Download pdf - Bio Form 5 -Topik 3 Koordinasi Dan Gerakbalas

8/16/2019 Bio Form 5 -Topik 3 Koordinasi Dan Gerakbalas

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http://www.biologi45.cikgunaza.com/2011/11/nota-biologi-tingkatan-5.html

Topik 3 koordinasi dan gerakbalas

1. 1. TOPIK - KOO!"I#$%I "$# &'!$K($)$% (IO)O&I TI#&K$T$#

51 O*gani+ma hi,up b*g*ak bala+ t*ha,ap p*ubahanp*+kita*an ,alam ,an p*+kita*anlua*.2 %ba*ang p*ubahan,alam p*+kita*an ang bolh ,ik+an ,an mnbabkan+uatuo*gani+m a b*tin,ak bala+ ,ipanggil *ang+angan.P*ubahan ang b*laku ,i lua* ba,an ,ipanggil *ang +ang anlua*. ontohna cahaa buni,an +uhu.4 P*ubahan angb*laku ,i ,alam ba,an ,ipanggil *ang+angan ,alam. ontohnaa*a+ gula,alam ,a*ah +uhu ba,an ,an tkanan o+mo+i+ ,a*ah.5&*ak bala+ a,alah apa ang ba,an kita lakukan +bagai tin,akbala+ t*ha,ap *ang+angan. Kp*luan manu+ia ,an haiwanuntuk b*g*ak bala+ t*ha,ap *ang+angan a,alah:a3 untuk

b*a,apta+i ,ngan p*ubahan p*+kita*anb3 untuk mlin,ungio*gani+ma ,a*ipa,a bahaac3 untuk mma+tikan kman,i*iano*gani+ma,3 untuk mngawal atu* p*+kita*an ,alamanmlalui homo+ta+i+ &*ak bala+ tumbuhan a,alah:a3 T*opi+m: P*g*akan p*tumbuhan pa,a huung pucuk ,anhuung aka* +bagai g*akbala+ t*ha,ap *ang+angan.b3 &*akbala+ na+ti: P*g*akan bahagian tumbuhan t*ha,ap*ang+angan lua*an.c3 &*ak bala+ tak+i+: &*ak bala+k+lu*uhan o*gani+ma t*ha,ap *ang+angan lua*an.6 Kp*luantumbuhan b*g*ak bala+ t*ha,ap *ang+angan:a3 untukmn*ima lbih banak cahaa mataha*i bagi 7oto+int+i+b3untuk mmp*olh +okongan lbih baikc3 untuk mmp*olhcukup ai* 8ng+an ,an (*g*ak (ala+ t*ha,ap P*ubahan,alam P*+kita*an1. !+pto* a,alah +l khu+u+ ,alam o*gan,*ia ang mng+ an *ang+angan. '7kto* +p*tiotot atauklna* b*tin,ak bala+ untuk mngha+ilkan g*ak bala+t*ha,ap *ang+angan.2 !+pto* ang ,i*ang+ang mnanaimpul+ +a*a7 ang ,ihanta* k +i+tm +a*a7 pu+atkawalan3 olhnu*on a7*n. %i+tm +a*a7 mnta7+i* maklumat ,anmnghanta* klua* impul+ +a*a7.4 #u*on 7*n mmbawaimpul+ +a*a7 k 7kto* bagi mngha+ilkan g*ak bala+!aah12.13.5 Koo*,ina+i a,alah p*o++ ang mlibatkanpng+anan *ang+angan ,an g*ak bala+o*gani+ma t*ha,ap*ang+angan.

2. 2. Koo*,ina+i mlibatkan:a3 %i+tm +a*a7 ang mnghanta*impul+ +a*a7b3 %i+tm n,ok*in ang m*mb+kan ho*monP'!$#$# %I%T'8 %$!$9 8$#%I$

. . %t*uktu* ,an 9ung+i Otak1 Otak manu+ia t*,i*i ,a*ipa,a tigabahagian utama !aah 12.3:a3 +*b*umb3 +*blumc3

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m,ula oblongata%*b*um1. %*b*um a,alah bahagian otakang paling b+a*.2 Ia ,ibahagikan kpa,a hmi+7*a kanan ,anki*i. P*mukaanna b*lipat-lipat untuk mningkatkan lua+p*mukaan maka mningkatkanbilangan +l +a*a7 ,alam+*b*um.4 9ung+i +*b*um:a3 8ngawal +mua akti;iti mntal

