N,P,Si
The Functioning of Marine EcosystemsFour major Elements
Energy Man
Habitat Intrinsic propertiesliving nature(Intrinsic properties
non-living nature)
- 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2
5 0
5 1
5 2
5 3
5 4
5 5
5 6
5 7
5 8
5 9
6 0
6 1
E s t im a t e d a v e r a g e # o f s p e c ie s in 2 0 h l s
1 0 . 8 t o 2 7 . 6 2 7 . 6 t o 3 1 . 6 3 1 . 6 t o 3 5 . 3 3 5 . 3 t o 3 9 . 1 3 9 . 1 t o 5 5 . 9
21. 1%
- 1
- 0.5
0
0.5
1
'78 '79 '88 '89 '97 '98
Temperate
Info: [email protected]
Natural driver of change
Man-madedrivers of change
Setting the stage
Determines reaction
11-year cycle
18-year cycle
Anthropocene
Tropical
Polar
The Functioning of Marine EcosystemsFour major Elements
Energy
Man
Habitat
Intrinsic properties living nature
N,P,Si
Sun/moon (Light/heat/kinetic)Climate Temperature Wind PrecipitationTides/CurrentsNutrient availability
ActivitiesFisheriesHuntingAquacultureNutrient inputsShippingTourismMiningMilitary River inputsConstructionsEnergy productionDredgingCO2 emissionsRestoration
DepthBottom typeCurrentsSalinityWaves (splash zone)IceBiogenic structuresMan-made structures
FeaturesBiodiversityBehaviorProductionRecruitmentPredationDiseasesReef building
(Intrinsic properties non-living nature)
Info: [email protected]
ProcessesEvolutionRegime shifts/sudden changesResilience/sensitivityFeedbacksMatch/mismatch
Complexity/chaos
PressuresExtraction living and non-livingPhysical lossSiltationAbrasionNutrient enrichmentNoiseTemperatureSalinityContaminationIntroduction non-indigenous sp.Habitat changespH changesCollisions
The Functioning of Marine EcosystemsFour major Elements
Wadden Sea, NLEnergy
Man
HabitatIntrinsic properties living nature
N,P,Si
Sun/moon (Light/heat/kinetic)Climate Temperature Wind PrecipitationTides/CurrentsNutrient availabilityTectonics Volcanism Earth quakes Tsunamis
FisheriesHuntingAquacultureMarine pollutionEutrophicationNoiseInvasive speciesShippingTourismMiningRiver inputsConstructions Hard substrate Dredging Rotor bladesCO2 emissions (climate and acidification)
DepthBottom typeCurrentsSalinityWaves (splash zone)Hydrothermal ventsGas seepsIceBiogenic structuresMan-made structures
FeaturesBiodiversityBehaviorProductionRecruitmentPredationDiseasesReef building
(Intrinsic properties non-living nature)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
020
4060
8010
0
Jaar
CHLF
a ug
/l
Chlorofyl -a, zomerwaarden
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Jaar
Ptotm
g P/
l
Totaal-fosfaat, jaargemiddelden
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
01
23
4
Jaar
Ntotm
g N/
l
Totaal-stikstof, jaargemiddelden
21.1%
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
'78 '79 '88 '89 '97 '98
Temperate
Info: [email protected]
+
11-year cycle18-year cycle
Anthropocene
ProcessesEvolutionRegime shifts/sudden changesResilience/sensitivityFeedbacksMatch/mismatch
Complexity/chaos
Toekomstig duurzaam medegebruik in een Nationaal Park:
• Garnalenvisserij
• Mosselcultuur
• Visserij
• Groente uit zee
• Platte oesters
• ?????
Mosselkwekerijen
Zaadinvang Wz (1000ha) permanente installaties
Mosselcultuur in 2025?
Zaadinvang Nz
3500 - 5000 haruilverkaveling
Optimalisatie van invang naar perceelnaar consument
Optimalisatie percelen
Schol
,inclusief nieuwe getal 2015
Waddenzee
Visserij Waddenzee ?Vis is weg !
Recreatievisserij ?
Visserij ?
Waddenfonds nodig voor:
• Transities (garnalen visserij) license to produce, minder vergunningen/bedrijven
nieuwe selectievere methoden
• Innovaties (mosselkweek) alleen MZIs, permanente palen
meer consumptiemossel per kg zaadruilverkaveling kweekpercelen, incl. verwaterpercelen
• Restoratie (oesters)
• ............