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Ethics, ValuesEthics, Values And And
Corporate SocialCorporate Social
ResponsibilityResponsibility
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Unit: 1Unit: 1
IntroductionIntroduction1.What is Ethics & Ethical Standards1.What is Ethics & Ethical Standards
2.Historical perspective on Ethics.2.Historical perspective on Ethics.
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Introduction:Introduction:
1.Social business ethics : 1000to 1600 BC1.Social business ethics : 1000to 1600 BCBhagavad Gita: Krishna told thatBhagavad Gita: Krishna told that
Manager must look upon the task that ha hasManager must look upon the task that ha has been set, or that he sets himself, not in terms been set, or that he sets himself, not in termsof personal gain or profit but purely in termsof personal gain or profit but purely in termsof its fulfillment and the satisfaction that heof its fulfillment and the satisfaction that hegets out of that.gets out of that.
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Buddha:Buddha: He wanted to emphasize was thatHe wanted to emphasize was that
No harm must be done in quest of personalNo harm must be done in quest of personalgain.gain.
Arthashastra:Arthashastra:It lays down as a duty of a manager to keepIt lays down as a duty of a manager to keep
complete accounts; It also mentions that hecomplete accounts; It also mentions that heshould be subject to an audit, that hisshould be subject to an audit, that hisaccounts should be looked at time and againaccounts should be looked at time and againfor their clarity and truthfulness.for their clarity and truthfulness.
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Akbar and Operational Frame work:Akbar and Operational Frame work:
The framework in which one operates has toThe framework in which one operates has to be well defined, otherwise due to vagueness be well defined, otherwise due to vaguenessthat leads to loss of ethics.that leads to loss of ethics.
British Period:British Period:British govt, operating till 1947, they gaveBritish govt, operating till 1947, they gaveIndia a complex but a good system of rights,India a complex but a good system of rights,obligations, duties, an operationalobligations, duties, an operationalframework etc.framework etc.
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Historical perspective on EthicsHistorical perspective on EthicsTreat all men with fairness and justiceTreat all men with fairness and justice
Do to others as you would have them do to youDo to others as you would have them do to you
Always treat individuals with respect and dignityAlways treat individuals with respect and dignity
Love your neighbour as you love yourself Love your neighbour as you love yourself
Always ask: Will it hurt anyone?Always ask: Will it hurt anyone?
Be always honest with yourself and with othersBe always honest with yourself and with others ..
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What is Ethics & Ethical StandardsWhat is Ethics & Ethical StandardsEthics:Ethics:
Ethics isEthics is---- a set of standards or a code, or a set of standards or a code, or ---- value system,value system,---- worked out from human reason and experience,worked out from human reason and experience,---- by which free human actions are determined as by which free human actions are determined as
ultimately right or wrong, good or evil.ultimately right or wrong, good or evil.
If an action agrees with these standards, it is ethical,If an action agrees with these standards, it is ethical,if not then it is unethical.if not then it is unethical.
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Ethical Standards:Ethical Standards:
Human goals [When it is reached itHuman goals [When it is reached itshould give happiness]should give happiness]
Striving to reach the goalsStriving to reach the goals
When goal changes or when it is not achieved thenWhen goal changes or when it is not achieved thenour ethical standards are also changes whichour ethical standards are also changes whichdetermining the right and wrong actions.determining the right and wrong actions.
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Unit 2:Unit 2:
Business Ethics In PracticeBusiness Ethics In Practice1.Ethics of Multinational Business1.Ethics of Multinational Business2.Ethics of Leading Indian Companies2.Ethics of Leading Indian Companies
3.Ethics in public sector& Govt organizations3.Ethics in public sector& Govt organizations4.Ethical codes4.Ethical codes- - Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest5.Accountability to the public5.Accountability to the public6.Non6.Non Abuse of official position.Abuse of official position.
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1.Ethics of Multinational Business1.Ethics of Multinational BusinessEthics is important in any internationalEthics is important in any international
business. business.
Non Non-- Societal norms like murder, stealing,Societal norms like murder, stealing,
lying and breaking contracts are condemnedlying and breaking contracts are condemnedin all the countries.in all the countries.
Business would survive and flourish on theBusiness would survive and flourish on thetrust that contracts will be honoured, thattrust that contracts will be honoured, thatgoods promised would be delivered and thatgoods promised would be delivered and thatthose who receive goods would pay for those who receive goods would pay for
themthem..
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N orms for the Multinational Corporations:N orms for the Multinational Corporations:N orms:N orms:
1.The norm to do NO intentional direct harm and is applied1.The norm to do NO intentional direct harm and is appliedto all.to all.
2.The activities of the Multinationals must benefit the host2.The activities of the Multinationals must benefit the hostcountry. The activities have to be morally justified.country. The activities have to be morally justified.
3.The human rights of the workers and consumers in the3.The human rights of the workers and consumers in thehost country should always be respected.host country should always be respected.
[ which includes paying adequate wages, safe working[ which includes paying adequate wages, safe workingconditions etc.]conditions etc.]
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4. To promote the development of just background4. To promote the development of just backgroundinstitutions internally, within the country as wellinstitutions internally, within the country as wellas on the international level.as on the international level.
5.Multinations have to respect the laws of a host5.Multinations have to respect the laws of a hostcountry and to respect its culture and local values,country and to respect its culture and local values,keeping in view that these d o not violate humankeeping in view that these d o not violate humanrights or impose immoral laws.rights or impose immoral laws.
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U nited N ations has formed a code of conduct onU nited N ations has formed a code of conduct ontransnational corporations.transnational corporations.
Ethical standards such asEthical standards such as---- Respect for human rights and fundamentalRespect for human rights and fundamental
freedom,freedom,
---- Abstention from corrupt practices,Abstention from corrupt practices,
---- Consumer protectionConsumer protection
---- Environmental protection etc.Environmental protection etc.