+p*ti blaa* b*ipotalamu+1 Ia t*ltak ,i bahagian ;nt*al+*b*um.2 KIna* pituita*i t*ltak ,i huung hipotalamu+. Iamng+an p*ubahan ,alam +uhu ,a*ah ,an tkanan o+mo+i+.4Ia mngawal koo*,ina+i +a*a7 ,an +i+tm n,ok*in.Talamu+1 Iat*ltak ,i ata+ hipotalamu+.2 Ia a,alah pu+at kawalan bagiimpul+ +a*a7. %t*uktu* ,an 9ung+i %a*a7 Tunang1 %a*a7 tunangmnghubungkan otak ,an +i+tm +a*a7 p*i7*i.2 Ia a,alah+ambungan ,a*ipa,a m,ula oblongata. Ia t*,i*i ,a*ipa,a i*imklabu ,i tngah ,an i*im putih ,i +klilingna !aah 12.43.4

%a*a7 +pina muncul ,a*i +a*a7 tunang. %tiap +a*a7 +pinab*cabang kpa,a aka* ,o*+al ,anaka* ;nt*al.

5. 5. 5 9ung+i +a*a7 tunang a,alah mngawal tin,akan*=k+.%t*uktu* ,an 9ung+i #u*on1 %i+tm +a*a7 t*,i*i ,a*ipa,a+l +a*a7 ang ,ipanggil nu*on.2 #u*on mmbawa maklumat,alam bntuk i+a*at Ikt*ik ang ,ipanggil impul+ +a*a7.%t*uktu* nu*on mlibatkan:a3 (a,an +l ang mngan,unginuklu+b3 ,n,*it ang m*upakan unu*an +p*ti bbnang,a*i ba,an +l. "n,*it atau ,n,*onmmbawa impul+ +a*a7 kba,an +l.c3 ak+on a,alah gntian panang ,a*i ba,an +l angmmbawa impul+ +a*a7 mnauhi ba,an+l. $k+on b*cabang

untuk mmbntuk t*minal ak+on ,ngan bonggol +inap+pa,ahuungna !aah 12.53.

. . ,3 %alut milin a,alah mmb*an pnbat ang ,ip*buat,a*ipa,a lmak. Ia t*ltak ,i+kliling ak+on atau,n,*on.9ung+i +alut milin:i3 untuk mlin,ungi gntian +a*a7ii3untuk mmbkalkan nut*in kpa,a ak+oniii3 +bagai pnbatkpa,a impul+ +a*a73 #o,u+ !an;i* a,alah *uang ,i +panang+alut milin. Ia b*7ung+i untuk mmp*-cpatkan pnghanta*an

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impul+ +a*a7 ,i +panang ak+on. ?ni+-ni+ nu*on!aah 12.mnunukkan tiga ni+ nu*on.

. . Pnghanta*an 8aklumat ,i %panang #u*on1 Pnghanta*animpul+ +a*a7 a,alah ,alam bntuk i+a*at lkt*ik ang ,ipanggilimpul++a*[email protected] Impul+ +a*a7 b*g*ak ,alam +atu a*ah ,a*i

,n,*it k t*minal ak+on. Pnghanta*an impul+ +a*a7mlibatkan nu*on a7*n int*nu*on ,an nu*on 7*n.4 Iab*mula ,i *+pto* ,an b*akhi* ,i 7kto* !aah 12.3.%inap+,an pnghanta*an maklumat1 %inap+ a,alah *uang +mpit0.00002 mm3 ,i anta*a ,ua nu*on ang b*tmu !aah 12.63.2%inap+ t*bntuk anta*a t*minal ak+on t*minal ,n,*it3 +atunu*on ,an ,n,*it nu*onang lain. Impul+ +a*a7 ,ihanta* knu*on lain mlalui +inap+.4 T*minal ak+on mmpunai bonggol+inap+ ang mngan,ungi banak mitokon,*ion ,an;+ik1 angb*i+i bahan kimia ang ,ipanggil nu*ot*an+mit*. ontohnu*ot*an+mit*a,alah a+tilkolina ,an no*a,*nalina.

