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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
CENG 3103BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Oct. 2009
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
Course Outline
1. Introduction
2. Building Drawings3. Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
5. Building Construction Elements
Foundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:
Walls
Stairs
Prefabricated BuildingSystems
Shell and Dome Structures
4. Planning of Buildings
5. Building ConstructionElements
6. Health and Safety in
Building Construction
Elevators Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Formwork and Scaffolding
Sanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical SystemsElectrical Systems
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
Chapter 1
Presentation Outline
1.1 General
1.2 Development of Building Construction
.
1.4 Building Classification
1.5 Design and Performance requirement
1.6 Steps in Building Construction
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.1 General
Construction Industry is an industry which is involved
in the planning, execution and evaluation of alltypes of civil works
CI Categories - Construction projects can be broadly
4
classified as:Building Construction (includes facilities for habitation, institutional,
educational, light industrial (e.g. warehouse), commercial, social andrecreational purposes),
Engineered Construction (includes highway and heavy (e.g. dams,sewage plant) construction), and
Industrial Construction.
In this course we will focus on Building Construction
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ArchitectArchitect
SubsSubs OwnerOwner
CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.1 General
The main players in the construction industry are:
The Client:
The Consultant:
5
ContractorContractor
EngineerEngineer
SuppliersSuppliers
VendorsVendors
PublicPublic
e on rac or:Insurance Companies:
Banks:
Suppliers:
Permitting Agencies:
Public:
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1.1 General
Inception and feasibility
Planning and Design
Tendering Stages
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Consultant Architect
Bid Evaluation
Award of Contract
Construction Stage
Commissioning and Acceptance
Provisional Acceptance
Final Acceptance
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1.1. General Introduction
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1.1 General
Building a structure consisting of floors, walls and roofs
erected to provide covered space for different uses such asresidence, business, entertainment, workshop, etc
Building - consists not only of the house, but also the site, road,aths the ard the arden the ate the fence etc
Building Team:Architect
Civil Engineer Structural, Sanitary and related designs
Construction Manager Supervising the Planning and ConstructionPhase
Urban Planner
Quantity Surveyor
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.1 General
All the above shall Study Building:
Planning, Technical Elements,
Construction Materials
Cost and Durability,
Requirements in relation to the previewing climatic
condition, and soil behavior, etc. Building Codes lay the outline for the design of
building. E.g. EBCS
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.1 General
Requirements for Building Construction:
Site
Permission from Local Authorities or Municipalities
Professionals: Architects En ineers
Materials
Labor
Finance (most importantly)
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Building During Human Age
Primary motive of Building Houses is the desire for a betterliving conditions, initial causes however include:
Fear of Wild animals
Protection against cold and heat Shelter from Rain and wind
Desire for gathering the family belongings in one place
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Modern buildings are planned to adapt to the purpose
and the existing climatic conditions Building Materials:
r g na y one, an , ar , rass, ogs, ns, e c
Advanced Dressed Stones, Bricks, Cement, Lime, Gypsum,
Iron, Timber, Tiles, Sheet Metals, Aluminums, Paints, etc
Modern Systems Prefabrication, Pre-stressed Concrete
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Building Structural Forms:
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Building Structural Forms:
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Building Structural Forms:
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Building Structural Forms:
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Vaulting
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Vaulting
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Vaulting
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Vaulting
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Timber
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Timber
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Stone
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Stone
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1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Steel
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Steel
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Shell Roofs
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Shell Roofs
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Cable Structures
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.2 Development of Building Construction
Construction Forms: Cable Structures
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
Though there are different types of houses in Ethiopia, based onclassification by climate and altitude, housed are divided into:
Low Land Kolla (2700m .
1. House of Kolla (low Land) Climate: Hot and usually Dry
Rains are scarce and if occurs the ground dries quickly.
Strong winds with plenty dust are frequent.
Two types are noticeable: Permanent and Normadic
1.1.1 Houses for Permanent People
Are mainly affected by available building material: Wood is scarce,
but stone, earth and grass are sufficiently available
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
Stone Walls 50 cm (tapering)
Height 2 3m
Walls Not Pointed
Roof Flat
Logs, twinges and branches,
stone and earth are added
a ove
Finally Clay or binding agent
Plan Square, Rectangle
Opening Only Door
Ground Unprepared
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1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
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1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
Walls Simple and Made of
light material
Roof Canvas or Skin
1.1.2 Houses for Normadic People
Plan CircularGround Unprepared
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
1.2 Houses for the High Lands (Dega) Climate: Rainy and Cold Wood and Grass are available
Tid or Red Eucalyptus (1.2 1.5m)
Horizontal Walling 3 Places with
diagonals.Splitted Timber Fills the gap
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1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
Walling - Fermented Earth Mortar
(Two Coats)
Straw more course on the firstcourse
Roof Truss
Center Pole 250 mm
Tied Using Ropes (cut animal skins)Straw roofing material
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1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
1.3 Houses for the Up lands (Woina -Dega)
Similar except for use of materials
Sidama and Wollaita
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Addis Buildings
..\Image Archives\Addis Ababa Bldgs
..\Image Archives\AU - New HQ
..\Image Archives\Sheraton Addis
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.3 Building Classification
Building Classification
According to the Building Code of India: Building is any structure for whatsoever purpose and of
whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereofwhether used as human habitation or not and includesoun a ons, wa s, oors, roo , e c, par o a u ng or any ng
affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose anyland or space.
