bojo bek`rm suceie`kt` y tuv` qu` imkcmrforf` imk nms zopotms‖ 9.- ½Wu`b` no `imkmfæo pr`b`ier `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b` uko p`rsmko imkir`to=2.- @xpneior pmr quå nms `imkmfestos km `storæok b` oiu`rbm imk no seaue`kt` cros`< „nos f`lmr`simsos b` no vebo smk oqu`nnos qu` km iu`stok kobo‖ 0.- @xpneior iùfm s` b`ieb` `k uk sest`fo b` f`riobm qu` onaukos p`rsmkos aok`k fïs (ypu`b`k imfpror fïs je`k`s) y mtros aok`k f`kms (y pu`bok imfpror f`kms)3.- ½@s pmsejn` qu` nms oÿms b` ju`kos ims`idos s`ok p`rlubeieon`s poro nms oareiuntmr`s= ½_uåimkbeiemk`s b`j`k bors` poro `nnm= ½Y` bok a`k`ronf`kt`=1.- ½@s ie`rtm qu` no b`fokbo b` koroklos b`j` s`r fïs ek`nïsteio imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem b` nob`fokbo b` crutos b` crutos `k a`k`ron= ½Wmr quå=4.- ½Ir`` qu` s`ræo rozmkojn` pmr port` b` nms `quepms b` cütjmn r`jolor `n pr`iem b` nos `ktrobosimk `n prmpùsetm b` nn`kor uk `stobem y b` `st` fmbm ouf`ktor no r`iouboieùk= ½Wmr quå= (Ye kmausto b`n cütjmn, p`ksor `k `n t`otrm m `k `n iek`).
5.- Ptenezor nms b`t`rfekokt`s b` no `nosteiebob pr`iem poro vonmror se nms seaue`kt`s je`k`s b`j`kt`k`r uko b`fokbo `nïsteio m ek`nïsteio<o) ieaorrennms, j) pok, i) uko forio b` i`rv`zo, b) son, `) `ktrobos on iek`, c) aosmneko, `) `k`raæo`nåitreio.?7.- B`t`rfekor<o) ½_uå seakm y foaketub pmbræo t`k`r no `nosteiebob r`kto b` no b`fokbo b` nms seaue`kt`sje`k`s=
?. yot`s b` pos`m:. onef`ktms9. vekm `kvosobm `k iortùk2. lmyos0. trokspmrt` püjneim0. v`stuorem
j) @n seam qu` b`j` t`k`r no `nosteiebob iruzobo `ktr` nms seaue`kt`s je`k`s<?. oi`et` b` mnevo y oi`et` b` aerosmn.:. aosmneko y outmfùven`s.
??.- @xpneior `n imki`ptm b` roiemkonebob b` nms oa`kt`s `imkùfeims opneiobm on iosm b`nimksufebmr.?:.- Fmstror arïceiof`kt` qu` `xeste`kbm bms je`k`s T ` U , no besfekuieùk b`n pr`iem b`n je`k T doi` qu` km sùnm ouf`kt`k nos ioktebob`s b`n je`k T qu` smk oii`sejn`s poro `n imksufebmr, sekmtofjeåk nos ioktebob`s b`n je`k U . ½Iùfm pu`b` `xpneior `st` c`kùf`km=?9.- Ye su sonorem ouf`kto `n 9% y nms pr`iems uk 9%, ½_uå do iofjeobm= Ye tuve`s` qu` `n`aer`ktr` o) ekir`f`ktm b` pr`iems b`n 0% y su sonorem s` fokt`kao imkstokt` j) qu` n` r`jol`k `nsonorem uk 0% y qu` nms pr`iems km iofje`k, ½iuïn pr`c`reræo= ½Wmr quå=?2.- @xpneior nos r`noiemk`s y bec`r`kieos qu` `xest`k `ktr` „pr`c`rer‖, „pmb`r‖ y „`n`aer‖ pmr f`bem b`
nms ekstruf`ktms qu` utenezo no t`mræo poro okonezor `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b`n imksufebmr?0.- Imf`kt` no seaue`kt` ocerfoieùk< „Km f` ir`m no t`mræo qu` b`sorrmnno no `imkmfæo poro`xpneior `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b`n imksufebmr pmrqu` km imkmzio o kobe` qu` bejul` su r`ito b`jonoki` y sus iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo iuokbm vo o imfpror.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:2:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Z@YWP@YROY O NMY R@FOY B@ OKÏNEYEY
?.- @n iofpm b` `stubem `s ukm b` nms coitmr`s qu` bece`r`k o no `imkmfæo b` mtros ie`kieossmieon`s. Km mjstokt`, no `imkmfæo s` ekt`r`so pmr ie`rtms t`fos `k imekieb`kieo imk mtrosbesiepnekos y ouk osæ `n `kcmqu` `s bec`r`kt` `k nm qu` r`ce`r` on pnokt`ofe`ktm b` nms prmjn`fos yno cmrfo b` okonezornms y `kcr`ktors` o `nnms.:.- @sto ekcmrfoieùk pmk` b` fokece`stm `n prmjn`fo jïseim `k `imkmfæo qu` oc`ito toktm onimfpmrtofe`ktm b` nms ekbevebums imfm b` no smie`bob `k a`k`ron, y åst` imksest` `k no k`i`sebobb` `n`aer `kt` vorems usms ont`rkotevms, bobo no `sios`z b` r`iursms. @k `st` iosm, nms r`iursmssmk `siosms pmrqu` `sto p`rsmko km te`k` bek`rm suceie`kt` poro imfpror uk poktonùk y nmszopotms y `stms bms je`k`s imkstetuy`k nms pmsejn`s usms ont`rkotevms b` su bek`rm. Cekonf`kt`,`nea` ukm b` nms bms je`k`s y `nnm seakeceio qu` do b` r`kukieor on mtrm. Osæ pu`s, on `n`aer nmszopotms, no p`rsmko smpmrto, ob`fïs b` su pr`iem, `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob qu` supmk` r`kukieor oimfprors` uk poktonùk.9.- Y`ræo jostokt` ov`kturobm pr`b`ier oi`rio b`n imfpmrtofe`ktm b` uko p`rsmko imkir`to, pu`snos r`oiiemk`s dufokos pu`b`k s`r jostokt` efpr`b`iejn`s. Wmr `nnm no `imkmfæo supmk` qu` nmsekbevebums oitüok imk roiemkonebob, pnokt`ïkbms` ukms mjl`tevms ` ekt`ktokbm imks`auernms`ceie`kt`f`kt`. No `imkmfæo `stubeo `n imfpmrtofe`ktm b` uk oa`kt` r`pr`s`ktotevm qu` s`rverïporo imfpr`kb`r `n imfpmrtofe`ktm, pmr tårfekm f`bem, b` tmbms nms ekbevebums.2.- @k tårfekms `imkùfeims tmbos nos imsos te`k`k su pr`iem oukqu` åst` km s`o `xpnæietm. Bobm
qu` nms r`iursms smk `siosms, `n pr`iem b` iuonque`r imso u oitevebob s` feb` `k `imkmfæo imfm`n imstm b` mpmrtukebob m vonmr b`n f`lmr usm ont`rkotevm on `n`aebm. Osæ ouk oqu`nnos imsos qu` kmiu`stok kobo pu`b`k supmk`r uko ekv`rseùk b` te`fpm y `k`raæos qu` pube`rok utenezors` `k imsosbestektos. Ye`fpr` qu` `xesto `n`iieùk, efpneio qu` `xest` uko r`kukieo y pmr toktm uk imstm b`mpmrtukebob.0.- ukm b` nms prmjn`fos `imkùfeims jïseims `s r`spmkb`r o no pr`aukto b` poro que`k prmbuier,½iùfm s` vo o bestrejuer no prmbuiieùk b` je`k`s= @k no f`bebo `k qu` uk ekbevebum t`kao uksonorem fïs ontm y sus ekar`sms s`ok fïs `n`vobms `ktmki`s pu`b` obquerer uko foymr port` b` noprmbuiieùk qu` mtrm ekbevebum imk uk sonorem ekc`remr. @n sonorem imkstetuy` `n pr`iem b`n coitmr trojolmy, on eauon qu` nms pr`iems b`n r`stm b` nms je`k`s, s` b`t`rfeko `k `n f`riobm b` coitmr`s pmr noekt`roiieùk b` imfprobmr`s y v`kb`bmr`s, `k `st` iosm b` coitmr trojolm.3.-Woro qu` s` prmbuzio `st` d`idm no b`fokbo do b` s`r nm suceie`kt`f`kt` ek`nïsteio b` cmrfoton, qu`, okt` uk ouf`ktm b` no mc`rto (ju`ko ims`ido efpneio foymr prmbuiieùk), no ioktebob
b`fokbobo b`n je`k ouf`kt` `k f`kmr prmpmrieùk qu` nm qu` s` r`bui` `n pr`iem y, imfmimks`iu`kieo, nms ekar`sms b` nms oareiuntmr`s qu`bok r`buiebms.Wmr nm a`k`ron, nms je`k`s imkseb`robms b` pref`ro k`i`sebob, imfm pmbræok s`r nms onef`ktms,su`n`k t`k`r uko b`fokbo jostokt` ek`nïsteio.@n okïneses arïceim `s tor`o b`n onufkm.1.- @s consm, yo qu` `n imksufm b` koroklos (cruto `sp`iæceio) pu`b` sustetuers` pmr `n imksufm b`mtro cruto imk foymr coienebob qu` sustetuer `n imksufm b` cruto `k a`k`ron pmr mtrm je`k qu` p`rfetosotescoi`r no fesfo k`i`sebob. Wmr toktm, no b`fokbo b` koroklos s`rï fïs `nïsteio on t`k`r fïs yf`lmr`s sustetutms qu` no cruto `k a`k`ron.4.- @n åxetm b` `sto f`bebo b`p`kb`rï b` no `nosteiebob b` no b`fokbo b` `ktrobos. Ye no b`fokbo`s jostokt` `nïsteio, no r`buiieùk `k `n pr`iem b` nos `ktrobos `k uko b`t`rfekobo prmpmrieùkekir`f`ktorï no v`kto b` `ktrobos `k uko prmpmrieùk foymr y, imfm imks`iu`kieo no r`iouboieùks`rï sup`remr. Ye no b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteio, no v`kto b` `ktrobos ouf`ktorï prmpmriemkonf`kt`pmim y no r`iouboieùk s` v`rï r`buiebo.5.-o) Ieaorrennms< `n tojoim ir`o obeiieùk, pmr nm toktm, on f`kms o imrtm pnozm (pmrqu` o noram pnozmpu`b` `n imksufebmr b`lor `n veiem) no b`fokbo `s jostokt` ek`nïsteio. O noram pnozm `s fïs cïienoportors` b`n dïjetm b` cufor< no b`fokbo s`rï `nïsteio.j) Wok< `s uk je`k qu` nms imksufebmr`s imkseb`rok k`i`sorem (sonvm nms qu` `stïk doie`kbm be`toporo ob`naozor) y te`k` pmims sustetutms. Yu b`fokbo s`rï ek`nïsteio.i) Pko forio b` i`rv`zo< `s cïien b` sustetuer pmr mtros forios se ouf`kto `n pr`iem. @k a`k`ron nob`fokbo s`rï `nïsteio.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:29Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