6. 6. 5 Pnghanta*an impul+ +a*a7 m*nta+i +inap+ a,alah:a3,alam +atu a*ah ,a*i t*minal ak+on k ,n,*it nu*on lain. Ini,i+babkan olhpmbba+an nu*ot*an+ mit* ,i bonggol +inap+t*minal ak+on.b3 +ca*a kimia k*ana mlibatkan bahan kimianu*ot*an+mit*c3 mm*lukan tnaga ang ,ibkalkan olhmitokon,*ion 8aklumat ,ihanta* m*nta+i +inap+ ,ngan ca*aang b*ikut:a3 Impul+ +a*a7 tiba ,i bonggol +inap+ +atu t*minalak+on.b3 A+ikl ,i*ang+ang untuk mmbba+kannu*ot*an+mit*.c3 8olkul nu*ot*an+mit* m*+ap m*nta+i+inap+ k ,n,*it nu*on ang +atu lagi.,3 8itokon,*ionmmbkalkan tnaga bagi pnghanta*an maklumat.3 "n,*it

,i*ang+ang untuk mn7tu+kan impul+ +a*a7 ang ba*u.73 Impul++a*a7 ba*u akan b*g*ak ,i +panang nu*on. Bni+ &*ak (ala+ang ,ikoo*,ina+ikanT*,apat ,ua ni+ g*ak bala+ ang,ikoo*,ina+i:1 Tin,akan t*kawal2 Tin,akan lua* kawalTin,akant*kawal1 Tin,akan t*kawal ,ikawal olh +*b*um otak.2 Iab*laku b*,a+a*kan kmahuan ++o*ang in,i;i,u. Iamlibatkan int*g*a+i ,an pnta7+i*an maklumat ,i +*b*umuntuk mngha+ilkang*ak bala+.4 ontohna mnpak bolammbaca ,an b*alan.5 Ia mlibatkan otot *angka.

C. C. Tin,akan lua* kawal1 Tin,akan lua* kawal ti,ak ,ikawal olhkmahuan ++o*ang.2 Ia a,alah tin,akan automatik tanpa

kawalan +ca*a +,a*. Ia ,ikawal olh m,ula oblongata otak.4ontohna p*i+tal+i+ p*na7a+an ,nutan antungp*mb+an ho*mon ,anpngutan +alu* ,a*ah.5 Ia mlibatkanotot licin otot ka*,ium ,an klna*.Tin,akan *=k+%P820p2/+c$/D1 Tin,akan *=k+ a,alah g*ak bala+ automatikang b*laku ,ngan panta+ ,an +pontantanpa kawalan +a*a+,a* t*ha,ap +uatu *ang+angan.2 Ia ,ikawal olh +a*a7tunang. Ia b*tin,ak +bagai p*lin,ungan t*ha,ap

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k,*aan ,an bahaa +*ta +bagaipn+uaian t*ha,app*ubahan ,alam p*+kita*an. ontoh tin,akan *=k+ a,alah:a3 %ntakan lututb3 Pna*ikan tangan ,a*ipa,a obk pana+c3K*,ipan mata,3 P*ubahan +aiz anak mata3 K+imbanganba,an untuk mnglakkan ,a*ipa,a t*atuh4 Ia m*upakan

tin,akan lua* kawal ang mlibatkan otot *angka.$*ka *=k+%P82004 P2/+c $/D1 $*ka *=k+ a,alah laluan ang ,ilalui olhimpul+ +a*a7 ,a*i *+pto* k 7kto* ,alamtin,akan *=k+!aah 12.C3.2 ontoh tin,akan *=k+:a3 %ntakan lutut angmlibatkan ,ua nu*on: nu*on a7*n ,an nu*on 7*n!aah12.103b3 Pna*ikan tangan ,a*i obk pana+ angmlibatkan tiga nu*on: nu*on a7*nint*nu*on ,an nu*on7*n !aah 12.113.

10. 10. Pnakit (*kaitan ,ngan %i+tm %a*a71. T*,apat ,ua ni+ pnakit ang b*kait ,ngan +i+tm +a*a7: a3 Pnakit$lzhim* b3 Pnakit Pa*kin+on2 Pnakit ini ,i+babkan olh

km*o+otan 7ung+i +i+tm +a*a7.Pnakit $lzhim*1. Ia a,alahpnakit nu*ologi ang ,ici*ikan ,ngan pningkatankhilangan ingatan ,ankbolhan intlktual.2 Ia ,ikaitkan,ngan pngcutan ti+u otak ,an kku*angan nu7Ot*an+mit*+p*tia+tilkolina ,alam otak. Ia mna+kan wa*ga tua ,anbolh ,iwa*i+i.4 %imptom pnakit $lzhim* a,alah:a3Khilangan ingatan atau nanukb3 >ilang kpinta*anc3Kkli*uan ,an lmah tumpuan,3 8u,ah t*ganggu ,an+n+iti73 8na+kan p*timbangan 73 >ilang kupaaan untukb*cakap mmbaca mnuli+makan ,an b*alanPnakitPa*kin+on1. %uatu pnakit +i+tm +a*a7 ang mna+kan