Building can be classified into different groups dependingon their occupancy use or type of construction. Based on Occupancy of Use: Residential, Educational, Assembly,
Business, Mercantile, Industrial, Institutional, Storage, High Hazard
Based on Type of Construction (Resistance in Fire): - Type 1, 2, 3,4 and5
C 3 03 ld C
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.3 Building Classification
Based on Occupancy of Use:
Residential Private Residences, Apartment Buildings, Dormitories,Hotels
Educational Educational Instructions like schools and colleges
Assembly Theaters, Exhibition Halls, Places of Worship and terminals
Business Garages, Barber Shops, City Halls, Courthouses andLibraries
Mercantile Shops, Stores, Market and Retail Warehouse
Industrial Industries where fabrication and assembly is carried out
Institutional Hospitals, Prisons Storage For goods, merchandize, products, livestock
High Hazard Storage for highly inflammable, combustible orexplosive materials
The above divisions shall have sub divisions with different design standards
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.3 Building Classification
Based on Based on Type of Construction (Resistance in Fire): Grades of Fire Resistance , 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours
Indian Standard Type 1, type 2, Type 3, and Type 4 4, 3, 2, and 1hour
Non Combustible vs. Fire Resistant
u ng ypes Type 1 Fire Resisting Construction Type 2 Non Combustible Construction
Type 3 Heavy Timber Construction
Type 4 Ordinary Construction
Type 5 wood Frame Construction
Fire and Life Protection Number of Egress, Min. Distance toEgress, Provision of Fire Lift, Alarm, Fire Hose, Smoke Control andFire Protection (Sprinklers)
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.5 Design and Performance requirement
Basic Design and Performance Requirement
Buildings can be broadly divided into Sub Structure and Super
Structure Sub structure Below the surrounding ground level, and
Super - structure Above the ground level
as c omponen s oun a ons, a s, oors, oors an n ows,
Stairs, Roof and Finishing Materials Basic Design and Performance Criteria
Factor of Safety
Stiffness against deformation
Comfort and Convenience for users Thus, buildings should satisfy the following basic functional requirements:
Strength and Stability, Dimensional Stability, Comfort and Convenience,Resistance to Moisture Penetration, Fire Protection, Heat Insulation, DayLighting and Ventilation, Sound Insulation, Durability, Security, Protection
against vermin and termites, Building Economics
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.5 Design and Performance requirement
Basic functional requirements:
Strength and Stability DL, LL, WL, EQ
Dimensional Stability Deformations (Elastic and Plastic),Temperature and Moisture Content
,
lighting and orientation of the building Resistance to Moisture Penetration Building should kept dry
Fire Protection Less Ignition, Egress and Compartmentalization
Heat Insulation Use of thicker exterior walls, Use of cavityWalls, Use of shading devices (projecting roofs, verandahs,Proper Orientation
Day Lighting and Ventilation Good Daylight (East) and NaturalVentilation
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.5 Design and Performance requirement
Basic functional requirements:
Sound Insulation Through Cavity walls, airtight windows,raised floors, suspended ceilings
Max. Acceptable Noise Schools 45 50 dB, Hospitals 40
Durability- From 25 50 years Security Against Burglary or thefts, Window Openings,
Alarm Fittings
Protection against vermin and termites Shall be avoidedduring pre - construction
Building Economics However all the above are necessary,the limiting factor will be the money.
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
1.6 Steps in Building Design
Design is a process of
Blending, Selecting, Performance, Creation and Message
Design Phase
Site Selection and Site Plan
Architectural Design
Structural Design
Sanitary (Plumbing) Design
Electrical Design
Mechanical (HVAC) Fire and Life Protection
Building Support Systems Data, Voice, CCTV, MATV, etc
Preparation of Bill of Quantity and Specification
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Oct. 2009
CEng 3103 Building Construction
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
Course Outline1. Introduction2. Building Drawings3. Building Structural Systems Reinforced Concrete Structures
5. Building Construction Elements
Foundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:
Walls
Stairs
Prefabricated BuildingSystems Shell and Dome Structures
4. Planning of Buildings5. Building ConstructionElements6. Health and Safety in
Building Construction
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire PlacesFormwork and Scaffolding
Sanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
Chapter 2 Building Drawings Presentation Outline
2.1 Introduction2.2 Drawing Equipments
.2.4 Drawing for Residential Classification2.5 Working Drawings
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
2.1 IntroductionConstruction Industry uses mainly drawings and specifications for
communication.
Drawings present the pictorial view of the building items, withbrief written descriptions andSpecification presents the technical details, method of fabrication,
4
test, measurement and related details
Civil and Architectural Drawings Similar to Mechanical Drawingsexcept they use
Line Techniques
Various TemplatesDimensioning
AUTO CAD Drafting
Necessary trainings shall be taken
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
2.2 Drawing Equipments
The manual production of drawings requires:
Drawing Board/TableSize of 50 x 62 cm (A2)
Drawin Pa er
6
Drawing Paper, Tracing Paper, Blue PrintDrawing Pencils
Very Soft (6B) to Very Hard ( 9 H)
Writing and Lettering - Medium Pencil (HB or F)Drawings Hard Pencil (2H)
Ruler (cm or mm), T Square, Set Square (45 or 30/60)
Accessories - Eraser, Drawing Tape, Templates
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g g
2.2 Drawing Equipments
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g g
2.3 Drawing PapersDrawings shall be
in conformance to
International andNationalStandards.
10
tan ar aper
formats arederived from arectangulardrawing of 1m2.
A, B and CA ConstructionB & C Envelopes,
Posters, Folders
Using Golden Triangle (X = 0.841 mand Y = 1.189 m)
X * Y = 1 and X:Y = 1 : 2
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g g
2.3 Drawing PapersBased on International Standards(ISO):Common Sizes are A1 and A2
11
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2.3 Drawing PapersSide Margin - 3 5 cm shall be provided for fastening tape
of drawing pins
12
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2.3 Drawing PapersTitle Block
150 mm x 100 mm
Information: Design
13
Office (Name), Project Title
(Name and Place), Drawing
Type, Designer (Name),
Drawn By(Name), Checked
By(Name), Date ofCompletion, Scales and
Drawings Numbers
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2.3 Drawing Papers Folding Schemes
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2.3 Drawing Papers Folding Schemes
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2.3 Drawing Papers Folding Schemes
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2.3 Drawing PapersDrawings shall be properly numbered:
AR,ST,
17
,
EL,AC,
DT,ID..etc
Capital Letters shall be used for all titles and sub- titles
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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
Typical Drawings for Residential Buildings:
Title DeedSite Plan
18
WorkingDetailed
Construction and Installation Drawings
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2.4 Drawing for Residential BuildingsSite Plan
Location of building
Dimension of Perimeter
19
Proximity to the Road
Scale 1:100 or 1:200
North Direction shall be clearlyindicated
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2.4 Drawing for Residential BuildingsSketch Drawings
Preliminary Drawings indicating concerns and details
May include plan of important storey, one or more elevations and cross section of
building
20
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21
CEng 3103 Building Construction2 4 D i f R id ti l B ildi
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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
Detailed
DrawingsShow specific
details: Stair
22
Cases, GutterDown Pipe,
Foundation
details, etc
Scale 1:1.