b) Yon< `n aostm `k son supmk` a`k`ronf`kt` uko port` ækcefo b`n pr`supu`stm b` nms imksufebmr`sob`fïs `s becæien `kimktror sustetutms. No b`fokbo s`rï ek`nïsteio`) @ktrobos on iek`< `s uk je`k imkseb`robm imfm pr`siekbejn` pmr nms imksufebmr`s y qu` s` domjs`rvobm, te`k` jostokt`s sustetutms< RS, veb`m, mtrms `sp`itïiunms, `ti. No b`fokbo `s, `ka`k`ron `nïsteio.c) Aosmneko< `n dïjetm b`n usm b`n outmfùven prevobm s` `kiu`ktro fuy orroeaobm o p`sor b` qu` `kfuidos miosemk`s `n trokspmrt` püjneim `s uk ju`k sustetutm. Wmr `nnm, s` mjs`rvo uko fuy n`v`r`buiieùk b`n imksufm b` aosmneko iuokbm ouf`kto `n pr`iem8 no b`fokbo `s fuy ek`nïsteio.a) @k`raæo `nåitreio< su b`fokbo `s ek`nïsteio o imrtm pnozm. O noram pnozm s` pu`b` r``fpnozorpmr cu`kt`s b` `k`raæo ont`rkotevos (aos ieubob, `k`raæo smnor, `ti.)?7.-o)
?. Uot`s b` pos`m< smk uk je`k b` nulm, no `nosteiebob r`kto s`rï pmsetevo y foymr qu` ? :. Onef`ktms< smk uk je`k b` pref`ro k`i`sebob, pmr toktm, no `nosteiebob r`kto s`rï pmsetevop`rm f`kmr qu` ? 9. Sekm `kvosobm `k iortùk< `s uk je`k ekc`remr, no `nosteiebob r`kto s`rï k`aotevo. On ouf`ktorno r`kto nms imksufebmr`s vok b`fokbokbm vekm b` f`lmr`s ionebob`s.2. Lmyos< smk uk je`k b` nulm, no `nosteiebob r`kto s`rï pmsetevo y foymr qu` ? 0. Rrokspmrt` püjneim< `s uk je`k ekc`remr, no nosteiebob r`kto s`rï k`aotevo. On ouf`ktor nor`kto nms imksufebmr`s vok sustetuy`kbm `n trokspmrt` püjneim pmr mtrm f`bem b` nmimfmieùk
(outmfùven, fmtm, `ti.) qu` n`s p`rfeto foymr nej`rtob b` fmvefe`ktm.3. S`stuorem< smk uk je`k b` pref`ro k`i`sebob, no `nosteiebob r`kto s rï pmsetevo p`rm f`kmrqu` ?. Ye s` deie`ro no bestekieùk `ktr` v`stuorem kmrfon y oqu`n b` „forio‖, `sto s`aukboiot`amræo s` imkseb`roræo uk je`k b` nulm imk uko `nosteiebob r`kto foymr qu` ?.
j) ?. Oi`et` b` mnevo y oi`et` b` aerosmn. @stms bms je`k`s smk sustetutms (sotescoi`k no fesfok`i`sebob). No `nosteiebob iruzobo s`rï pmsetevo.:. Aosmneko y outmfùven. @stms bms je`k`s smk imfpn`f`ktorems (smk k`i`sorems ofjmsimkluktof`kt` poro sotescoi`r uko k`i`sebob). No `nosteiebob iruzobo s`rï k`aotevo.?.-@k a`k`ron, s` `kte`kb` qu` uk oa`kt` `s roiemkon iuokbm b`ieb` sus oiiemk`s b cmrfoimd`r`kt` imk sus mjl`tevms. Ye s` opneio on imksufebmr, s`rï roiemkon se`fpr` qu` `nelo ukoi`sto b` je`k`s b` imksufm qu` n` p`rfeto mjt`k`r no fïxefo sotescoiieùk (qu` `s su cukieùkmjl`tevm) b`ktrm b` su r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo (r`kto bespmkejn` y pr`iems b` nms je`k`s). @k
mtros ponojros, se`fpr` qu` `nelo nm qu` pr`ce`r` b`ktrm b` nm qu` pu`b`.?:.- On besfekuer `n pr`iem b`n je`k T , beidm je`k s` ojoroto r`notevof`kt` imk r`sp`itm on je`k U . @nimkluktm pr`supu`storem ouf`kto, on aeror no r`ito b` jonoki` `k s`ktebm okte dmrorem,ekir`f`ktïkbms` nos pmsejenebob`s b` `n`iieùk. @n imksufebmr pmbræo mptor, imk nms ku`vmspr`iems, pmr imksufer no ioktebob b`n je`k O ekeieon (T 7 ) y uko ioktebob b`n je`k U foymr (U ? ), mimksufer no ioktebob ekeieon b`n je`k U (U 7 ) y uko ioktebob foymr b`n je`k T (T ? ). @ktr` ofjospmseiemk`s `xtr`fos opor`i` uko aofo b` pmsejenebob`s `k nos qu` `n ekbevebum pu`b` imksuferfïs b` ofjms je`k`s. @n ojorotofe`ktm b`n je`k T p`rfet`, pmr toktm, qu` ouf`kt`k nosioktebob`s oii`sejn`s b` ofjms je`k`s.No smnuieùk arïceio `s tor`o b`n onufkm.?9.- Ye `n pr`iem b` tmbms nms je`k`s y b` no r`kto b`n imksufebmr ouf`ktok `k no fesfo prmpmrieùk(uk 9%), `n imkluktm pr`supu`storem km voræo. @n imksufebmr `storï imfm on prekiepem.Ye nms pr`iems b` tmbms nms je`k`s ouf`ktok `k uk 0%, no r`ito b` jonoki` s` b`spnozorï
poron`nof`kt` doieo no ezque`rbo besfekuy`kbm nos pmsejenebob`s b` `n`iieùk b`n imksufebmr. Yebesfekuy` no r`kto b`n imksufebmr `k uk 0% no r`ito b` jonoki` s` b`spnozoræo poron`nof`kt`doieo no ezque`rbo `k no fesfo iuoktæo qu` `k `n iosm okt`remr. @n imksufebmr b`j`ræo s`rekbec`r`kt` `ktr` uk ouf`ktm a`k`ronezobm b` nms pr`iems m uko besfekuieùk b` su r`kto `k nofesfo prmpmrieùk, pu`stm qu` sus `c`itms smk ebåkteims.?2.- „Wr`c`rer‖< nos pr`c`r`kieos b`n imksufebmr ve`k`k r`cn`lobos, `k no t`mræo `imkùfeio, pmr ukocukieùk b` utenebob qu` mrb`ko nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s `ktr` nos qu` smk fïs pr`c`rebos,eauonf`kt` pr`c`rebos (smjr` no fesfo iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo) m f`kms pr`c`rebos pmr `n ekbevebum.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:22Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
„Wmb`r‖< Nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` `n imksufebmr pu`b` oniokzor m qu` n` smk oii`sejn`sve`k`k r`cn`lobos, `k no t`mræo `imkùfeio, pmr su r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo qu` b`p`kb` b` nmspr`iems b` nms je`k`s y b` no r`kto b`n ekbevebum.„@n`aer‖< @n imksufebmr `n`aerï oqu`nno imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s fïs pr`c`rejn` b` `ktr` tmbos nosqu` n` smk oii`sejn`s. B`sb` `n puktm b` vesto b` no t`mræo `imkùfeio, `n`aerï oqu`nno imfjekoieùkb` je`k`s poro nms qu` no iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo `s toka`kt` o no r`ito b` jonoki`, `s b`ier, bmkb`no r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk b` nms je`k`s `s eauon o su pr`iem r`notevm.?0.- @s v`rbob qu` kobe` vo o imfpror imk sus iurvos b` ekbec`r`kieo y r`ito b` jonoki`bejulobos, oukqu` sæ imfprorï ton v`z b` cmrfo km b`n tmbm imkie`kt`, oqu`nnm qu` fïs n` aust``ktr` tmbm nm qu` pu`bo p`rfeter bobms ukms pr`iems y no r`kto b` qu` bespmkao. No t`mræo`imkùfeio b`n imksufebmr `s sùnm uk fmb`nm sefpneceiobm qu` ekt`kto r`ima`r `st`imfpmrtofe`ktm
WZMJN@FOY KPFÅZEIMY
?.- No seaue`kt` tojno ekbeio nos ukebob`s prmbuiebos b` zopotms (_ ) utenezokbm bestektos ioktebob`sb` trojolm (N ), se`kbm nms b`fïs coitmr`s imkstokt`s.
