DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK
TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA
DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK
TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA
Hartutik Fapet UB Malang, 2009
Komposisi Tubuh Ternak
Variasi Tergantung Pada :1. Umur Ternak
2. Kondisi Ternak
3. Spesies
4. Pakan yang diberikan
Persentase Komposisi Tubuh Hewan*)
SpesiesAir Protein Lemak Abu BK bebas lemak
Protein Abu
Anak sapi, baru lahir 74 19 3 4,1 82,2 17,8
Anaksapi. gemuk 68 18 10 4,0 81,6 18,4
Sapi jantan. kurus 64 19 12 5,1 79,1 20,9
Sapi jantan. gemuk 43 13 41 3,3 79,5 20,5
Domba. kurus 74 16 5 4,4 78,2 21,8
Domba. gemuk 40 11 46 2,8 79,3 20,7
Babi. 8 kg 73 17 6 3,4 83,3 16,7
Babi. 30 kg 60 13 24 2,5 84,3 15,7
Babi. 100 kg 49 12 36 2,6 82,4 17,6
Ayam 56 21 19 3,2 86,8 13,2
Kelinci 69 18 8 4,8 79,1 20,9
Kuda 61 17 17 4,5 79,2 20,8
Manusia 59 18 18 4,3 80,7 19,3*) Dikurangi isi alat pencernaan.
Komposisi Tubuh Ternak
1. Air
2. Protein
3. Lemak
4. Karbohidrat
Plasma darah 90-92%Urat Daging 72-78%Tulang 45%Email Gigi 5%
5. Mineral
OtotBuluJaringan Lain
Jaringan AdiposaOrgan Dalam Lain
GlukosaGlikogenLaktosa
Ca 1,33% K 0,19%P 0,74% Cl 0,11%Na 0,16 % S 0,15% Mg 0,04%
Ko
mp
osi
siT
ub
uh
Komposisi Pakan Ternak
1. Rouhgage
2. Konsentrat
Kering
Basah
3. Additive
Bah
an
Pak
an Asal hewan
Asal nabati
Nutrien
Non nutrien
Legume
Non legume
Biji2anMinyakBv product
VitaminMineral
AntibiotikHormonEnzim, dll
Faktor yg MempengaruhiKebutuhan Zat Makanan
1. Spesies
2. Umur
3. Jenis Kelamin
4. Tujuan Pemeliharaan
5. Berat Badan
6. Keadaan Fisiologi, dll
Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak
1. Air
2. BK
Zat
Mak
anan
BO
Abu
Protein
Karbohidrat
Lemak
Protein Murni
NPN
BeTn
SK
Sederhana
Majemuk
Vit LarutLemak
Esensial
Non Esensial
Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan TernakProtein Murni
NPN
BeTn
SK
Sederhana
Majemuk
Vit LarutLemak
AA esensialAA semi esensialAA non esensial
•Amin•AA bebas•UreaMonosakarida
DisakaridaPolisakaridaVit Larut Air •Polisakarida
tak larut•Lignin
•Selulosa•Hemise- lulosa
Asam lemakSterol •Lemak netral
•Posfolipid (Lecithin))•Lilin
Vit Larut Lemak
ZAT MAKANAN
Zat Makanan
Nutrients- any food product that functions in the support of life
Six classes:– Water– Carbohydrates– Fats– Proteins– Minerals– Vitamins
Water• Hydrogen + Oxygen• H2O – Water = Moisture
↓ ↓Drink Water in feed
Functions:1. Metabolic reactions2. Transporting nutrients and wastes3. Maintains temperature4. Major component of cell walls5. Body made up of 60 – 70 %
Carbohydrates
• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Primary function:– Source of energy
• Located in plant and animal tissues– Simple carbohydrate- starches (grains)– Complex carbohydrate- cellulose (component
of cell walls)
Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates1. Monosaccharides
– Glucose– Fructose– Galactose
2. Disaccharides– Sucrose (Glucose + fructose)– Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)– Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)
Carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates
1. Cellulose • Ruminants require microbial
fermentation to break down complex carbohydrates
Fats
• Also considered lipids
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Functions:– Energy
• 2.5 times more energy / unit
Fats
• Sources:– Fats- solid at room temperature– Oils- liquid at room temperature
– Saturated fats– Unsaturated fats
• Monounsaturated• Polyunsaturated
Fats
• Saturated fats C-C-C– Solid animal fats– Body can make
• Unsaturated fats C=C=C– Monounsaturated C-C=C-C
• One double bond
– Polyunsaturated fats C=C=C • Two or more double bonds• Corn oil, Soybean oil
Fats
• Dietary essential fatty acids– Linoleic
• Digestion of Fat Soluble vitamins ~ A,D,E,K– More of an issue in confinement fed
animals• Added to the diet for
1) Reduce dust
2) Improve texture
3) Improve palatability
Proteins
• Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
• Chains of Amino Acids – Essential amino acids
• Must be provide through the diet• Ruminants add in microbial growth
– Non-essential amino acids• Required but the body can synthesize
them
Essential & Nonessential Amino Acids
• Essential AA’s– Histidine – Arginine– Lysine– Isoleucine– Methionine – Leucine– Threonine– Valine– Phenylalanine– Tryptophan
• Nonessential AA’s– Alanine– Asparganine– Aspertic acid– Cysteine– Cystine– Glutamic acid– Glutamine– Glycine– Hydroxyproline– Proline– Serine– Tyrosine
• H istidin• A rginin• L isin• L eusin• I soleusin• M etionin
• V alin• P henilalanin• T riptoohan
Esensial
• S istin• H idroksilisin • T irosin
Semi Esensial
• A lanin• A sam Glutamat• A sam Aspartat• A sparagin• G lisin• G lutamin• S erin• P rolin• H idroksi Prolin