1:5, 1:10 or
1:20
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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
Construction DrawingsPrepared mainly for foundation works, construction of steels, concrete,roofing and wood works and Approval by designer and RE
23
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Installation
DrawingsPrepared
mainl for
24
Sanitary and
Electrical
Installations
Scale of
1:50 is
preferred
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25
Sanitary DWG
CEng 3103 Building Construction2 4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
Working Drawings
Prepared mainly for Architectural DesignsFloor Plans, Elevation, Sectional Drawings
1. Floor Plans
26
Interior Space - Cutting section 1.2m HighSteps for Preparation
Start laying center line of wallsMark window and door openings
March wall thicknessLocate furniture positionIndicate material typeAdd measurements and Other details
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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings Floor Plans
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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings Standard Dimensioning
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2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
2. Elevation Plans
Exterior SpaceOrthographic Drawings of the building exteriorFront, Rear, Left and Right
29
North, South, West and East Elevations
Steps for PreparationProject Vertical Lines Lines with overall width and lengthProject Horizontal Lines Which represent the height of the eave
line, ridgeline, and chimney line, line aboveground level, etcLocate Roof Lines Ridge and Eave LineAdd Elevation SymbolsGive Elevation Dimensions
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CEng 3103 Building Construction2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
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g g
3. Sectional Plans
Revel the internal construction of an objectArchitectural Sections Entire Structure (Full Section) or for
specific parts (Detail Section)
32
ize an omp exity o t e ui ing usua y etermines t e
number of drawings3.1. Full Section
Longitudinal or Transverse (Scale of 1:50)Cutting PlaneCutting Line and Arrows Two dashed lines
3.2. Detail SectionUse of break lines
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33
Full Section
CEng 3103 Building Construction2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
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g g
Detail Section
34
Construction Symbols
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Construction Symbols
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Construction Symbols
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Construction Symbols
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Construction Symbols
CEng 3103 Building Construction2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
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Typical Drawings for Residential Buildings:
Architectural Site Plan, Floor Plan, Elevation, Section, DetailsStructural Foundation (Footing, Foundation Column, Ground
Floor Slab, Retainin Walls , U er Floor Slabs, Beams,
41
Columns), Shear Walls, Truss (Layout, Truss Details, Connection
Details)
Sanitary - Water Supply (Cold and Hot), Waste Water, Storm
Water, Risers
Electrical - Socket, Switch, Lighting, Voice, Riser, Distribution
Boards
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1
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009
CEng 3103 Building Construction
Course Outline
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1. Introduction
2. Building Drawings
3. Building Structural Systems Reinforced Concrete Structures
5. Building Construction Elements
Foundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:
Walls
Stairs
2
Prefabricated BuildingSystems
Shell and Dome Structures
4. Planning of Buildings
5. Building ConstructionElements
6. Health and Safety inBuilding Construction
Elevators
Doors and Windows Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Formwork and Scaffolding
Sanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
CEng 3103 Building Construction
Chapter 3 Building Structural Systems
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Presentation Outline
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reinforced Concrete Structures
3
.
3.4 Wood Structures3.5 Masonry Structures
3.6 Prefabricated Building Systems
3.6 Shell and Dome Structures
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4
5
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5
CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.1 Introduction6
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Building Structural Systems greatly depend on materials and
the expected force systems.
Based on force systems structural elements can be classified into:
Foundation Footing, Pile
6
Column
Beam
Truss
Arch
Dome, Shell Plate
Membrane -
7
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7
CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.1 Introduction8
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8
CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.1 Introduction9
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3.1 Introduction10
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Structural
load
transformation has
more and
more
complex
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3.1 Introduction11
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Beams
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3.1 Introduction12
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TRUSS
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3.1 Introduction13
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TRUSS
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3.1 Introduction14
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ARCH
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3.1 Introduction15
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VAULT
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3.1 Introduction16
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DOME
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3.1 Introduction17
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SHELL
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3.1 Introduction
Li h19
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Lightness
Maximum
Diversity/MinimumInventory Element and
Joint Design
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3.1 Introduction20
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Common Structural Materials RC, STEEL, WOOD, PREFAB, SHELLAND DOME
New PossibilitiesMaterials - Composites
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose
Panels: e.g. stress skin
Processes
Concrete Tilt-Up Slab
Rapid Curing
FOUR SYSTEM
INTEGRATION
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3.1 Introduction21
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Common Structural Materials CONCRETE (PLAIN AND RC), STEEL,WOOD, MASONRY
New Possibilities Materials - Composites
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose
Panels: e.g. stress skin
Processes
Concrete Tilt-Up Slab
Rapid Curing
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3.1 Introduction22
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.2 Reinforced Concrete Structures
f
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Reinforced Concrete - Ethiopia
Concrete Issues Strength in Tension Strength in Compression
CO2 generation
Durability Quality Control
Concrete Advantageous
Form Requirements Availability of Materials
Construction Expertise requirement
Developments SCC, Ductile Concrete, Composite Concrete
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.3 Steel Framed Structures25
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.3 Steel Framed Structures26
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.3 Steel Framed Structures27
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.3 Steel Framed Structures28
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
3.4 Wood Structures
The use of wood extends back in time longer than any other
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The use of wood extends back in time longer than any othermaterial.
In fact, wood represents both the original material of buildingas well as the earliest source of energy.
,resource.
But is mostly underused
Structural Morphology
i. Solid Load Bearing Wall
ii. Timber Frame
iii. Balloon and Platform Framing
iv. Stress-Skin Systems Structural Types
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
1
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009
CEng 3103 Building Construction
Course Outline
1. Introduction 5. Building Construction Elements2
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oduc o
2. Building Drawings
3. Building Structural Systems Reinforced Concrete Structures
Foundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:Walls
Stairs
Prefabricated Building
Systems Shell and Dome Structures
4. Planning of Buildings
5. Building ConstructionElements
6. Health and Safety inBuilding Construction
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Formwork and ScaffoldingSanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
CEng 3103 Building Construction
Chapter 5 Building Construction Elements
Presentation Outline
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Presentation Outline
5.1 Foundation and Basements
5.1.1 Introduction5.1.2 Functions of Foundations
5.1.3 Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation
5.1.4 Types of Foundation5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
5.1.6 Causes of Foundation Failures and Remedial Measures
5.1.7 Foundation Construction Setting Out Foundation Trenches
Excavation and Timbering of Foundation
Excavations in Ground with Sub Soil Water Problems
CEng 3103 Building Construction
5.1.1 Introduction
Buildings consist of Sub and Super Structure elements
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g p
Sub Structure or Foundation is the lower portion of the building,
usually located below ground level, and transmits the load of thesuperstructure to the sub soil
The soil which is located immediatel below the base of thefoundation is called the Sub Soil or Foundation Soil
Since it remains below ground level, the signs of failure of foundationare not noticeable till it has already affected the building
A foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessivesettlement as well as unequal settlement
Unequal Settlement - might be caused due to weak sub soil, shrinkable andexpansive soil, frost action ground water movement, excessive vibration,consolidation settlement or slipping of strata
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.3 Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation
Foundation should be constructed to satisfy the following
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y grequirements:
1. Foundations shall sustain and safely transmit the Dead and LiveLoads of the Superstructure, in a way that the pressure will notcause settlement which would im air the stabilit of thebuilding or adjoining structures
2. Foundation shall be rigid to avoid differential settlement,specially when the superstructure load is not evenly distributed
3. Foundations shall be sufficiently deep to guard against damage
or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub soil4. Foundations should be so located that its performance may not
be affected due to any unexpected future influence.