N ? : 9 2 0 3 1 4 5 ?7
_ 0 ?? ?4 :3 99 95 22 24 0? 09
Y`ÿonor `n puktm o porter b`n iuon imfe`kzo o fokec`stors` no n`y b` r`kbefe`ktms b`ir`ie`kt`s.
:.- Pk ie`rtm poæs `stï bmtobm b` nms seaue`kt`s coitmr`s prmbuitevms<Re`rro ( R ) 6 3 ukebob`sIopeton (H ) 6 4 ukebob`sRrojolm (N ) 6 2 ukebob`s
Wu`b` prmbuier tok sùnm bms je`k`s Oy J . Nos imfjekoiemk`s b` coitmr`s qu` bok nuaor o nmsprmbuitms ve`k`k bobos pmr nos seaue`kt`s tojnos<
Re`rro (R) Rrojolm (N) Je`k O3
33333
7
?:920
7
:7779377247703773777
Iopeton (H) Rrojolm (N) Je`k J44444
4
7?:92
0
7:77937247037
377
o) Mjt`k`r nms puktms b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk y r`pr`s`ktor arïceiof`kt`j) Y`ÿonor nos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` s`o ekoii`sejn` y mtro oii`sejn`i) Y`ÿonor uko imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s qu` s`o `ceie`kt` y mtro ek`ceie`kt`
9.- Z`pr`s`ktor, `fpn`okbm nms botms b`n `l`rieiem :, nms b`spnozofe`ktms qu` `xp`ref`ktorï nocrmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk iuokbm t`kaok nuaor nms seaue`kt`s iofjems<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:20Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
o) Nos bmtoiemk`s b` trojolm ouf`ktok `k 0 ukebob`sj) Nos bmtoiemk`s b` trojolm s` r`bui`k `k 9 ukebob`s.
2.- @k no setuoieùk b`sireto `k `n `l`rieiem :, te`k` nuaor uko f`lmro t`ikmnùaeio `k no prmbuiieùk b`nje`k J , r`cn`lobo `k no seaue`kt` tojno<
Iopeton (H) Rrojolm (N) Je`k J444444
7?:920
79372470373773:7
Mjt`k`r y r`pr`s`ktor no ku`vo crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk ekbeiokbm `nb`spnozofe`ktm qu` `xp`ref`ktorï imk r`sp`itm o no ekeieon.
0.- @k uk poæs s` prmbui`k tok sùnm bms je`k`s< `n je`k O y `n je`k J . Nos bmtoiemk`s b` trojolm,qu` `s `n ükeim coitmr qu` s` utenezo `k no prmbuiieùk b` ofjms je`k`s, s` nefetok o 93 ukebob`s.Nos r`noiemk`s `ktr` nos ioktebob`s b` je`k`s prmbuiebms (O m J ) y nos ioktebob`s b` trojolm (N )
utenezobm smk nos seaue`kt`s< O 6 2∕N J 6 4∕N?/:
o) Ioniunor nos ioktebob`s fïxefos b`n je`k O qu` pu`b`k mjt`k`rs` se km s` cojreio kobo b`nje`k J y nos ioktebob`s fïxefos b`n je`k J se km s` cojreio kobo b`n je`kO j) Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk b` `sto `imkmfæo,bejül`no.i) Re`k` nuaor uk ouf`ktm b` nos bmtoiemk`s b` trojolm b` no smie`bob dosto oniokzor nos 25 ukebob`s. Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` no ku`vo crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk yr`pr`s`ktorno arïceiof`kt` ekbeiokbm su b`spnozofe`ktm.b) Imk nos bmtoiemk`s ekeieon`s b` trojolm (93 ukebob`s) te`k` nuaor uko f`lmro t`ikmnùaeio `kno prmbuiieùk `n je`k O ton qu` no prmbuiieùk qu` `xpr`sobo imfm< O 6 3∕N Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` no ku`vo crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk y r`pr`s`ktornoarïceiof`kt` ekbeiokbm su b`spnozofe`ktm.
`) Imk nos bmtoiemk`s ekeieon`s b` trojolm (:0 ukebob`s) y nos t`ikmnmaæos ekeieon`s te`k`k nuaorukos f`lmros t`ikmnùaeios `k no mjt`kieùk b` nms bms je`k`s ton qu` sus prmbuiiemk`s qu`bok`xpr`sobos imfm<
O 6 3∕N J 6 ?:∕N?/: Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` no ku`vo crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk y r`pr`s`ktornoarïceiof`kt` ekbeiokbm su b`spnozofe`ktm.
3.-On ouf`ktor `n pr`iem b` uk prmbuitm b` ?,: o ?,2 ukebob`s fmk`toreos (u.f.), no ioktebobb`fokbobo s` r`bui` b` ?: o ?7 fennmk`s b` tmk`nobos.
o) Ioniunor no `nosteiebob orim b` no b`fokbo.j) ½Iuïn s`ræo `n ekir`f`ktm pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo se `n pr`iem s` r`bul`s` `kuk 9%=i) ½Ouf`ktorïk m besfekuerïk nms ekar`sms b` nms v`kb`bmr`s on r`buiers` `n pr`iem= ½Wmr
quå=b) ½@s `st` je`k kmrfon m ekc`remr=
1.- Ioniunor no `nosteiebob pr`iem b` nos seaue`kt`s iurvos b` b`fokbo poro uk pr`iem b` :0.o) T B 6 ?07 ’ :W T j) T B 6 :77 ’ :W T
4.- No iurvo b` b`fokbo b` uk je`k `s<
T B 6 ?07 ’ W T
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:23Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Ioniunor `n pr`iem poro `n qu` no `nosteiebob `s 7.0
5.- No cukieùk b` b`fokbo b`n je`k T `s<
T B 6 :7 ’ :W T + 7.0W U + 7.7?Z
Ye s` bok nms seaue`kt`s botms<W T 6 0 pr`iem b`n je`k T W U 6 2 pr`iem b`n je`k U Z 6 977 ekar`sm m r`kto b` nms imksufebmr`s
o) Ioniunor nos `nosteiebob`s b` no b`fokbo- Imk r`sp`itm o W T - Imk r`sp`itm o W U
- Imk r`sp`itm o Z j) B`sirejer nos ioroit`ræsteios b`n je`k T .i) ½Ouf`ktoræok m besfekueræok nms ekar`sms b` nms v`kb`bmr`s se `n pr`iem s` ekir`f`ktos``k uk :%=
?7.- No iurvo b` mc`rto b` uk je`k `s<
T Y 6 7.0W T
Ioniunor no `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto. ½Soræo no `nosteiebob se kms b`spnozofms o nm noram b` no iurvob` mc`rto=
??.-Pk imksufebmr qu` te`k` uko r`kto (m ekar`sm) b` 477 u.f. pu`b` `n`aer `ktr` bms je`k`s T U .Yu r`ito b` jonoki` imrto on `l` `k `n qu` s` feb` T `k :7 ukebob`s y on `l` `k `n qu` s` feb` U k0 ukebob`s.
o) Bejulor no r`ito b` jonoki`j) Ioniunor nms pr`iems b` nms bms je`k`s, no `xpr`seùk b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo y b` nor`ito b` jonoki`.
i) ½Iuïn `s `n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s=b) Bejulor no ku`vo r`ito b` jonoki` y ioniunor no `xpr`seùk b` no ku`vo r`streiieùkpr`supu`storeo, se `n pr`iem b`n je`k U ouf`kto `k : ukebob`s fmk`toreos.`) Ioniunor `n ku`vm pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s.
