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Multicast Communications

Arhitecturi pentru retele

si servicii (ARS)

Managementul serviciilor si retelelor (MSR)

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Octavian Catrina 2

Multicast communications

Multicast communications Data delivered to a group of receivers. Typical examples:

One-to-many (1:N)

one-way

MS

MR

Many-to-many

(N : M)

MS/R

MS/R

One-to-many (1:N)

two-way

MS

MR/US

Chapter outline

What applications use multicast? What are the requirements

and design challenges of multicast communications?

What multicast support does IP provide (network layer)?

After an overview of multicast applications, we'll focus on IP

multicast: service model, addressing, group management, and

routing protocols.

M=Multicast; U=Unicast

S= Sender; R=Receiver

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Multicast applications (examples)

One-to-many Real-time audio-video distribution:

lectures, presentations, meetings,

movies, etc. Internet TV. Time

sensitive. High bandwidth.

Push media: news headlines,

stock quotes, weather updates,sports scores. Low bandwidth.

Limited delay.

File distribution: Web content

replication (mirror sites, content

network), software distribution.

Bulk transfer. Reliable delivery.

Announcements: alarms, service

advertisements, network time, etc.

Low bandwidth. Short delay.

Many-to-many Multimedia conferencing: multiple

synchronized video/audio streams,

whiteboard, etc. Time sensitive.

High bandwidth, but typically only

one sender active at a time.

Distance learning: presentationfrom lecturer to students, questions

from students to everybody.

Synchronized replicated resources,

e.g., distributed databases. Time

sensitive.

Multi-player games: Possibly high

bandwidth, all senders active in

parallel. Time sensitive.

Collaboration, distributed

simulations, etc.

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Sender

Rcvrs

-

65

21

43

7

Multi-unicast

delivery

Multicast requirements (1)

Efficient and scalable delivery

Multi-unicast repeats each data item.

Wastes sender and network resources.

Cannot scale up for many receivers

and/or large amounts of data.

Timely and synchronized delivery

Multi-unicast uses sequential transmission.

Results in long, variable delay for large

groups and/or for large amounts of data.

In particular, critical issue for real-time

communications (e.g., videoconferencing).

We need a different delivery paradigm.

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Multi-unicast vs. Multicast tree

Multi-unicast delivery 1:N transmission handled as N

unicast transmissions.

Inefficient, slow, for N1: multiple

packet copies per link (up to N).

Multicast tree delivery Transmission follows the edges of

a tree, rooted at the sender, and

reaching all the receivers.

A single packet copy per link.

Sender

Rcvr

Rcvrs

5

3

4

2

1-

432

1

Multicast treedelivery

Sender

Rcvr

Rcvrs

5

3

4

2

1-

432

1

Multi-unicastdelivery

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Group management

Group membership changes dynamically.

We need join and leave mechanisms (latency may be critical). For many applications, a sender must be able to send without

knowing the group members or having to join (e.g., scalability).

A receiver might need to select the senders it receives from.

Multicast group identification Applications need special identifiers for multicast groups.

(Could they use lists of host IP addresses or DNS names?)

Groups have limited lifetime.

We need mechanisms for dynamic allocation of unique

multicast group identifiers (addresses).

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Session management

Receivers must learn when a multicast session starts and

which is the group id (such that they can "tune in").

We need session description & announcement mechanisms.

Reliable delivery

Applications need a certain level of reliable data delivery.

Some tolerate limited data loss. Others do not tolerate any loss

(e.g., all data to all group members - hard problem).

We need mechanisms that can provide the desired reliability.

Heterogeneous receivers Receivers within a group may have very different capabilities

and network connectivity: processing and memory resources,

network bandwidth and delay, etc.

We need special delivery mechanisms.

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Requirements: Some conclusions

Multi-unicast delivery is not suitable Multi-unicast does not scale up for large groups and/or large

amounts of data: it becomes either very inefficient, or does not

fulfill the application requirements.

We need new mechanisms and protocols,

specially designed for multicast.

Specific functional requirements Specific multicast functions, which are not needed for unicast:

group management, heterogeneous receivers.

General functions, which are also needed for unicast, but

become much more complex for multicast: addressing, routing,

reliable delivery, flow & congestion control.

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Which layers should handle multicast?

Data link layer

Efficient delivery within a multi-access network.

Multicast extensions for LAN and WAN protocols.

Network layer

Multicast routing for efficient & timely delivery.

IP multicast extensions. Multicast routing protocols.