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation
Types of Foundations can be classified into two:
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yp
A. Shallow Foundation
Spread Footing, Combined Footings, Strap Footings and MatFoundation
B. Deep Foundation
Deep strip, rectangular or square footing, Pile Foundation, Pier orDrilled Caisson Foundation, and Well or Caisson Foundation
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation
A. Shallow
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Foundation
SpreadFooting,
Combined
Footings, StrapFootings and
Mat Foundation
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation
A. 1 Spread Footing
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p g
Will spread the force over
a large area
Single Footing
Stepped Footing
Sloped Footing
Wall footing without stepStepped footing for wall
Grillage foundation
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation
Grillage foundation Timber or Steel Stanchion carrying
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heavy load in weak bearing capacity soils
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation
A. 2 Combined Footing
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Support two or more
columns
There are different kinds:
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Combined Column
Design Criterion Center
of Gravity of Columnsshall coincide with the
centroid of the footing
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation
A. 3 Strap/ Cantilever Footings
Strap Footing If
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Strap Footing - Ifindependent footings of two
columns are connected by abeam
between the columns is wide
and with high bendingmoments
Strap beam will nottransfer loads, it will be
assumed to be stiff enoughto result in uniform pressureunder each footing
Border Columns
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Deep Foundation
B. Deep Foundation
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Deep strip, rectangular or square footing, Pile
Foundation, Pier or Drilled Caisson Foundation, and Wellor Caisson Foundation
Strip, rectangular or square footings come under the
category of deep foundation, when the depth of thefoundation is more than the width of the footing
Well foundations are used in bridge piers
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Deep Foundation
Types of Pile Foundation
End Bearing
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End Bearing
Used for multistory buildings tominimize settlement
Friction
Used in granular soil
Combined End bearing andFriction pile
Compaction pileUsed to compact loose granular
soilDont carry loads by themselves
and thus can be made of softmaterials
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Deep Foundation
B. 2 Pier Foundation
Consists of a cylindrical
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Consists of a cylindricalcolumn of large diameter to
support and transfer largeloads
erence w p e s me oof construction
Pier foundation uses onlybearing and has shallow depth
When there is a close hardrock strata and stiff clay
TypesMasonry or Concrete Pier
Drilled Pier
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.4 Types of Foundation Deep Foundation
B. 3 Well Foundation (Caissons)
Are box like circular or
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Are box like circular orrectangular structure which aresunk from the surface either bydead load or water to thedesired depth
Larger in diameter to pier ordrilled caissons
Used in bridge piers,abutments in rivers and lakes,
docks, break water and othershore structures, pump housesand water front structures
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
Since foundation are to be based in sub soils, sufficient
investigation of the sub soils is a must
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investigation of the sub soils is a must
Sub Soil Investigation is carried out forNew Structures
Selection of type and depth of foundation
Determination of Bearing CapacityPrediction of settlement
Determination of Ground water level
Evaluation of earth pressure against walls, basements and abutments
Provision against construction difficulties
Suitability and degree of compaction of soil
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
Sub Soil Investigation is carried out for
Existing Structures
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Existing Structures
Investigation of the safety of the structurePrediction of Settlement
detrimental settlement
SITE RECONNAISSANCEInspection of the site and study on topographical
features is often helpful
Following features shall be studied: -Local Topography, excavations, cuttings, quarries, evidence
of land slide, fills, water level and drainage patters
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
SITE EXPLORATION
Objective to provide a reliable, specific and detailed
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j p , pinformation about the soil and ground water conditions forsafe and economic design of foundationsDe th of Ex loration
Depth (Significant Depth) shall be up to the level where the
pressure increase will cause settlement or shear failure offoundations
Depends on the type of structure, its weight, size, shape anddisposition of loaded areas, and the soil profile and its properties
Assumed One and Half to two times the width (smaller of thelateral dimensions) of the loaded area
DirectionsIsolated Spread Footings 1.5 times the width
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
Directions
Adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width 1.5 times thelength
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length
Pile Foundation 10 to 30 m, or more, or at least 1.5 times the width of thestructure
Base of Retaining Wall greater of 1.5 times the base width or 1.5 timesthe exposed height
Floating Basement Depth of Construction
Weathering Considerations 1.5 m in general and 3.5 m in black cottonsoils
Min Depth 1.5 m
Methods of Exploration
1. Open Excavation2. Borings
3. Sub Surface Soundings
4. Geo Physical Methods
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
Methods of Exploration
1. Open Excavation
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Trail pits are the cheapestmethods in shallow deposits
Advantages Soil Stratacan e o serve an samp es(disturbed or undisturbed) can
be conveniently takenSuitable up to 3m depth
For greater depths and forexcavation below ground
water table, specially inpervious soils, measures forlateral support and groundwater lowering is necessary
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
Methods of Exploration
2. Boring Methods
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g
Methods commonly usedAuger boring
Wash boring
Percussion boringRotary boring
A. Auger boringUsed in cohesive and other soft soils above
water tableOperate mechanically or manually
Hand augers are used up to 6m
Two types Spiral or Post Hole
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
2. Boring MethodsC. Wash boring
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Is fast and simple method foradvancing holes in all types ofsoils (except for boulders and
Steps
Driving a casing with hollowdrilled rod with sharp chisel orchopping bit
Forcing water under pressure
Resulting in Chopping andjetting actionForcing the cutting up ward
and reviewing the color of wash
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
2. Boring MethodsD. Percussion boring
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g
Soil and rock formations are broken by repeated blows of heavy chiselor bit suspended by a cable or drill rod
Suitable for advancing a hole in all types of soils, boulders and rock
E. Rotary BoringVery fast method
A drill bit is rotated with firm contact to the bottom of the hole
A water solution of bentonite, with or without admixtures is continuouslyforced down
The mud coming up wards bring the cuttings to the surface