?:.- Y` soj` qu` uk imksufebmr `s ekbec`r`kt` `ktr` nos seaue`kt`s imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s<
Imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s okt` nos qu` `nimksufebmr s` fu`stro ekbec`r`kt`
Je`k T Je`k U9092
999:9?
?9?9.:0
?9.:0?0?1
Ioniunor no r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk `k iobo ukm b` nms iosms ` ekt`rpr`tor nms r`suntobms.
?9.- Ptenezor nos seaue`kt`s cukiemk`s b` utenebob<?) P ? 6 :TU :) P : 6 9TU
Woro mrb`kor s`aük nos pr`c`r`kieos nos seaue`kt`s imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:21Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
o) (T 6 ?, U 6 :) j) (T 6 :, U 6 :) i) (T 6 :, U 6 ?) b) (T 6 ?, U 6 2) `) (T 6 2, U 6 ?) c) (T 6 ?, U 6 9 ) a) (T 6 :, U 6 9) d) (T 6 9, U 6 9)
½@s no mrb`koieùk no fesfo imk ofjos cukiemk`s= ½Wmbræo b`iers` qu` ofjos cukiemk`s b`utenebob r`pr`s`ktok `xoitof`kt` nos fesfos pr`c`r`kieos=½_uå seakeceiobm te`k` `n kev`n b`utenebob ioniunobm poro iobo imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s=
?2.- Pk imksufebmr qu` te`k` uko r`kto m ekar`sms b` ?77 u.f. pu`b` `n`aer `ktr` bms je`k`s T `U .o) @n pr`iem b`n je`k T `s b` :7 u. f. y `n pr`iem b`n je`k U b` 0 u. f. Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` nor`ito b` jonoki` y bejulorno. Ioniunor `n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s.j) @n pr`iem b`n je`k T besfekuy` setuïkbms` `k ?7 u. f. Bejulor no ku`vo r`ito b` jonoki` yioniunor su `xpr`seùk. Mjt`k`r `n ku`vm pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s.
?0.- No cukieùk b` utenebob b`n prmjn`fo 2.-) `s<P 6 T : ∕U
o) Mjt`k`r nos ioktebob`s b`fokbobos b` T ` U poro nms oportobms o), j) b`n prmjn`fo okt`remrj) Bejulor no iurvo b` b`fokbo b`n je`k T .
YMNPIEÙK0.- Rrojolm< N 6 93 ukebob`s
O 6 2∕N J 6 4∕N?/:
o) B`seakokbm imfm N O o no ioktebob b` trojolm qu` s` b`steko o no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k O, y N J b`kmto no ioktebob b` trojolm qu` s` b`steko o no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k J .@k `n iosm `k qu` km s` prmbui` kekauko ioktebob b`n je`k J <
N J 6 7 N O 6 93U pmr nm toktm< J 6 24 ukebob`sj) Rmbms nms puktms b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk sotescoi`k no pn`ko utenezoieùk b`nms r`iursms b` no `imkmfæo. @k imks`iu`kieo s` b`j` iufpner<
N O + N J 6 93 6; N O 6 93 ’ N J No prmbuiieùk b`n je`k J o porter b` no utenezoieùk b`n coitmr trojolm s` b`cek` o porter b` no seaue`kt``iuoieùk< J 6 4∕N?/:
U pmr toktm: :
J O
J J N N 93
32 32
Yustetuy`kbm `k no `iuoieùk qu` b`cek` no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k O `k cukieùk b` no ioktebob b`trojolm, s` te`k` qu`<
: :
J J O 2 93 O ?22 32 ?3
,qu` `s no `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no crmkt`ro b`
pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.@n arïceim n` qu`bo on onufkmi) No bmtoieùk b` r`iursms b` no `imkmfæo do ouf`ktobm b` fok`ro qu`<
N O + N J 6 25 6; N O 6 25 ’ N J No prmbuiieùk b`n je`k J o porter b` no utenezoieùk b`n coitmr trojolm s` fokte`k` ekont`robm y pmrtoktm<
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:24Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:
J
J N
32
, sustetuy`kbm s` te`k`<:
O
J N 25
32
Z``fpnozokbm `k no `iuoieùk qu` b`cek` no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k O `k cukieùk b` no ioktebob b`trojolm, s` te`k`<
: :
J J O 2 25 O ?53 32 ?3
, qu` `s no ku`vo `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no crmkt`ro
b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.@n arïceim qu`bo on onufkm.b)Y` fokte`k` no fesfo bmtoieùk b` coitmr`s qu` `k no setuoieùk ekeieon<
N O + N J 6 93 6; N O 6 93 ’ N J
No prmbuiieùk b`n je`k J o porter b` no utenezoieùk b`n coitmr trojolm s` b`cek` o porter b` no seaue`kt``iuoieùk< J 6 4∕N?/:
Wmr nm toktm: :
J O
J J N N 93
32 32
U r``fpnozokbm `k no `iuoieùk qu` b`cek` no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k O `k cukieùk b` no ioktebob b`trojolm, s` te`k` qu`<
: : J J O 3 93 O :?3
32 ?7,31
_u` `s no `xpr`seùk fot`fïteio b` no ku`vo crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.Y` prmbui` uk fmvefe`ktm b` aerm b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk `k tmrkm on puktmqu` r`pr`s`kto nos fïxefos pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuier `n je`k J se km s` b`beio kobo b` trojolm o noprmbuiieùk b`n mtrm je`k.@n arïceim `s tor`o b`n onufkm.
`) Y` fokte`k` qu`< N O + N J 6 93 6; N O 6 93 ’ N J
No prmbuiieùk b`n je`k J o porter b` no utenezoieùk b`n coitmr trojolm s` b`cek` o porter b` no seaue`kt``iuoieùk< J 6 ?:∕N?/:
Wmr toktm<:
J
J N
?22 6;
:
O
J N 93
?22
Z``fpnozokbm `k no `iuoieùk qu` b`cek` no prmbuiieùk b`n je`k O `k cukieùk b` no ioktebob b`trojolm, s` te`k`<
: : J J O 3 93 O :?3
?22 :2
_u` `s no `xpr`seùk b` no ku`vo crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk.@sto crmkt`ro s` b`spnozo doieo cu`ro ekbeiokbm foymr`s pmsejenebob`s `k no prmbuiieùk b` ofjmsje`k`s y s`ÿonokbm nms `c`itms b` nos f`lmros t`ikmnùaeios.@n arïceim, `s tor`o b`n onufkm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:25Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
3.- No cùrfuno b` no `nosteiebob ’ pr`iem b` no b`fokbo `s<
7 ?
B
W 7 ? T
W W T :
T T W :
Ye s` n` sustetuy`k nms botms b`n prmjn`fo s` te`k`<
W
?.: ?.2 : : ?.9 : ?.?4
?: ?7 7.: 7.: ??
:
B`fokbo `nïsteio
Woro mjt`k`r `n ekir`f`ktm pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo, s` te`k` qu` funtepneior nor`buiieùk pmri`ktuon b`n pr`iem prmpu`sto pmr `n vonmr b` no `nosteiebob pr`iem, yo qu` pr`iesof`kt`åsto ekbeio no voreoieùk pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo iuokbm `n pr`iem voræo `k ?%
@s b`ier< B T W T % W % 9 ?.?4 9.02%
o) Iuokbm no b`fokbo `s `nïsteio, imfm `k `st` iosm, uko r`buiieùk `k `n pr`iem a`k`ro ukouf`ktm `k no ioktebob b`fokbobo foymr y, pmr toktm, nms ekar`sms b` nms v`kb`bmr`s (ER 6 W T ∕ T) ouf`ktorïk.
b) Woro imkmi`r no r`spu`sto o `sto pr`aukto s` r`que`r` no `nosteiebob-r`kto b` no b`fokbo, y kmpu`b` s`r ioniunobo. No `nosteiebob-pr`iem km serv` poro b`ceker `n je`k imfm kmrfon m ekc`remr.
1.- Yustetuy`kbm `n pr`iem `k iobo `iuoieùk b` b`fokbo s` pu`b` mjt`k`r no ioktebob b`fokboboimrr`spmkbe`kt` (puktm smjr` no iurvo b` b`fokbo), poro opneior b`spuås no `xpr`seùk b` no`nosteiebob `k iobo iosm.