bahagian otak ang mngawal tin,akan otot.2 Ia mnbabkankta*an ,an klmahan otot. Ia ,i+babkan olh pngu*angana*a+ nu*ot*an+mit* ,opamin3 ,i ,alam otak. Ia ugabolh,i+babkan olh png*a+an a*t*i +*b*um.4 %imptompnakit Pa*kin+on a,alah:a3 P*g*akan ang p*lahan ,ant*kta*-kta*b3 %ntakan ,alam p*g*akanc3 )mah otot ototkaku ,an kang,3 K+imbangan ,an koo*,ina+i t*gangguP'!$#$# >O!8O# P$"$ 8$#%I$%i+tm +a*a7 ,an +i+tmn,ok*in bk*a b*+ama untuk mngawal atu* akti;iti-akti;itiba,an.

11. 11. %i+tm 'n,ok*in1 %i+tm n,ok*in t*,i*i ,a*ipa,a

klna* n,ok*in ang m*mb+kan ho*mon !aah12.123.2>o*mon ,i*mb+kan olh klna* n,ok*in. klna* ti,akb*,uktu+3 +ca*a t*u+ k,alam ali*an ,a*ah. "a*ah kmu,ianmmbawa ho*mon k +lu*uh ba,an k o*gan +a+a*an ti+u,an+l untuk mngawal atu* akti;iti o*gan +*ta ti+u. Klna*n,ok*in a,alah:a3 Klna* pituita*ib3 Klna* ti*oi,c3 Klna*a,*nal,3 Pank*a+ 3 O;a*i atau t+ti+ >O!8O# "$#9#&%I#E$

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12. 12. P*mb+an >o*mon1 Klna* n,ok*in m*mb+kanho*mon ,alam kuantiti ang +,ikit untuk mngha+ilkank+anang b+a*.2 P*mb+an ho*mon ,ikawal atu* olh:a3ho*mon lain contohna ho*mon p*ang+ang ti*oi, T%>3b3 a*a+bahan t*tntu contohna gluko+a ,alam ,a*ah

1. 1. c3 +i+tm +a*a7 contohna klna* pituita*i ,anklna* a,*nal >ipotalamu+ mn*ima impul+ +a*a7 ,a*ipa,a*+pto* ang m*ang+ang klna* pituita*i,an klna* a,*naluntuk m*mb+kan ho*mon. Koo*,ina+i ang 8libatkan K,ua-,ua %i+tm %a*a7 ,an %i+tm 'n,ok*in ,alam %itua+i ma+1$pabila +o*ang in,i;i,u ,i+*ang olh +ko* aning a3 matamng+an *ang+angan takut ,a*ipa,a aning b3 impul+ +a*a7,ihanta* k otak ,an ,ita7+i*kan c3 otak mnghanta* impul++a*a7 k klna* a,*nal ,3 klna* a,*nal ,i*ang+ang untukm*mb+kan a,*nalina 3 pningkatan ka,a* ,nutan antung ka,a* p*na7a+an tkahan ,a*ah a*a+ gluko+a ,a*ah

,an ali*an ,a*ah k otot2 lni mningkatkan ka,a* mtaboli+mang mngha+ilkan lbih tnaga untuk +ama a,a lawanatau la*i,a*ipa,a +itua+i t*+but.K+an Ktak+imbangan>o*mona,ual12.2 mnunukkan k+an ktak+imbangan ho*monkpa,a manu+ia. >o*mon K+an kku*angan K+an lblh*mb+an 1 >o*mon Kk*,ilan: P*tumbuhan p*tumbuhan+ma+a kcil t*bantut . Kg*ga+ian: P*tumbuhan ang panta++ma+a kcil $k*omgali pa,a ,wa+a: $nggota tangan ,an kaki+*ta tulang muka tumbuh kt*laluan