Core Boring or Core Drilling commercial diamond studded bits
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.6 Causes of Foundation Failures and Remedial Measures
Foundations may fail dueto the following reasons:
Unequal Settlement of Sub
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q
SoilUnequal Settlement of
Sub Soil moisture
movementLateral Pressure on Walls
Lateral Movement of Sub Soil
Weathering of Sub Soildue to trees and shrubs
Atmospheric Action
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.7 Foundation Construction
Under Foundation Construction,the following topics will bereviewed;
S tti O t F d ti T h
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Setting Out Foundation Trenches
Excavation and Timbering ofFoundation Trenches
Excavation in Ground with Sub Soil Water
A. Setting Out FoundationTrenches
Is the process of laying downthe excavation lines and
center lines etc on the ground,before excavation is started
Foundation Layout Plan
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.7 Foundation Construction
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B. Excavation andTimbering ofFoundation Trenches
Excavation can be
done either manuallyor with equipmentsManually
Equipments
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.7 Foundation Construction
C. Timbering of Foundation Trenches
When the depth of trench is large,or when the sub soil is loose , thesides of the trench may cave in
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sides of the trench may cave in
Timbering or Shoring consist ofproviding timber planks or boardsan struts to give temporary supportto the sides of the trench
Methods:Stay Bracing Firm Soil & 2m
Box Sheeting Loose Soil & 4m
Vertical Sheeting Soft & 10 m
Runner System Extremely LooseSheet Piling
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.7 Foundation Construction
D. Excavation in Ground
with Sub Soil Water
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High water table orwater logged area
Dewatering
Ditches and SumpsWell Point System
Shallow Well System
Deep Well SystemVacuum Method
Electro osmosis Method
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.1.7 Foundation Construction
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
1
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONInstructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009
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CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5 Building Construction Elements Floors
Presentation Outline
5.2 Floors
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5.2.1 Introduction5.2.2 Classification of Floors
5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor
5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
Brick, Stone, Concrete, Granolithic, Tiled, Wooden,
Terrazzo, Mosaic, Plastic, Marble, Asphalt, Rubber,Cork, Glass, Linoleum, Carpet
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CEng 3103 Building Construction
5.2.2 Classification of Floors
Floors can beclassified as:
Upper Floors and
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Ground FloorSuspended FloorsSolid Rest Floors
Basement Floors
Flooring is thesingle mostexposed element
of a buildinginterior becauseof constant andoften heavy use.
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor
Ground Floor
1. Support Load Especially in Factories
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2. Prevent Dampness3. Prevent Growth of Ve etable matter and Livin or anism
4. Durability Min. Maintenance or replacement
5. Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanlinessand heat Retention
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor
Upper Floor
1. Support Load
2. Fire Resistance Tall Buildings
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3. Minimize noise transfer
4. ura y n. a n enance or rep acemen
5. Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanliness and
Heat Retention6. Prevent Dampness
Upper Floor
Structural Floor Finish (Upper Part)
Ceiling Finish (Lower Part)
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
Performance Criteria for flooring selection can be
listed as the following:
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durable to resist abrasion, indentation, compression,accidental impacts, and dust and dirt
chemically inert to resist cleaning compounds, disinfectants,
solvents, lubricants and other substances that may be spilled comfortable to reduce fatigue of walking, standing and/or
running
safe, non-slippery, non-tripping, non flammable and alsonon-conductive or non-static
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
The basic Materials used for floors are:
Stone, Brick, Timber, Concrete, and Metal
Timber and Concrete are widely used
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A. Timber Floors
Source and Standard Seasoning and appearance
Versatile Glued, Laminated or bonded to metal or plates
Fire Resistance Coating
Moisture Flow Has to be avoided and kept dry
Ground Floor Suspended system is economicalWooden Floors Applied in dancing halls, auditoriums, living and
dinning rooms etc
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
B. Concrete Floors
Commonly used in all building types b/c moderately cheap,quite durable, and easy to construct
C b i i f b i d
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Can be cast in situ or prefabricated
Design Freedom Shape
Form work required Wet ConditionTypes
Solid - Solid or Flat
Better Strength
Flat Slabs No beams
Ribbed or Waffle Based
Flat Ceiling (w/o beams), Better Sound Insulation, Duct provision, Light Loads
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
Ribbed
Slabs
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
B. 2 Pre Cast Concrete
Designed to avoid form works, wet free and fast construction
Li ht i i ht
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Lighter in weightDisadvantage Difficult to provide rigid connections and
Transportation, Loading and Unloading, Placement
Available Prefab Addis and Logi
Reinforced Solid or Contain Internal Cores
Pre Stressed
Lighter, Camber, Difficult for modification
Cover part or the whole slab portionMade of Hollow Blocks, Brick Hollow part used for passing utility ducts
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
Hollow Pre - Cast Section
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
Hollow Pre - Cast Section
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
Choice of Floor Finish materials depends on:
Initial Cost, Appearance, Durability, Availability, Fire
resistance resistance to water and chemicals so nd
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resistance, resistance to water and chemicals, sound, .
Common Type of Flooring
Brick, Stone, Concrete, Granolithic, Tiled, Wooden, Terrazzo,
Mosaic, Plastic, Marble, Asphalt, Rubber, Cork, Glass,
Linoleum, Carpet
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
A. Brick Flooring
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
A. Brick Flooring
Used in cheap constructions, especially where good bricks areavailable
Suitable
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Suitable Warehouses stores edestrian walk wa s
Base Course
Compacted layers with mortar joints with bricksSlope shall be properly provided
Frost Attack About 5 cm thick fine sand is spread
Construction
Bricks shall be socked for 3 7 days (avoid reduction of voids inhydration)
Frost Bricks without mortar
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
B. Stone Flooring Granite, Marble, Lime stone, Slate
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
B. Stone Flooring Granite, Marble, Lime stone, Slate
Used for making rectangular or square size floors
Suitable
Garages, Entrance Corridors, Pedestrian Walk waysC l i k b i hi b bl k d d
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g , , y Common colors are pink, beige, white, brown, black, green, and red.