W T 6 :0 8B T
W T B
bT W
bW T
o) T B 6 ?07 ’ :W T 6 ?07 ’ 07 6 ?77
W
:0 ( : ) 7.0
?77 B`fokbo ek`nïsteio
j) T B 6 :77 ’ :W T 6 :77 ’ 07 6 ?07
W
:0 ( : ) 7.99
?07 B`fokbo ek`nïsteio
4.- Josto opneior no cùrfuno b` no `nosteiebob, sustetuy`kbm no ioktebob b`fokbobo pmr su `xpr`seùkokonæteio ` eauonokbm no `nosteiebob on vonmr prmpu`stm s` b`sp`lo `n pr`iem.
B T T W W
T B T
T T T
bT W W 7.0 ( ?) 7.0
bW T ?07 W
10 W ( ?07 W ) 7.0 W 07
?.0
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:07Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
5.- Wref`rm s` sustetuy`k tmbos nos voreojn`s b` no cukieùk b` b`fokbo pmr sus vonmr`s, b` cmrfoqu` s` mjte`k` `n vonmr b` no ioktebob b`fokbobo, qu` s`rï `n fesfm `k tmbms nms iosms.
T B 6 :7 ’ : ∕ (0) + 7.0 ∕(2) + 7.7? ∕(977) 6 ?0
o) odmro s` opneiok nos cùrfunos b` no `nosteiebob poro iobo iosm<
?. B T W
T B
bT W 0 ( : ) 7.33 ? (ek nïsteio)
bW T ?0
:. B U TU
U B
bT W 2 7.0 7.?9 7 (sustetutms)
bW T ?0
9.
B Z
B
bT Z 977 7.7? 7.:
bZ T ?0
Imfm 7 > 7.: > ? T s uk je`k kmrfon b` pref ro k`i sebob
j) @n je`k T `s b` b`fokbo ek`nïsteio, sustetutm b`n je`k U y `s uk je`k kmrfon b` pref`rok`i`sebob.
i) Woro `nnm s` funtepneio `n ekir`f`ktm pmri`ktuon b`n pr`iem pmr `n vonmr b` no `nosteiebob-pr`iem<
B T W T % W % : 7.33 ?.9:
Bobm qu` `n ekir`f`ktm b`n pr`iem a`k`ro uko r`buiieùk `k no ioktebob b`fokbobo f`kmr, nmsekar`sms b` nms v`kb`bmr`s, iuyo `xpr`seùk `sER 6 W T ∕ T , ouf`ktorïk
?7.- Y` mjte`k` no `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto opneiokbm su cùrfuno o nms botms b`n `kukieobm<
Y T T Y
T Y T
bT W W 7.0 ? ( nosteiebob uketoreo)
bW T 7.0 W
Bobm qu` s` `stï okt` uko iurvo b` mc`rto r`ito qu` poso pmr `n mrea`k b` immrb`kobos, no`nosteiebob `s uketoreo `k tmbms sus puktms.
??.- o) `n arïceim `s tor`o b`n onufkmj) Nms pr`iems b` nms bms je`k`s s` pu`b`k mjt`k`r b` b`sp`lor nos seaue`kt`s `xpr`semk`s<
T T T
U U U
Z 477 477
:7 W 27 W W :7
Z 477 477 0 W ?37
W W 0
No `xpr`seùk b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo `s<
T U Z W T W U
477 27 T ?37 U
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:0?Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No r`ito b` jonoki` `s `n næfet` sup`remr b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo<
T U Z W T W U
477 27 T ?37 U
B`sp`lokbm, s` mjte`k` no `xpr`seùk b` no r`ito b` jonoki`<
477 27 U T
?37 ?37
U 0 7.:0T
i) @n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s `s<
T
U
W 27 7.:0
W ?37
b) No ku`vo `xpr`seùk b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo `s<
T U Z W T W U
477 27 T ?3: U
Yustetuy`kbm `k no r`ito b` jonoki` `n ku`vm pr`iem, s` mjte`k` no `xpr`seùk<
477 27 U T
?3: ?3:
U 2.52 7.:2T
No smnuieùk arïceio `s tor`o b`n onufkm.
`) @n pr`iem r`notevm `s odmro<
T
U?
W 27 7.:21
W ?3:
?:.-
Imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s okt` nos qu` `n imksufebmr s`fu`stro ekbec`r`kt`
Roso foraekon b`sustetuieùk
Je`k T ΒT Je`k U ΒU RFY6 - (ΒU/ΒT) 9092999:9?
---- ?- ?- ?- ?
?9?9.:0?9.10?0?1
---7.:07.07?.:0:
---7.:07.07?.:0:
No r`noieùk foraekon b` sustetuieùk r`pr`s`kto `n küf`rm b` ukebob`s obeiemkon`s b`n je`k U qu`doy qu` `ktr`aor poro imfp`ksor no pårbebo b` uko ukebob b`n je`k T b` cmrfo qu` `n imksufebmrs` fokt`kao ekbec`r`kt`. Iuoktos f`kms ukebob`s b`n je`k T n` qu`b`k on ekbevebum, fïs ukebob`sobeiemkon`s b`n je`k U s`rïk k`i`soreos poro imfp`ksor no pårbebo.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:0:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
?9.- Yustetuy`kbm nms vonmr`s b` T U k nos cukiemk`s b` utenebob P ? 6:TU y P : 69TU .
Son mr`s b` T U P ? 6 :TU Mrb`k P ? P : 6 9TU Mrb`k P : o)( T6?, U6: )j)( T6:, U6: )i)( T6:, U6? )b)( T6?, U62 )`)( T62, U6? ) c)( T6?, U69 ) a)( T6:, U69 )d)( T69, U69 )
24
2443?:?4
0ª 9ª
0ª 9ª 9ª 2ª :ª ?ª
3?:
3?:?:5?4:1
0ª 9ª
0ª 9ª 9ª 2ª :ª ?ª
Imfm no cukieùk b` utenebob P : `s uko trokscmrfoieùk fmkùtmko ir`ie`kt` b`P ? no mrb`koieùk b`pr`c`r`kieos `s no fesfo.
Mrb`k b` pr`c`r`kieo Imfjekoiemk`s ?ª d):ª a)9ª j), b) y `) smk imfjekoiemk`s eauonf`kt`
Wr`c`rebos. @storïk `k no fesfo iurvo b`ekbec`r`kieo
2ª c)0ª o) y i) smk imfjekoiemk`s eauonf`kt` pr`c`rebos.@storïk `k no fesfo iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo
?2.- o) No `xpr`seùk b` no r`ito b` jonoki` `s<
T
U U
W Z ?77 :7 U T U T U :7 2 T
W W 0 0
@n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s `s<
T
U
W :7 2
W 0
@n arïceim `s tor`o b`n onufkm.
j) Ye s` sustetuy` `k no r`ito b` jonoki`, `n ku`vm pr`iem, s` pu`b` mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk<
T ?
U U
W Z ?77 ?7 U T U T U :7 :T
W W 0 0
@n pr`iem r`notevm odmro s`rï<
T ?
U
W ?7 :
W 0
@n arïceim b` no smnuieùk `s tor`o b`n onufkm.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:09Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
?0.- Y` soj` qu` nos ioktebob`s b`fokbobos b` ofjms je`k`s s` mjte`k`k on eauonor no RF Y oniumie`kt` b` nms pr`iems, `s b`ier<
² T ² : U
T
U
P :TU :U RFY
T P T
W :7 2 W 0
Nu`am
:U 2 T 7.0U
T
Yustetuy`kbm `k no `iuoieùk b` no r`ito b` jonoki`<
T
U U
W Z ?77 :7 U T U ( 7.0U )
W W 0 0
:7 U :7 :U U 3.33
9
T 7.0U 7.0 3.33 9.99
Y` mjte`k`k nos ioktebob`s b`fokbobos b` T ` U
Wrmi`be`kbm b` no fesfo fok`ro, p`rm odmro imk uk pr`iem b` ?7 u.f. poro `n je`k T <² T ² : U
T
U
T ?
U U
P :TU :U RF Y
T P T
W ?7 :
W 0
:U
: T U T
W Z ?77 ?7 U T U U
W W 0 0
:7 U :7 :U U 3.33 T U 3.33
9
On besfekuer `n pr`iem b` T , s` mjte`k` no fesfo ioktebob b`n je`k U qu` `k `n iosm okt`remr, oukqu`uko foymr ioktebob b`n je`k T . No ioktebob imksufebo b`n je`k U `s ekb`p`kbe`kt` b`n pr`iem b`nje`k T .
j) No smnuieùk arïceio `s tor`o b`n onufkm
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:02Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
WZMJN@FOY WZMWP@YRMY
?.- @xpneior pmr quå no `sios`z nn`vo o no `n`iieùk y åsto on imstm b` mpmrtukebob. @xpmk`r onaukob`ieseùk qu` doyo t`kebm qu` tmfor üntefof`kt`<½iuïn `ro `n r`iursm `siosm=, ½`k quå imstm b`mpmrtukebob ekiurræo=, ½ir`` qu` nos p`rsmkos `stïk tmfokbm imkstokt`f`kt` b`iesemk`s`imkùfeios=
:.- Ekbequ`, `k iobo ukm b` nms iosms, se no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk s` b`spnozodoieo no b`r`ido, doieo no ezque`rbo m km s` b`spnozo.o) F`lmro no t`ikmnmaæoj) s` prmbui` uko ekv`rseùk `k foquekoreoi) Y` r`onezo uko `xpokseùk b` no `buioieùk y no cmrfoieùk prmc`semkonb) Onaukos p`rsmkos, qu` s` `kimktrojok b`s`fpn`obos, `kiu`ktrok `fpn`m`) Nos `fpr`sos b`ieb`k utenezor onaukos foquekoreos qu` p`rfok`iæok efprmbuitevosc) Pk t`rr`fmtm b`struy` nos cïjreiosa) Pko port` b` nms trojolobmr`s `fearok doieo mtrms poæs`sd) On io`r nos v`ktos, nms `fpr`sorems ie`rrok voreos pnoktos b` cojreioieùk `k `sp`ro b` f`lmr`ste`fpms.
