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VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute

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TEACHING ENGLISH CONSONANTS

VICTOR GAO ZHEJIANG EDUCATION

INSTITUTE


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Place of Articulation

双唇

齿龈软腭


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The speech organs

双唇

齿龈软颚


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说话时如果吞咽食物或喝水就可能会呛入气管造成危险

声门食道


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齿龈

上齿

双唇

软腭

声门

口腔咽腔鼻腔

硬腭

声带


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Places of articulation


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舌尖舌端舌前

唇

声带


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Vocal tract structures relevant for speech

nasal cavity 鼻腔

oral cavity 口腔

Pharynx 咽腔


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Vocal tract structures relevant for speech

•Upper articulator

•Lower articulator


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State of the glottis 声门状态 (laryngeal setting)


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Other consonant parameters:

oral vs. nasal 辅音所涉及的器官


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Alveolar ridge Hard palateVelum

Tip

Blade

Front Back root

舌体与硬腭的对应


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Divisions of the palateThe alveolar ridge (AV)Hard palate (HP)Soft palate (Velum)Uvula (U)

AR

HP

V

U

硬腭的划分


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Some more terms to remember

Divisions of the palateThe alveolar ridge (AV)Hard palate (HP)Soft palate (Velum)Uvula

齿龈

硬腭软颚

小舌


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Tip (apex)Blade (lamina)Front of the tongueBack Root

Sagittal section of the tongue

T

B F B

R

舌体的划分


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Some terms to remember

Tip (apex)Blade (lamina)Front of the tongueBack Root

Sagittal section of the tongue

舌尖

舌端舌前舌后

舌根


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The supralaryngeal vocal tract

PharynxOral cavityNasal cavityTongueLipsPalate (the roof of the mouth)TeethMandible (lower jaw)

the three cavities

Articulators(passive or active)NB: the pharynx can also act as an articulator


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发音方式的区分

Plosive (stop)FricativeNasalLateralAffricate

Airflow constriction


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Sagittal section of the vocal tract

肺

气管

喉 / 声门

咽腔

鼻腔

text ©J.J. Ohala, September 2001

支气管

口腔


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发音器官图

齿龈

上齿

双唇

软腭

声门

口腔咽腔鼻腔

硬腭

声带


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发音器官 Speech Organs

双唇

上齿齿龈齿龈后 /硬颚前

软腭小舌

咽腔

声门


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发音器官

双唇

上齿齿龈

齿龈后 /硬颚前

软腭小舌

咽腔

声门

硬腭


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Description of English consonants


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The three cavities:

1) Pharynx

cavity

2) Oral cavity

3) Nasal cavity


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The three cavities:

1) 咽腔

2) 口腔

3) 鼻腔


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Vocal Tract


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The Vocal tract

LungsLarynx

GlottisPharynxOral cavityNasal CavityLips


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小舌

硬腭

软腭

Look at me!

软骨软骨


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This is my speech organs.


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声门声带振动示意图

[UCLA Phonetics Lab demo]


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The larynx viewed from above

Arytenoid cartilage

Vocal folds

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Glottis


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声门示意图


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Larynx and vocal folds

The Larynx (voice box): A structure made of cartilage and muscle Located above the trachea (windpipe) and below the pharynx Contains the vocal folds

Vocal Folds (vocal cords) Two bands of muscle and tissue in the larynx Sounds produced when the vocal folds are vibrating are said

to be voiced, those produced when the vocal folds are apart are voiceless


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鼻音效果示意图 Nasal cavity anatomy:

The nose is composed of two nasal cavities, or spaces, separated by a middle wall, which is called the nasal septum.

The sinuses are are air-filled cavities behind the nose in the cheeks and forehead.


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Oral-nasal process

• Oral sounds: The soft palate is raised so there is a velic closure.

• Nasal sounds: The soft palate is lowered so air escapes from nose.

[From: Dan Jurafsky slide]


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Rules for English consonant allophones

18. Velar stops become more front before front vowels (cap, kept, kit, key, gap, get, give, geese).

19. The lateral /l/ is velarized (transcribed as /ɫ/) when after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word (fill / fiɫ/)


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辅音描述


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肺

气管

声门

text ©J.J. Ohala, September 2001

支气管



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爆破音 / t , d /


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发音器官示意图


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摩擦音 / s, z /


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辅音的描述


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爆破音 / p, b /


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发音器官图


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发音器官图


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声门描述


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辅音的描述


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英语辅音


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主要的发音部位示意

1. Bilabial (made with two lips)

2. Labiodental (made with lower lips and upper teeth)

3. Dental (made with tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth).


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4. Alveolar (made with tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge)

5. Palato-alveolar (tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge).


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6. Retroflex (tongue tip and the back of alveolar ridge).

7. Palatal (front of the tongue and hard palate).


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8. Velar (back of the tongue and hard palate).

9.Uvular10. Pharyngeal11. glottal


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浙江教育学院外国语学院高歌英语语音学习法

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