Properties Hard, Durable and resistant to wear
Easy in construction and MaintenanceNot better in looks
Sub BaseCompacted Ground or Concrete Base
Construction Joints PointedProper Slope
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
C. Concrete Flooring
Suitable
Residential, Commercial, andIndustrial (Garages
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Residential, Commercial, andIndustrial (Garages,
a ora or es, an are ouses
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
C. Concrete Flooring
Properties Moderately Cheap, Durable and Easy to construct
Moderately resistant to oils and weak acids
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yTwo Components
Base Concrete and Wearing Surface
Sub BaseConcrete Base
Construction Monolithically casting Good Bond with base and Cracks
Independent Base surface covered with slurry, Mix 1:2:4
Even spreading and surfacing by straight edge steel or wood
Curing 7 days
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
D. Granolithic Flooring
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
D. Granolithic Flooring
Suitable For hard and wear resistant surface (Car passage )
Properties
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pMade of Rich Concrete, with very hard and tough quality course
aggregates , such as granite and basalt
Mix 1:1:2 to 1:1:3
Sub BaseConcrete Base
Construction Shall be laid before the base coarse has set
Surface is tamped and floatedSmoothened by steel trowel
Grinding and polishing is done after curing
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
E. Tiled (Cement or Clay) Flooring
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
E. Tiled (Cement or Clay) Flooring
Suitable Residential Houses, Offices, Schools and Public Buildings
Properties M d f l
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Made of cement, clay, concrete or terrazzo
Constructed in square, hexagonal or other shapes and many colours
Sub Base
Concrete BaseCompacted ground base
Construction Similar to laying stone or brick flooring
Cement slurry has to spread to fill the joints
Grinding and Polishing
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
F. Wooden/Timber (Parquet) Flooring
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
F. Wooden/Timber (Parquet) Flooring
Suitable Living and Dinning Rooms, Bed rooms, dance halls, auditoriums
Properties Must have hard, Resistant to wear and durable surface
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,
e ec on s a e ase on ex ure, co or, e ec s an gra n
Shall be avoided in moist areas
Sub BaseConcrete Base
Construction Can be glued to concrete floors
Can be joined by nails
Can be simply overlaid on a filler mast
Protective coating like varnish, lacquer, wax shall be applied for long serviceperiods
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
G. Terrazzo Flooring
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
G. Terrazzo Flooring
Suitable
Residential, Offices and other public buildings
Properties
Is concrete containing white and/or colored cement and marble chips as an aggregate(1:2 or 1:3)
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(1:2 or 1:3)
Marble Chips exposed by grinding, may vary from 3 6 mm
Decorative and high wearing resistance
Can be found in market as pre cast terrazzo in the form of tiles (20 30 cm, t = 2 3m) even for Stair Treads and Risers
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Shall be casted with the required mix proportionGrinding in three levels and then cement grout to seal holes
Mirror - Polishing
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring
Suitable
Walls, Floors, Both internal and external, Stairs
Properties
Made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or of marble arranged in differentpatters
Glazed or Unglazed
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Glazed or Unglazed
Impervious to water and a dense body
Types Porcelain - made by dust press method from ceramic materials with vitreous body, resistant to freezing and
thawing and abrasive wearNatural Clay (Ceramic) made of natural clays or shales, which produce a long wearing body
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Concrete base made of mortar or comp mortar is spread & leveled to a depth of 5 to 8 cmPieces or Tiles of Ceramic are hammered
Stone roller about 30 cm in dia. and 45 60 cm long is passed
Joint filler Cement grout
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
I. Plastic or PVC Flooring
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
I. Plastic or PVC Flooring
Suitable Residential Area Bed rooms
Properties Made of plastic material Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
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a r ca e n ro s or es w eren co ors
Resilient, smooth, good looking and cleanable
Easily damaged by heat or chemicals
Sub BaseConcrete Base
Construction Adhesive shall be applied to the cement screed surface
Tiles are then pressed gently using lightweight rollers
Floor is washed with warm soap water
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
Concrete Floor Cement Screed
These are used to give a concrete floor a finish suitable to receive thefloor finish or covering specified
Laying Floor Screeds - floor screeds should not be laid in bays since thiscan cause curling at the edges, screeds can however be laid in 3.00 widestrips to receive thin coverings.
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p g
Leveling of screeds is achieved by working to leveled timber screedingbatten or alternatively a 75mm wide band of leveled screed with square
edges can be laid to the perimeter of the floor prior to the generalscreed laying operation.
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
J. Marble Flooring
38
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
J. Marble Flooring
Suitable Residential buildings (Stairs, Corridor, Kitchens), Public and
Worship placesPro erties
39
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Made of sedimentary rocks
Different sources Granite, Marble
Durable, Water proof but expensive
Sub BaseConcrete Base
Construction Similar to stone flooring
Has to be cured and cleaned before use
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
K. Asphalt Flooring
40
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
K. Asphalt Flooring
Suitable Garages, stores
Properties Wear resistance and durable
41
es en soun proo non a sor en an mo s ure o proo
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es en , soun proo , non a sor en an mo s ure o proo
Types Asphalt Mastic commonly used in Ethiopia. Made of sand and asphalt mixed hot
and laid in continuous sheetsAsphalt Titles made of asphalt and other ingredients such as asbestos fibers, by
pressing the mix in different sizes, with thickness varying usually from 3 to 6 mm
Asphalt Mosaic similar to mastic but made with chips
Sub Base
Concrete BaseConstruction
Proper primer coat
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
L. Rubber Flooring
42
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
L. Rubber Flooring
Suitable Offices or public building like hospitals and schools
Properties Consist of sheet or piles of rubber, with different patterns and colours
43
M f d b
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Manufactured by mixing
Sub Base
Concrete BaseConstruction
Shall be laid before the base coarse has set
Surface is tamped and floated
Smoothened by steel trowelGrinding and polishing is done after curing
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
M. Cork Flooring
44
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
M. Cork Flooring
Suitable
Areas where quiet and comfort are of paramount importance.
Rigid subfloors, such as smooth-finished or screeded concrete supported above
grade and free of moisture, or on structurally sound plywood or hardboard. Corktile is not recommended for application below grade or moisture-free conditions
45
mus e ensure .
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Properties
Manufactured by baking cork granules with phenolic or other resin binders
under pressure. Four types of finishes are produced: natural, factory prefinishedwax, resin-reinforced wax, and vinyl cork tile
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Natural cork tile must be sanded (to level), sealed, and waxed immediately afterinstallation.