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Ethics in Govt organizationsEthics in Govt organizations1.Set an example by the transparently blameless1.Set an example by the transparently blameless
conduct of its own affairs.conduct of its own affairs.
2.Legislate for, regulate and police the conduct of 2.Legislate for, regulate and police the conduct of organizationsorganizations
3.Encourage organizations to adopt effective3.Encourage organizations to adopt effectivevoluntary codes of conduct without the heavyvoluntary codes of conduct without the heavyhand of legislationhand of legislation
4.Stimulate national/international debate on moral4.Stimulate national/international debate on moralaspects of govt, and life of society as a whole.aspects of govt, and life of society as a whole.
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Ethics in Public sector Ethics in Public sector
---- Style of service is a common problem.Style of service is a common problem.
---- Quality of service issues are ethical issuesQuality of service issues are ethical issues
in public utilities services.in public utilities services.
---- Public Sectors should treat individuals withPublic Sectors should treat individuals withfeelings, rather than as numbers on afeelings, rather than as numbers on aregister.register.
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Ethical Codes:Ethical Codes:Company should establish a code of ethics andCompany should establish a code of ethics andwhich can be taken as an indication that seriouswhich can be taken as an indication that seriousefforts could be made in the organization toefforts could be made in the organization toensure good conduct.ensure good conduct.
In many western countries, organizationsIn many western countries, organizationsintroduced codes because their leaders wish tointroduced codes because their leaders wish to
maintain or improve standards of behaviour quitemaintain or improve standards of behaviour quiteapart from the pressures of the law.apart from the pressures of the law.
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Ethical CodesEthical Codes - - Conflict of InterestConflict of InterestThe executive/ officers of the PSE should upholdThe executive/ officers of the PSE should uphold
the following points.the following points.1.They should uphold the rule of law and respect1.They should uphold the rule of law and respect
for human rights.for human rights.
2.They should maintain the highest standards of 2.They should maintain the highest standards of honesty/decency and integrity.honesty/decency and integrity.
3.They should conduct themselves in such a manner 3.They should conduct themselves in such a manner that the public feels that the decisions taken onthat the public feels that the decisions taken onthe recommendations made by them are objectivethe recommendations made by them are objective
and transparent.and transparent.
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And are not calculated to promote improper gainsAnd are not calculated to promote improper gainsfor the political party in power or for themselvesfor the political party in power or for themselves
or for anyone else.or for anyone else.
4. They should not seek to frustrate or undermine4. They should not seek to frustrate or underminethe policies, decisions and actions taken in thethe policies, decisions and actions taken in the
public interest by the management by declining or public interest by the management by declining or nonparticipation from action which flows fromnonparticipation from action which flows fromthe management decision.the management decision.
5. If any officer required by the superior authority to5. If any officer required by the superior authority toact in a manner which is illegal or against theact in a manner which is illegal or against the
prescribed rules and regulations, (or) prescribed rules and regulations, (or)
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If any illegal violation comes to his/her notice, theyIf any illegal violation comes to his/her notice, theyshould decline to implement the instruction, andshould decline to implement the instruction, and
also bring the facts to the notice of the chairman/also bring the facts to the notice of the chairman/MD of the enterprise or administrative ministryMD of the enterprise or administrative ministryconcerned.concerned.
6.The religion, region caste, caste, language of the6.The religion, region caste, caste, language of theexecutive will have no influence on the working inexecutive will have no influence on the working inhis official capacity.his official capacity.
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Accountability to the PublicAccountability to the Public1.Ministries should away from any decisions which1.Ministries should away from any decisions which
is going to benefit any particular person or partyis going to benefit any particular person or partyat the expense of the public interest.at the expense of the public interest.
2. Ministries should make known any clash of 2. Ministries should make known any clash of interest when there is conflict between public andinterest when there is conflict between public and private interest. private interest.
3.Ministries should be alert to any potential conflict3.Ministries should be alert to any potential conflictof interest, financial and they should disclose toof interest, financial and they should disclose totheir superiors.their superiors.
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4. They should maintain their independence, dignity4. They should maintain their independence, dignityand impartiality by not approaching politicians andand impartiality by not approaching politicians and
out outsiders in respect of service matters or out outsiders in respect of service matters or private benefit. private benefit.
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N onN on Abuse of official Position.Abuse of official Position.Ministers/ Executives/ Officers of PSEMinisters/ Executives/ Officers of PSE1.They should be consistent, equitable and honest in1.They should be consistent, equitable and honest in
dealing with the public, with particular care for dealing with the public, with particular care for the weaker sections of the society and should notthe weaker sections of the society and should not
even be or appear to be unfair or discriminatory.even be or appear to be unfair or discriminatory.
2. They should accept the obligation to recognize2. They should accept the obligation to recognize
and enforce customers right for speedy redress of and enforce customers right for speedy redress of grievances and commit themselves to providegrievances and commit themselves to provideservices of stated and standard to customers.services of stated and standard to customers.
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3. They should respect the right of public to3. They should respect the right of public toinformation on all activities and transactions of information on all activities and transactions of
the organizations except in certain reasons.the organizations except in certain reasons.
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Unit 3:Unit 3:Employee Right to Privacy and ManagementEmployee Right to Privacy and Management
Information practices.Information practices.1.1. The challenge for HR ManagersThe challenge for HR Managers2.2. Natural values of justice Natural values of justice3.3. Injustice of rulesInjustice of rules4.4. ImplementationImplementation5.5. DecisionsDecisions
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The challenge for HR ManagersThe challenge for HR ManagersPersonal Data:Personal Data: Personal data are considered aPersonal data are considered a
unique category of data controlled by the humanunique category of data controlled by the humanresources department.resources department.