9.- Imkseb`rokbm no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk `ktr` onef`ktm y v`stuorem s` mjs`rvo
qu` iuokbm f`lmro no t`ikmnmaæo `k no prmbuiieùk b` rmpo no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s s` b`spnozob` ton fok`ro qu` p`rfet` prmbuier km sùnm fïs ioktebob`s b` v`stuorems, sekm tofjeåk foymrioktebob b` onef`ktms p`rm no fesfo ioktebob b` rmpo. ½Iùfm s` pu`b` `xpneior `st` d`idm=
2.-No seaue`kt` tojno ekbeio nos ukebob`s b` tmrkennms (_ ) utenezokbm bestektos ioktebob`s b` trojolm(N ) se`kbm nms b`fïs coitmr`s imkstokt`s.
N ?? ?: ?9 ?2 ?0 ?3 ?1 ?4 ?5 :7_ ??7 ?:9 ?91 ?07 ?3? ?17 ?11 ?4: ?40 ?43
Y`ÿonor `n puktm o porter b`n iuon imfe`kzo o fokec`stors` no n`y b` r`kbefe`ktms b`ir`ie`kt`s.
0.- Pko smie`bob prefetevo b`n Ofozmkos iuyos bmtoiemk`s b` coitmr`s smk<
Re`rro (R ) 6 9 ukebob`sD`rrofe`ktos (H ) 6 : ukebob`sRrojolm (N ) 6 2 ukebob`s
Wu`b` prmbuier tok sùnm bms je`k`s< imims y iokmos. Nos imfjekoiemk`s b` coitmr`s qu` bok nuaoro nms prmbuitms ve`k`k bobos `k nos seaue`kt`s tojnos<
Re rr o (R) Rrojolm (N) Imims (O)99999
9
7?:92
0
7:07207377177
107
D`rrofe`ktos (H) Rrojolm (N) Iokmos (J)::::::
7?:920
705?:?2?0
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:00Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
o) Mjt`k`r nms puktms b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk y r`pr`s`ktor arïceiof`kt``sto crmkt`roj) Y`ÿonor uko imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s qu` s`o ekoii`sejn` y mtro oii`sejn`i) Y`ÿonor uko imfjekoieùk b` je`k`s qu` s`o `ceie`kt` y mtro ek`ceie`kt`b) Ioniunor `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` mjt`k`r uko iokmo obeiemkon iuokbm `sto smie`bob prefetevokm `stï prmbuie`kbm kekauko (p`rm utenezo tmbms nms coitmr`s bespmkejn`s)`) Ioniunor `n imstm b` mpmrtukebob b` mjt`k`r uko iokmo obeiemkon iuokbm s` `stï prmbuie`kbm 0iokmos. ½Wmr quå `s bestektm on ioniunobm `k `n puktm b)=c) Fmstror qu` se s` utenezok tok sùnm : ukebob`s b` trojolm, pmbræo r`onezor uk iofjem qu`p`rfete`s` ouf`ktor sefuntïk`of`kt` nos ioktebob`s prmbuiebos b` nms bms je`k`s m no b` ukm b``nnms sek r`buier no b`n mtrm.
3.- Z`pr`s`ktor, utenezokbm nms botms b`n `l`rieiem 0.) nms b`spnozofe`ktms qu` `xp`ref`ktorï nocrmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk iuokbm t`kaok nuaor nms seaue`kt`s iofjems<o) Nos bmtoiemk`s b` trojolm ouf`ktok `k 0 ukebob`s.j) Imk nms botms ekeieon`s, no smie`bob poso o utenezor 9 ukebob`s b` trojolm iuokbm okt`s `stojoutenezokbm : i) Imk nms botms ekeieon`s, s` prmbui` uk iofjem t`ikmnùaeim `k no prmbuiieùk b` iokmos iuyo tojnoposo o s`r<
D`rrofe`ktos (H) Rrojolm (N) Iokmos (J)::::::
7?:920
75?9?3?4?5
1.- ½Iùfm s` troksfet` no ekcmrfoieùk `k uk sest`fo b` f`riobm=½Iuïn `s no ekcmrfoieùk qu`b`j` troksfeters` poro immrbekor nos oiiemk`s b` tmbms nms porteiepokt`s `k `n ekt`riofjem=
4.- @xpmk`r `n imki`ptm b` no „fokm ekvesejn`‖ qu` b`sirejeù Obof Yfetd. ½@ro poro `st` outmr ukprmjn`fo arov` qu` no a`kt` oituoro b` cmrfo `amæsto= @xpnequ` nms iosms `k nms qu` `sto fokm
ekvesejn` km cukiemko b` cmrfo ob`iuobo y qu` lusteceiok, `k miosemk`s no ekt`rv`kieùk b` nooutmrebob.
5.- @xpneior nos ioroit`ræsteios b`n fåtmbm ie`ktæceim qu` utenezo no `imkmfæo ½_uå `n`f`ktms doi`kqu` no `imkmfæo s` bec`r`kie` b` nos b`fïs ie`kieos smieon`s=
?7.- Pk ie`rtm poæs prmbui` smnof`kt` bms je`k`s< `n je`k Oy `n je`k J . Nos bmtoiemk`s b` trojolm,qu` `s `n ükeim coitmr qu` s` utenezo `k no prmbuiieùk b` ofjms je`k`s, s` nefetok o 32 ukebob`s.Nos r`noiemk`s `ktr` no ioktebob b` je`k`s prmbuiebms (O m J ) y no ioktebob b` trojolm (N ) utenezobmsmk nos seaue`kt`s<
O 6 ?7∕N?/: J 6 0∕N
o) Ioniunor nos ioktebob`s fïxefos b`n je`k O qu` pu`b`k mjt`k`rs` se km s` cojreio kobo b`n je`k
Jj) Ioniunor nos ioktebob`s fïxefos b`n je`k J qu` pu`bok mjt`k`rs` se km s` cojreio kobo b`n je`kO i) Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` no crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk b` `sto `imkmfæo yarocæqu`nob) Re`k` nuaor uk ouf`ktm b` nos bmtoiemk`s b` trojolm b` no smie`bob dosto oniokzor nos ?77 ukebob`s. Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` no ku`vo crmkt`ro b` pmsejenebob`s b` prmbuiieùk y r`pr`s`ktornoarïceiof`kt` ekbeiokbm su b`spnozofe`ktm.`) Imk nos bmtoiemk`s ekeieon`s b` trojolm (32 ukebob`s) te`k` nuaor uko f`lmro t`ikmnùaeio `k noprmbuiieùk b`n je`k O ton qu` su prmbuiieùk qu`bo `xpr`sobo imfm<
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:01Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
?4.- No cukieùk b` b`fokbo b`n je`k T `s<
T B 6 37 ’ 2W T + W U ’ 7.0W U ’ 7.0W \ ’ 7.?Z
Ye W T 6 1 (pr`iem b`n je`k T )W U 6 0 (pr`iem b`n je`k U )W \ 6 4 (pr`iem b`n je`k \ )Z 6 ?77 (r`kto m ekar`sm)
o) Ioniunor nos `nosteiebob`s b` no b`fokbo imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem b`n je`k T , on pr`iem b`nje`k U , on pr`iem b`n je`k \ y o no r`kto.
j) Y`ÿonor nos ioroit`ræsteios b` nms je`k`s.i) Ioniunor `n ekir`f`ktm m besfekuieùk pmri`ktuon b` no ioktebob b` b`fokbo iuokbm<
- `n pr`iem b`n je`k T s` r`bui` `k uk ?% - no r`kto Z ouf`kto `k uk :% - `n pr`iem b`n je`k U s` r`bui` `k uk 9% - `n pr`iem b`n je`k \ ouf`kto `k uk ?.0%
?5.- Wmk`r onaük `l`fpnm b`<o) Je`k`s imk b`fokbo fuy `nïsteio imk r`sp`itm on pr`iem
j) Je`k`s imk b`fokbo fuy ek`nïsteio imk r`sp`itm on pr`iemi) Je`k`s imk `nosteiebob r`kto k`aotevo.b) Je`k`s imk `nosteiebob r`kto pmsetevo (ietor `ktr` `nnms onaük je`k b` nulm).`) Wor`s b` je`k`s imk `nosteiebob iruzobo pmsetevoc) Wor`s b` je`k`s imk `nosteiebob iruzobo k`aotevo
Zozmkor y `xpmk`r tmbos nos r`spu`stos
:7.- No iurvo b` mc`rto b` uk je`k `s<
T Y 6 3W T ’ 97 poro W T ; 0
o) Ioniunor no nosteiebob b` no mc`rto poro<
W T 6 1 W T 6 ?7
j) B`fmstror qu` no `nosteiebob b` no mc`rto `s, `k `st` iosm, sup`remr o ? poro tmbms nmspr`iems ceketms.