Transport layer

End-to-end error control, flow control, and congestion control

over unreliable IP multicast.

Multicast transport protocols.

Application layer multicast

Overlay network created at application layer using existing

unicast transport protocols. Easier deployment, less efficient.

Still an open research topic.

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IP multicast model (1)

"Transmission of an IP datagram to a group of hosts"

Extension of the IP unicast datagram service.

IP multicast model specification: RFC 1112, 1989.

Multicast address

Unique (destination) address for a group of hosts.

Different datagram delivery semantics A distinct range of

addresses is reserved in the IP address space.

Who receives? Explicit receiver join

IP delivers datagrams with a destination address G only to

applications that have explicitly notified IP that they aremembers of group G (i.e., requested to join group G).

Who sends? Any host can send to any group

Multicast senders need not be members of the groups they

send to.

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IP multicast model (2)

No restrictions for group size and member location

Groups can be of any size.

Group members can be located anywhere in an internetwork.

Dynamic group membership

Receivers can join and leave a group at will.

The IP network must adapt the multicast tree accordingly.

Anonymous groups

Senders need not know the identity of the receivers.

Receivers need not know each-other.

Analogy: A multicast address is like a radio frequency, on whichanyone can transmit, and anyone can tune in.

Best-effort datagram delivery

No guarantees that: (1) all datagrams are delivered (2) to all

group members (3) in the order they have been transmitted.

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IP multicast model: brief analysis

Applications viewpoint

Simple, convenient service interface. Same send/receive ops

as for unicast, plus join/leave ops.

Anybody can send/listen to a group. Security, billing?

Extension to reliable multicast service? Difficult problem.

IP network viewpoint Scales up well with the group size.

Single destination address, no need to monitor membership.

Does not scale up with the number of groups. Conflicts with

the original IP model (per session state in routers).

Routers must discover the existence/location of receivers and

senders. They must maintain dynamic multicast tree state per-

group and even per-source and group.

Dynamic multicast address allocation. How to avoid allocation

conflicts (globally)? Very difficult problem.

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IPv4 multicast addresses

IPv4 multicast addresses

IP multicast in LANs Relies on the MAC layer's native multicast.

Mapping of IP multicast addresses to MAC

multicast addresses:

31 28 27 0

1110 multicast address

228addresses

Class Address range

D224.0.0.0 to

239.255.255.255

1 1 1 0 28 bits (228addresses)

IPv4 multicast address

Ethernet multicast address

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 23 bits

group bit

Ethernet LAN

Remark: 32 IP multicast addresses map to the same MAC multicast address.

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Multicast scope

Multicast scope

Limited network region where multicast packets are forwarded.

Motivation: Address allocation. Efficiency. Application-specific.

TTL-based scopes or administrative scopes (RFC 2365).

IPv4 administrative scopes: Organization-local (239.192.0.0/14).

Local scope (239.255.0.0/16).

Link-local scope (224.0.0.0/24).

Global scope: No boundary, all

remaining multicast addresses.

32

4

1

5

Local A

6Internet

Organization-local

Local B

Administrative scopes

Delimited by configuring boundary routers: do not forward someranges of multicast addresses on some interfaces.

Connected, convex regions.

Nested and/or overlapping.

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Group management: local

Multicast service requirements

Multicast routers have to discover

the locations of the members of

any multicast group & maintain a

multicast tree reaching them all.

Dynamic group membership.

Sender

Rcvr

Rcvrs

5

3

4

2

1

-

432

1

IGMP

IGMPIGMP

Multicasttree

Local (link) level

Multicast applications must notify

IP when they join or leave a

multicast group (API available).

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) allows multicast

routers to learn which groups have members, at each interface.

Dialog between hosts and a (link) local multicast router.

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Group management: internetwork

Implicit vs. explicit join Implicit: Multicast tree obtained by

pruning a default broadcast tree.

Nodes must ask to be removed.

Explicit: Nodes must ask to join.

Global (internetwork) level

Multicast routing protocols

propagate information about

group membership and allow

routers to build the tree.

Sender

Rcvr

Rcvrs

5

3

4

2

1

-

432

1

IGMP

IGMPIGMP

Multicasttree

MulticastRoutingProtocol

Data-driven vs. control-driven multicast tree setup

Data-driven: tree built/maintained when/while data is sent.

Control-driven: tree set up & maintained by control messages

(join/leave), independently of the sender(s) activity.