14. 14. ,an mmb+a* . K*tini+m: 8ntal t*ncat ,anp*tumbuhan t*bantut pa,a kanak- kanak >ip*ti*oi,i+m

pa,a ,wa+a: Pmb+a*an >ipoti*oi,i+m pa,a klna* ti*oi,,wa+a: 8nbabkan k*+ahan mata 2 Ti*ok+ina bguk,i+babkan t*+mbul tangan kku*angan io,in3 ,an mnggigil,an mik+,ma ,i+babkan kku*angan b*at klna* ti*oi,ang ba,an ku*ang akti7 ,iknali m- I lalui pmb+a*an klna*ti*oi, ka,a* antung p*lahan kl+uan ,an p*tambahan b*at3$*a+ gluko+a ,a*ah "iabt+ mlitu+: $*a+ *n,ah: 8ngha+ilkan. In+ulin gluko+a ,alam ,a*ah tinggi kkutan kon;ul+i ,anti,ak +,a*kan ,i*i "iabt+ in+ipi,u+: I+i pa,u 4. >o*mon',ma: Pngumpulan u*in ang ,i*mb+kananti,iu*+i+ ccai*ang b*lbihan a,alah b+a* ,an ba,an$">3 ,i ,alam ba,an

khilangan banak ai*Kgunaan >o*man ,alam P*ubatan1>o*mon ,igunakan untuk *awatan pnakit atau gangguan angF,i+babkan olh ktak-+imbangan ho*mon.2 >o*monp*tumbuhan

15. 15. a3 "igunakan untuk m*awat kanak-kanak angmngalami kk*,ilan.b3 >o*man p*tumbuhan ,an ti*ok+ina,igunakan untuk m*awat k*tini+m.c3 >o*mon p*tumbuhanbolh ,iha+ilkan ,alam kuantiti ang banak mlalui bakt*ia

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-12-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-12-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-13-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-13-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-14-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-14-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-15-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-15-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-12-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-13-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-14-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-15-638.jpg?cb=1353882572


6/14


7/14

banak ai* kncing ang ,iha+ilkan.6 $pabila ba,an khilanganai* mlalui p*pluhan tkanan o+mo+i+ ,a*ah b*tambah.)bihbanak ai* ,i+*ap +mula k ,alam ,a*ah ,a*ipa,a ginal untukmngkalkantkanan o+mo+i+ ,alam ,a*ah. 8aka +,ikit ai*kncing ang ,iha+ilkan.

1. 1. C &inal b*7ung+i +bagai o*gan p*kumuhan ,an ugauntuk mngawal atu* tkanano+mo+i+ ,a*ah.16. 16. %t*uktu* &inal1 %tiap ginal mmpunai tiga +alu*:a3

$*t*i *nal ang mmbawa ,a*ah b*ok+ign k ,alam ginal."a*ah ini kaa ,nganu*a ,an ga*am min*al.b3 Ana *nalang mmbawa ,a*ah t*,ok+ign klua* ,a*i ginal. "a*ah inimm-punai ku*ang u*a ,an ga*am min*al.c3 *t* angmmbawa ai* kncing ,a*i ginal k pun,i kncing !aah12.143.2 %tiap ginal mmpunai ko*tk+ lua*an m,ula,alaman ,an pl;i+ ang mmbuka k,alam u*t* !aah12.153. %tiap ginal t*,i*i ,a*ipa,a b*uta-uta unit tubul ang

,ipanggil n7*on !aah 12.13.4 %tiap n7*on t*,i*i ,a*ipa,a:a3 Kap+ul (owman ang mngan,ungi glom*ulu+b3 Tubulb*liku p*ok+imalc3 )iku >nl,3 Tubul b*liku ,i+tal angmmbuka k ,alam ,uktu+ pngumpulTubul b*liku p*ok+imalliku >nl ,an tubul b*liku ,i+tal mmbntuk tubul u*ini7*u+ tubulginal35 &lom*ulu+ a,alah a*ingan kapila*i ,a*ah ,i,alam kap+ul (owman. %tiap glom*ulu+,ibkalkan ,ngan,a*ah mlalui a*t*iol a7*n ang t*bit ,a*i cabang a*t*i *nal."a*ah,ibawa ,a*i glom*ulu+ mlalui a*t*iol 7*n angb*cabang kpa,a +atu a*ingan kapila*iang mnglilingi tubul+blum mma+uki cabang ;na *nal.