:?.- Yupmk`r qu` s` bespmk` b` :7 u. f. poro aostor `k bms je`k`s T ` U , iuyms pr`iems smk W T 6:, W U 6 2 .o) s`ÿonor onaukos imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s qu` pu`b` imfpror y mtros qu` km pu`b`j) Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` no r`ito b` jonoki` y b`n imkluktm pr`supu`storemi) Ioniunor `n pr`iem r`notevm b` ofjms je`k`s. ½@k quå ukebob`s s` feb` `n pr`iem r`notevm=
::.- Nnofokbm on ekir`f`ktm y on b`ir`f`ktm m besfekuieùk, bejulor nms b`spnozofe`ktms b`no r`ito b` jonoki` b` uk imksufebmr qu` `nea` `ktr` bms je`k`s, T (`k `n `l` b` ojsiesos) ` U (`k
`n `l` b` mrb`kobos)o) ΒW T j) ΒZ i) ΒW T , ΒW U (sefuntïk`of`kt` y `k no fesfo prmpmrieùk).
:9.- Ptenezor `n fesfm pnokt`ofe`ktm b`n prmjn`fo ?.-) poro r`spmkb`r o nms seaue`kt`s iosms<o) ΒW U
j) W T , W U (sefuntïk`of`kt` y `k no fesfo prmpmrieùk)i) ΒW T , ΒW U , ΒZ (sefuntïk`of`kt` y `k no fesfo prmpmrieùk)
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:04Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
:2.- Imf`ktor no seaue`kt` ocerfoieùk< „Ye ouf`kto `n pr`iem b` ukm b` nms prmbuitms qu` imfprm`s imfm se f` deie`ro fïs pmjr`‖ .Ptenezor arïceims
:0.- Pk imksufebmr qu` te`k` uko r`kto m ekar`sms b` 077 u. f. pu`b` `n`aer `ktr` bms je`k`s T `U . Yu r`ito b` jonoki` imrto on `l` `k `n qu` s` feb` T `k :0 ukebob`s y on `l` `k `n qu` s` feb` U `k ?7 ukebob`s.o) Bejulor no r`ito b` jonoki`.j) Ioniunor nms pr`iems b` nms bms je`k`s, no `xpr`seùk b` no r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeo y b` no r`itob` jonoki`.i) ½Iuïn `s `n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s=b) Bejulor no ku`vo r`ito b` jonoki` y ioniunor no `xpr`seùk b` no ku`vo r`streiieùk pr`supu`storeose `n pr`iem b`n je`k T ouf`kto `k 0 ukebob`s fmk`toreos.`) Ioniunor `n ku`vm pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s.
:3.- Y` soj` qu` uk imksufebmr `s ekbec`r`kt` `ktr` nos seaue`kt`s imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s<Imfjekoiemk`s b` je`k`s okt` nos qu` `n imksufebmr s`fu`stro ekbec`r`kt`
Je `k T Je `k U?:?7432
33.:03.104?7
o) Bejulor no imrr`spmkbe`kt` iurvo b` ekbec`r`kieo.j) Ioniunor no RF Y `k iobo ukm b` nms iosms ` ekt`rpr`tor nms r`suntobms
:1.- No cukieùk b` utenebob b` uk imksufebmr `s<P6?7TU
o) Mjt`k`r midm imfjekoiemk`s b` T , U poro nms qu` `n vonmr b` no cukieùk b` utenebob s`o 277 yr`pr`s`ktornm arïceiof`kt`.
j) Rrozor uko næk`o pmr nms puktms okt`remr`s. ½Iùfm nnoforæo o `sto næk`o=i) Ioniunor no RF Y poro nms vonmr`s okt`s ioniunobmsb) Mjt`k`r odmro midm imfjekoiemk`s poro nms qu` `n vonmr b` no cukieùk b` utenebob s`o b` 377 yr`pr`s`ktornm `k `n fesfm arïceim ukebm pmr mtro næk`o. ½Iuïn b` nos bms næk`os pr`c`rerï `nimksufebmr=½Wmr quå=
:4.- Pk imksufebmr qu` te`k` uko r`kto m ekar`sms b` 077 pu`b` `n`aer `ktr` bms je`k`s T ` U .o) @n pr`iem b`n je`k T `s b` :7 u. f. y `n pr`iem b`n je`k U b` ?7 u. f. Mjt`k`r no `xpr`seùk b` nor`ito b` jonoki` y bejulorno. Ioniunor `n pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s.j) @n pr`iem b`n je`kT ouf`kto setuïkbms` `k :0 u. f. Bejulor no ku`vo r`ito b` jonoki` y ioniunorsu `xpr`seùk. Mjt`k`r `n ku`vm pr`iem r`notevm b` nms bms je`k`s.
:5.- No cukieùk b` utenebob b`n imksufebmr b`n prmjn`fo 4.-) `s
P 6 T :
∕ U :
o) Mjt`k`r nos ioktebob`s b`fokbobos b` T U poro nms puktms o) y j) b`n prmjn`fo okt`remr.j) Bejulor no iurvo b` b`fokbo b`n je`k T .
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:05Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
OK@TM. FOR@FÏREIOY WOZO @N IPZYM B@ CPKBOF@KRMY B@@IMKMFÆOArïceims y Fmb`nms @imkùfeims
Nms arïceims o f`kubm s` usok poro fmstror nos r`noiemk`s qu` `xest`k `ktr` nos
bev`rsos voreojn`s b` uk fmb`nm `imkùfeim.
Pk fmb`nm `imkùfeim `s uko b`sirepieùk sefpneceiobo y r`buiebo b` nm `s`kieon b`uko `imkmfæo m b` uk imfpmk`kt` b` uko `imkmfæo, ton imfm uko `fpr`so m ukocofeneo.
Imksest` b` ocerfoiemk`s oi`rio b` no imkbuito `imkùfeio qu` pu`b`k`xpr`sors` `k cmrfo b` `iuoiemk`s m imfm iurvos b` uko arïceio. Nms `imkmfestos usokfmb`nms poro `xpnmror nms `c`itms b` bec`r`kt`s pmnæteios u mtros ekcnu`kieos smjr` no`imkmfæo, `k cmrfo qu` smk sefenor`s on usm b` fmb`nms b` o`rmpnokms qu` b`j`k s`rsmf`tebms o tük`n`s b` ve`ktm y o nms fmb`nms inefïteims.
Nms potrmk`s qu` b`j`k jusiors` `k nos arïceios smk nms iuotrm iosms o soj`r< Nos voreojn`s s` fu`v`k `k no fesfo ber`iieùk Nos voreojn`s s` fu`v`k `k ber`iiemk`s mpu`stos Nos voreojn`s te`k`k uk fïxefm m uk fækefm Nos voreojn`s km `stïk r`noiemkobos.
Soreojn`s qu` s` fu`v`k `k no fesfo ber`iieùk
Nos arïceios fu`strok r`noiemk`s `ktr` bms voreojn`s qu` s` fu`v`k luktos `k `nfesfm s`ktebm, yo s`o doieo orrejo m doieo ojolm. Ye `stos s` fu`v`k `k no fesfober`iieùk s` bei` qu` `xest` ukor` noieùk pms et evo m ber`ito `ktr` ofjos.
Pko r`noieùk osæ imrr`spmkb` o uko næk`o imk p`kbe`kt` pmsetevo imfm ekbeio `n pref`rarïceim qu` bei` no r`noieùk `xest`kt` `ktr` `n küf`rm b` henùf`trms r`imrrebms `k iekimdmros y no v`nmiebob b`sorrmnnobo qu` `s b` 27 hf/dr.
Ye s` bupneioro no v`nmiebob o 47 henùf`trms pmr dmro `ktmki`s `k iekim dmros s`r`imrr`rïk 277 henùf`trms.
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:37Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Woro `n s`aukbm arïceim s` fu`stro no r`noieùk `ktr` no bestokieo r`imrrebo o tmbov`nmiebob b` uk b`pmrtesto y `n te`fpm b` r`iup`roieùk b` su retfm iorbæoim o kev`n`skmrfon`s. No iurvo `xpr`so on vmnv`rs` fos ekinekobo imkcmrf` s` on`lo b`n mrea`k pmrqu`ouf`kto `n te`fpm b` r`iup`roieùk obeiemkon `k no f`bebo qu` s` ekir`f`kto no bestokieor`imrrebo, b` ton fmbm qu` tmfo f`kms b` 0 fekutms r`iup`rors` `k nms pref`rms ?77 fts,
p`rm torbo fïs b` ?7 fekutms se r`imrr` fos b` 977 f`trms.