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Local groups

at IF i1:

Groups:

224.1.2.3

i1

Groups:

224.1.2.3

Groups:

none

224.1.2.3

Group Management: IGMP (1)

Internet Group Management Protocol

Enables a multicast router to learn, for each of its directly

attached networks, which multicast addresses are of interest to

the systems attached to these networks.

IGMPv1: join + refresh + implicit leave (timeout). IGMPv2: adds

explicit leave (fast). IGMPv3 (2002): adds source selection.

IGMPv3 presented in the following, IGMPv1/v2 in the annex.

Periodic General Queries: Refresh/update group list

Reports are randomly delayed to avoid bursts.(Duplicate reports are completely suppressed in IGMPv1 & v2.)

(2) IP packet to 224.0.0.22

IGMPv3 Current State Report:

member of group 224.1.2.3

(1) IP packet to 224.0.0.1 (all systems on this subnet)

IGMPv3 General Query: Anybody interested in any group?

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IGMP (2)

Host joins a group

Local groups

at IF i1:i1

Groups:

+ 224.1.2.3

Host leaves a group Router must check if there are other members of that group.

Local groups

at IF i1:

224.1.2.3?

Groups:

none/left

i1

Groups:

224.1.2.3

Groups:

none

(1) IP packet to 224.0.0.22

IGMPv3 State Change Report:

not member of 224.1.2.3

(2) IP packet to 224.0.0.1 (all systems on this subnet)

IGMPv3 Group-Specific Query: Anybody interested in 224.1.2.3?

IP packet to 224.0.0.22 (all IGMPv3 routers)

IGMPv3 State Change Report: joined group 224.1.2.3add 224.1.2.3

(3) IP packet to 224.0.0.22

IGMPv3 Current State Report:

member of 224.1.2.3

maintained

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Rcvr

5

43

Sender

Rcvr

32

1

-

1

4

6

5

7

Rcvr2

Rcvrs

Multicast trees

What kind of multicast tree?

Minimize tree diameter(path

length, delivery delay) or tree

cost(network resources)?

Special, difficult case of minimum

cost spanning tree (Steiner tree).No good distributed algorithm!

Shortest paths tree(e.g., unicast routing).

Practical solution

Take advantage of existing

unicast routing: Shortest path

tree based on routing info from

unicast routing protocol.

Multicast extension of a unicast

routing protocol, or separate

multicast routing protocol.

Min cost tree.

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Source-based vs. shared trees

Source-based trees

One tree per sender.

Tree rooted at the

sender. Typically

shortest-path tree.

Shared trees

One tree for all senders.

Examples: Minimum diameter tree or minimum cost tree, etc.

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Rcvrs53

Sender

Rcvr

32

1

-

1

4

6

5

Rcvr2

Sender +

74

172.16.5.0/24

172.20.2.0/24

Interface notation:

N = North (up); S = South (down)

W = West (left); E = East (right)NW = North-West (up-left). Etc.

Source-based trees (1)

In general: M1 senders/group M sources transmit to a group.

Session participants may be

senders, receivers, or both.

A separate source-based tree has

to be set up for each sender.

Source-based tree Tree rooted at a sender which

spans all receivers.

Typically, shortest-path tree.

Router 2: Multicast forwarding table

Source prefix Multicast group In IF Out IF

172.16.5.0/24 224.1.1.1 N S, E, SE

172.20.2.0/24 224.1.1.1 E N

...

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Source-based trees (2)

Pros

Per-source tree optimization.

Shortest network path & transfer delay.

Tree created/maintained only when/while a source is active.

Cons

Does not scale for multicast sessions with M>>1 sources. The network must create and maintain M separate trees:

per-source & group state in routers, higher control traffic and

processing overhead.

Examples

PIM-DM, DVMRP, MOSPF. Mixed solution: PIM-SM.

PIM-DM, DVMRP, MOSPF: Data-driven tree setup.

PIM-SM: Explicit join, control-driven tree setup.

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Rcvrs53

Sender

Rcvr

32

1

-

1

4

6

5

Rcvr2

Sender +

74

Core

Interface notation:

N = North (up); S = South (down)

W = West (left); E = East (right)

NW = North-West (up-left). Etc.

Shared trees (1)

Core-based shared tree The multicast session uses a

single distribution tree, with

the root at a "core" node, and

spanning all the receivers

("core-based" tree).

Each sender transmits its

packets to the core node,

which delivers them to the

group of receivers.

Typically, shortest-path tree,

with the central root node.

Router 5: Multicast forwarding table

Multicast group

(any sender)

In IF Out IF

224.1.1.1 W N, E

...