1C. 1C. P*o++ Pmbntukan $i* Kncing Pmbntukan ai*kncing mlibatkan tiga p*o++: a3 lt*atu*a+an b3 Pn*apan+mula c3 P*mb+an lt*atu*a+an 1. "iamt* a*t*iol 7*nang mngangkut ,a*ah klua* ,a*i glom*ulu+ a,alah lbihkcil9ung+i &inal ,a*ipa,a a*t*iol a7*n ang mngangkut,a*ah k ,alam glom*ulu+.1 P*kumuhan: ntukmningki*kanbahan b*nit*ogn +p*ti u*a a+i, u*ik 2 T*,apat *intangan ang tinggi ,an tkananammonia ,alambntuk u*in. ang tinggi ,alam ali*an ,a*ah. lni mngha+ilkantkanan hi,*o+tatik ang tinggi2 Pngo+mokawalatu*an: ntuk ,i,alam glom*ulu+ ang mnbabkanmngawal atu*

k+imbangan ai* ,an ult*atu*a+an b*laku ,i glom*ulu+.ga*am,alam ,a*ah. 8aka p*o++ ini tu*ut Kbanakan kan,ungan,a*ah ,itu*a+ klua*mngawal atu* tkanan o+mo+i+ ,a*ah. ,a*iglom*ulu+ k ,alam kap+ul (owman !aah 12.13.

20. 20. Tu*a+an glom*ulu+ mngan,ungi molkul kcil angt*la*ut ,i ,alam pla+ma kcuali*it*o+it platlt ,an p*otinpla+ma.4 Komponn utama tu*a+an glom*ulu+ a,alah ai* u*aa+i, amino ga*am ,an gluko+a.Pn*apan +mula ,a*i tubul k

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-17-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-17-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-18-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-18-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-19-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-19-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-20-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-20-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-17-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-18-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-19-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-20-638.jpg?cb=1353882572


8/14

,alam kapila*i ,a*ah31 Tu*a+an glom*ulu+ mngali* ,a*i kap+ul(owman k ,alam tubul u*ini7*u+.2 P*o++ pn*apan +mulab*laku ,i +panang k+lu*uhan tubul u*ini7*u+.a3 "i tubulb*liku p*ok+imali3 5G - 60G ai* ,i+*ap +mula k ,alamkapila*i ,a*ah +ca*a o+mo+i+.ii3 %mua gluko+a a+i, amino ,an

bb*apa ion min*al ion nat*ium ion klo*i,a3 ,i+*ap+mula k,alam ali*an ,a*ah +ca*a pngangkutan akti7.b3 "i liku >nli315G ai* ,i+*ap +mula +ca*a o+mo+i+ ,i liku mnu*un.ii3 Ionnat*ium ,an ion klo*i,a ,i+*ap +mula +ca*a pngangkutanakti7 ,i liku mnaik.c3 "i tubul b*liku ,i+tal ,an ,uktu+pngumpuli3 Bumlah ai* ,an ga*am ang ,i+*ap +mula,a*ipa,a tu*a+an ,i ,alam tubul b*gantungkpa,a kuantiti ai*,an ga*am ang ,iambil.ii3 Pn*apan +mula ai* ,an ga*am,ikawal olh +i+tm n,ok*in. Ia ,ikawal olhho*mon anti,iu*+i+$">3 ,an al,o+t*on. $"> mnambahkan ktlapan ,in,ingtubulb*liku ,i+tal ,an ,uktu+ pngumpul t*ha,ap pn*apan

+mula ai*. >o*mon al,o+t*onmningkatkan ktlapan ,in,ingtubul b*liku ,i+tal ,an ,uktu+ pngumpul t*ha,appn*apan+mula ga*am .iii3 Tu*a+an mngan,ungi ai* ga*am ,an u*a. Tu*a+an ,i+alu*kan k ,alam pl;i+ ginal.!mb+an kapila*i,a*ah k ,alam tubul31 (ahan buangan +p*ti u*a a+i, u*ik,an ammonia ,ipam klua* ,a*ipa,a kapila*i,a*ah k ,alamtubul b*liku ,i+tal +ca*a pngangkutan akti7.2 "a,ah ,analkohol uga ,i*mb+kan klua* ,a*i kapila*i ,a*ah +ca*a*+apan *ingka+. !mb+an mngawal atu* a*a+ p> ,a*ah ,anmla*a+kan kompo+i+i ai* kncing.4 Tu*a+an akhi* ,i ,alam,uktu+ pngumpul ,ipanggil ai* kncing. $i*