Non Esensial
Protein
• Functions:– Building blocks
– Muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk production and cellular repair
– Blood
– Enzymes
Minerals
• Macro minerals– Required in large amounts
• Micro minerals– Required in trace amounts– Trace minerals
Micro and Macro Minerals
• Macrominerals– Calcium– Chorine– Magnesium– Phosphorus– Potassium– Sodium– Sulfur
• Microminerals– Chromium– Cobalt– Copper– Fluorine– Iodine– Iron– Manganese– Molybdenum– Selenium– Zinc
Vitamins
• Organic (contain carbon)
• Needed in small amounts
• Functions:– 16 vitamins– Interact and need with minerals
Vitamins
• Sources– Fat soluble
• Synthesized by ruminants• A, D, E, and K
– Water soluble• Not synthesized by monogastrics, except horses,
which takes place in cecum• B vitamins and C
KLASIFIKASI PAKAN
KLASIFIKASI BMTDidasarkan atas : 1. A S A L Tanaman : - Hijauan segar - Hijauan kering - Hijauan awetan (silase, hay) - Jerami - Umbi-umbian - Butir-butiran/biji-bijian (padi, legum) - Kulit butir-butiran/biji-bijian - Limbah pertanian, industri minyak tanah dan industri lain Hewan : - ikan - ternak / hewan lain Makanan tambahan Stimulator (growth + production)
Classification of Feeds
1. Hijauan Kering dan Jerami
2. Hijauan Segar
3. Silase
4. Sumber Energy
5. Sumber Protein
6. Sumber Mineral
7. Sumber Vitamin
8. Non-nutritive additives
Dry forages and roughages
• 18% crude fiber, low TDN• High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin• Protein variable• Harvest date critical• Examples
Dry forages and roughages
• Examples:– Legumes
• Alfalfa• 17% CP
– Grass• Native grass• 12-13% CP
– Other• Stalks
– Corn cob husks– Soybean hulls 11% CP– Cottonseed hulls
Pasture, range plants, and green forages
• Types:– Native
• 5,000 species
– Cool / warm season• Cool – Brome• Warm – Native
– Small grains• Wheat• Rye
– Legumes• Alfalfa, Clovers• Problem due to Bloat
Pasture, range plants, and green forages
• Bloat:– Legumes cause excessive production of
foams in the rumen– Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch)– Gases form causing bloat– Animals cant breath
– Anti-frothing agents– Bloat guard in blocks/mineral
Silages
• Variety of feed stuffs– Grasses– Legumes~ alfalfa, clovers– Grains~ corn, sorghum– Small Grains– ~ oats, rye
Silages
• Storage results in fermentation– Anaerobic bacteria– Bacteria produce lactic acid
• Lowers pH to 4.0 or lower• High levels of heat 80-100oF
– Optimum moisture content• 25-35% Dry Matter 75 – 65% Moisture• To dry will burn up
• Storage facilities– Bags, silos, bunkers
Energy feeds
• <18 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP
• High in starch – grains
• Examples:– Corn, 9%CP– Barley, high starch feed, <11% CP– Oats 12%– Wheat, 14% CP
Energy feeds
• Storage ~ very important
• Future– Grains that are high in needed trait– High levels of Lysine– Low Levels of Phosphorus
Protein supplements
• Most critical, most expensive
• Function:– Building blocks
• Examples:– Animal– Plant
Protein supplementsExamples:
– Animal origin: highest-readily available offer A.A.• Meat -• Blood -• Fish -• Feather -
– Plant origin• Soybean meal- 44%• By-products
– Distillers grain - 25– Corn gluten - 25-30%– Soybean Hulls -
– Non-protein nitrogen: not readily available a.a.• Urea 281% CP
80-90%
Mineral supplement
Concentrated or blended – carriers1. Mixed with diet
– Cost effective
2. Fed free choice– May over consume – Different vitamins and minerals in containers– Animals choose???
– Salt
Urinary Calculi
• Water Belly– Improper Balance of Ca and Phosphorus– Normal ratio 2:1 Ca : Phosphorus– Urinary Calculi when ratio 1:1 or less
– Over abundance of Phosphorus
• Treatment– Sodium Chloride NaCl
Remember
• Gains– High in Phosphorus Low in Calcium
• Forages– High in Calcium Low in Phosphorus
Urinary Calculi
Vitamin supplementation
1. Fat soluble• Vitamins A, D, E, K
2. Water soluble• Synthesized by ruminants• Vitamin B
Non-nutritive additives
• Added to fill a specific need
• Definition – a substance will stimulate growth or improve feed efficiency
• Drugs– Antibiotics– Sulfa compounds– Cocidiostates– Wormers
Fed continually see increase in performance
Non-nutritive additives
• Banned in 1995 in Europe
• US – McDonalds ~ 2003– Only those that are used to promote growth– Antibiotics to treat sickness cleared
• Three types– Concentrate ~ mainly for feed companies– Premix – mixed with carrier ~ corn or SBM– Complete Feed ~ Precondition pellets
Non-nutritive additives
• What’s What– Antibiotics end in “cin”
• Teramyocin• Aeromyocin
– Produced from bacteria
• Monensin– ie Rumensin ~ Shifts bacterial population in
rumen to more bacteria to breakdown starches– Toxic to horses