C.E.R.M.A.C. Centro Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
THE SHAPE OF MOTOR RESONANCE:
Right- or Left-handed?
Monia Cabinioa, Valeria Blasia, Paola Borronib, Marcella Montagnac,Antonella Iadanzaa, Andrea Falinia, Gabriella Cerric
a Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, CERMAC, Milan, Italyb University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dental Sciences, Milan, Italy
c University of Milan, Department of Human Physiology, Milan, Italy
Neuroimage 2010 May 15;51(1):313-23.
“ “ Recently we discovered a particular subset of F5 neurons, which from Recently we discovered a particular subset of F5 neurons, which from
the motor point of view are undistinguishable from the rest of the the motor point of view are undistinguishable from the rest of the
population, that discharge when the monkey observe population, that discharge when the monkey observe meaningful hand meaningful hand
movementsmovements made by an experimenter (‘mirror neurons’). made by an experimenter (‘mirror neurons’).””
(Rizzolatti et al. 1996, Brain.Res.Cogn.Brain.Res. )
MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
“ “ These neurons are called Mirror Neurons because the observed These neurons are called Mirror Neurons because the observed
action seems to be “reflected”, as in a mirror, in the motor action seems to be “reflected”, as in a mirror, in the motor
representation for the same action of the observer ” representation for the same action of the observer ”
(Buccino et al. 2006, Cog. Behav. Neurol )(Buccino et al. 2006, Cog. Behav. Neurol )
“ The discovery of mirror neurons is very important because it
suggests an important cognitive role for the motor cortex: that of
representing actions internally. This internal representation, when
evoked by an action made by others, should be involved in two
related functions: action imitation and action recognition ”
Rizzolatti et al. (1998) Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.
MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
Rizzolatti et al. 1998, Electroencephalogr.Clin.Neurophysiol.
MIRROR NEURONS - MONKEY
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
• Neurophysiology (for review Fadiga et al.2005, Curr.Opin.Neurobiol)
(Gangitano et al. 2004, Eur.J. Neurosci.; Borroni et al. 2008, Eur. J. Neurosci.)
• Neuroimaging (for review Rizzolatti, Craighero 2004, Annu.Rev.Neurosci.)
• PET (Rizzolatti et al., 1996, Brain. Res. Cogn. Brain Res.)
• fMRI (Buccino et al, 2001, Eur. J. Neurosci.)
MIRROR NEURONS - HUMAN
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
• Inferior parietal lobule
• Inferior Precentral Gyrus
• Inferior Frontal Gyrus - pars opercularis
MIRROR NEURONS - DEFINITION
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
Cattaneo, Rizzolatti 2009, Arch. Neurol.
fMRI STUDY – THE QUESTION
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
Is motor resonance subjected to motor constraints?Is motor resonance subjected to motor constraints?
Motor resonance reproduces subliminally the Motor resonance reproduces subliminally the
specific motor program of the observed actionspecific motor program of the observed action
Mirror Neuron System andMirror Neuron System and
Hand Dominance Hand Dominance
an fMRI study an fMRI study
fMRI STUDY
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
• 20 Healthy right-handed (8 M, mean age 28.3, range 20-47)
• 20 Healthy left-handed (12 M, mean age 29, range 19-53)
• Edinburgh Inventory to assess hand dominance (Oldfileld, 1971)
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
OBSERVATION EXECUTION
“Mirror neurons [...] discharge both when the monkey does a particular
action and when it observes another individual doing a similar action.”
(Rizzolatti et al, 1996)
• Grasping gestures
• Common objects
• Right and left hand
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
• 2 Runs OBSERVATION
• 2 Runs EXECUTION
• Block Design (A-B-C)
• Randomization (Runs e Blocks)
• 3.0 Tesla MR Scanner (Intera, Philips Medical System, Best, The Nedherlands)
• Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence (TR 3000 msec; TE 30 msec, FOV 240, 40 slices, 84 dyn)
• T1 3D Gradient Echo IR
(FOV 230 mm, Matrice 256x256, 180 slices)
LEFTRIGHT REST
A CB
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
• Statistical analysis software: SPM5 (www.fil.ion.ucl.a.c.uk/spm);
• Images normalization on SPM5 template;
• Single subject analysis (p<0.001);
• Conjunction Analysis (p<0.001, masking p<0.05).
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
Masking
P<0.05
Observation - Right Execution - Right
Conjunction
P<0.001
Common Areas
CONJUNCTION ANALYSISCONJUNCTION ANALYSIS
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
GROUP ANALYSIS
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
OBS - Right
OBS - Left
EXE - Right
EXE - Left
OBS - Right
OBS - Left
EXE - Right
EXE - Left
RIG
HT-
HA
ND
ED
LEFT
-HA
ND
ED
Observe-Right
Observe-Left
Execute-Right
Execute-Left
Observe-Right
Observe-Left
Execute-Right
Execute-Left
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
Vedo destra
Vedo sinistra
Muovo destra
Muovo sinistra
OBS - Right
OBS - Left
EXE - Right
Exe - Left
SINGLE SUBJECTANALYSIS
OBS - Right
OBS - Left
EXE - Right
EXE - Left
fMRI STUDY – MATERIALS & METHODS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
CONJUNCTION ANALYSIS
CONJUNCTION(Right hand)
CONJUNCTION(Left hand)
CONJUNCTION(Right hand)
CONJUNCTION(Left Hand)
Conjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left HandRIGHT HANDED
LEFT HANDEDConjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left Hand
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
fMRI STUDY – RESULTS
Conjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left HandRIGHT HANDED
LEFT HANDEDConjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left Hand
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
fMRI STUDY – RESULTS
Conjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left HandRIGHT HANDED
LEFT HANDEDConjunction Analysis – Right Hand Conjunction Analysis – Left Hand
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
fMRI STUDY – RESULTS
fMRI STUDY – RESULTS
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
• Activation of a network traditionally related to the MNS (BA 6, STG, BA 40);
• Intense activity of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1);
• Mirror activation is strongly left lateralized in Right-handed;
• Mirror activation is more bilateral in left handed.
fMRI STUDY – DISCUSSION
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
Mirror Neuron System (motor resonance)is shaped on motor constraints
fMRI STUDY – CONCLUSION
XIX SYMPOSIUM NEURORADIOLOGICUM BOLOGNA – 4th-9th OCTOBER 2010
““On the basis of what we are learning from neuroscience, today we can On the basis of what we are learning from neuroscience, today we can
explain why others’ behavior is intrinsically meaningful to us:explain why others’ behavior is intrinsically meaningful to us:
because because we share the same neural resourceswe share the same neural resources on which the same on which the same
behavior is mapped”behavior is mapped”
(Gallese 2008, J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc.)
Thank youThank you