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Shared trees (2)

Pros More efficient for multicast sessions with M>>1 sources.

The network creates a single delivery tree shared by all senders:

only per-group state in routers, less control overhead.

Tree (core to receivers) created and maintained independently

of the presence and activity of the senders.

Cons Less optimal/efficient trees.

Possible long paths and delays, depending on the relative

location of the source, core, and receiver nodes.

Traffic concentrates near the core node. Danger of congestion.

Issue: (optimal) core selection.

Examples

PIM-SM, CBT.

Explicit join, control-driven (soft state, implicit leave/prune).

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DVMRP

DVMRP: Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

First IP multicast routing protocol (RFC 1075, 1988).

DVMRP at a glance Source-based multicast trees, data-driven tree setup.

Distance vector unicast routing (DVR).

Reverse path multicast (RPM). Support for multicast overlays: tunnels between multicast

enabled routers through networks not supporting multicast.

Used to create the Internet MBone (Multicast Backbone).

Routing info base DVMRP incorporates its own unicast DVR protocol.

Separated routing for unicast service and multicast service.

DVR protocol derived from RIP and adapted for RPM.

E.g., routers learn the downstream neighbors on the multicast

tree for any source address prefix.

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Sender s

Rcvr

32

1

-

1

4

6

5

Rcvr

2

7

172.16.5.0/24

Rcvr

3

Reverse Path Broadcast

Broadcast tree for source s The unicast route matching s indicates

a router's parent in the broadcast tree

for source s (child-to-parent pointer).

Route entries matching thebroadcast sender's address.

Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) Broadcast/multicast packet from

source s received on interface i:- If i is the interface used to forward a

unicast packet to s, then forward the

packet on all interfaces except i.

- Otherwise discard the packet.

Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) RPF still allows unnecessary copies.

Add parent-child pointer: A router

learns which neighbors use it as next

hop for each route. Forward a packet

only to these neighbors.Unnecessary packet copiessent by RPF.

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Reverse Path Multicast (1)

Truncated RPB Uses IGMP to avoid unnecessary

broadcast in leaf multi-access networks.

Sender

Rcvr

32

1

-

1

4

6

5

Rcvr

2

7

172.16.5.0/24

Rcvr

3

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

Prune

Prune

Reverse Path Multicast (RPM) Creates a multicast tree by pruning

unnecessary tree branches from the

(truncated) RPB broadcast tree.

Prune mechanism A router sends a Prune message to

its upstream (parent) router if:

- its connected networks do not

contain group members, and

- its neighbor routers either are not

downstream (child) routers, or have

sent Prune messages.

Both routers maintain Prune state.

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Reverse Path Multicast (2)

Sender

Rcvr

32

1

-

1

4

6

5

Rcvr

2

7

172.16.5.0/24

Rcvr

3

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

Adapting the multicast tree to

group membership changes Pruning can remove branches when

members leave.

A mechanism is necessary to add

branches when members join.

Periodic broadcast & prune The multicast tree can be updated by

repeating periodically the broadcast

& prune process (a parent removes

the prune state after some time).Graft

Graft

Rcvr

4 Graft mechanism

Faster tree extension.

A router sends a Graft message,

which cancels a previously sent

Prune message.

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DVMRP operation

Data-driven: multicast tree setup when

the source starts sending to the group. Initially, RPB: All routers receive the

packets, learn about the session

(source-group), & record state for it.

Next, RPM: Unnecessary branches

are pruned from the data paths (butthe routers still maintain state).

Tree update by periodic broadcast &

prune, and graft.

Sender: Sends to224.1.1.1, 224.5.6.7

Rcvr

32

1

-

1

4

6

5

Rcvr

2

7

172.16.5.0/24

Rcvr

3

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

Route entries matching thebroadcast sender's address.

Router 2: Multicast forwarding cache

Source prefix Multicast group In IF Out IF172.16.5.0/24 224.1.1.1

224.5.6.7

N E, SE

S(Prune)


Source prefix Multicast group In IF Out IF

172.16.5.0/24 224.1.1.1

224.5.6.7

N(Prune) S(Prune)

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DVMRP conclusions

DVMRP & RPM shortcomings

Several design solutions limit DVMRP scalability & efficiency.

Tree setup and maintenance by periodic broadcast & prune.

Can waste a lot of bandwidth, especially for a sparse group spread

over a large internetwork (OK for dense groups).

Per-group & source state in all routers, both on-tree & off-tree.