Personal data which includesPersonal data which includes
----Salary information,Salary information,----Job, Address informationJob, Address information----Private informationPrivate informationInformation dept has no independent access toInformation dept has no independent access to
personal data. But they have to get viewing personal data. But they have to get viewingaccess from HR dept.access from HR dept.
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The Challenges are,The Challenges are,1.The fundamental question of who should have to1.The fundamental question of who should have to
access to what personal information and under access to what personal information and under what conditions.what conditions.2.HR managers need to assume much greater 2.HR managers need to assume much greater
responsibility for educating and training, all staff responsibility for educating and training, all staff members who use personal data on themembers who use personal data on thecompanys privacy and access controls.companys privacy and access controls.
Policies may need to be expanded as evolvingPolicies may need to be expanded as evolvingtechnology introduces new means of obtaining,technology introduces new means of obtaining,working with, communicating about, and storingworking with, communicating about, and storing
personal data. personal data.
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3. HR Managers need to assume greater 3. HR Managers need to assume greater responsibility for data security. Physical securityresponsibility for data security. Physical security
within the workplace, disk back within the workplace, disk back ups, installingups, installing pass words and user authentication systems etc. pass words and user authentication systems etc.
4.HR Managers need to determine whether their 4.HR Managers need to determine whether their organizations most sensitive personal data shouldorganizations most sensitive personal data should
be computerized at all and, if so, whether be computerized at all and, if so, whether restricting such data to highly localized, specialrestricting such data to highly localized, specialdatabase should be appropriate or not.database should be appropriate or not.
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5. In response to a general increase in the5. In response to a general increase in theaccessibility of computer data, human resourcesaccessibility of computer data, human resources
managers need to build up managerial controlsmanagers need to build up managerial controlsdirected at preventing and detecting thedirected at preventing and detecting theunauthorized use of data.unauthorized use of data.
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Natural values of justice Natural values of justiceThe Natural values of justice cooperate to promoteThe Natural values of justice cooperate to promote
individual well being.individual well being.
Cooperation: To include the ways of not interferingCooperation: To include the ways of not interfering
with or bothering each other and also of with or bothering each other and also of developing accepted procedures for engaging indeveloping accepted procedures for engaging inconflict and competition.conflict and competition.
An individual can survive physically with a certainAn individual can survive physically with a certainminimum of food and shelter but, notminimum of food and shelter but, not
psychologically, if that minimum is below the psychologically, if that minimum is below thesocially defined level of livability.socially defined level of livability.
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Even the minimum standard of human dignity andEven the minimum standard of human dignity andthe will to live competently is both absolute andthe will to live competently is both absolute and
relative.relative.
An individual can tolerate only a certain degree of An individual can tolerate only a certain degree of
inconsistency, rejection, isolation, abuse or terror inconsistency, rejection, isolation, abuse or terror from his group before he no longer will be willingfrom his group before he no longer will be willingor competent to cooperate, his doorstep of or competent to cooperate, his doorstep of tolerance for such practices will undoubtedlytolerance for such practices will undoubtedlydecrease if he sees that others are not treateddecrease if he sees that others are not treatedsimilarly.similarly.
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ustice requires effective social cooperation:Justice requires effective social cooperation:There are undoubtedly some minimal conditions of socialThere are undoubtedly some minimal conditions of social
order and group integrity that are necessary to individualorder and group integrity that are necessary to individualwell being and human dignity.well being and human dignity.
Famine, drug addiction, theft, civil disorder and violenceFamine, drug addiction, theft, civil disorder and violence
are often prevalent in societies that are characterized byare often prevalent in societies that are characterized by---- Lack of planning,Lack of planning,---- ineffectual leadership,ineffectual leadership,---- Chaotic organizationChaotic organization---- poorly developed communication networks poorly developed communication networks---- insufficient allocation of resources for the developmentinsufficient allocation of resources for the developmentand utilization of its productive capabilities.and utilization of its productive capabilities.
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Emotional stress and disturbances are mostEmotional stress and disturbances are most prevalent in those societies which are the most prevalent in those societies which are the most
neglected and most poorly organized.neglected and most poorly organized.
Injustice of rulesInjustice of rules
Injustice of ImplementationInjustice of Implementation
Injustice of Decisions Making.Injustice of Decisions Making.
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V alues and ObjectivesV alues and ObjectivesV alues: deeply held preference for a mode of V alues: deeply held preference for a mode of acting, being or achieving, Integrity, achieveacting, being or achieving, Integrity, achievematerial prosperity.material prosperity.
The 5 Principles of Ethical Power for IndividualsThe 5 Principles of Ethical Power for Individuals1.Purpose1.Purpose2.Pride2.Pride3.Patience3.Patience4.Persistance4.Persistance5.Perspective5.Perspective
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1.Purpose1.PurposeSeeing oneself as being an ethically sound person.Seeing oneself as being an ethically sound person.
2.Pride2.PrideI dont need the acceptance of other people to feelI dont need the acceptance of other people to feel
important.important.
3.Patience:3.Patience: believe in things will eventually work believe in things will eventually work out well.out well.Having patience and peace with what comes their Having patience and peace with what comes their way.way.
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4.Persistance4.PersistanceConsistent with ones intentions and never give up.Consistent with ones intentions and never give up.
5.Perspective5.PerspectiveGet oneself focused and allows them to listen toGet oneself focused and allows them to listen toones inner self and to see things more clearly.ones inner self and to see things more clearly.
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Level: 1.Tribalistic:[ Need for Stability]Level: 1.Tribalistic:[ Need for Stability]---- the prime end value of this level is safety.the prime end value of this level is safety.