Sealed by protective coatings
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
N. Glass Flooring
46
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
N. Glass Flooring
Suitable
Basement and upper floor where light has to be transmitted
Properties
47
S l l i h f f il l b ( 12 30
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Structural glass, in the form of tiles or slabs ( t = 12 to 30mm)
Suspended on closely placed frames
Sub Base
Steel Frames
Construction
Care should be taken to avoid joint failures
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
O. Linoleum Flooring
Suitable Except for Bath rooms, kitchens, etc
Properties Developed 100 yrs ago in EnglandMixing oxidized linseed oil in gum, resins, pigments, wood flour, cork
49
dust and other filler materials
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Seasoned in ovens for 2 4 weeks (given several coats of lacquer forgreater stain and spot resistance)
Attractive, resilient, durable, cheap and easily cleanable
Easily rot in wet conditions
Sub Base
Concrete or Wood BaseConstruction Fixed or glued to base in various patterns
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
P. Carpet Flooring
50
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.2.5 Floor Finishes
P. Carpet Flooring
Suitable Passage ways, Bed Rooms, Hall ways
Properties A textile floor covering consisting of an upper layer of "pile" attached
51
to a backing.
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The pile is generally either made from wool or a manmade fibre suchas polypropylene, and usually consists of twisted tufts which are oftenheat-treated to maintain their structure.
Sub BaseConcrete Base
Construction Carpets and carpet tiles can be laid loose, stuck with a suitable
adhesive or in the case of carpets edge fixed using special grip strips.
52
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
1
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CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONInstructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Nov. 2009
CEng 3103 Building Construction
Course Outline
1. Introduction
2. Building Drawings
3. Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
5. Building Construction Elements
Foundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:
Walls Stairs
2
Prefabricated BuildingElevators
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Prefabricated BuildingSystems
Shell and Dome Structures4. Planning of Buildings
5. Building Construction
Elements6. Health and Safety inBuilding Construction
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Formwork and Scaffolding
Sanitary SystemsFire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5.3 Building Construction Elements Walls
Presentation Outline
5.3 Walls
5.3.1 Introduction5.3.2 T es of Walls
3
5 3 3 External Walls
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5.3.3 External Walls
5.3.4 Internal Walls
5.3.5 Cavity Walls
5.3.6 Openings in Walls
5.3.7 Wood and Chika Walls
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.1 Introduction
Definition A wall is a vertical member whose width(i.e. length) exceeds four times the thickness
Wall
Is an essential component of a building
4
It encloses or divides a building space for an assumed
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g pfunction
Provides privacy, security and protection against heat, cold,sun and rain
Structural Wall can provide support to floors and roofs
Design Criterion Strength, Stability, Weather Resistance, Durability, Fire Resistance,
Thermal and Sound Insulation
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.2 Types of Walls
Distinction can be made:
A. Position in the Building
Substructure (Foundation and Basement Walls)
5
E l W ll i i i d d i i l h
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External Walls protection against wind and rain, insulate heat,
water repellent, fire resisting and sound insulationInternal Walls Sound, heat and Water
B. Function
Load Bearing Walls Partition Walls
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
A. Materials for External Walls Stones, Bricks, HCB, Reinforce Concrete, Glass, Metals,
Plastic, Composites, Agro Stone, Chika
Selection
6
Standard of House
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Climatic Conditions
Cost Aesthetic
Workers
Structural Function
Fire Resistance
Openings Windows and Doors
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
B. Types of External Walls
Classification can be based on Structural Property or onPhysical Nature
Physical Nature Block, Monolithic or Composite or Panel
7
B 1 Block Construction
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B.1. Block Construction
Are made of stones, brick, hollow concrete blocks, and solidblocks
A. Brick Walls
Widely used for load and non load bearing walls
Egyptians, Babylonian, Romans used it
Ethiopia Not old
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
A. Brick Walls Tests of Bricks
A. Field Tests for Soils Balls about 8cm dia. are made and
checked for drying cracks and crumble modes B. Field Tests for Burnt Clay Bricks Appearance, hammer test
10
(highly metallic sound) and hardness test (Scratching the surfaceby knife)
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by knife)
C. Laboratory Tests i. Compressive Strength
ii. Water Absorption
iii. Efflorescence
Build up of white surface deposits on drying Results from dissolved salts
Saturate Bricks and allow to dry
Class Avg. (MPa) Ind. (MPa )
A 20 17.5B 15 12.5
C 10 7.5
D 7.5 5.5
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
A. Brick Walls
Size 6 x 12 x 25 cm
Terminologies
Stretcher Long face
Header Short face
11
Lap Horizontal distanceb/n vertical joints
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/ j
Bed -
Closer
Queen Closer
King Closer
Beveled Closer
Mitered Closer
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
A. Brick Walls Types of Brick Bonds
If a joint ofconsecutive layers
are in samelocation, the mass
12
o wa w a Thus BOND
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Bond is the systemof laying bricks insuch a manner thatthere is no verticaljoint in any row or
course immediatelyabove or below theone considered
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
A. Brick Walls
Strength of Brick Works
Strength of brick shall be adequately satisfied
The Mortar shall also be of compatible strength
13
Joints in Brick Work
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Joints are the weakest point of a masonry structure
Joints also have an appearance value
Jointing finishing of joints as the brickwork proceeds
Pointing finishing of joints after the brickwork is completed
Pointing - If the surface is not plastered, the surface jointsshall be refilled by neat mix of mortar
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
Pointing Types
Struck Pointing
Recessed Pointing
Concave Ke ed
15
Pointing
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V Pointing
Projecting Pointing
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
A. Brick Walls
Causes of Failures of Brickworks
1. Crushing
17
2. Shearing
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2. Shearing
Provide strong mortar
3. Rupture
Breaking vertical joints
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
A. Brick Walls
Maintenance of Brickworks
A. Re pointing Old Brick
B. Re Paintin Brickwork
18
C. Cleaning Brickwork
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Using steams or hot waterjets
D. Removal of Efflorescence
Improve damp prevention
Scrubb wall by brush andwater or acid water
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
B. Stone Walls Defects of Stones for Walls
A. Vents Small figures or hollow in the stone making it
liable to decomposition
19
. ,veins after weathering and render bad appearance
Sand Holes and Cla s Holes cracks or holes filled with
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C. Sand Holes and Clays Holes - cracks or holes filled with
sandy or clayey matter. Liable to decomposition due toweathering action
Cutting and Dressing of Stones
Stones shall be cut in size from original sources They are also dressed into suitable shapes and polished to
give a smooth surface if desired.