Due to source-based trees and to enable fast grafts.

Controversial feature: Embedded DVR protocol.

New generation RPM-based protocol: PIM-DM

Protocol Independent Multicast: Uses existing unicast routing

table, from any routing protocol. No embedded unicast routing. Dense Mode: Intended for "dense groups" - concentrated in a

network region (rather than thinly spread in a large network).

Uses RPM as described on previous slides (similar to DVMRP).

No parent-to-child pointers, hence redundant transmissions in broadcast phase.

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PIM-SM

PIM: Protocol Independent Multicast

Uses exiting unicast routing table, from any routing protocol.No embedded unicast routing.

No solution matches well different application contexts. Two

protocols, different algorithms.

PIM-DM: Dense Mode Efficient multicast for "dense" (concentrated) groups.

RPM, source-based trees, implicit-join, data-driven setup.

PIM-DM is similar to DVMRP, except it relies on existing unicast routing,

hence it does not avoid redundant transmissions in the broadcast phase.

PIM-SM: Sparse Mode Efficient multicast for sparsely distributed groups.

Shared trees, explicit join, control-driven setup.

After initially using the group's shared tree, members can set

up source-based trees. Improved efficiency and scalability.

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Rendezvous Points

Rendezvous Point (RP) router

Core of the multicast shared tree. Meeting

point for the group's receivers & senders.

At any moment, any router must be able to

uniquely mapa multicast address to an RP.

Resilience & load balancing a set of RP.

RP discovery and mapping

Several routers are configured as RP-

candidate routers for a PIM-SM domain.

They elect a Bootstrap Router (BSR).

Rcvr

3

Sender

Rcvr

R3R2

R1

1

R4

R6

R5

Rcvr2

Sender +

R74

RP

Rcvr

BSR monitors the RP candidates and distributes a list of RP

routers (RP-Set) to all the other routers in the domain.

A hash function allows any router to uniquely map a multicast

address to an RP-Set router.

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R3R2

R1

R4

R6

R5

RP(G)

R7

RP-tree

Shared tree (RP-tree) setup

Designated Router (DR) Unique PIM-SM router responsible

for multicast routing in a subnet.

Receiver join To join a group G, a receiver

informs the local DR using IGMP. IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

Rcvr(*,G)4

Rcvr(*,G)

2 Join

(*,G)

3

Rcvr(*,G)

Join

(*,G)

Rcvr(*,G)

1

Join

Join

(*,G)

(*,G)

(*,G)

DR join DR adds (*,G) multicast tree state

(group G and any source).

DR determines the group's RP,

and sends a PIM-SM Join(*,G)

packet towards the RP.

At each router on the path, if (*,G)

state does not exist, it is created, &

the Join(*,G) is forwarded.

Multicast tree state is soft state: Refreshed by periodic Join messages.

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Sending on the shared tree

Register encapsulation The sender's local DR encapsulates

each multicast data packet in a PIM-

SM Register packet, and unicasts it

to the RP.

RP decapsulates the data packet

and forwards it onto the RP-tree. Allows the RP to discover a source,

but data delivery is inefficient.

When the (S,G) path is complete, RP stops the encapsulation by

sending (unicast) a PIM-SM Register-stop packet to the sender's DR.

Register-Stop RP reacts to a Register packet by

issuing a Join(S, G) towards S. At each router on the path, if (S,G)

state does not exist, it is created, &

the Join(S, G) is forwarded.

R3R2

R1

R4

R6

R5

RP(G)

R7

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

Rcvr(*,G)4

Rcvr(*,G)

2 3

Rcvr(*,G)

Rcvr(*,G)

1

(*,G) (*,G)

(*,G)

(*,G)

(*,G)

Join(S,G)

Join(S,G)

(S,G)

(S,G)

Sender

Register-encapsulated

data packetRegister-Stop

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R3R2

R1

R4

R6

R5

RP(G)

R7

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

IGMP

Rcvr(*,G)4

Rcvr(*,G)

2 3

Rcvr(*,G)

Rcvr(*,G)

1

(*,G) (*,G)

(*,G)(*,G)

Source-specific trees

Shared vs. source-specific tree

Routers may continue to receive

data on the shared RP-tree.

Often inefficient: e.g., long detour

from sender to receiver 1.

PIM-SM allows routers to create a

source-specific shortest-path tree.