---- at this level, one shall live accordingly to theat this level, one shall live accordingly to theways of ones elders.ways of ones elders.
---- People at this level are strongly influenced by,People at this level are strongly influenced by,submit to authority figures.submit to authority figures.
----people have a great fear of the unknown and people have a great fear of the unknown andconsequently a lowconsequently a low- -risk taking ability and a highrisk taking ability and a highneed for protection.need for protection.
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Level 2: Egocentric [Personal survival andLevel 2: Egocentric [Personal survival andself self--assertion/contentionassertion/contention] ]
-- Reacts violently against the constraints empoweredReacts violently against the constraints empoweredon him by the society.on him by the society.
-- His attitude is To hell with the rest of the world,His attitude is To hell with the rest of the world,I am for myself.I am for myself.
-- Has a hostile attitude towards his environment, aHas a hostile attitude towards his environment, ahigh degree of suspicion and mistrust and stronghigh degree of suspicion and mistrust and stronghatred for constraints.hatred for constraints.
-- May indulge in selfish and dishonest behaviour.May indulge in selfish and dishonest behaviour.
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Level 3:Conformist [Traditional person, Follower]Level 3:Conformist [Traditional person, Follower]---- Men see that things dont happen the way theyMen see that things dont happen the way they
want, and that life is not in their control.want, and that life is not in their control.
---- He starts attributing his life, his place in theHe starts attributing his life, his place in the
society, his sufferings and happiness to asociety, his sufferings and happiness to asupernatural design( Eg.Theory of Karma)supernatural design( Eg.Theory of Karma)
-- The theme of this state is one shall perform theThe theme of this state is one shall perform therole certified to one with absolute perfection androle certified to one with absolute perfection andignore immediate desires in order to reachignore immediate desires in order to reacheverlasting happiness later.everlasting happiness later.
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-- Since their emphasis is on perfect performance of Since their emphasis is on perfect performance of their roles, they have low tolerance for ambiguitytheir roles, they have low tolerance for ambiguity
and have difficulty in accepting people whoseand have difficulty in accepting people whosevalues differ from their ownvalues differ from their own ..
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Level 4 : ManipulativeLevel 4 : Manipulative--Needs to gain mastery over the universe rather than Needs to gain mastery over the universe rather than
become its servant. become its servant.
-- People at this level of existence have a high needPeople at this level of existence have a high needfor achievement.for achievement.
-- They undertake any amount of manipulations toThey undertake any amount of manipulations toachieve their goals.achieve their goals.
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Level 5: Socio centric [ Need for Affiliation]Level 5: Socio centric [ Need for Affiliation]
---- Need to belongingness, to be accepted, to love Need to belongingness, to be accepted, to loveand be loved.and be loved.
---- Cooperation stands out as more value thanCooperation stands out as more value thancompetition.competition.
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Level 6: Existential [Maslows Self Level 6: Existential [Maslows Self- -actualization]actualization]---- The human mind attains freedom from its earlier The human mind attains freedom from its earlier
deficiency models and is ready to experience anddeficiency models and is ready to experience andexpress.express.
---- Individuals at this level is more liable toIndividuals at this level is more liable tounderstand his environment in relational terms, inunderstand his environment in relational terms, in
point of view rather than in isolation. point of view rather than in isolation.
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Unit 5:Unit 5:Ethical Issues in General ManagementEthical Issues in General Management
1.Ethics in Advertising,1.Ethics in Advertising,2.Warranties, Written Contracts2.Warranties, Written Contracts3.Protection of Trade Secrets3.Protection of Trade Secrets- - MisappropriationMisappropriation4.Handling of Ethical Dilemmas4.Handling of Ethical Dilemmas5.Ethical Auditing5.Ethical Auditing6.Computer Ethics6.Computer Ethics- - Software Piracy.Software Piracy.
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Warranties, Written Contracts.Warranties, Written Contracts.Written contracts are helps to reduce costly disputes.Written contracts are helps to reduce costly disputes.
It can be appear in formal documents, on the front or It can be appear in formal documents, on the front or back of invoices, in letters or in proposals. back of invoices, in letters or in proposals.
Warranties:Warranties: [Guarantee, Assurance][Guarantee, Assurance]Business people often explicitly guarantee that their Business people often explicitly guarantee that their
products and services will meet certain products and services will meet certain
specifications.specifications.
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Protection of Trade SecretsProtection of Trade Secrets- - MisappropriationMisappropriationThe law recognizes that your trade secrets areThe law recognizes that your trade secrets are
precious assets, and it protects them by prohibiting precious assets, and it protects them by prohibitingtheir use by any one else.their use by any one else.
You must prove that the information you desire toYou must prove that the information you desire to
protect qualifies as a trade secret. protect qualifies as a trade secret.
Information may qualify as a Trade Secret:Information may qualify as a Trade Secret:
Information may be, Financial, technical, nonInformation may be, Financial, technical, nontechnical data, a formula, Pattern Compilation,technical data, a formula, Pattern Compilation,Programme, Device, Method, Technique, drawing,Programme, Device, Method, Technique, drawing,or process.or process.
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Misappropriation:Misappropriation:Misappropriation happens when a person acquiresMisappropriation happens when a person acquiresyour trade secret by improper means.your trade secret by improper means.
It includes theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breachIt includes theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breachof confidential relationship, breach of anyof confidential relationship, breach of anyagreement to keep the information secret or byagreement to keep the information secret or byespionage.espionage.
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Handling of Ethical DilemmasHandling of Ethical DilemmasStrategies for the HR Professionals to deal with theStrategies for the HR Professionals to deal with the
ethical dilemmas that arise in their course of their ethical dilemmas that arise in their course of their duties:duties:
1.Recognizes the obligation to develop a code of 1.Recognizes the obligation to develop a code of ethics.ethics.
