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Macromolecules:
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
Function: store & transmit hereditary information
Examples:
RNA (rionucleic acid! "NA (deoxyrionucleic acid!
#tructure:
monomers $ nucleotides
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Nucleotides
% parts nitrogen ase ('N ring!
pentose sugar (!
riose in RNA deoxyriose in "NA
P)*group
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+ypes of nucleotides
, types of nucleotides different Nitrogen ases
purines
doule ring N ase adenine (A!
guanine (-!
pyrimidines single ring N ase
cytosine (!
thymine (+!
uracil (.!
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Buildi
ng the polymer
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Nucleic polymer
Bac/one sugar to P)*ond
phosphodiesterond
ne0 ase added to sugar ofpre1ious ase
polymer gro0s in one direction
N ases hang off the
sugar'phosphate ac/one
2hy is this important3
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Pairing of nucleotides
Nucleotides ond et0een"NA strands onds
purine :: pyrimidine A :: + , onds
- ::
% onds
2hy is this important3
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;nformation polymer
Function series of ases encodes information li/e the letters of a oo/
stored information is passedfrom parent to offspring
need to copy accurately
stored information $ genes genetic information
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"NA molecule
"oule helix ondset0een ases
7oin the , strands
A :: + :: -
s go to the 1ideo tape9?(play mo1ie here!
2hy is it important
that the strands areonded y onds3
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opying "NA
Replication , strands of "NA helix are
complementary ha1e one@ can uild other
ha1e one@ can reuild the0hole
0hy is this a good system3
0hen in the life of a celldoes replication occur3
mitosis
meiosis
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"NA replication
It has not escaped our notice thatthe specific pairing we have
postulated immediately suggests a
possible copying mechanism for the
genetic material. 6ames 2atsonFrancis ric/
45%
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2atson and ric/ and others45% 45C,
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Maurice 2il/ins and45% 45C,
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;nteresting note
Ratio of A'+::-'affects stailityof "NA molecule , onds 1s % onds
iotech procedures more -' $
need higher + toseparate strands
high + organisms
many -'
parasites many A'+ (don>t /no0 0hy!
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Another interesting note
A+PAdenosine triphosphate
GG
modified nucleotide
adenine riose G Pi G Pi G Pi
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AP Biology
MacromoleculeRe1ie0
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arohydrates
#tructure H monomer monosaccharide
Function
energy ra0 materials
energy storage
structural compounds Examples
glucose@ starch@ cellulose@ glycogen
glycosidic ond
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=ipids
#tructure H uilding loc/ glycerol@ fatty acid@ cholesterol@ ' chains
Function
energy storage memranes
hormones
Examples fat@ phospholipids@ steroids
ester ond (in a fat!
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Proteins
#tructure H monomer amino acids le1els of structure
Function enIymes
defense transport structure signals receptors
Examples digesti1e enIymes@ memrane
channels@ insulin hormone@ actin
peptide ond
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Nucleic acids
#tructure H monomer nucleotide
Function
information storage& transfer
Examples
"NA@ RNA
phosphodiester ond