Kncingmngan,ungi CG ai* 2.5G bahan b*nit*ogn u*aa+i, u*ik ammonia k*atinin3 1.5Gga*am ,an un+u* +u*ih+p*ti pigmn hmp,u.5 Kuantiti ai* kncing ang ,iha+ilkanb*gantung kpa,a umlah ai* ang ,i+*ap +mula,a*i tubulb*liku ,i+tal ,an ,uktu+ pngumpul. Bika banak ai* ang,i+*ap +mulaumlah ai* kncing ang ,iha+ilkan a,alah +,ikit,an pkat. Bika +,ikit ai* ang ,i+*ap+mula umlah ai* kncingang t*ha+il a,alah banak ,an cai*

21. 21. !aah 12.16 mnunukkan *ingka+an p*o++pmbntukan ai* kncing ,i n7*on ginal.K+an Kgagalan 9ung+i&inal1 $pabila ginal gagal b*7ung+i ia ti,ak bolh mnalankan

7ung+ina +bagai o*ganp*kumuhan ,anpngo+mokawalatu*an.2 (ahan mtaboli+m +p*ti u*a ai*ang b*lbihan ,an ga*am ti,ak bolh,ikumuhkanmnbabkan tkanan o+mo+i+ ,a*ah ti,ak bolh ,ikawalatu*.!awatan bagi kgagalan ginal1 >mo,iali+i+a3 !awatan inimnu*a+ ,a*ah +ca*a ,iali+i+. (ahan buangan mtaboli+m ,a*i,a*ah,i+ingki*kan ,an tkanan o+mo+i+ ,a*ah ,ikkalkan.b3"a*ah ,a*ipa,a a*t*i *a,iu+ ,i p*glangan tangan mngali*

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-21-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-21-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-21-638.jpg?cb=1353882572


9/14

mlalui tiub b*lingka* ,alamm+in ,iali+i+. "a*ah mmpunaikpkatan u*a ,an ga*am ang lbih tinggi ,a*ipa,accai*,iali+i+.c3 *a ,an ga*am m*+ap klua* ,a*i ,a*ah ,an,i+ingki*kan ,a*ipa,a ,a*ah. Tkanano+mo+i+ ,a*ah uga,ikkalkan pa,a a*a+ no*mal !aah 12.1C3.

22. 22. 2 Pmin,ahan ginala3 !awatan ini mnggantikanginal ang *o+ak ,ngan ginal +ihat ,a*ipa,a pn,*ma.b3&inal pn,*ma m+tilah ++uai ,ngan pn*ima untukmncgah pnolakan olh ba,anpn*ima.Pngawalatu*an %uhu(a,an Pnt*mokawalatu*an31 T*mo*+pto* pa,a kulitmng+an p*ubahan +uhu ,i p*+kita*an+mnta*at*mo*+pto* ,i hipotalamu+ mng+an p*ubahan+uhu ,a*ah ang mlaluina.2 >ipotalamu+ b*tin,ak +bagaipu+at kawal atu* +uhu untuk mnghanta* impul+ +a*a7kplbagai 7kto*. %uhu ba,an ,ikawal atu* +ca*a


10/14

+i+tm +a*a7 pu+at.a3 la mmp*lahankan ,nutan antungka,a* p*na7a+an m*n,ahkantkanan ,a*ah mngn,u*kanotot mnghiHangkan tkanan ,an mnggalakkanti,u*.b3 lammp*lahankan pnghanta*an impul+ +a*a7 ,i +inap+ ,nganca*am*ncatkan pmbba+an nu*ot*an+mit*c3 ontohna

a,alah can,u mo*alu+inognmnbabkan halu+ina+i *a+a gmbi*a p*ubahanklakuan3+p*ti )%" ma*iuana pil k+ta+i.c3 Inhalnmnbabkan halu+ina+i loa tkanan mo+i k*o+akanhatiginal otak3. ontohna a,alah gam pnanggal pngiHatkuku ,an pncai* cat.$)KO>O)1 $lkohol a,alah ,p*+an angmmp*lahankan 7ung+i +i+tm+a*a7 pu+at t*utamanapnghanta*an impul+ +a*a7 ,i ,alam otak.2 $lkoholmmp*lahankan *=k+ mngganggu koo*,ina+i

mnbabkanp*cakapan ang ti,ak la+ khilangank+imbangan kabu* pnglihatan ,anangga*an a*ak anglmah. $lkohol bolh m*o+akkan +l otak ,an hati untuk angka ma+a ang panangmnbabkan k*o+akan o.tak +i*o+i+,an kan+* hati.4 $lkohol uga mmpnga*uhi +i+tmka*,io;a+kula* mnambahkan tkanan,a*ah ,an ,nutan antung ang ti,ak ttap3 +i+tm p*kumuhanmngha+ilkanlbih banak u*in3 kulit khilangan haba angpanta+ ,a*i ba,an3 hatipng*a+an hati3 ,an +i+tmpnc*naan ga+t*ik atau ul+* u+u+3.>o*mon Tumbuhan1>o*mon tumbuhan t*libat ,alam p*tumbuhan ,an g*ak bala+

pa,a tumbuhan.2 T*,apat lima ni+ ho*mon ,alam tumbuhan:a3 $uk+in gib*lin ,an +itokinin ang m*ang+angp*tumbuhanb3 'tilna ,an a+i, ab+i+ik ang m*ncatp*tumbuhan