2. Develop such code of ethics which is built on the2. Develop such code of ethics which is built on therecommendations of individuals in the profession.recommendations of individuals in the profession.
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3.Define the parameters of the HR professionals3.Define the parameters of the HR professionalsduties. Negotiate an agreement with managementduties. Negotiate an agreement with management
that identifies the rights and concerns of the HR that identifies the rights and concerns of the HR Staff, the employees, and the company.Staff, the employees, and the company.
4.Educate employees about the practice of employee4.Educate employees about the practice of employeecounselling.counselling.
5.Develop guidelines for documentation and record5.Develop guidelines for documentation and record- -keeping. Deciding upon what will be recorded,keeping. Deciding upon what will be recorded,who will have the access of records, how long theywho will have the access of records, how long theywill be kept and how they will be used.will be kept and how they will be used.
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6.It is important to expand the code of ethics be6.It is important to expand the code of ethics beresearched and drafted.researched and drafted.
7.Keep informed about current legislations and7.Keep informed about current legislations andrelevant court decisions.relevant court decisions.
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Ethical Auditing:Ethical Auditing:Making a available detailed audit reports to theMaking a available detailed audit reports to the
general public.general public.Following points has to be considered beforeFollowing points has to be considered before
launching an audit.launching an audit.1.Purpose1.Purpose2.Type and Topics2.Type and Topics3.Context3.Context4.Process4.Process5.People5.People6.Analysis and Reporting6.Analysis and Reporting7.Follow7.Follow--up.up.
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-- or the audit is carried out to know the attitudesor the audit is carried out to know the attitudestowards corporate environmental impact, (or)towards corporate environmental impact, (or)
-- Understanding of health hazards (or)Understanding of health hazards (or)-- To explore in depth the values of people relative toTo explore in depth the values of people relative to
all your major categories of stakeholder.all your major categories of stakeholder.
3.Context:3.Context:-- Is the organization accustomed to audits for other Is the organization accustomed to audits for other
purposes? purposes?
-- Is there commitment from the top to act on theIs there commitment from the top to act on thefindings?findings?
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4.Process:4.Process:Is it paper Is it paper-- based using questionnaires? Or based using questionnaires? Or
Is it face to face interviews?Is it face to face interviews?5.People:5.People:1.Consultants1.Consultants2.Change agent2.Change agent6.Analysis and Reporting:6.Analysis and Reporting: Process the data byProcess the data by
oneself, or by an outside agency.oneself, or by an outside agency.7. Follow7. Follow up;up;Outline plans for discussing and developing actionOutline plans for discussing and developing action
programmes. programmes.
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Computer EthicsComputer Ethics - - Software PiracySoftware PiracySoftware piracy is the unauthorized duplicationSoftware piracy is the unauthorized duplication
of computer software.of computer software.They are;They are;
1.Soft lifting1.Soft lifting2.Uploading and downloading2.Uploading and downloading3.Software counterfeiting3.Software counterfeiting
4.OEM unbundling4.OEM unbundling5.Harddisk loading5.Harddisk loading6.Renting6.Renting
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1.Soft lifting:1.Soft lifting:Purchasing a single licensed copy of software andPurchasing a single licensed copy of software and
loading it onto several computers contrary to theloading it onto several computers contrary to thelicense terms.license terms.
2.Uploading and downloading:2.Uploading and downloading:
3.Software counterfeit[ Fake, imitation, forged]3.Software counterfeit[ Fake, imitation, forged]Illegally duplicating and selling copyrightedIllegally duplicating and selling copyrightedsoftware in a form designed to make it appear software in a form designed to make it appear legitimate.legitimate.
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4.OEM unbundling: Selling standalone software that4.OEM unbundling: Selling standalone software thatwas intended to be bundled with specificwas intended to be bundled with specific
accompanying hardware.accompanying hardware.
5.Hard disk loading: Installing unauthorized copies5.Hard disk loading: Installing unauthorized copies
of software onto the hard disks of personalof software onto the hard disks of personalcomputers, often as an incentive for the end user tocomputers, often as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular hardware buy the hardware from that particular hardwaredealer.dealer.
6.Renting:Unauthorized selling of software for 6.Renting:Unauthorized selling of software for temporary use, like video.temporary use, like video.
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J li i i h d fJ li i i h d f
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Journalists organizations have code of Journalists organizations have code of conduct in addition to those imposed byconduct in addition to those imposed by
government. They are,government. They are,Codes of Ethics for JournalistsCodes of Ethics for Journalists1.1. Seek Truth and Report It.Seek Truth and Report It.
Test the accuracy of information from all sourcesTest the accuracy of information from all sourcesand exercise care to avoid unintended error.and exercise care to avoid unintended error.
The public is entitled to as much information asThe public is entitled to as much information as
possible on sources' reliability. possible on sources' reliability.Avoid misleading news events.Avoid misleading news events.
Support the open exchange of views even views theySupport the open exchange of views even views they
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Support the open exchange of views, even views theySupport the open exchange of views, even views theyfind disgusting / horrible.find disgusting / horrible.
Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficialGive voice to the voiceless; official and unofficialsources of information can be equally valid.sources of information can be equally valid.
2 .Minimize Harm2 .Minimize Harm
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects andEthical journalists treat sources, subjects andcolleagues as human beings deserving of respect.colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should:Journalists should:Show compassion for those who may be affectedShow compassion for those who may be affected
adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivityadversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivitywhen dealing with children and inexperiencedwhen dealing with children and inexperienced
sources or subjects.sources or subjects.
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Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief. photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.
Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.victims of sex crimes.
Be sensible about naming criminal suspects beforeBe sensible about naming criminal suspects beforethe formal filing of charges.the formal filing of charges.