@k `n t`ri`r arïceim fu`stro no r`noieùk `ktr` `n küf`rm b` prmjn`fos r`su`ntms pmruk `stubeokt` y no ioktebob b` te`fpm b` `stubem. Y` pu`b` opr`ieor qu` `n te`fpm b``stubem s` vu`nv` f`kms prmbuitevm `k no f`bebo qu` b`beio fïs dmrs on `stubem y pmrtoktm ouf`kto su coteao.Soreojn`s qu` s` fu`v`k `k ber`iiemk`s mpu`stos
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:3:Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
Soreojn`s qu` pms``k uk Fïxefm m uk Fækefm
@n pref`rm b` `stms üntefms arïceims `xpmk` no r`noieùk `ktr` no pr`iepetoieùk pnuveonf`ksuon y `n r`kbefe`ktm b`n tream pmr d`itïr`o iuntevobo. Okt` ous`kieo b`
pr`iepetoiemk`s ekbubojn`f`kt` `n tream km ir`i` imk nm iuon s` te`k` uk kunm r`kbefe`ktm.@k no f`bebo qu` nos nnuveos imfe`kzok y s` ekt`kseceiok dosto queki` bæos on f`s s`nmaro uk r`kbefe`ktm fïxefm b` 2 tmk`nobos pmr d`itïr`o (Do).
W`rm `k no f`bebo qu` no nnuveo s` ekir`f`kto fïs onnï b` nms ?0 bæos pmr f`s `nr`kbefe`ktm b` tream imfe`kzo o b`inekor pmr `xi`sm b` duf`bob y conto b` nuz smnor ypu`b` nn`aor on iosm `xtr`fm b` i`rm r`kbefe`ktms.
Woro `n s`aukbm arïceim doy uko r`noieùk ekv`rso, pmr iuoktm `n imstm b` aosmnekopmr henùf`trm b`sie`kb` `k no f`bebo qu` ouf`kto no v`nmiebob pmr b`jolm b` nms 47
hf/d, nn`vokbm o uk imstm fækefm b` 0$ pmr hf yo qu` dosto `so v`nmiebob `n r`kbefe`ktmb`n fmtmr `s `n ùptefm, p`rm `k no f`bebo qu` smjr`poso `so v`nmiebob `ceie`kt` `n imstmb` aosmneko pmr henùf`trm vo `k ouf`ktm. Nu`am, `sto r`noieùk kms ekbeio qu` `fpe`zoimk uko p`kbe`kt` b`si`kb`kt`, oniokzo uk fækefm y b`spuås tmfo uko p`kbe`kt`osi`kb`kt`.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:39Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
No p`kbe`kt` b` uko r`noieùk
No ekcnu`kieo b` uko voreojn` imk r`noieùk o mtro s` pu`b` `stojn`i`r pmr f`bem b`no p`kbe`kt` b` beido r`noieùk `k uk arïceim iort`seokm iuyms `l`s smk x ` y , `s b`ier ukoimrr`noieùk b` iofjem b`n vonmr b` y imk r`sp`itm on iofjem b` vonmr b` no mtro voreojn x .Beidm `k mtros ponojros se uko b` oqu`nnos voreojn`s no r`pr`s`ktofms pmr y , uk iofjem
`k `n vonmr b` y s`rï Βy y no r`noieùk qu` s` `stojn`i` imk r`sp`itm o no mtro voreojn`, s`o`sto x , su iofjem s`rï Βx no p`kbe`kt` qu` ekbeio no prmpmrieùk `ktr` ofjos s`rï bobopmr< Βy / Βx .No ekt`rpr`toieùk qu` s` n` osmieo `s qu` se miurr` uk iofjem `k y , `s b`ier Βy prmpmriemkonf`kt` s` t`kbrï uk iofjem `k x `s b`ier Βx
Woro b`t`rfekor no p`kbe`kt` b` uko næk`o r`ito osi`kb`kt`, s` beveb` `n iofjem`k `n vonmr `k `n `l` y ( Βy) imk `n iofjem `k `n vonmr `k `n `l` x ( Βx ).
Woro `n `l`fpnm s` te`k` qu` `n iofjem `k `n `l` y `s b`ier< Βy6 1 ’ 2 6 9 .U poro `n iofjem `k `n `l` x `s< Βx 6 2 ’ : 6 :
Y` opr`ieo qu` uk iofjem f`kmr `k x imrr`spmkb` uk iofjem foymr `k y @ktmki`s, no p`kbe`kt` `storï bobo pmr<
y
x
9:
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:32Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
@k `sto s`aukbo ont`rkotevo s` te`k` uko p`kbe`kt` imktroreo on s`ktebm b` nm qu`s` okonezù okt`remrf`kt` y pmr toktm s` bei` qu` `st` tepm b` p`kbe`kt` `s k`aotevo yo qu`on voreor x b`sb` : o 0 s` te`k`< Βx 6 0 ’ : 6 9 , p`rm beido voreoieùk nn`vù o qu` no voreojn` y besfekuy`s` b`sb` 1 o 2 , se`kbm pmr toktm
Nu`am no p`kbe`kt` `k `st` iosm `s<y
x
9
96 -?
@k r`suf`k8 no p`kbe`kt` `k `n pref`r iosm `s pmsetevo y `k `n s`aukbm iosm `sk`aotevo.
W`rm km tmbos nos ont`rkotevos pu`b`k bors` `k uk imkt`xtm nek`on imfm `k `n`xpu`stm, `k no koturon`zo pmr nm a`k`ron km sui`b`k nos imsos osæ y nms imfpmrtofe`ktmste`kb`k o s`r sekumsms m iurvms.
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:30Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
W`kbe`kt` `k uk puktm b` uko næk`o iurvo
Woro `sto ont`rkotevo on km s`r imkstokt` no r`noieùk `ktr` nos voreojn`s x ` y `xest`k bmscmrfos b` b`t`rfekor no p`kbe`kt` b` uko næk`o iurvo< ioniunïkbmno `k uk puktm toka`kt`(b`revobo `k `s` puktm se s` imkmi` no `iuoieùk b` no iurvo), m pu`b` doi`rnm b` uk`xtr`fm o mtrm b` uk orim b` no næk`o qu` nms uk`.
Y` trozo uko r`ito toka`kt` o no iurvo, no iuon b`j` imrtor on `l` y (`k `st` iosm`k y 6 9 ) y b`sb` `n puktm toka`kt` s` jolo uko p`rp`kbeiunor on `l` x (`k `st` iosm x 6 2 )y imk `stms botms s` pu`b` `kimktror no p`kbe`kt` o no iurvo b` ton fok`ro qu`<
: ?
: ?
y y y 3 9 9
x x x 2 7 2
6;y
x
9
2
7/21/2019 Apuntes Fundamentos de Economía
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Iursm Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo
:33Immrbekoieùk iursms b` Cukbof`ktms b` @imkmfæo, FEJ, B`portof`ktm b` Eka`ke`ræo Ekbustreon, Coiuntob b` Eka`ke`ræo,
Pkev`rsebob b` Yokteoam.
W`kbe`kt` b` uk `xtr`fm o mtrm b` uk orim
Woro b`t`rfekorno p`kbe`kt` f`beo b` uko iurvo s` trozo uko r`ito qu` uko nms puktms j y i . No p`kbe`kt` b` no næk`o ji s` ioniuno bevebe`kbm Βy pmr Βx , imk nm iuon s` mjte`k`qu` Βy / Βx 6 9 / 2. Y` b`j` obv`rter qu` `st` fåtmbm `s oprmxefobm y km se`fpr` `s`xoitm, p`rm sæ bo uko r`noieùk b` oprmxefoieùk `ktr` nos voreoiemk`s `ktr` x ` y .
Z`pr`s`ktoieùk arïceio `ktr` bms m fïs voreojn`s
@st` arïceim r`pr`s`ktobm imrr`spmkb` o no r`noieùk `ktr` `n imksufm b` d`nobmsb` jorquennms imksufebms qu` b`p`kb`k b`n pr`iem y no t`fp`roturo ofje`kt`. Ye `nd`nobm te`k` uk foymr pr`iem y no t`fp`roturo `s jolo nos p`rsmkos imksuf`k f`kms qu`iuokbm `n d`nobm `s fos jorotm y no t`fp`roturo onto. @ktmki`s, poro iuonque`r pr`iembobm b`n d`nobm, no ioktebob qu` s` imksuf` voræo imk no t`fp`roturo y poro iuonque`rt`fp`roturo bobo, no ioktebob b` d`nobm imksufebm voreorï imk su pr`iem. No næk`o qu`r`pr`s`kto uko t`fp`roturo b` 97·I fu`stro no r`noieùk qu` `xest` `ktr` `n imksufm b`
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