(S,G)

Join(S,G)

(S,G)

(S,G)

Sender

Prune

(S,G)

Transfer to source-specific tree

A receiver's DR sends a Join(S, G)

towards S creates (S,G)

multicast tree state at each hop. After receiving data on the (S,G)

path, DR sends a Prune(S,G)

towards the RP removes S from

G's shared tree at each hop.

Example: transfer to SPT for receiver 1

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PIM-SM conclusions

Advantages

Independence of unicast routing protocol.

Better scalability, especially for sparsely distributed groups:

- Explicit join, control-driven tree setup no data broadcast,

no flooding of group membership information. Per session

state maintained only by on-tree routers.

- Shared trees routers maintain per-group state, instead of

per-source-group state.

Flexibility and performance: optional, selective transfer to

source-specific trees (e.g., triggered by data rate).

Weaknesses Much more complex than PIM-DM.

Control traffic overhead (periodic Joins) to maintain soft

multicast tree state.

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MOSPF

MOSPF

Natural multicast extension of the

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

link-state unicast routing protocol.

Backbone area

OSPF hierarchical network structure

ABR ABR ABR

Area 1 Area 3Area 2

MOSPF at a glance

Source-based shortest-path multicast trees, data-driven setup.

Multicast extensions for both intra-area and inter-area routing.

Extends the OSPF topology database (per-area) with info about

the location of the groups' members.

Extends the OSPF shortest path computation (Dijkstra) todetermine multicast forwarding:

For each pair source & destination-group, each router:

computes the same shortest path tree rooted at the source,

finds its own position in the tree,

and determines if and where to forward a multicast datagram.

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OSPF review (single area)

Link state advertisements Each router maintains a links state

table describing its links (attached

networks & routers). It sends Link

State Advertisements (LSA) to all

other routers (hop-by-hop flooding).

Topology database All routers build from LSAs the same

network topology database (directed

graph labeled with link costs).

Routing table computation

Each router independently runs thesame algorithm (Dijkstra) on the

topology, to compute ashortest-path

tree rooted at itself, to all destinations.

A destination-based unicast routing

table is derived from the tree.

Example: OSPF topology (link state)

database for one OSPF area.Shortest-path treecomputed using

Dijkstra algorithm by router R1.

N6

N4

N1R1

R4

R6

R5

R7

N2 R2 R3

N7

N5

N3

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MOSPF: topology database

Local group database

Records group membership in a

router's directly attached network.

Created using IGMP.

Group-membership LSA

Sent by a router to communicatelocal group members to all other

routers (local transit vertices that

should remain on a group's tree).

Rcvr, m1

2

Sender

Rcvr, m1

R3R2

R1

-

1

R4

R6

R5

Rcvr, m1

2

R7IGMP IGMP

IGMP

IGMP IGMP

IGMP

Flood G-M LSA(R3, m1)



Topology database extension

for multicast A router or a transit network is

labeled with the multicast groups

announced in Group-membership

LSAs.

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MOSPF: multicast tree (intra-area)

Source-based multicast tree Shortest-path tree from source to

group members (receivers).

Data-driven tree setup A router computes the tree and the

multicast forwarding state when it

receives the first multicast datagram(i.e., learns about the new session).


Source Multicast group In IF Out IF

172.16.5.1 224.1.1.1 N E, SE

N6

N4

Source (172.16.5.1),

sends to m1= 224.1.1.1

172.16.5.0/24

N1R1

R4

R6

R5

R7

N2 R2 R3

N7

N5

N3

m1

m1

m1

MOSPF link state database (one area).

Shortest-path tree for (N1, m1).

Multicast tree & state Routers determine independently

the same shortest path tree rooted

at the source, using Dijkstra. The tree is pruned according to

group membership labels.

The router finds its position in the

pruned tree, and derives the

forwarding cache entry.

OS

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MOSPF conclusions

Advantages

OSPF is the interior routing protocol recommended by IETF.

MOSPF is the natural choice of multicast routing protocol in

networks using OSPF.

More efficient than DVMRP/RPM: no data broadcast.

Weaknesses Various features limit scalability and efficiency:

Dynamic (!) group membership advertised by flooding.

Multicast state per-group & per-source, maintained in on-

tree, as well as off-tree routers.

Relatively complex computations to determine multicast

forwarding: for each new multicast transmission (source-

group), repeated when the group/topology change.

Few implementations?

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Annex

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IGMP v1/v2 - Group Management

IGMP 2 G M t

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IGMP v.2 - Group Management

IGMP v2 enhancements: Election of a querier router (lowest IP address).

Explicit leave (reduce leave latency).