Balance a criminal suspects fair trial rights with theBalance a criminal suspects fair trial rights with the publics right to be informed. publics right to be informed.
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3 . Act Independently3 . Act Independently4. Be Accountable4. Be Accountable
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Electronic Media &EthicsElectronic Media &Ethics the Web ethicsthe Web ethicsGlobal informations are transformed throughGlobal informations are transformed through1.Fax machine1.Fax machine2.Email2.Email3.Internet3.Internet4.Web page4.Web page
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Unit 7: Ethics of the EnvironmentUnit 7: Ethics of the Environment1.Scope of Environmental Ethics1.Scope of Environmental Ethics
2.Scipe for companies2.Scipe for companies3.Role in reducing global warming.3.Role in reducing global warming.
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Scope of Environmental EthicsScope of Environmental EthicsEnvironmental Problems due toEnvironmental Problems due to
---- Increase in populationIncrease in population---- Exploitation of resourcesExploitation of resources---- Air, water and soil pollution.Air, water and soil pollution.
And India is failed on the family planning, povertyAnd India is failed on the family planning, povertyalleviation and environmental protection etc.alleviation and environmental protection etc.
Environmental destruction in;Environmental destruction in;
1. Land 4. Dams 7. Health.1. Land 4. Dams 7. Health.2.Water 5.Atmosphere2.Water 5.Atmosphere3.Forests 6.Habitat3.Forests 6.Habitat
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1.Land:1.Land:depopulateddepopulated - -forest areas.forest areas.
Occupation of land for indl.Occupation of land for indl.Urbanization /IndustrializationUrbanization /Industrialization
MigrationMigrationGrowth of populationGrowth of population
2.Water:2.Water:---- Not utilizing the highest rain falls Not utilizing the highest rain falls---- DeforestationDeforestation---- Negligence on the part of soil conservation Negligence on the part of soil conservation
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---- monsoon water disappears into the sea.monsoon water disappears into the sea.---- water pollutionwater pollution---- Scarcity of groundwater [70,000 tube wellsScarcity of groundwater [70,000 tube wells
added every year]added every year]----Pollution water in river/ lakesPollution water in river/ lakes---- Fishing had been affected.Fishing had been affected.---- Flood damage due global meltdown etc.Flood damage due global meltdown etc.
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3.Forests:3.Forests:India is losing 1.3 million hectares of forest everyIndia is losing 1.3 million hectares of forest every
year.year.-- Deforestation, Soil erosionDeforestation, Soil erosion-- Construction of Dams by deforestationConstruction of Dams by deforestation
-- Droughts due to deforestationDroughts due to deforestation
4.Dams:4.Dams:
---- affected the lives of local people.affected the lives of local people.---- Wildlife destruction.Wildlife destruction.
hh
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5.Atmosphere5.Atmosphere---- Acid rain in developing countriesAcid rain in developing countries
---- Increase in vehicles and pollutionIncrease in vehicles and pollution---- pollution leads to health problems etc. pollution leads to health problems etc.
6.Habitat6.Habitat---- Urban population / slum populationUrban population / slum population---- Lack of amenities leads to dirty prone to sicknessLack of amenities leads to dirty prone to sickness---- Due to tourisms also forest have destroyed.Due to tourisms also forest have destroyed.
U i 8U i 8
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Unit :8Unit :8Leadership & EthicsLeadership & Ethics
1.Responsibilities of Managers1.Responsibilities of Managers2.Approach to ethical Decision making2.Approach to ethical Decision making3.Key ethical concepts for leaders3.Key ethical concepts for leaders4.Ethical Attitudes of India Managers4.Ethical Attitudes of India Managers
Id f W kId f W k
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Ideas of Work:Ideas of Work:1.Managers are leaders of men.1.Managers are leaders of men.
If the managers adopt for themselves a higher setIf the managers adopt for themselves a higher setof ideals, develop a visionary purpose in life and aof ideals, develop a visionary purpose in life and amissionary in action, then the entire organizationmissionary in action, then the entire organization
becomes surcharged with effectiveness. becomes surcharged with effectiveness.
The development of the individual to achieve theThe development of the individual to achieve the
development of the organization is necessary anddevelopment of the organization is necessary andit really means developing theit really means developing the manman in thein themanager.manager.
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Management Decision making:Management Decision making:---- Learning to be more importantLearning to be more important
---- People working together for achieving commonPeople working together for achieving commonobjectives constitute an organization. The higher objectives constitute an organization. The higher
the common objective of the organization and thethe common objective of the organization and thehigher the values and ideals of its managers, thehigher the values and ideals of its managers, thegreater is the commitment of the workforce.greater is the commitment of the workforce.
---- Creating a Training and Development orientedCreating a Training and Development orientedorganizational culture.organizational culture.
V l f W kV l f W k
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V alues of Work:V alues of Work:Each manager is potentially perfect and the purposeEach manager is potentially perfect and the purpose
of life is to manifest this perfection within. Thisof life is to manifest this perfection within. This perfection can be achieved through work itself if perfection can be achieved through work itself if we have the right perspectives and perform thewe have the right perspectives and perform thework with the right attitudes.work with the right attitudes.
---- Need for values Need for values
---- Education and TrainingEducation and Training
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U it 9U it 9
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Unit 9:Unit 9:Ethical Issues in New Economy AreasEthical Issues in New Economy Areas
1.Ethical Issues in Bio technology1.Ethical Issues in Bio technology2.Ethical & Genetic engineering2.Ethical & Genetic engineering3.Ethical issues in Public Health, Closing.3.Ethical issues in Public Health, Closing.
4.Euthanasia4.Euthanasia
U it 10U it 10
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Unit 10:Unit 10:Ethics in ResearchEthics in Research
Case Study.Case Study.