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.3 External Walls
C. Concrete / Clay Block Walls (HCBs) Reducing the mortar amount by using larger size blocks (40 x
20 x 20 vs 25 x 12 x 6 cm) Only 5 10 % of total volume of wall
More economical Purchase, Faster for construction
21
Either Solid or Hollow
Less weight for HCBs
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g
Finishing Plastering , Pointing D. Walls of Monolithic Construction
Can be load bearing or not
Concrete Walls and traditional mud walls are cast in plastic state
Concrete Walls can be plain or reinforced Strength andFreedom
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.4 Internal Walls
To provide internal spaceCan be load bearing or not
Partition or Internal Walls
Brick
23
Glass
Concrete
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Concrete
Metal lath Solid plaster
Corrugated sheet
Timber
Gypsum Panel
Agro Stone
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.5 Cavity Walls
Consist of two brick walls withcavity between the two and specialconnecting supports
RequiredPrevent Dampness
24
High insulation against heat andsound and economy
Inner and outer walls may be
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Inner and outer walls may be
equal in thickness Inner wall shall be completely
disconnected
Cavity 4 10 cm
Shall have a base depth of 10 cmbelow the damp proof course
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.5 Cavity Walls
Advantages
Damp Prevention
Insulation
Acoustics
25
Notes Cavity Walls
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Horizontal damp proof shall be built in two separate widthsMortar or other material accumulation shall be avoided
Free from projection
Openings shall be focused on damp preventionRust proof ties and prevent water transmission
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.6 Openings in Walls
Openings Doors,Windows,
Cupboards, etc
26
Bridged byprovision on a
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lintel or archA. Arches
Stones, Steel,
ReinforcedConcrete, Bricks
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.6 Openings in Walls
A. Arches
Are constructed where loads are
heavy, span is large, strong abutments
27
,
stone and RC is required
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Stability of ArchesCrushing of material
Sliding of one voussoir on another
Rotation of some joint about the edgeUneven settlement of abutments/pier
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.6 Openings in Walls
B. Lintels
Horizontal member
Easy to build even in weak supporting walls
28
eas cm ear ng ep
Type of Lintels
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TimberStone
Brick
Steel
Reinforced Concrete
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.3.7 Wood and Chika Walls
Traditional type of wall in Ethiopia
Construction Process
Modern times Reinforced Concrete Grade Beam
29
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
1
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CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Dec. 2009
CEng 3103 Building ConstructionCourse Outline
1. Introduction2. Building Drawings
3. Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
5. Building Construction ElementsFoundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:
Walls
Stairs
2
Prefabricated BuildingSystems
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
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Shell and Dome Structures4. Planning of Buildings
5. Building ConstructionElements
6. Health and Safety inBuilding Construction
Finishing Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Formwork and Scaffolding
Sanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5.4 Building Construction Elements Stairs
Presentation Outline
5.4 Stairs
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Technical Terminolo ies
3
5.4.3 Classification of Stairs
5.4.4 Materials for Stairs
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5.4.5 Essential Requirements of a Good Stair
5.4.6 Movable Stairs
5.4.7 Ramps
5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators
5.4.9 Lifts
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.2 Technical Terminologies
Common Terms Tread
Going
Riser
5
Landing
Flight
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Baluster
Strings or Stringer
Hand Rail
Head room
Newel Post
Winders
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.3 Classification of Stairs
Stairs can be classifiedinto two broad heads:
Straight Stairs
Turning stairs
6
Half Turn Stair
Three quarter turn Stairs
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Bifurcating Stairs
Where each can be
Newel Stair
Well or Open Newel Stair
Geometrical stair Circular,Spiral, Helical or elliptical
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.4 Materials for Stairs
Selection depends on availability of material, fund,
desired life, aesthetics and fire resistance
Concrete Stair
Wooden Stair
7
Metal Stair For fire escape
Stone Stairs
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Brick Stairs
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9
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10
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.5 Essential Requirements of a Good Stair
Exercise Plan a stair for a building where the vertical distancebetween floors is 3.6 m and stair case measures 2.5 m x 5 m
Plan a stair for a building where the vertical distance between floors is
3.9 m and stair case measures 4.25 m x 5.25 m
12
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.6 Movable Stairs
13
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.7 Ramps
Ramps shall be provided to allow wheel chair access andluggage path in hotels
14
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators
Escalators provide a continuous mass transportation of people
From 35 300 and Flat section on landing shall be provided
15
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16
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators
Travelators (moving pavement) are a means of conveying people horizontallyor up a slightly inclined plane and transport shopping trolleys, bags, etc
17
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CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.9 Lifts
Lifts generally make up thevertical movement ofmodern buildings
Passenger Lifts and GoodsLifts should be planned
properly
18
Lift Capacity 400 Kg,600 kg, 800 Kg, 1,000Kg, etc
Lift Shafts shall be
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Lift Shafts shall beproperly dimensioned
Life 25 40 yrs
Hospital Lifts, Small Load
Lifts, Hydraulic Lifts andPanoramic Lifts
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.4.9 Lifts
19
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20
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21
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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
1
CENG 3103
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CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.) Dec. 2009
CEng 3103 Building ConstructionCourse Outline
1. Introduction2. Building Drawings
3. Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
5. Building Construction ElementsFoundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:
Walls
Stairs
2
Prefabricated BuildingSystems
Shell and Dome StructuresPl i f B ildi
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing D P ti
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Shell and Dome Structures4. Planning of Buildings
5. Building ConstructionElements
6. Health and Safety inBuilding Construction
g Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Formwork and Scaffolding
Sanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
CEng 3103 Building ConstructionChapter 5.5 Building Construction Elements Doors and Windows
Presentation Outline
5.5 Doors and Windows
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Doors
3
5.5.3 Windows
5.5.4 Glass and Glazing
5.5.5 Fittings for Doors and Windows
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5.5.5 Fittings for Doors and Windows
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.5.1 Introduction
Door is an openable barrier secured in a wallopening and is provided to give access, protection,
safety and privacy
Servers as a connecting link
4
Window - is a vented barrier secured in a wall opening
Main function admit light and air, expel odor and built up
heat and give view
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g
CEng 3103 Building Construction5.5.2 Doors
Doors provide access to rooms, however their number should bekept low, as they take up circulation space
Location of Doors shall be placed around the corner
Doors on opposite walls facing each other provide better ventilation
5
Doors can be Fire Rated including Fire Door with all accessories
Hanging of Doors
Doors shall be hung not diminishing the required passage way, stair or othermeans of exit
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means of exit
Street Facing doors shall be opened to