26. 26. P*anan $uk+in ,alam T*opi+m &*ak (ala+P*tumbuhan39otot*opi+m1 9otot*opi+m a,alah p*tumbuhanpucuk ,an aka* +bagai g*ak bala+ t*ha,apcahaa.2 $*ahp*tumbuhan b*gantung kpa,a a*ah *ang+angan. &*akbala+ p*tumbuhan t*ha,ap cahaa ,ipanggil 7otot*opi+mpo+iti7. &*ak bala+p*tumbuhan mnauhi cahaa ,ipanggil7otot*opi+m ngati7.4 T*opi+m ,ikawal olh auk+in.%na*ai ,i

bawah a,alah ci*i auk+in:a3 $uk+in ,iha+ilkan ,alam m*i+tmapk+ huung pucuk ,an huung aka* ,alam zonpmbahagian+lb3 $uk+in mnauhi cahaac3 "alam huung pucukkpkatan auk+in ang tinggi m*ang+ang pmanangan+l,alam zon pmanangan,3 "alam huung aka* kpkatanauk+in ang tinggi m*ncatkan pmanangan +l,alam zonpmanangan3 $uk+in bolh m*+ap mlalui m,ium ccai*5&*ak bala+ koloptil agung ,alam cahaa +kata !aah 12.23.

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-28-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-28-638.jpg?cb=1353882572http://image.slidesharecdn.com/topik3-koordinasidangerakbalas-121125222714-phpapp01/95/topik-3-koordinasi-dan-gerakbalas-28-638.jpg?cb=1353882572


11/14

2C. 2C. a3 8*i+tm apk+ koloptil mngha+ilkan auk+inb3$uk+in m*+ap k ,alam zon pmananganc3 "i bawah cahaa+kata tabu*an auk+in ,alam zon pmanangan a,alah +a*na*ata,3 Kpkatan auk+ in ang tinggi ,alam pucukmnggalakkan pmanangan +l3 %l ,i zon pmanangan

b*tumbuh pa,a ka,a* ang +a*na73 P*tumbuhan koloptila,alah +*agam. Koloptil tumbuh mngak. &*ak bala+koloptil ,alam cahaa ,a*i +atu a*ah !aah 12.243 &*ak bala+huung aka* ,alam cahaa ,a*i +atu a*ah !aah 12.253.

0. 0. &ot*opi+m1. &ot*opi+m a,alah g*ak bala+ huungpucuk ,an huung aka* t*ha,apg*a;iti.2 (ii bnih angb*cambah ,iltakkan ,ngan huung pucuk ,an huungaka*+ca*a mn,ata* ,i ,alam glap.a3 8*i+tm apk+ huungpucuk ,an huung aka* mngha+ilkan auk+in.b3 $uk+in m*+apk ,alam zon pmanangan.c3 "i+babkan g*a;iti auk+ inb*kumpul ,i bahagian bawah huung pucuk ,anhuung aka*.

T*,apat kpkatan auk+in ang tinggi ,i bahagian bawahhuungpucuk ,an huung aka*.

1. 1. ,3 Kpkatan auk+in ang tinggi ,alam pucukm*ang+ang pmanangan +l.(ahagian bawah pucuk tumbuhlbih cpat ,a*ipa,a bahagian ata+. 8aka pucukmmbngkok,an tumbuh k ata+ mnauhi g*a;iti mnunukkangot*opi+mngati7.3 Kpkatan auk+in ang tinggi ,alam aka*m*ncatkan pmanangan +l.(ahagian bawah aka* ,ngankpkatan auk+in ang lbih tinggi b*tumbuh lbihp*lahan,a*ipa,a bahagian ata+. 8aka aka* mmbngkok ,an tumbuhk bawahk a*ah g*a;iti mnunukkan got*opi+m po+iti7.

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14/14