EthiEthi i i R hR h
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EthicsEthics inin ResearchResearchIt involves the application of fundamental ethicalIt involves the application of fundamental ethical
principles to a variety of topics involving scientific principles to a variety of topics involving scientificresearch.research.
These include the design and implementation of These include the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation, animalresearch involving human experimentation, animalexperimentation, various aspects of scientificexperimentation, various aspects of scientificmisconduct (such as fraud, fabrication of data andmisconduct (such as fraud, fabrication of data and
plagiarism), whistle blowing; regulation of plagiarism), whistle blowing; regulation of research, etc.research, etc.
Scientists trust that the results reported by others areScientists trust that the results reported by others are
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Scientists trust that the results reported by others areScientists trust that the results reported by others arevalid. Society trusts that the results of researchvalid. Society trusts that the results of research
reflect an honest attempt by scientists to describereflect an honest attempt by scientists to describethe world accurately and without bias.the world accurately and without bias.
There are many ethical issues to be taken intoThere are many ethical issues to be taken intoserious consideration for research.serious consideration for research.
Sociologists need to be aware of having theSociologists need to be aware of having theresponsibility to secure the actual permission andresponsibility to secure the actual permission andinterests of all those involved in the study.interests of all those involved in the study.
They should not misuse any of the informationThey should not misuse any of the information
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They should not misuse any of the informationThey should not misuse any of the informationdiscovered, and there should be a certain moraldiscovered, and there should be a certain moral
responsibility maintained towards the participants.responsibility maintained towards the participants.There is a duty to protect the rights of people inThere is a duty to protect the rights of people inthe study as well as their privacy and sensitivity.the study as well as their privacy and sensitivity.
The confidentiality of those involved in theThe confidentiality of those involved in theobservation must be carried out, keeping their observation must be carried out, keeping their anonymity and privacy secure.anonymity and privacy secure.
A h i l b h ld idA h i l b h ld id
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Any research on violence or abuse should provideAny research on violence or abuse should providefor such services or have prefor such services or have pre- -existing liaisons withexisting liaisons with
such services before embarking on a study.such services before embarking on a study.
The investigators have also safeguarded privacy,The investigators have also safeguarded privacy,
confidentiality, and have been sensitive to cultureconfidentiality, and have been sensitive to cultureand gender.and gender.
The most important ethical implication will be toThe most important ethical implication will be toensure that they should visualize child protectionensure that they should visualize child protectionlaws, policies, and systems soon become a realitylaws, policies, and systems soon become a realityin our country.in our country.
Important aspects of Ethics in ResearchImportant aspects of Ethics in Research
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Important aspects of Ethics in ResearchImportant aspects of Ethics in ResearchSocial ResponsibilitySocial Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or diminish socialStrive to promote social good and prevent or diminish socialharms through research.harms through research.
Non Non--DiscriminationDiscriminationAvoid discrimination against colleagues or students on theAvoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the
basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are notrelated to their scientific competence and integrity.related to their scientific competence and integrity.
Competence :Competence :Maintain and improve your own professionalMaintain and improve your own professionalcompetence and expertise through lifelong education andcompetence and expertise through lifelong education andlearning; take steps to promote competence in science as alearning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.whole.
Legality :Legality :Know and obey relevant laws and institutional andKnow and obey relevant laws and institutional and
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governmental policies.governmental policies.
Animal Care :Animal Care :Show proper respect and care for animals whenShow proper respect and care for animals whenusing them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or
poorly designed animal experiments. poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects ProtectionHuman Subjects ProtectionWhen conducting research on human subjects, minimizeWhen conducting research on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect humanharms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human
dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautionsdignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautionswith weak populations; and strive to distribute the benefitswith weak populations; and strive to distribute the benefitsand burdens of research fairly.and burdens of research fairly.
Ethical Decision Making in ResearchEthical Decision Making in Research
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Ethical Decision Making in ResearchEthical Decision Making in ResearchAlthough codes, policies, and principals are veryAlthough codes, policies, and principals are very
important and useful, like any set of rules, they doimportant and useful, like any set of rules, they donot cover every situation, they often conflict, andnot cover every situation, they often conflict, andthey require considerable interpretation.they require considerable interpretation.
It is therefore important for researchers to learnIt is therefore important for researchers to learnhow to interpret, assess, and apply varioushow to interpret, assess, and apply variousresearch rules and how to make decisions and toresearch rules and how to make decisions and toact in various situations. The vast majority of act in various situations. The vast majority of decisions involve the straightforward applicationdecisions involve the straightforward applicationof ethical rules.of ethical rules.
Unit 11:Unit 11:
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Unit 11:Unit 11:Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Responsibility.
1.Brief History.1.Brief History.2.Concepts.2.Concepts.3.Practices.3.Practices.
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1 Meaning:1 Meaning:
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1.Meaning:1.Meaning:Corporate governance can be defined as a set of Corporate governance can be defined as a set of
systems and processes which ensured that asystems and processes which ensured that acompany is managed in the best interests of all thecompany is managed in the best interests of all thestakeholders.stakeholders.
2.Factors constitute good governance.2.Factors constitute good governance.Directional leadership and control has to beDirectional leadership and control has to be
exercised by a representative board of directors,exercised by a representative board of directors, business executives and professional non business executives and professional non executive members.executive members.
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3 Best Practices for Corporate3 Best Practices for Corporate
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3. Best Practices for Corporate3. Best Practices for Corporate1.There should be transparency of major decisions1.There should be transparency of major decisions
particularly accounting practices. particularly accounting practices.
2. Minimize the conflict of interest of various2. Minimize the conflict of interest of various
stakeholders. Performance of business successstakeholders. Performance of business successshould be based on identified and measurableshould be based on identified and measurable
parameters of outstanding customer service. parameters of outstanding customer service.
3.Non3.Non-- compromising ethical organization.compromising ethical organization.eg: Payment to relativeseg: Payment to relatives
---- Personal contact with suppliersPersonal contact with suppliers
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Personal contact with suppliersPersonal contact with suppliers---- Disclosure of privileged informationDisclosure of privileged information
---- Accepting gifts and entertainment from thirdAccepting gifts and entertainment from third parties. parties.
4.An Indian organization must be to perform the4.An Indian organization must be to perform theduty of an active corporate citizen. In the mediumduty of an active corporate citizen. In the mediumand long run, it will be good for the company,and long run, it will be good for the company,
employees and the communities in which theemployees and the communities in which the business operates. Employees should be able to business operates. Employees should be able totake pride in their organization.take pride in their organization.
Employees should provide a Certificate ofEmployees should provide a Certificate of
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Employees should provide a Certificate of Employees should provide a Certificate of Compliance. The signing of this certificateCompliance. The signing of this certificate
signifies that the employee has read the statement,signifies that the employee has read the statement,and agrees to abide by it.and agrees to abide by it.
Socially Responsible organizationSocially Responsible organizationIt calls for greater respect for the needs of staff,It calls for greater respect for the needs of staff,customers, local communities and thecustomers, local communities and theenvironment for fair pricing of imported goodsenvironment for fair pricing of imported goodsfrom third world countries, policies covering thefrom third world countries, policies covering therecruitment of racial and ethnic minorities etc.recruitment of racial and ethnic minorities etc.
AccountabilityAccountability
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Accountability.Accountability.Acc to Ralph Estes, For accountability, it isAcc to Ralph Estes, For accountability, it is
important to measure corporate success in terms of important to measure corporate success in terms of corporations public purpose. It must show thecorporations public purpose. It must show theeffects on and returns to all stakeholders and noteffects on and returns to all stakeholders and not
just the returns to the stockholders. Such approach just the returns to the stockholders. Such approachto accounting will enable an organization to,to accounting will enable an organization to,
---- Reflect upon their behaviour Reflect upon their behaviour ---- come up with a mechanism for achievingcome up with a mechanism for achieving
best practices in all its activities. best practices in all its activities.---- Monitor what they are doing.Monitor what they are doing.
6.Indicators of Social Responsibility.6.Indicators of Social Responsibility.
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6.Indicators of Social Responsibility.6.Indicators of Social Responsibility.1.Any firm that routinely ignores or violates internal1.Any firm that routinely ignores or violates internal
or professional codes of ethics is at risk. Paying lipor professional codes of ethics is at risk. Paying lipservice to professional standards encouragesservice to professional standards encouragesunethical behaviour within the firm.unethical behaviour within the firm.
2.Any short term gain is usually overshadowed by2.Any short term gain is usually overshadowed bylong term financial loss that follows the disclosurelong term financial loss that follows the disclosureof unethical behaviour.of unethical behaviour.
3.Any firm that treats its employees differently than3.Any firm that treats its employees differently thanits customers encourages unethical behaviour.its customers encourages unethical behaviour.
4. Any firm that is unfair or arbitrary in its4. Any firm that is unfair or arbitrary in its
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4. Any firm that is unfair or arbitrary in its4. Any firm that is unfair or arbitrary in its performance appraisal standards at risk. A lack of performance appraisal standards at risk. A lack of
standardization leads to the kind of favouritismstandardization leads to the kind of favouritismand it creates a serious morale problem.and it creates a serious morale problem.
5. Any firm that has no procedures or policies for 5. Any firm that has no procedures or policies for handling ethical problems is at risk.handling ethical problems is at risk.
6. Any firm that provides no mechanisms for 6. Any firm that provides no mechanisms for internal whistleinternal whistle blowing is at risk. blowing is at risk.
7. Any firm that lacks clear lines of communication7. Any firm that lacks clear lines of communication
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7. Any firm that lacks clear lines of communication7. Any firm that lacks clear lines of communicationwithin the organization encourages unethicalwithin the organization encourages unethical
behaviour. behaviour.
8.Any firm that encourages people to leave their 8.Any firm that encourages people to leave their
personal ethical values at the office door is at risk. personal ethical values at the office door is at risk.
Examples of a company stakeholdersExamples of a company stakeholders
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p p yp p yStakeholders Examples of interestsStakeholders Examples of interestsOwners private/shareholdersOwners private/shareholders P rofitP rofit, P erformance,, P erformance,
DirectionDirectionGovernmentGovernment Taxation,Taxation, VATVAT ,, LegislationLegislation , Low, LowunemploymentunemploymentSenior ManagementSenior Managementstaff staff P erformance,P erformance, TargetsTargets , Growth, GrowthNonNon--Managerial staff Managerial staff Rates of pay,Rates of pay, Job securityJob securityTrade UnionsTrade Unions Working conditions,Working conditions, Minimum wageMinimum wage , Legal, LegalrequirementsrequirementsCustomersCustomers Value, Quality, Customer Care, Ethical productsValue, Quality, Customer Care, Ethical productsCreditorsCreditors Credit score, New contracts, LiquidityCredit score, New contracts, LiquidityLocal CommunitiesLocal Communities Jobs, Involvement, EnvironmentalJobs, Involvement, Environmentalissues, Sharesissues, Shares
Company stakeholder mappingCompany stakeholder mapping
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p y pp gp y pp g A narrow mapping of a company's A narrow mapping of a company's
stakeholders might identify the followingstakeholders might identify the followingstakeholders:stakeholders:
Employees, communities, shareholders,Employees, communities, shareholders,
creditors, investors, government, customers.
creditors, investors, government, customers.
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